Cysteinyl leukotrienes and their receptors: Molecular and functional characteristics

Pharmacology

Volumn 85, Issue 6, 2010, Pages 336-349

  Singh, R K ^a   Gupta, S ^a,b   Dastidar, S ^a   Ray, A ^a  

^a RANBAXY RESEARCH LABORATORIES   (India)

^b R and D III Plot 20   (India)

Author keywords

Arachidonic acid pathway; Asthma; Cysteinyl leukotrienes; Leukotriene D 4; Leukotriene receptors

Indexed keywords

6 (4 CARBOXYPHENYLTHIO) 5 HYDROXY 7,9,11,14 ICOSATETRAENOIC ACID; ARACHIDONIC ACID; LEUKOTRIENE RECEPTOR; LEUKOTRIENE RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; MONTELUKAST; PEPTIDOLEUKOTRIENE; POBILUKAST; PRANLUKAST; VERLUKAST; ZAFIRLUKAST; CYSTEINE; CYSTEINYL LEUKOTRIENE RECEPTOR 2; LEUKOTRIENE; LEUKOTRIENE D4 RECEPTOR;

ALLERGIC RHINITIS; ASTHMA; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; DRUG MECHANISM; HUMAN; INFLAMMATION; MALIGNANT NEOPLASTIC DISEASE; NEUROENDOCRINE DISEASE; NONHUMAN; NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN LOCALIZATION; PROTEIN STRUCTURE; REVIEW; SEX DIFFERENCE; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; ANIMAL; BIOSYNTHESIS; CHEMISTRY; CLASSIFICATION; FEMALE; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION; GENETICS; MALE; METABOLISM; NEOPLASM; NEUROSECRETION; PROTEIN CONFORMATION; RESPIRATORY TRACT ALLERGY;

ANIMALS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; CYSTEINE; FEMALE; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION; HUMANS; LEUKOTRIENES; MALE; NEOPLASMS; NEUROSECRETORY SYSTEMS; PROTEIN CONFORMATION; RECEPTORS, LEUKOTRIENE; RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

EID: 77952823941     PISSN: 00317012     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1159/000312669     Document Type: Review

References (131)

1. Back M: Functional characteristics of cysteinyl- leukotriene receptor subtypes. Life Sci 2002; 71: 611-622.
2. Boyce J: Eicosanoids in asthma, allergic inflammation, and host defense. Curr Mol Med 2008; 8: 335-339.
3. Capra V, Thompson MD, Sala A, Cole DE, Folco G, Rovati GE: Cysteinyl-leukotrienes and their receptors in asthma and other infammatory diseases: critical update and emerging trends. Med Res Rev 2007; 27: 469-527.
4. Dahlen S: Treatment of asthma with antileukotrienes: first line or last resort therapy? Eur J Pharmacol 2006; 533: 40-56.
5. Montuschi P, Sala A, Dahlen S-E, Folco G: Pharmacological modulation of the leukotriene pathway in allergic airway disease. Drug Discovery Today 2007; 12: 404-412.
6. Samuelsson B: Leukotrienes: mediators of immediate hypersensitivity reactions and inflammation. Science 1983; 220: 568-575.
7. Samuelsson B: The discovery of the leukotrienes. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000; 161:S2-S6.
8. Samuelsson B, Dahlen S, Lindgren J, Rouzer C, Serhan C: Leukotrienes and lipoxins: structures, biosynthesis, and biological effects. Science 1987; 237: 1171-1176.
9. Feldberg W, Kellaway C: Liberation of histamine and formation of lyscithin-like substances by cobra venom. J Physiol (Lond) 1938; 94: 187-226.
10. Capra V: Molecular and functional aspects of human cysteinyl leukotriene receptors. Pharmacol Res 2004; 50: 1-11.
11. Brash A: Lipoxygenases: occurrence, functions, catalysis, and acquisition of substrate. J Biol Chem 1999; 274: 23679-23682.
12. Funk C: Prostaglandins and leukotrienes: advances in eicosanoid biology. Science 2001; 294: 1871-1875.
13. Miller DK, Gillard JW, Vickers PJ, Sadowski S, Léveillé C, Mancini JA, Charleson P, Dixonparallel RAF, Ford-Hutchinson AW, Fortin R, Gauthier JY, Rodkey J, Rosen R, Rouzer C, Sigal IS, Strader CD, Evans JF: Identification and isolation of a membrane protein necessary for leukotriene production. Nature 1990; 343: 278-281.
14. Rouzer C, Samuelsson B: On the nature of the 5-lipoxygenase reaction in human leukocytes: enzyme purification and requirement for multiple stimulatory factors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1985; 82: 6040-6044. (Pubitemid 16223894)
15. Rinaldo-Matthis A, Haeggstrom JZ: Structures and mechanisms of enzymes in the leukotriene cascade. Biochimie 2010, E-pub ahead of print.
16. Drazen J, Austen K: Leukotrienes and airway responses. Am Rev Respir Dis 1987; 135: 333-337.
17. Lam B, Penrose J, Freeman G, Austen K: Expression cloning of a cDNA for human leukotriene C 4 synthase, an integral membrane protein conjugating reduced glutathione to leukotriene A 4 . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994; 91: 7663-7667.
18. Lewis R, Robin J: Arachidonic acid derivatives as mediators of asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1985; 76: 259-264.
19. Orning L, Hammarstrom S: Inhibition of leukotriene C 4 and D 4 biosynthesis. J Biol Chem 1980; 255: 8023-8026.
20. Thien F, Walters E: Eicosanoids and asthma: an update. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 1995; 52: 271-288.
21. Austen KF, Maekawa A, Kanaoka Y, Boyce JA: The leukotriene E 4 puzzle: finding the missing pieces and revealing the pathobiologic implications. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2009; 124: 406-414.
22. Lee TH, Woszczek G, Farooque SP: Leukotriene E 4 : perspective on the forgotten mediator. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2009; 124: 417-421.
23. Keppler D: Leukotrienes: biosynthesis, transport, inactivation, and analysis. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 1992; 121: 1-30.
24. Sala A, Voelkel N, Maclouf J, Murphy R: Leukotriene E 4 elimination and metabolism in normal human subjects. J Biol Chem 1990; 265: 21771-21778.
25. Feinmark S: Leukotriene C 4 biosynthesis during polymorphonuclear leukocyte-vascular cell interactions. Methods Enzymol 1990; 187: 559-567.
26. Feinmark S, Cannon P: Endothelial cell leukotriene C 4 synthesis results from intercellular transfer of leukotriene A 4 synthesized by polymorphonuclear leukocytes. J Biol Chem 1986; 261: 16466-16472.
27. Maclouf J, Murphy R: Transcellular metabolism of neutrophil-derived leukotriene A 4 by human platelets. J Biol Chem 1988; 263: 174-181.
28. Maclouf J, Murphy R, Henson P: Transcellular sulfidopeptide leukotriene biosynthetic capacity of vascular cells. Blood 1989; 74: 703-707.
29. Maclouf J, Sala A, Rossoni G, Berti F, Muller- Peddinghaus R, Folco G: Consequences of transcellular biosynthesis of leukotriene C 4 on organ function. Haemostasis 1996; 26: 28-36.
30. Dahinden C, Clancy R, Gross M, Chiller J, Hugli T: Leukotriene C 4 production by murine mast cells: evidence of a role for extracellular leukotriene A 4 . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1985; 82: 6632-6636.
31. Bigby T, Meslier N: Transcellular lipoxygenase metabolism between monocytes and platelets. J Immunol 1989; 143: 1948-1954.
32. Bigby T, Lee D, Meslier N, Gruenert D: Leukotriene A 4 hydrolase activity of human airway epithelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1989; 164: 1-7.
33. Brady H, Serhan C: Adhesion promotes transcellular leukotriene biosynthesis during neutrophil glomerular endothelial cell interactions: inhibition by antibodies against CD18 and L-selectin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1992; 186: 1307-1314.
34. Iversen L, Kristensen P, Gron B, Ziboh V, Kragballe K: Human epidermis transforms exogenous leukotriene A 4 into peptide leukotrienes: possible role in transcellular metabolism. Arch Dermatol Res 1994; 286: 261-266.
35. Amat M, Diaz C, Vila L: Leukotriene A 4 hydrolase and leukotriene C 4 synthase activities in human chondrocytes: transcellular biosynthesis of leukotrienes during granulocyte- chondrocyte interaction. Arthritis Rheum 1998; 41: 1645-1651.
36. Im DS: New intercellular lipid mediators and their GPCRs: an update. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2009; 89: 53-56.
37. Rovati GE, Capra V: Cysteinyl-leukotriene receptors and cellular signals. Sci World J 2007; 7: 1375-1392.
38. O'Byrne PM, Gauvreau GM, Murphy DM: Efficacy of leukotriene receptor antagonists and synthesis inhibitors in asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2009; 124: 397-403.
39. Labat C, Ortiz J, Norel X, Gorenne I, Verley J, Abram T, Cuthbert N, Tudhope S, Norman P, Gardiner P, Brink C: A second cysteinyl leukotriene receptor in human lung. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1992; 263: 800-805.
40. Tudhope S, Cuthbert N, Abram T, Jennings M, Maxey R, Thompson A, Norman P, Gardiner P: BAY u9773, a novel antagonist of cysteinyl leukotrienes with activity against two receptor subtypes. Eur J Pharmacol 1994; 264: 317-323.
41. Chebolu S, Wang Y, Ray AP, Darmani NA: Pranlukast prevents cysteinyl leukotrieneinduced emesis in the least shrew (Cryptotis parva). Eur J Pharmacol 2010; 628: 195-201.
42. Hui Y, Yang G, Galczenski H, Figueroa DJ, Austin CP, Copeland NG, Gilbert DJ, Jenkins NA, Funk CD: The Murine Cysteinyl Leukotriene 2 (CysLT 2 ) Receptor. J Biol Chem 2001; 276: 47489-47495.
43. Heise C, O'Dowd B, Figueroa D, Sawyer N, Nguyen T, Im D-S, Stocco R, Bellefeuille J, Abramovitz M, Cheng R, Williams DJ, Zeng Z, Liu Q, Ma L, Clements M, Coulombe N, Liu Y, Austin C, George S, O'Neill G, Metters K, Lynch K, Evans J: Characterization of the human cysteinyl leukotriene 2 receptor. J Biol Chem 2000; 275: 30531-30536.
44. Lynch K, Gary P, O'Neill G, Liu Q, Im DS, Sawyer N, Metters K, Coulombe N, Abramovitz M, Figueroa D, Zeng Z, Connolly B, Bai C, Austin C, Chateauneuf A, Stocco R, Greig G, Kargman S, Hooks S, Hosfield E, Williams DJ, Ford-Hutchinson A, Caskey C, Evans J: Characterization of the human cysteinyl leukotriene CysLT 1 receptor. Nature 1999; 399: 789-793. (Pubitemid 29293175)
45. Takasaki J, Kamohara M, Matsumoto M, Saito T, Sugimoto T, Ohishi T, Ishii H, Ota T, Nishikawa T, Kawai Y, Masuho Y, Isogai T, Suzuki Y, Sugano S, Furuichi K: The molecular characterization and tissue distribution of the human cysteinyl leukotriene CysLT 2 receptor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000; 274: 316-322.
46. Evans JF: The cysteinyl leukotriene receptors. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2003; 69: 117-122.
47. Sarau H, Ames R, Chambers J, Ellis C, Elshourbagy N, Foley J, Schmidt D, Muccitelli R, Jenkins O, Murdock P, Herrity N, Halsey W, Sathe G, Muir A, Nuthulaganti P, Dytko G, Buckley P, Wilson S, Bergsma D, Hay D: Identification, molecular cloning, expression and characterization of a cysteinyl leukotriene receptor. Mol Pharmacol 1999; 56: 657-663.
48. Bouvier M: Oligomerization of G-proteincoupled transmitter receptors. Nat Rev Neurosci 2001; 2: 274-286.
49. Figueroa D, Breyer R, Defoe S, Kargman S, Daugherty B, Waldburger K, Liu Q, Clements M, Zeng Z, O'Neill G, Jones T, Lynch K, Austin C, Evans J: Expression of the cysteinyl leukotriene 1 receptor in normal human lung and peripheral blood leukocytes. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001; 163: 226-233.
50. Evans JF: Cysteinyl leukotriene receptors. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2002; 68-69: 587-597.
51. Zhu J, Qiu Y, Figueroa D, Bandi V, Galczenski H, Hamada K, Guntupalli K, Evans J, Jeffery P: Localization and upregulation of cysteinyl leukotriene-1 receptor in asthmatic bronchial mucosa. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2005; 33: 531-540.
52. Sousa A, Parikh A, Scadding G, Corrigan C, Lee T: Leukotriene-receptor expression on nasal mucosal inflammatory cells in aspirinsensitive rhinosinusitis. N Engl J Med 2002; 347: 1493-1499.
53. Hui Y, Funk CD: Cysteinyl leukotriene receptors. Biochem Pharmacol 2002; 64: 1549-1557.
54. Nothacker H, Wang Z, Zhu Y, Reinscheid R, Lin S, Civelli O: Molecular cloning and characterization of a second human cysteinyl leukotriene receptor: discovery of a subtype selective agonist. Mol Pharmacol 2000; 58: 1601-1608.
55. Hu H, Chen G, Zhang J, Zhang W, Zhang L, Ge Q, Yao H, Ding W, Chen Z, Wei E: Distribution of cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 2 in human traumatic brain injury and brain tumors. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2005; 26: 685-690.
56. Mita H, Hasegawa M, Saito H, Akiyama K: Levels of cysteinyl leukotriene receptor mRNA in human peripheral leukocytes: significantly higher expression of cysteinyl receptor 2 mRNA in eosinophils. Clin Exp Allergy 2001; 31: 1714-1723.
57. Capra V, Nicosia S, Ragnini D, Mezzetti M, Keppler D, Rovati G: Identification and characterization of two Cys-leukotriene high-affinity binding sites with receptor characteristics in human lung parenchyma. Mol Pharmacol 1998; 53: 750-758.
58. Lewis M, Mong S, Vessella R, Crooke S: Identification and characterization of leukotriene D 4 receptors in adult and fetal human lung. Biochem Pharmacol 1985; 34: 4311-4317. (Pubitemid 16204484)
59. Mong S, Wu H, Hogaboom G, Clark M, Stadel J, Crooke S: Regulation of ligand binding to leukotriene D 4 receptors: effects of cations and guanine nucleotides. Eur J Pharmacol 1984; 106: 241-253.
60. Mong S, Miller J, Wu H, Crooke S: Leukotriene D 4 receptor-mediated hydrolysis of phosphoinositide and mobilization of calcium in sheep tracheal smooth muscle cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1988; 244: 508-515.
61. Capra V, Accomazzo M, Ravasi S, Parenti M, Macchia M, Nicosia S, Rovati G: Involvement of prenylated proteins in calcium signaling induced by LTD 4 in differentiated U937 cells. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2003; 71: 235-251.
62. Hoshino M, Izumi T, Shimizu T: Leukotriene D 4 activates mitogen-activated protein kinase through a protein kinase Calpha-Raf- 1-dependent pathway in human monocytic leukemia THP-1 cells. J Biol Chem 1998; 273: 4878-4882.
63. Saussy D Jr, Sarau H, Foley J, Mong S, Crooke S: Mechanisms of leukotriene E 4 partial agonist activity at leukotriene D 4 receptors in differentiated U-937 cells. J Biol Chem 1989; 264: 19845-19855.
64. Sjolander A, Gronroos E, Hammarstrom S, Andersson T: Leukotriene D 4 and E 4 induce transmembrane signaling in human epithelial cells. J Biol Chem 1990; 265: 20976-20981.
65. Kenakin T: Differences between natural and recombinant G protein coupled receptor systems with varying receptor/G protein stoichiometry. Trends Pharmacol Sci 1997; 18: 459-464.
66. Martin V, Sawyer N, Stocco R, Unett D, Lerner MR, Abramovitz M, Funk CD: Molecular cloning and functional characterization of murine cysteinyl- leukotriene 1 (CysLT 1 ) receptors. Biochem Pharmacol 2001; 62: 1193-1200.
67. Baker S, Boot J, Jamieson W, Osborne D, Sweatman W: The comparative in vitro pharmacology of leukotriene D 4 and its isomers. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1981; 103: 1258-1264.
68. Norman P, Abram T, Cuthbert N, Gardiner P: The inhibition of [ 3 H]leukotriene D 4 binding to guinea-pig lung membranes: the correlation of binding affinity with activity on the guinea-pig ileum. Eur J Pharmacol 1990; 182: 301-312.
69. Crooke S, Sarau H, Saussy D, Winkler J, Foley J: Signal transduction processes for the LTD 4 receptor. Adv Prostaglandin Thromboxane Leukot Res 1990; 20: 127-137.
70. Back M, Norel X, Walch L, Gascard J, de Montpreville V, Dahlen S, Brink C: Antagonist resistant contractions of the porcine pulmonary artery by cysteinyl-leukotrienes. Eur J Pharmacol 2000; 401: 389-395. (Pubitemid 30608724)
71. Dahlen S: The significance of liberated cyclooxygenase products for the pulmonary and cardiovascular actions of leukotriene C 4 in the guinea pig depends upon the route of administration. Acta Physiol Scand 1983; 118: 415-421.
72. Allen S, Chester A, Piper P, Sampson A, Akl E, Yacoub M: Effects of leukotrienes C 4 and D 4 on human isolated saphenous veins. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1992; 34: 409-414.
73. Ortiz J, Gorenne I, Cortijo J, Seller A, Labat C, Sarria B, Abram T, Gardiner P, Morcillo E, Brink C: Leukotriene receptors on human pulmonary vascular endothelium. Br J Pharmacol 1995; 115: 1382-1386.
74. Coleman R, Eglen R, Jones R, Narumiya S, Shimizu T, Smith W, Dahlen S, Drazen J, Gardiner P, Jackson W, Jones T, Krell R, Nicosia S: Prostanoid and leukotriene receptors: a progress report from the IUPHAR working parties on classification and nomenclature. Adv Prostaglandin Thromboxane Leukot Res 1995; 23: 283-285.
75. Mellor E, Maekawa A, Austen K, Boyce J: Cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1 is also a pyrimidinergic receptor and is expressed by human mast cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001; 98: 7964-7969.
76. Chan C, Ecclestone P, Nicholson D, Metters K, Pon D, Rodger I: Leukotriene D 4 -induced increases in cytosolic calcium in THP-1 cells: dependence on extracellular calcium and inhibition with selective leukotriene D 4 receptor antagonists. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1994; 269: 891-896.
77. Walch L, Norel X, Back M, Gascard J, Dahlen S, Brink C: Pharmacological evidence for a novel cysteinyl-leukotriene receptor subtype in human pulmonary artery smooth muscle. Br J Pharmacol 2002; 137: 1339-1345.
78. Back M, Norel X, Walch L, Gascard J, Brink C: A new functional cysteinyl leukotriene receptor in the pulmonary artery. Mediators Inflamm 1999; 8:S48.
79. Allen S, Dashwood M, Morrison K, Yacoub M: Differential leukotriene constrictor responses in human atherosclerotic coronary arteries. Circulation 1998; 97: 2406-2413.
80. Ravasi S, Capra V, Mezzetti M, Nicosia S, Rovati G: A kinetic binding study to evaluate the pharmacological profile of a specific leukotriene C 4 binding site not coupled to contraction in human lung parenchyma. Mol Pharmacol 2000; 57: 1182-1189.
81. Ravasi S, Capra V, Panigalli T, Rovati G, Nicosia S: Pharmacological differences among CysLT 1 receptor antagonists with respect to LTC 4 and LTD 4 in human lung parenchyma. Biochem Pharmacol 2002; 63: 1537-1546.
82. Nonaka Y, Hiramoto T, Fujita N: Identification of endogenous surrogate ligands for human P2Y 12 receptors by in silico and in vitro methods. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 337: 281-288.
83. Maekawa A, Kanaoka Y, Xing W, Austen KF: Functional recognition of a distinct receptor preferential for leukotriene E 4 in mice lacking the cysteinyl leukotriene 1 and 2 receptors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2008; 105: 16695-16700.
84. Paruchuri S, Tashimo H, Feng C, Maekawa A, Xing W, Jiang Y, Kanaoka Y, Conley P, Boyce J: Leukotriene E 4 -induced pulmonary inflammation is mediated by the P2Y 12 receptor. J Exp Med 2009; 206: 2543-2555.
85. Capra V, Ravasi S, Accomazzo M, Citro S, Grimoldi M, Abbracchio MP, Rovati G: CysLT1 receptor is a target for extracellular nucleotide-induced heterologous desensitization: a possible feedback mechanism in inflammation. J Cell Sci 2005; 118: 5625-5636.
86. Ciana P, Fumagalli M, Trincavelli ML, Verderio C, Rosa P, Lecca D, Ferrario S, Parravicini C, Capra V, Gelosa P, Guerrini U, Belcredito S, Cimino M, Sironi L, Tremoli E, Rovati GE, Martini C, Abbracchio MP: The orphan receptor GPR17 identified as a new dual uracil nucleotides/cysteinyl-leukotrienes receptor. EMBO J 2006; 25: 4615-4627.
87. Ceruti S, Villa G, Genovese T, Mazzon E, Longhi R, Rosa P, Bramanti P, Cuzzocrea S, Abbracchio M: The P2Y-like receptor GPR17 as a sensor of damage and a new potential target in spinal cord injury. Brain 2009; 132: 2206-2218.
88. Thivierge M, Doty M, Johnson J, Stankova J, Rola-Pleszczynski M: IL-5 up-regulates cysteinyl leukotriene 1 receptor expression in HL-60 cells differentiated into eosinophils. J Immunol 2000; 165: 5221-5226.
89. Thivierge M, Stankova J, Rola-Pleszczynski M: IL-13 and IL-4 up-regulate cysteinyl leukotriene 1 receptor expression in human monocytes and macrophages. J Immunol 2001; 167: 2855-2860.
90. Amrani Y, Moore P, Hoffman R, Shore S, Panettieri R Jr: Interferon-gamma modulates cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1 expression and function in human airway myocytes. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001; 164: 2098-2101.
91. Stokes J, Casale T: Rationale for new treatments aimed at IgE immunomodulation. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2004; 93: 212-217.
92. Chibana K, Ishii Y, Asakura T, Fukuda T: Up-regulation of cysteinyl leukotriene 1 receptor by IL-13 enables human lung fibroblasts to respond to leukotriene C 4 and produce eotaxin. J Immunol 2003; 170: 4290-4295.
93. Espinosa K, Bosse Y, Stankova J, Rola-Pleszczynski M: CysLT1 receptor upregulation by TGF-beta and IL-13 is associated with bronchial smooth muscle cell proliferation in response to LTD 4 . J Allergy Clin Immunol 2003; 111: 1032-1040.
94. Lotzer K, Spanbroek R, Hildner M, Urbach A, Heller R, Bretschneider E, Galczenski H, Evans J, Habenicht A: Differential leukotriene receptor expression and calcium responses in endothelial cells and macrophages indicate 5-lipoxygenase-dependent circuits of inflammation and atherogenesis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2003; 23:E32-E36.
95. Sjostrom M, Johansson A, Schroder O, Qiu H, Palmblad J, Haeggstrom J: Dominant expression of the CysLT 2 receptor accounts for calcium signaling by cysteinyl leukotrienes in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2003; 23:E37-E41.
96. Fujii M, Tanaka H, Abe S: Interferon-γ upregulates expression of cysteinyl leukotriene type 2 receptors on eosinophils in asthmatic patients. Chest 2005; 128: 3148-3155.
97. Di Capite J, Nelson C, Bates G, Parekh AB: Targeting Ca 2+ release-activated Ca 2+ channel channels and leukotriene receptors provides a novel combination strategy for treating nasal polyposis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2009; 124: 1014-1021, e1013.
98. Di Capite J, Shirley A, Nelson C, Bates G, Parekh A: Intercellular Ca 2+ wave propagation involving positive feedback between CRAC channels and cysteinyl leukotrienes. FASEB J 2009; 23: 894-905.
99. Pergola C, Dodt G, Rossi A, Neunhoeffer E, Lawrenz B, Northoff H, Samuelsson B, Radmark O, Sautebin L, Werz O: ERK-mediated regulation of leukotriene biosynthesis by androgens: a molecular basis for gender differences in inflammation and asthma. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2008; 105: 19881-19886.
100. Krouse JH, Brown RW, Fineman SM, Han JK, Heller AJ, Joe S, Krouse HJ, Pillsbury HC III, Ryan MW, Veling MC: Asthma and the unified airway. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2007; 136:S75-S106.
101. Jarjour N, Kelly E: Pathogenesis of asthma. Med Clin North Am 2002; 86: 925-936.
102. Ellis J, Undem B: Role of cysteinyl leukotrienes and histamine in mediating intrinsic tone in isolated human bronchi. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994; 149: 118-122.
103. Watson N, Magnussen H, Rabe K: Inherent tone of human bronchus: role of eicosanoids and the epithelium. Br J Pharmacol 1997; 121: 1099-1104.
104. Lam S, Chan H, Le Riche J, Chan-Yeung M, Salari H: Release of leukotrienes in patients with bronchial asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1988; 81: 711-717.
105. Ramsay CF, Sullivan P, Gizycki M, Wang D, Swern AS, Barnes NC, Reiss TF, Jeffery PK: Montelukast and bronchial inflammation in asthma: a randomised, double-blind placebo- controlled trial. Respir Med 2009; 103: 995-1003.
106. Weiss J, Drazen J, Coles N, McFadden EJ, Weller P, Corey E, Lewis R, Austen K: Bronchoconstrictor effects of leukotriene C in humans. Science 1982; 216: 196-198.
107. Arm J: Leukotriene generation and clinical implications. Allergy Asthma Proc 2004; 25: 37-42.
108. Nicosia S, Capra V, Rovati G: Leukotrienes as mediators of asthma. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2001; 14: 3-19.
109. Hallstrand TS, Henderson WR Jr: The evolving role of intravenous leukotriene modifiers in acute asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010; 125: 381-382.
110. Peters-Golden M, Gleason MM, Togias A: Cysteinyl leukotrienes: multi-functional mediators in allergic rhinitis. Clin Exp Allergy 2006; 36: 689-703.
111. Gronert K, Martinsson-Niskanen T, Ravasi S, Chiang N, Serhan C: Selectivity of recombinant human leukotriene D 4 , leukotriene B 4 , and lipoxin A 4 receptors with aspirintriggered 15-epi-LXA 4 and regulation of vascular and inflammatory responses. Am J Pathol 2001; 158: 3-9.
112. Bandeira-Melo, Weller C, Peter F: Eosinophils and cysteinyl leukotrienes. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2003; 69: 135-143.
113. Walch L, Norel X, Gascard J, Brink C: Functional studies of leukotriene receptors in vascular tissues. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000; 161:S107-S111.
114. Feuerstein G: Leukotrienes and the cardiovascular system. Prostaglandins 1984; 27: 781-802.
115. Lefer A: Thromboxane A 2 and leukotrienes are eicosanoid mediators of shock and ischemic disorders. Prog Clin Biol Res 1988; 264: 101-114.
116. Letts L: Leukotrienes: role in cardiovascular physiology. Cardiovasc Clin 1987; 18: 101-113.
117. Hashimoto H, Miyazawa K, Hagiwara M, Miyasaka K, Nakashima M: Beneficial effects of a new 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor on occlusion- and occlusion- reperfusion-induced myocardial injury. Arzneimittelforschung 1990; 40: 126-129.
118. Kubes P, Suzuki M, Granger D: Nitric oxide: an endogenous modulator of leukocyte adhesion. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991; 88: 4651-4655.
119. Mechiche H, Candenas L, Pinto F, Nazeyrollas P, Clement C, Devillier P: Characterization of cysteinyl leukotriene receptors on human saphenous veins: antagonist activity of montelukast and its metabolites. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2004; 43: 113-120.
120. Kamohara M, Takasaki J, Matsumoto M, Matsumoto S, Saito T, Soga T, Matsushime H, Furuichi K: Functional characterization of cysteinyl leukotriene CysLT 2 receptor on human coronary artery smooth muscle cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2001; 287: 1088-1092.
121. Helgadottir A, Manolescu A, Thorleifsson G, Gretarsdottir S, Jonsdottir H, Thorsteinsdottir U, Samani N, Gudmundsson G, Grant S, Thorgeirsson G, Sveinbjornsdottir S, Valdimarsson E, Matthiasson S, Johannsson H, Gudmundsdottir O, Gurney M, Sainz J, Thorhallsdottir M, Andresdottir M, Frigge M, Topol E, Kong A, Gudnason V, Hakonarson H, Gulcher J, Stefansson K: The gene encoding 5-lipoxygenase activating protein confers risk of myocardial infarction and stroke. Nat Genet 2004; 36: 233-239.
122. Norel X, Brink C: The quest for new cysteinyl- leukotriene and lipoxin receptors: recent clues. Pharmacol Ther 2004; 103: 81-94.
123. Catalano A, Rodilossi S, Caprari P, Coppola V, Procopio A: 5-Lipoxygenase regulates senescence-like growth arrest by promoting ROS-dependent p53 activation. EMBO J 2005; 24: 170-179.
124. Romano M, Claria J: Cyclooxygenase-2 and 5-lipoxygenase converging functions on cell proliferation and tumor angiogenesis: implications for cancer therapy. FASEB J 2003; 17: 1986-1995.
125. Rigas B, Goldman I, Levine L: Altered eicosanoid levels in human colon cancer. J Lab Clin Med 1993; 122: 518-523.
126. Zhang W, Hu H, Zhang L, Ding W, Yao H, Chen K, Sheng W, Chen Z, Wei E: Expression of cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1 in human traumatic brain injury and brain tumors. Neurosci Lett 2004; 363: 247-251.
127. Matsuyama M, Funao K, Hayama T, Tanaka T, Kawahito Y, Sano H, Takemoto Y, Nakatani T, Yoshimura R: Relationship between cysteinyl-leukotriene-1 receptor and human transitional cell carcinoma in bladder. Urology 2009; 73: 916-921.
128. Hulting A, Lindgren J, Hokfelt T, Eneroth P, Werner S, Patrono C, Samuelsson B: Leukotriene C 4 as a mediator of luteinizing hormone release from rat anterior pituitary cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1985; 82: 3834-3838.
129. Gerozissis K, Saadi M, Dray F: Leukotrienes C 4 and D 4 stimulate the release of the luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone from rat median eminence in vitro. Brain Res 1987; 416: 54-58.
130. Rosnowska M, Cendrowski W, Sobczyk W: Leukotrienes C 4 and B 4 in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with multiple sclerosis. Pol Merkuriusz Lek 1997; 2: 254-255.
131. Winking M, Deinsberger W, Joedicke A, Boeker D: Cysteinyl leukotriene levels in intra-cerebral hemorrhage: an edema promoting factor? Cerebrovasc Dis 1998; 8: 318-326.