Evaluating the technical feasibility of aflatoxin risk reduction strategies in Africa

Food Additives and Contaminants - Part A

Volumn 27, Issue 5, 2010, Pages 658-676

  Wu, Felicia ^a   Khlangwiset, Pornsri ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH   (United States)

Author keywords

Aflatoxins; Cereals and grain; Exposure; Health significance; Peanuts; Regulations; Risk assessment

Indexed keywords

AFLATOXIN; HEPATITIS B VACCINE;

AFRICA; ARTICLE; ASPERGILLOSIS; ASPERGILLUS FLAVUS; BIOLOGICAL PEST CONTROL; CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK; COST EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG SAFETY; FEASIBILITY STUDY; FOOD CONTAMINATION; FUNGAL CONTAMINATION; GOVERNMENT REGULATION; HEALTH CARE COST; HEPATITIS B; HEPATITIS C; HUMAN; INJECTION SITE PAIN; LIVER CANCER; POSTHARVEST PERIOD; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK REDUCTION; VACCINATION;

EID: 77952283989     PISSN: 19440049     EISSN: 14645122     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/19440041003639582     Document Type: Article

References (92)

1. AATF 2009. Consultative meeting on biological control of aflatoxins [Internet]. Meeting held April-June 2009. Nairobi: African Agricultural Technology Foundation; [cited 2009, Aug 25]. Available from: http://www.aatfafrica.org/UserFiles/File/PartnershipsNewsletter_2_April-June09.pdf
2. Abrahams PW. 2003. Geology and health: closing the gap. Human geophagy: a review of its distribution, causes and implication. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 31-36, Chapter 4.
3. ACRPC 2007. Aspergillus flavus: AF36 [Internet]. University of Arizona, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences: Arizona Cotton Research and Protection Council; [cited 2009 Aug 25]. Available from: http://ag.arizona.edu/research/cottylab/apdfs/af36%20pistachio%20label.pdf
4. Afriyie-Gyawu E, Ankrah N-A, Huebner HJ, Ofosuhene M, Kumi J, Johnson NM, Tang L, Xu L, Jolly PE, Ellis WO, et al. 2008. NovaSil clay intervention in Ghanaians at high risk for aflatoxicosis. I. Study design and clinical outcomes. Food Addit Contam A. 25(1):76-87.
5. Atehnkeng J, Ojiambo PS, Ikotun T, Sikora RA, Cotty PJ, Bandyopadhyay R. 2008. Evaluation of nontoxigenic strains of Aspergillus flavus as potential biocontrol agents for aflatoxin in maize. Food Addit Contam A. 25:1254-1271.
6. Azziz-Baumgartner E, Lindblade K, Gieseker K, Schurz Rogers H, Kieszak S, Njapau H, Schleicher R, McCoy LF, Misore A, DeCock K, et al. 2005. Aflatoxin Investigative Group. Case-control study of an acute aflatoxicosis outbreak, Kenya, 2004. Environ Health Perspect. 113:1779-1783.
7. Bandyopadhyay R, Kiewnick S, Atehnkeng J, Donner M, Cotty PJ, Hell K. 2005. Biological control of aflatoxin contamination in maize in Africa. Proceedings of the Conference on International Research for Development, October 11-13, 2005, Hohenheim, Germany.
8. Bandyopadhyay R, Kumar M, Leslie JF. 2007. Relative severity of aflatoxin contamination of cereal crops in West Africa. Food Addit Contam. 24:1109-14.
9. Bondy GS, Pestka JJ. 2000. Immunomodulation by fungal toxins. J Toxicol Environ Health. 3:109-43.
10. CDC 2007. Hepatitis B Vaccine: What you need to know [Internet]. Atlanta (GA): US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; [cited 2009 Oct 2]. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/vis/downloads/vis-hep-b.pdf
11. CGIAR 2007. 2007. New low-cost technology counters widespread aflatoxin food poisoning increases agricultural exports [Internet]. Washington (DC): Consultative Group for International Agricultural Research; [cited 2009 Aug 25]. Available from: http://www.cgiar.org/newsroom/releases/news.asp?idnews=586
12. CIA. 2009. The World Factbook. Washington (DC): US Central Intelligence Agency.
13. Cole RJ and Dorner JW. 2001. Biological control formulations containing spores of nontoxigenic strains of fungi for toxin control of food crops A01N63/04; A01N25/00; A01N63/00 ed. United States: The United States of America as represented by the Secretary of Agriculture (Washington, DC).
14. Cotty PJ, Bhatnagar D. 1994. Variability among nontoxigenic Aspergillus flavus strains in ability to prevent aflatoxin contamination and production of aflatoxin biosynthetic pathway enzymes. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 60:2248-2251.
15. Cotty PJ, Antilla L, Wakelyn PJ. 2007. Biological control: A global perspective. Competitive exclusion of aflatoxin producers: Farmer-driven research and development. Cambridge (MA): CABI. p. 241-253, Chapter 27.
16. Dorner JW. 2006. Transfer of aflatoxin biocontrol technology: results of first commercial use in peanuts. Paper presented at: Aflatoxin Elimination Workshop Proceedings.
17. Dorner JW, Cole RJ, Wicklow DT. 1999. Aflatoxin reduction in corn through field application of competitive fungi. J Food Prot. 62:650-656.
18. Drugs.com 2009. Hepatitis B vaccine [Internet]. Auckland: Drugs.com; [cited 2009 Aug 29]. Available from: http://www.drugs.com/ppa/hepatitis-b-vaccine.html
19. EconomyWatch 2009. Economic indicators: GDP Per Capita (Current Prices, US Dollars) 2009 [Internet]. EconomyWatch; [cited 2009, Aug 28]. Available from: http://www.economywatch.com/economic-statistics/economic-indicators/GDP_Per_Capita_Current_Prices_US_Dollars/2009/
20. Egner PA, Wang JB, Zhu YR, Zhang BC, Wu Y, Zhang QN, Qian GS, Kuang SY, Gange SJ, Jacobson LP, et al. 2001. Chlorophyllin intervention reduces aflatoxin-DNA adducts in individuals at high risk for liver cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 98(25):14601-14606.
21. Ehrlich KC, Cotty PJ. 2004. An isolate of Aspergillus flavus used to reduce aflatoxin contamination in cottonseed has a defective polyketide synthase gene. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 65:473-478.
22. EPA 2003. Aspergillus flavus strain AF36 (006456) fact sheet. [Internet]. Washington (DC): US Environmental Protection Agency; [cited 2009, Sep 29]. Available from: http://www.epa.gov/opp00001/biopesticides/ingredients/factsheets/factsheet_006456.htm
23. Estache A. What do we know about Sub-Saharan Africa's infrastructure and the impact of its 1990s reforms? (Working paper draft) [Internet]. Washington (DC): World Bank and ECARES/Université Libre de Bruxelles; [cited 2009, Sep 29]. Available from: http://gsbnet.uct.ac.za/MIR/admin/documents/Africa%20Infrastructure%20Estache%20report%20v4.pdf
24. Evans AS, Kaslow RA. 1997. Viral infections of humans: epidemiology and control. 4th ed. New York: Plenum Medical.
25. FAO 2009. Consumption: Crops primary equivalent [Internet]. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization; [cited 2009 Jun 9]. Available from: http://faostat.fao.org/
26. Forbi JC, Onyemauwa N, Gyar SD, Oyeleye AO, Entonu P, Agwale SM. 2008. High prevalence of hepatitis B virus among female sex workers in Nigeria. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo. 50(4):219-221.
27. Francois G, Doches C, Mphahlele MJ, Burnett R, van Hal G, Meheus A. 2008. Hepatitis B vaccination in Africa: Mission accomplished? S Afr J Epidemiol Infect. 23:24-28.
28. Fujiki H, Suganuma M, Imai K, Nakachi K. 2002. Green tea: cancer preventive beverage and/or drug. Cancer Lett. 188(l-2):9-13.
29. Gericke CA, Kurowski C, Ranson MK, Mills A. 2005. Intervention complexity - a conceptual framework to inform priority-setting in health. Bull WHO. 83:285-293.
30. Gilbert J. 2008. Prevention and control strategies for aflatoxins. In: SELAMAT Seminar Indonesia: SEAFAST Seminar. Available at: http://www.selamat.net/Document%20Library/presentations%20final%20meeting%20lndonesia%202008/SELAMAT%20lndonesia.pdf.
31. Gong YY, Cardwell K, Hounsa A, Egal S, Turner PC, Hall AJ, Wild CP. 2002. Dietary aflatoxin exposure and impaired growth in young children from Benin and Togo: Cross sectional study. Br Med J. 325:20-21.
32. Gong YY, Turner PC, Hall AJ, Wild CP. 2008. Mycotoxins: Detection methods, management, public health and agricultural trade. Aflatoxin exposure and impaired child growth in West Africa: An unexplored international public health burden? Wallingford (UK): CABI. p. 53-65, Chapter 6.
33. Groopman JD, Kensler TW, Wild CP. 2008. Protective interventions to prevent aflatoxin-induced carcinogenesis in developing countries. Annu Rev Public Health. 29:187-203.
34. Havelaar A. 2007. Methodological choices for calculating the disease burden and cost-of-illness of foodborne zoonoses in European countries. EU Report No. 07-002, [Internet]. The Netherlands: Med-Vet-Net; [cited 2009 Jun 8]. Available from: http://www.medvetnet.org/pdf/Reports/Report_07-002.pdf
35. Hedayati MT, Pasqualotto AC, Warn PA, Bowyer P, Denning DW. 2007. Aspergillus flavus: Human pathogen, allergen and mycotoxin producers. Microbiology. 153:1677-1692.
36. Hell K, Cardwell KF, Setamou M, Poehling H. 2000. The influence of storage practices on aflatoxin contamination in maize in four agroecological zones of Benin, West Africa. J Stored Prod Res. 36(4):365-382.
37. Henry SH, Bosch FX, Troxell TC, Bolger PM. 1999. Reducing liver cancer - Global control of aflatoxin. Science. 286:2453-2454.
38. Horn BW, Moore GG, Carbone I. 2009. Sexual reproduction in Aspergillus flavus. Mycologia. 101:423-429.
39. IITA 2008. Towards a common policy of a safety use of biopesticides in West Africa: Synopsis of audio documentary. Ibadan: International Institute of Tropical Agriculture.
40. Immunization Action Coalition 2006. Maintaining the cold chain during transport [Internet]. St. Paul (MN): Immunize.org; [cited 2009 Aug 30]. Available from: www.immunize.org/catg.d/p3049.pdf
41. Ivanov AP, Ivanova OE, Pozdnjakov SV. 1987. HBsAg carriers in the Republic of Guinea. Ann Soc Belg Med Trop. 67(3):301.
42. Iwalokun BA, Hodonu SO, Olaleye BM, Olabisi OA. 2006. Seroprevalence and biochemical features of hepatitis B surface antigenemia in patients with HIV-1 infection in Lagos, Nigeria. Afr J Med Sci. 35(3):337-343.
43. JECFA 1998. Aflatoxins. safety evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants, WHO Food Additives Series 40 [Internet]. Rome: The International Programme on Chemical Safety, Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. [cited 2009 Jun 9]. Available from: http://www.inchem.org/documents/jecfa/jecmono/v040je16.htm
44. Jiang Y, Jolly PE, Ellis WO, Wang JS, Phillips TD, Williams JH. 2005. Aflatoxin B1 albumin adduct levels and cellular immune status in Ghanaians. Int Immunol. 17:807-814.
45. Jiang Y, Jolly PE, Preko P, Wang JS, Ellis WO, Phillips TD, Williams JH. 2008. Aflatoxin-related immune dysfunction in health and in human immunodeficiency virus disease. Clin Dev Immunol. 2008:1-12.
46. Jolly CM, Bayard B, Vodouhe S. 2009. Risks of ingestion of aflatoxin-contaminated groundnuts in Benin: Scale measurements, beliefs, and socioeconomic factors. Risk Anal. 29:1395-1409.
47. Jolly PE, Jiang Y, Ellis W, Awuah R, Nnedu O, Phillips T, Wang JS, Afriyie-Gyawu E, Tang L, Person S, et al. 2006. Determinants of aflatoxin levels in Ghanaians: Sociodemographic factors, knowledge of aflatoxin and food handling and consumption practices. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 209:345-358.
48. Jolly PE, Jiang Y, Ellis WO, Wang JS, Afriyie-Gyawu E, Phillips TD, Williams JH. 2008. Mycotoxins: Detection methods, management, public health and agricultural trade. Modulation of the human immune system by aflatoxin. Wallingford (UK): CABI. p. 41-52, Chapter 5.
49. Jutavijittum P, Jiviriyawat Y, Yousukh A, Hayashi S, Toriyama K. Evaluation of a hepatitis B vaccination program in Chiang Mai, Thailand. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 36:207-212.
50. Kabak B, Dobson ADW, Var I. 2006. Strategies to prevent mycotoxin contamination of food and animal feed: a review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 46:593-619.
51. Kensler TW, Chen JG, Egner PA, Fahey JW, Jacobson LP, Stephenson KK, Ye L, Coady JL, Wang JB, Wu Y, et al. 2005. Effects of glucosinolate-rich broccoli sprouts on urinary levels of aflatoxin-DNA adducts and phenanthrene tetraols in a randomized clinical trial in He Zuo township, Qidong, People's Republic of China. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 14(11):2605-2613.
52. Kew M. 2002. Hepatitis B virus infection: The burden of disease in South Africa. S Afr J Epidemiol Infect. 17:4-7.
53. Khlangwiset P, Wu F. 2010. Costs and efficacy of public health interventions to reduce aflatoxin-induced human disease. Food Addit Contam. in press.
54. Krishnan S, Manavathu EK, Chandrasekar PH. 2009. Aspergillus flavus: An emerging non-fumigatus Aspergillus species of significance. Mycoses. 52:206-222.
55. Kiire CF. 1996. The epidemiology and prophylaxis of hepatitis B in sub-Saharan Africa: A view from tropical and subtropical Africa. Gut. 38(Suppl. 2):S5-12.
56. Kuniholm MH, Lesi OA, Mendy M, Akano AO, Sam O, Hall AJ, Whittle H, Bah E, Goedert JJ, Hainaut P, et al. 2008. Aflatoxin exposure and viral hepatitis in the etiology of liver cirrhosis in The Gambia, West Africa. Environ Health Perspect. 116:1553-1557.
57. Lubulwa ASG, Davis JS. 1994. Stored product protection: Proceedings of the 6th International Working Conference on Stored-product Protection. Wallingford (UK): CABI. Estimating the social costs of the impacts of fungi and aflatoxins in maize and peanuts; p 1017-1042.
58. Mabayoje VO, Oparinde DP, Akanni EO, Taiwo SS, Muhibi MA, Adebayo TO. 2007. Seroprevalence of hepatitis B and C and of human immunodeficiency virus among blood donors in south-west Nigeria. Br J Biomed Sci. 64(4):177-179.
59. Magan N, Aldred D. 2007. Post-harvest control strategies: minimizing mycotoxins in the food chain. Int J Food Microbiol. 119:131-139.
60. Manzila T, Okwo-Bele J-M. 2002. Hepatitis B vaccination in the WHO Africa region and the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization context. S Afr J Epidemiol Infect. 17:63-66.
61. Mathers C, Fat DM, Boerma JT and World Health Organization. 2008. The global burden of disease 2004 update. Geneva: World Health Organization.
62. Meenakshi JV, Johnson N, Manyong VM, De Groote H, Javelosa J, Yanggen D, Naher F, Gonzalez C, Garcia J, Meng E. 2007. How cost-effective is biofortification in combating micronutrient malnutrition? An ex-ante assessment. HarvestPlus Working paper no. 2. Washington (DC): HarvestPlus.
63. Meissonnier GM, Pinton P, Laffitte J, Cossalter A-M, Gong YY, Wild CP, Bertin G, Galtier P, Oswald IP. 2008. Immunotoxicity of aflatoxin B1: Impairment of the cell-mediated response to vaccine antigen and modulation of cytokine expression. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 231:142-149.
64. Mejía D. 2004. Post harvest compendium. Rome: FAO. Chapter 23, Maize: Post-harvest operation. NFID Hepatitis B vaccine safety [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Foundation for Infectious Disease; [cited 2009, Aug 29]. Available from: http://www.nfid.org/library/hepb_safety.shtml
65. NRC (National Research Council). 2008. Science and decisions: Advancing risk assessment. Washington (DC): National Academy Press.
66. Onakewhor JU, Offor E, Okonofua FE. 2001. Maternal and neonatal seroprevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) in Benin City, Nigeria. J Obstet Gynaecol. 21(6):583-586.
67. Oyelaran-Oyeyinka B, Sampath PG. 2006. Rough road to market: Institutional barriers to innovations in Africa: Working paper series. Maastricht: UN University.
68. Phillips TD, Afriyie-Gyawu E, Williams J, Huebner H, Ankrah NA, Ofori-Adjei D, Jolly P, Johnson N, Taylor J, Marroquin-Cardona A, et al. 2008. Reducing human exposure to aflatoxin through the use of clay: A review. Food Addit Contam A. 25(2):134-145.
69. Pitt JI, Hocking AD. 2006. Mycotoxins in Australia: Biocontrol of aflatoxin in groundnuts. Mycopathologia. 162:233-243.
70. Qian GS, Ross RK, Yu MC, Yuan JM, Gao YT, Henderson BE, Wogan GN, Groopman JD. 1994. A follow-up study of urinary markers of aflatoxin exposure and liver cancer risk in Shanghai, People's Republic of China. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 3:3-10.
71. Schoub BD, Johnson S, McAnerney JM, Blackburn N, Kew MC, McCutcheon JP, Carlier ND. 1991. Integration of hepatitis B vaccination into rural African primary health care programmes. Br Med J. 302(6772):313-316.
72. Serageldin I and Juma C. 2007. Africa: Continent Warms Up to Biotechnology [Internet]. Nairobi: allAfrica.com; [cited 2009, Aug 24]. Available from: http://allafrica.com/stories/200711140948.html
73. Shephard GS. 2008. Risk assessment of aflatoxins in food in Africa. Food Addit Contam A. 25:1246-1256.
74. Stein AJ, Sachdev HPS, Qaim M. 2008. Genetic engineering for the poor: Golden rice in public health in India. World Development. 36:144-158.
75. Strosnider H, Azziz-Baumgartner E, Banziger M, Bhat RV, Breiman R, Brune M, DeCock K, Dilley A, Groopman J, Hell K, et al. 2006. Workgroup Report: Public Health Strategies for Reducing Aflatoxin Exposure in Developing Countries. Environ Health Perspect. 114:1898-1903.
76. Talalay P, Fahey JW. 2001. Phytochemicals from cruciferous plants protect against cancer by modulating carcinogen metabolism. J Nutr. 131:3027S-3033S.
77. Tang L, Tang M, Xu L, Luo H, Huang T, Yu J, Zhang L, Gao W, Cox SB, Wang JS. 2008. Modulation of aflatoxin biomarkers in human blood and urine by green tea polyphenols intervention. Carcinogenesis. 29(2):411-417.
78. Turner PC, Moore SE, Hall AJ, Prentice AM, Wild CP. 2003. Modification of immune function through exposure to dietary aflatoxin in Gambian children. Environ Health Perspect. 111:217-220.
79. Turner PC, Sylla A, Gong YY, Diallo MS, Sutcliffe AE, Hall AJ, et al. 2005. Reduction in exposure to carcinogenic aflatoxins by postharvest intervention measures in west Africa: A community-based intervention study. Lancet. 365(9475):1950-1956.
80. Uneke CJ, Ogbu O, Inyama PU, Anyanwu GI, Njoku MO, Idoko JH. 2005. Prevalence of hepatitis-B surface antigen among blood donors and human immunodeficiency virusinfected patients in Jos, Nigeria. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 100(1):13-16.
81. UN-HABITAT 1999. Guinea [Internet]. Nairobi, Kenya: The United Nations Human Settlement Program; [cited 2009 June 9]. Available from: http://ww2.unhabitat.org/habrdd/conditions/wafrica/guinea.htm
82. Viviani S, Jack A, Bah E, Montesano R. 1997. Hepatocellular carcinoma: A preventable cancer. Epidemiol Prev. 21:129-136.
83. Wang JS, Luo H, Billam M, Wang Z, Guan H, Tang L, Goldston T, Afriyie-Gyawu E, Lovett C, Griswold J, et al. 2005. Short-term safety evaluation of processed calcium montmorillonite clay (NovaSil) in humans. Food Addit Contam. 22:270-279.
84. Wang P, Afriyie-Gyawu E, Tang Y, Johnson NM, Xu L, Tang L, Huebner HJ, Ankrah NA, Ofori-Adjei D, Ellis W, et al. 2008. NovaSil clay intervention in Ghanaians at high risk for aflatoxicosis: II. Reduction in biomarkers of aflatoxin exposure in blood and urine. Food Addit Contam. 25(5):622-634.
85. WHO 2001. Macroeconomics and health: Investing in health for economic development. Report of WHO Commission on Macroeconomics and Health. Geneva: World Health Organization.
86. Wild CP, Hall AJ. 2000. Primary prevention to hepatocellular carcinoma in developing countries. Mutat Res. 462:381-393.
87. Wild CP, Jiang Y-Z, Sabbioni G, Chapot B, Montesano R. 1990. Evaluation of methods for quantitation of aflatoxinalbumin adducts and their application to human exposure assessment. Cancer Res. 50:245-251.
88. Williams JH, Phillips TD, Jolly PE, Stiles JK, Jolly CM, Aggarwal D. 2004. Human aflatoxicosis in developing countries: A review of toxicology, exposure, potential health consequences, and interventions. Am J Clin Nutr. 80:1106-1122.
89. Williams JH. 2008. Mycotoxins: Detection methods, management, public health and agricultural trade. Institutional stakeholders in mycotoxin issues - past, present and future. Wallingford (UK): CABI. p. 349-358, Chapter 30.
90. Wu F. 2004. Mycotoxin risk assessment for the purpose of setting international regulatory standards. Environ Sci Technol. 38:4049-4055.
91. Wu F, Khlangwiset P. 2010. Health economic impacts and cost-effectiveness of aflatoxin reduction strategies in Africa: Case studies in biocontrol and postharvest interventions. Food Addit Contam. 27:496-509.
92. Wu F, Liu Y, Bhatnagar D. 2008. Cost-effectiveness of aflatoxin control methods: Economic incentives. Toxicol Rev. 27:203-225.