RUNX3 is multifunctional in carcinogenesis of multiple solid tumors

Oncogene

Volumn 29, Issue 18, 2010, Pages 2605-2615

  Chuang, L S H ^a   Ito, Y ^a,b  

^a NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE   (Singapore)

^b Dept Medicine Endocrinol Diabet   (Singapore)

Author keywords

Functional inactivation; RUNX3; Solid tumors; TGF b; Tumor suppressor; Wnt

Indexed keywords

TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR RUNX; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR RUNX3;

ANTINEOPLASTIC ACTIVITY; CANCER DIAGNOSIS; CANCER GROWTH; CANCER INHIBITION; CARCINOGENESIS; CYTOPLASM; DNA REPAIR; EPIGENETICS; GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT; GENE DELETION; GENE EXPRESSION; GENE SILENCING; HEMIZYGOSITY; HUMAN; METHYLATION; MUTAGENESIS; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; REVIEW; SENESCENCE; SOLID TUMOR;

ANIMALS; CELL AGING; CORE BINDING FACTOR ALPHA 3 SUBUNIT; CYTOPLASM; DNA METHYLATION; DNA REPAIR; GENE DELETION; GENE SILENCING; HUMANS; MUTAGENESIS, INSERTIONAL; NEOPLASMS; PROTEIN TRANSPORT; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

EID: 77952237515     PISSN: 09509232     EISSN: 14765594     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/onc.2010.88     Document Type: Review

References (102)

1. Ahlquist T, Lind GE, Costa VL, Meling GI, Vatn M, Hoff GS et al. (2008). Gene methylation profiles of normal mucosa, and benign and malignant colorectal tumors identify early onset markers. Mol Cancer 7: 94.
2. Aho TL, Sandholm J, Peltola KJ, Ito Y, Koskinen PJ. (2006). Pim-1 kinase phosphorylates RUNX family transcription factors and enhances their activity. BMC Cell Biol 7: 21.
3. Aronson BD, Fisher AL, Blechman K, Caudy M, Gergen JP. (1997). Groucho-dependent and-independent repression activities of Runt domain proteins. Mol Cell Biol 17: 5581-5587.
4. Ashcroft M, Vousden KH. (1999). Regulation of p53 stability. Oncogene 18: 7637-7643.
5. Bae SC, Ito Y. (2003). Comment on Levanon et al., 'Runx3 knockouts and stomach cancer', in EMBO reports (June 2003). EMBO Rep 4: 538-539.
6. Bagchi A, Mills AA. (2008). The quest for the 1p36 tumor suppressor. Cancer Res 68: 2551-2556.
7. Batlle E, Sancho E, Franci C, Dominguez D, Monfar M, Baulida J et al. (2000). The transcription factor snail is a repressor of E-cadherin gene expression in epithelial tumour cells. Nat Cell Biol 2: 84-89.
8. Brady G, Farrell PJ. (2009). RUNX3-mediated repression of RUNX1 in B cells. J Cell Physiol 221: 283-287.
9. Brady G, Whiteman HJ, Spender LC, Farrell PJ. (2009). Down-regulation of RUNX1 by RUNX3 requires the RUNX3 VWRPY sequence and is essential for Epstein-Barr virus-driven B-cell proliferation. J Virol 83: 6909-6916.
10. Brenner O, Levanon D, Negreanu V, Golubkov O, Fainaru O, Woolf E et al. (2004). Loss of Runx3 function in leukocytes is associated with spontaneously developed colitis and gastric mucosal hyperplasia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101: 16016-16021.
11. Brunet A, Sweeney LB, Sturgill JF, Chua KF, Greer PL, Lin Y et al. (2004). Stress-dependent regulation of FOXO transcription factors by the SIRT1 deacetylase. Science 303: 2011-2015.
12. Cameron ER, Blyth K, Hanlon L, Kilbey A, Mackay N, Stewart M et al. (2003). The Runx genes as dominant oncogenes. Blood Cells Mol Dis 30: 194-200.
13. Cameron ER, Neil JC. (2004). The Runx genes: lineage-specific oncogenes and tumor suppressors. Oncogene 23: 4308-4314.
14. Cano A, Perez-Moreno MA, Rodrigo I, Locascio A, Blanco MJ, del Barrio MG et al. (2000). The transcription factor snail controls epithelial-mesenchymal transitions by repressing E-cadherin expression. Nat Cell Biol 2: 76-83.
15. Chang TL, Ito K, Ko TK, Liu Q, Salto-Tellez M, Yeoh KG et al. (2010). Claudin-1 has tumor suppressive activity and is a direct target of RUNX3 in gastric epithelial cells. Gastroenterology 138: 255-265 e1-3.
16. Chen PC, Kuraguchi M, Velasquez J, Wang Y, Yang K, Edwards R et al. (2008). Novel roles for MLH3 deficiency and TLE6-like amplification in DNA mismatch repair-deficient gastrointestinal tumorigenesis and progression. PLoS Genet 4: e1000092.
17. Chen W, Salto-Tellez M, Palanisamy N, Ganesan K, Hou Q, Tan LK et al. (2007). Targets of genome copy number reduction in primary breast cancers identified by integrative genomics. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 46: 288-301.
18. Chen Z, Trotman LC, Shaffer D, Lin HK, Dotan ZA, Niki M et al. (2005). Crucial role of p53-dependent cellular senescence in suppression of Pten-deficient tumorigenesis. Nature 436: 725-730.
19. Cheng AS, Culhane AC, Chan MW, Venkataramu CR, Ehrich M, Nasir A et al. (2008). Epithelial progeny of estrogen-exposed breast progenitor cells display a cancer-like methylome. Cancer Res 68: 1786-1796.
20. Chi XZ, Kim J, Lee YH, Lee JW, Lee KS, Wee H et al. (2009). Runt-related transcription factor RUNX3 is a target of MDM2-mediated ubiquitination. Cancer Res 69: 8111-8119.
21. Chi XZ, Yang JO, Lee KY, Ito K, Sakakura C, Li QL et al. (2005). RUNX3 suppresses gastric epithelial cell growth by inducing p21(WAF1/Cip1) expressi. Mol Cell Biol 25: 8097-8107.
22. Cormier RT, Hong KH, Halberg RB, Hawkins TL, Richardson P, Mulherkar R et al. (1997). Secretory phospholipase Pla2g2a confers resistance to intestinal tumorigenesis. Nat Genet 17: 88-91.
23. Coussens LM, Werb Z. (2002). Inflammation and cancer. Nature 420: 860-867.
24. Di Micco R, Fumagalli M, Cicalese A, Piccinin S, Gasparini P, Luise C et al. (2006). Oncogene-induced senescence is a DNA damage response triggered by DNA hyper-replication. Nature 444: 638-642.
25. Diehn M, Cho RW, Lobo NA, Kalisky T, Dorie MJ, Kulp AN et al. (2009). Association of reactive oxygen species levels and radio-resistance in cancer stem cells. Nature 458: 780-783.
26. Douma S, Van Laar T, Zevenhoven J, Meuwissen R, Van Garderen E, Peeper DS. (2004). Suppression of anoikis and induction of metastasis by the neurotrophic receptor TrkB. Nature 430: 1034-1039.
27. Dupuy AJ, Akagi K, Largaespada DA, Copeland NG, Jenkins NA. (2005). Mammalian mutagenesis using a highly mobile somatic Sleeping Beauty transposon system. Nature 436: 221-226. (Pubitemid 41021267)
28. Finak G, Bertos N, Pepin F, Sadekova S, Souleimanova M, Zhao H et al. (2008). Stromal gene expression predicts clinical outcome in breast cancer. Nat Med 14: 518-527. (Pubitemid 351655218)
29. Fujii S, Ito K, Ito Y, Ochiai A. (2008). Enhancer of zeste homologue 2 (EZH2) down-regulates RUNX3 by increasing histone H3 methyla-tion. J Biol Chem 283: 17324-17332.
30. Fukushima-Nakase Y, Naoe Y, Taniuchi I, Hosoi H, Sugimoto T, Okuda T. (2005). Shared and distinct roles mediated through C-terminal subdomains of acute myeloid leukemia/Runt-related transcription factor molecules in murine development. Blood 105: 4298-4307.
31. Gao F, Huang C, Lin M, Wang Z, Shen J, Zhang H et al. (2009). Frequent inactivation of RUNX3 by promoter hypermethylation and protein mislocalization in oral squamous cell carcinomas. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 135: 739-747.
32. Geiger TR, Peeper DS. (2007). Critical role for TrkB kinase function in anoikis suppression, tumorigenesis, and metastasis. Cancer Res 67: 6221-6229.
33. Goh YM, Cinghu S, Hwee Hong ET, Lee YS, Kim JH, Zhang JW et al. (2010). Src kinase phosphorylates RUNX3 at tyrosine residues and localizes the protein in the cytoplasm. J Biol Chem (e-pub ahead of print 25 January 2010; doi:10.1074/jbc.M109.071381).
34. Hanai J, Chen LF, Kanno T, Ohtani-Fujita N, Kim WY, Guo WH et al. (1999). Interaction and functional cooperation of PEBP2/CBF with Smads. Synergistic induction of the immunoglobulin germline Calpha promoter. J Biol Chem 274: 31577-31582.
35. Imai Y, Kurokawa M, Tanaka K, Friedman AD, Ogawa S, Mitani K et al. (1998). TLE, the human homolog of groucho, interacts with AML1 and acts as a repressor of AML1-induced transactivation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 252: 582-589.
36. Inman GJ, Nicolas FJ, Hill CS. (2002). Nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of Smads 2, 3, and 4 permits sensing of TGF-beta receptor activity. Mol Cell 10: 283-294.
37. Inoue K, Ito K, Osato M, Lee B, Bae SC, Ito Y. (2007). The transcription factor Runx3 represses the neurotrophin receptor TrkB during lineage commitment of dorsal root ganglion neurons. J Biol Chem 282: 24175-24184.
38. Ito K, Inoue KI, Bae SC, Ito Y. (2009). Runx3 expression in gastrointestinal tract epithelium: resolving the controversy. Onco-gene 28: 1379-1384.
39. Ito K, Lim AC, Salto-Tellez M, Motoda L, Osato M, Chuang LS et al. (2008). RUNX3 attenuates beta-catenin/T cell factors in intestinal tumorigenesis. Cancer Cell 14: 226-237.
40. Ito K, Liu Q, Salto-Tellez M, Yano T, Tada K, Ida H et al. (2005). RUNX3, a novel tumor suppressor, is frequently inactivated in gastric cancer by protein mislocalization. Cancer Res 65: 7743-7750.
41. Jiang Y, Tong D, Lou G, Zhang Y, Geng J. (2008). Expression of RUNX3 gene, methylation status and clinicopathological significance in breast cancer and breast cancer cell lines. Pathobiology 75: 244-251.
42. Jin YH, Jeon EJ, Li QL, Lee YH, Choi JK, Kim WJ et al. (2004). Transforming growth factor-beta stimulates p300-dependent RUNX3 acetylation, which inhibits ubiquitination-mediated degradation. J Biol Chem 279: 29409-29417.
43. Jones PA, Baylin SB. (2002). The fundamental role of epigenetic events in cancer. Nat Rev Genet 3: 415-428.
44. Katayama Y, Takahashi M, Kuwayama H. (2009). Helicobacter pylori causes runx3 gene methylation and its loss of expression in gastric epithelial cells, which is mediated by nitric oxide produced by macrophages. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 388: 496-500.
45. Kilbey A, Blyth K, Wotton S, Terry A, Jenkins A, Bell M et al. (2007). Runx2 disruption promotes immortalization and confers resistance to oncogene-induced senescence in primary murine fibroblasts. Cancer Res 67: 11263-11271.
46. Kilbey A, Terry A, Cameron ER, Neil JC. (2008). Oncogene-induced senescence: an essential role for Runx. Cell Cycle 7: 2333-2340.
47. Kim HR, Oh BC, Choi JK, Bae SC. (2008). Pim-1 kinase phosphorylates and stabilizes RUNX3 and alters its subcellular localization. J Cell Biochem 105: 1048-1058.
48. Kim JH, Choi JK, Cinghu S, Jang JW, Lee YS, Li YH et al. (2009). Jab1/CSN5 induces the cytoplasmic localization and degradation of RUNX3. J Cell Biochem 107: 557-565.
49. Kim TY, Lee HJ, Hwang KS, Lee M, Kim JW, Bang YJ et al. (2004). Methylation of RUNX3 in various types of human cancers and premalignant stages of gastric carcinoma. Lab Invest 84: 479-484.
50. Kim WJ, Kim EJ, Jeong P, Quan C, Kim J, Li QL et al. (2005). RUNX3 inactivation by point mutations and aberrant DNA methylation in bladder tumors. Cancer Res 65: 9347-9354.
51. Lau QC, Raja E, Salto-Tellez M, Liu Q, Ito K, Inoue M et al. (2006). RUNX3 is frequently inactivated by dual mechanisms of protein mislocalization and promoter hypermethylation in breast cancer. Cancer Res 66: 6512-6520.
52. Lee SH, Kim J, Kim WH, Lee YM. (2009). Hypoxic silencing of tumor suppressor RUNX3 by histone modification in gastric cancer cells. Oncogene 28: 184-194.
53. Lee TI, Jenner RG, Boyer LA, Guenther MG, Levine SS, Kumar RM et al. (2006). Control of developmental regulators by Polycomb in human embryonic stem cells. Cell 125: 301-313.
54. Levanon D, Brenner O, Otto F, Groner Y. (2003). Runx3 knockouts and stomach cancer. EMBO Rep 4: 560-564.
55. Levanon D, Goldstein RE, Bernstein Y, Tang H, Goldenberg D, Stifani S et al. (1998). Transcriptional repression by AML1 and LEF-1 is mediated by the TLE/Groucho corepressors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95: 11590-11595.
56. Levanon D, Groner Y. (2009). Runx3-deficient mouse strains circa 2008: resemblance and dissimilarity. Blood Cells Mol Dis 43: 1-5.
57. Levanon D, Negreanu V, Bernstein Y, Bar-Am I, Avivi L, Groner Y. (1994). AML1, AML2, and AML3, the human members of the runt domain gene-family: cDNA structure, expression, and chromosomal localization. Genomics 23: 425-432.
58. Li QL, Ito K, Sakakura C, Fukamachi H, Inoue K, Chi XZ et al. (2002). Causal relationship between the loss of RUNX3 expression and gastric cancer. Cell 109: 113-124.
59. Mani SA, Guo W, Liao MJ, Eaton EN, Ayyanan A, Zhou AY et al. (2008). The epithelial-mesenchymal transition generates cells with properties of stem cells. Cell 133: 704-715.
60. Martinez-Estrada OM, Culleres A, Soriano FX, Peinado H, Bolos V, Martinez FO et al. (2006). The transcription factors Slug and Snail act as repressors of Claudin-1 expression in epithelial cells. Biochem J 394: 449-457.
61. Miething C, Grundler R, Mugler C, Brero S, Hoepfl J, Geigl J et al. (2007). Retroviral insertional mutagenesis identifies RUNX genes involved in chronic myeloid leukemia disease persistence under imatinib treatment. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104: 4594-4599.
62. Motoda L, Osato M, Yamashita N, Jacob B, Chen LQ, Yanagida M et al. (2007). Runx1 protects hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells from oncogenic insult. Stem Cells 25: 2976-2986.
63. Mueller W, Nutt CL, Ehrich M, Riemenschneider MJ, von Deimling A, van den Boom D et al. (2007). Downregulation of RUNX3 and TES by hypermethylation in glioblastoma. Oncogene 26: 583-593.
64. Nevadunsky NS, Barbieri JS, Kwong J, Merritt MA, Welch WR, Berkowitz RS et al. (2009). RUNX3 protein is overexpressed in human epithelial ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol 112: 325-330.
65. Oshimo Y, Oue N, Mitani Y, Nakayama H, Kitadai Y, Yoshida K et al. (2004). Frequent loss of RUNX3 expression by promoter hypermethylation in gastric carcinoma. Pathobiology 71: 137-143. (Pubitemid 38437708)
66. Pande S, Ali SA, Dowdy C, Zaidi SK, Ito K, Ito Y et al. (2009). Subnuclear targeting of the Runx3 tumor suppressor and its epigenetic association with mitotic chromosomes. J Cell Physiol 218: 473-479.
67. Pockwinse SM, Rajgopal A, Young DW, Mujeeb KA, Nickerson J, Javed A et al. (2006). Microtubule-dependent nuclear-cytoplasmic shuttling of Runx2. J Cell Physiol 206: 354-362.
68. Rahrmann EP, Collier LS, Knutson TP, Doyal ME, Kuslak SL, Green LE et al. (2009). Identification of PDE4D as a proliferation promoting factor in prostate cancer using a Sleeping Beauty transposon-based somatic mutagenesis screen. Cancer Res 69: 4388-4397.
69. Sakakura C, Miyagawa K, Fukuda KI, Nakashima S, Yoshikawa T, Kin S et al. (2007). Frequent silencing of RUNX3 in esophageal squamous cell carcinomas is associated with radioresistance and poor prognosis. Oncogene 26: 5927-5938.
70. Salto-Tellez M, Peh BK, Ito K, Tan SH, Chong PY, Han HC et al. (2006). RUNX3 protein is overexpressed in human basal cell carcinomas. Oncogene 25: 7646-7649.
71. Sato K, Tomizawa Y, Iijima H, Saito R, Ishizuka T, Nakajima T et al. (2006). Epigenetic inactivation of the RUNX3 gene in lung cancer. Oncol Rep 15: 129-135.
72. Schlesinger Y, Straussman R, Keshet I, Farkash S, Hecht M, Zimmerman J et al. (2007). Polycomb-mediated methylation on Lys27 of histone H3 pre-marks genes for de novo methylation in cancer. Nat Genet 39: 232-236.
73. Shi MJ, Stavnezer J. (1998). CBF alpha3 (AML2) is induced by TGF-beta1 to bind and activate the mouse germline Ig alpha promoter. J Immunol 161: 6751-6760.
74. Snoeks L, Weber CR, Wasland K, Turner JR, Vainder C, Qi W et al. (2009). Tumor suppressor FOXO3 participates in the regulation of intestinal inflammation. Lab Invest 89: 1053-1062.
75. Soong R, Shah N, Peh BK, Chong PY, Ng SS, Zeps N et al. (2009). The expression of RUNX3 in colorectal cancer is associated with disease stage and patient outcome. Br J Cancer 100: 676-679.
76. Spender LC, Whiteman HJ, Karstegl CE, Farrell PJ. (2005). Transcriptional cross-regulation of RUNX1 by RUNX3 in human B cells. Oncogene 24: 1873-1881.
77. Stewart M, MacKay N, Cameron ER, Neil JC. (2002). The common retroviral insertion locus Dsi1 maps 30 kilobases upstream of the P1 promoter of the murine Runx3/Cbfa3/Aml2 gene. J Virol 76: 4364-4369.
78. Stewart M, Terry A, O'Hara M, Cameron E, Onions D, Neil JC. (1996). til-1: a novel proviral insertion locus for Moloney murine leukaemia virus in lymphomas of CD2-myc transgenic mice. J Gen Virol 77(Part 3): 443-446.
79. Stifani S, Blaumueller CM, Redhead NJ, Hill RE, Artavanis-Tsakonas S. (1992). Human homologs of a Drosophila Enhancer of split gene product define a novel family of nuclear proteins. Nat Genet 2: 119-127.
80. Subramaniam MM, Chan JY, Soong R, Ito K, Yeoh KG, Wong R et al. (2009). RUNX3 inactivation in colorectal polyps arising through different pathways of colonic carcinogenesis. Am J Gastroenterol 104: 426-436.
81. Tanaka Y, Imamura J, Kanai F, Ichimura T, Isobe T, Koike M et al. (2007). Runx3 interacts with DNA repair protein Ku70. Exp Cell Res 313: 3251-3260.
82. Thiery JP, Sleeman JP. (2006). Complex networks orchestrate epithelial-mesenchymal transitions. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 7: 131-142.
83. Tothova Z, Gilliland DG. (2007). FoxO transcription factors and stem cell homeostasis: insights from the hematopoietic system. Cell Stem Cell 1: 140-152.
84. Tothova Z, Kollipara R, Huntly BJ, Lee BH, Castrillon DH, Cullen DE et al. (2007). FoxOs are critical mediators of hematopoietic stem cell resistance to physiologic oxidative stress. Cell 128: 325-339.
85. Tsai WB, Chung YM, Takahashi Y, Xu Z, Hu MC. (2008). Functional interaction between FOXO3a and ATM regulates DNA damage response. Nat Cell Biol 10: 460-467.
86. Tsunematsu T, Kudo Y, Iizuka S, Ogawa I, Fujita T, Kurihara H et al. (2009). RUNX3 has an oncogenic role in head and neck cancer. PLoS One 4: e5892.
87. Tu S, Bhagat G, Cui G, Takaishi S, Kurt-Jones EA, Rickman B et al. (2008). Overexpression of interleukin-1beta induces gastric inflammation and cancer and mobilizes myeloid-derived suppressor cells in mice. Cancer Cell 14: 408-419.
88. Varambally S, Cao Q, Mani RS, Shankar S, Wang X, Ateeq B et al. (2008). Genomic loss of microRNA-101 leads to overexpression of histone methyltransferase EZH2 in cancer. Science 322: 1695-1699.
89. Vire E, Brenner C, Deplus R, Blanchon L, Fraga M, Didelot C et al. (2006). The Polycomb group protein EZH2 directly controls DNA methylation. Nature 439: 871-874.
90. Wada M, Yazumi S, Takaishi S, Hasegawa K, Sawada M, Tanaka H et al. (2004). Frequent loss of RUNX3 gene expression in human bile duct and pancreatic cancer cell lines. Oncogene 23: 2401-2407.
91. Weisenberger DJ, Siegmund KD, Campan M, Young J, Long TI, Faasse MA et al. (2006). CpG island methylator phenotype underlies sporadic microsatellite instability and is tightly associated with BRAF mutation in colorectal cancer. Nat Genet 38: 787-793.
92. Wolff EM, Liang G, Cortez CC, Tsai YC, Castelao JE, Cortessis VK et al. (2008). RUNX3 methylation reveals that bladder tumors are older in patients with a history of smoking. Cancer Res 68: 6208-6214.
93. Wotton S, Terry A, Kilbey A, Jenkins A, Herzyk P, Cameron E et al. (2008). Gene array analysis reveals a common Runx transcriptional programme controlling cell adhesion and survival. Oncogene 27: 5856-5866.
94. Yagi R, Chen LF, Shigesada K, Murakami Y, Ito Y. (1999). A WW domain-containing yes-associated protein (YAP) is a novel tran-scriptional co-activator. EMBO J 18: 2551-2562.
95. Yamamura Y, Lee WL, Inoue K, Ida H, Ito Y. (2006). RUNX3 cooperates with FoxO3a to induce apoptosis in gastric cancer cells. J Biol Chem 281: 5267-5276.
96. Yanada M, Yaoi T, Shimada J, Sakakura C, Nishimura M, Ito K et al. (2005). Frequent hemizygous deletion at 1p36 and hypermethylation downregulate RUNX3 expression in human lung cancer cell lines. Oncol Rep 14: 817-822.
97. Yano T, Ito K, Fukamachi H, Chi XZ, Wee HJ, Inoue K et al. (2006). The RUNX3 tumor suppressor upregulates Bim in gastric epithelial cells undergoing transforming growth factor beta-induced apoptosis. Mol Cell Biol 26: 4474-4488.
98. Zaidi SK, Sullivan AJ, van Wijnen AJ, Stein JL, Stein GS, Lian JB. (2002). Integration of Runx and Smad regulatory signals at transcriptionally active subnuclear sites. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99: 8048-8053.
99. Zhang Z, Wang S, Wang M, Tong N, Fu G. (2008). Genetic variants in RUNX3 and risk of bladder cancer: a haplotype-based analysis. Carcinogenesis 29: 1973-1978.
100. Zhao B, Kim J, Ye X, Lai ZC, Guan KL. (2009). Both TEAD-binding and WW domains are required for the growth stimulation and oncogenic transformation activity of yes-associated protein. Cancer Res 69: 1089-1098.
101. Zhao B, Wei X, Li W, Udan RS, Yang Q, Kim J et al. (2007). Inactivation of YAP oncoprotein by the Hippo pathway is involved in cell contact inhibition and tissue growth control. Genes Dev 21: 2747-2761.
102. Zhou G, Chen Y, Zhou L, Thirunavukkarasu K, Hecht J, Chitayat D et al. (1999). CBFA1 mutation analysis and functional correlation with phenotypic variability in cleidocranial dysplasia. Hum Mol Genet 8: 2311-2316.