메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 33, Issue 3, 2010, Pages 140-152

Neuroprotection, regeneration and immunomodulation: broadening the therapeutic repertoire in multiple sclerosis

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALEMTUZUMAB; AMILORIDE; BETA1A INTERFERON; CLADRIBINE; CYTOKINE; DACLIZUMAB; FINGOLIMOD; FIRATEGRAST; FUMARIC ACID DIMETHYL ESTER; GLATIRAMER; IMMUNOMODULATING AGENT; INTERCELLULAR ADHESION MOLECULE 1; INTERFERON BETA SERINE; INTERLEUKIN 2 RECEPTOR; LAMOTRIGINE; LAQUINIMOD; MITOXANTRONE; NATALIZUMAB; OCRELIZUMAB; OFATUMUMAB; PLACEBO; REACTIVE NITROGEN SPECIES; REACTIVE OXYGEN METABOLITE; RITUXIMAB; ROQUINIMEX; TERIFLUNOMIDE; TOPIRAMATE; UNINDEXED DRUG; VASCULAR CELL ADHESION MOLECULE 1; VERY LATE ACTIVATION ANTIGEN 4;

EID: 77649290565     PISSN: 01662236     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2009.12.002     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (80)

References (133)
  • 1
    • 56549105235 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Disease-modifying agents for multiple sclerosis: recent advances and future prospects
    • Menge T., et al. Disease-modifying agents for multiple sclerosis: recent advances and future prospects. Drugs 68 (2008) 2445-2468
    • (2008) Drugs , vol.68 , pp. 2445-2468
    • Menge, T.1
  • 2
    • 70449368864 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bleak prospects for primary progressive multiple sclerosis therapy: downs and downs, but a glimmer of hope
    • Hartung H.P., and Aktas O. Bleak prospects for primary progressive multiple sclerosis therapy: downs and downs, but a glimmer of hope. Ann. Neurol. 66 (2009) 429-432
    • (2009) Ann. Neurol. , vol.66 , pp. 429-432
    • Hartung, H.P.1    Aktas, O.2
  • 3
    • 65549108709 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Current approaches to the identification and management of breakthrough disease in patients with multiple sclerosis
    • Rudick R.A., and Polman C.H. Current approaches to the identification and management of breakthrough disease in patients with multiple sclerosis. Lancet Neurol. 8 (2009) 545-559
    • (2009) Lancet Neurol. , vol.8 , pp. 545-559
    • Rudick, R.A.1    Polman, C.H.2
  • 4
    • 0037153729 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mitoxantrone in progressive multiple sclerosis: a placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomised, multicentre trial
    • Hartung H.P., et al. Mitoxantrone in progressive multiple sclerosis: a placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomised, multicentre trial. Lancet 360 (2002) 2018-2025
    • (2002) Lancet , vol.360 , pp. 2018-2025
    • Hartung, H.P.1
  • 5
    • 48249139449 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multiple sclerosis: an immune or neurodegenerative disorder?
    • Trapp B.D., and Nave K.A. Multiple sclerosis: an immune or neurodegenerative disorder?. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 31 (2008) 247-269
    • (2008) Annu. Rev. Neurosci. , vol.31 , pp. 247-269
    • Trapp, B.D.1    Nave, K.A.2
  • 6
    • 0037882036 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Optic neuritis, a new variant of experimental encephalomyelitis, a durable model for all seasons, now in its seventieth year
    • Steinman L. Optic neuritis, a new variant of experimental encephalomyelitis, a durable model for all seasons, now in its seventieth year. J. Exp. Med. 197 (2003) 1065-1071
    • (2003) J. Exp. Med. , vol.197 , pp. 1065-1071
    • Steinman, L.1
  • 7
    • 33746729791 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Understanding pathogenesis and therapy of multiple sclerosis via animal models: 70 years of merits and culprits in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis research
    • Gold R., et al. Understanding pathogenesis and therapy of multiple sclerosis via animal models: 70 years of merits and culprits in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis research. Brain 129 (2006) 1953-1971
    • (2006) Brain , vol.129 , pp. 1953-1971
    • Gold, R.1
  • 8
    • 33645885041 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • EAE: pitfalls outweigh virtues of screening potential treatments for multiple sclerosis
    • Ransohoff R.M. EAE: pitfalls outweigh virtues of screening potential treatments for multiple sclerosis. Trends Immunol. 27 (2006) 167-168
    • (2006) Trends Immunol. , vol.27 , pp. 167-168
    • Ransohoff, R.M.1
  • 9
    • 77649108193 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Results from the CLARITY study: A phase III, randomized, double-blind study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of oral cladribine in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS)
    • Abstract LBS.001
    • Giovannoni, G. (2009) Results from the CLARITY study: a phase III, randomized, double-blind study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of oral cladribine in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Neurology, Seattle, WA, USA. Neurology Abstract LBS.001
    • (2009) Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Neurology, Seattle, WA, USA. Neurology
    • Giovannoni, G.1
  • 11
    • 62149096116 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Teriflunomide reduces behavioral, electrophysiological, and histopathological deficits in the Dark Agouti at model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
    • Merrill J.E., et al. Teriflunomide reduces behavioral, electrophysiological, and histopathological deficits in the Dark Agouti at model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J. Neurol. 256 (2009) 89-103
    • (2009) J. Neurol. , vol.256 , pp. 89-103
    • Merrill, J.E.1
  • 12
    • 67649402187 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Nrf2-antioxidant response element signaling pathway and its activation by oxidative stress
    • Nguyen T., et al. The Nrf2-antioxidant response element signaling pathway and its activation by oxidative stress. J. Biol. Chem. 284 (2009) 13291-13295
    • (2009) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.284 , pp. 13291-13295
    • Nguyen, T.1
  • 13
    • 54149116366 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy and safety of oral fumarate in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase IIb study
    • Kappos L., et al. Efficacy and safety of oral fumarate in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase IIb study. Lancet 372 (2008) 1463-1472
    • (2008) Lancet , vol.372 , pp. 1463-1472
    • Kappos, L.1
  • 14
    • 45249107267 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of laquinimod on MRI-monitored disease activity in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase IIb study
    • Comi G., et al. Effect of laquinimod on MRI-monitored disease activity in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase IIb study. Lancet 371 (2008) 2085-2092
    • (2008) Lancet , vol.371 , pp. 2085-2092
    • Comi, G.1
  • 15
    • 33847635657 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neurodegeneration in autoimmune demyelination: recent mechanistic insights reveal novel therapeutic targets
    • Aktas O., et al. Neurodegeneration in autoimmune demyelination: recent mechanistic insights reveal novel therapeutic targets. J. Neuroimmunol. 184 (2007) 17-26
    • (2007) J. Neuroimmunol. , vol.184 , pp. 17-26
    • Aktas, O.1
  • 16
    • 64049108784 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The cellular context of T cell signaling
    • Dustin M.L. The cellular context of T cell signaling. Immunity 30 (2009) 482-492
    • (2009) Immunity , vol.30 , pp. 482-492
    • Dustin, M.L.1
  • 17
    • 17644396349 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immunology of multiple sclerosis
    • Sospedra M., and Martin R. Immunology of multiple sclerosis. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 23 (2005) 683-747
    • (2005) Annu. Rev. Immunol. , vol.23 , pp. 683-747
    • Sospedra, M.1    Martin, R.2
  • 18
    • 43249103954 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Getting specific: monoclonal antibodies in multiple sclerosis
    • Lutterotti A., and Martin R. Getting specific: monoclonal antibodies in multiple sclerosis. Lancet Neurol. 7 (2008) 538-547
    • (2008) Lancet Neurol. , vol.7 , pp. 538-547
    • Lutterotti, A.1    Martin, R.2
  • 20
    • 0032882173 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Monoclonal antibody treatment exposes three mechanisms underlying the clinical course of multiple sclerosis
    • Coles A.J., et al. Monoclonal antibody treatment exposes three mechanisms underlying the clinical course of multiple sclerosis. Ann. Neurol. 46 (1999) 296-304
    • (1999) Ann. Neurol. , vol.46 , pp. 296-304
    • Coles, A.J.1
  • 21
    • 54949143968 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alemtuzumab vs. interferon beta-1a in early multiple sclerosis
    • Coles A.J., et al. Alemtuzumab vs. interferon beta-1a in early multiple sclerosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 359 (2008) 1786-1801
    • (2008) N. Engl. J. Med. , vol.359 , pp. 1786-1801
    • Coles, A.J.1
  • 22
    • 34548142973 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Daclizumab phase II trial in relapsing and remitting multiple sclerosis: MRI and clinical results
    • Rose J.W., et al. Daclizumab phase II trial in relapsing and remitting multiple sclerosis: MRI and clinical results. Neurology 69 (2007) 785-789
    • (2007) Neurology , vol.69 , pp. 785-789
    • Rose, J.W.1
  • 23
    • 38349180686 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Preliminary CHOICE results: A phase 2, randomised, placebo-controlled multicentre study of subcutaneous daclizumab in patients with active, relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis on interferon beta. 23rd Congress of the European Committee for Treatment and Research in Multiple Sclerosis (ECTRIMS), Prague, Czech Republic
    • Montalban, X. et al. (2007) Preliminary CHOICE results: a phase 2, randomised, placebo-controlled multicentre study of subcutaneous daclizumab in patients with active, relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis on interferon beta. 23rd Congress of the European Committee for Treatment and Research in Multiple Sclerosis (ECTRIMS), Prague, Czech Republic. Mult. Scler. 13, S18
    • (2007) Mult. Scler , vol.13
    • Montalban, X.1
  • 24
    • 41649112738 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of B cells in multiple sclerosis: rationale for B-cell-targeted therapies
    • Racke M.K. The role of B cells in multiple sclerosis: rationale for B-cell-targeted therapies. Curr. Opin. Neurol. 21 Suppl. 1 (2008) S9-S18
    • (2008) Curr. Opin. Neurol. , vol.21 , Issue.SUPPL. 1
    • Racke, M.K.1
  • 25
    • 0023931606 scopus 로고
    • Augmentation of demyelination in rat acute allergic encephalomyelitis by circulating mouse monoclonal antibodies directed against a myelin/oligodendrocyte glycoprotein
    • Linington C., et al. Augmentation of demyelination in rat acute allergic encephalomyelitis by circulating mouse monoclonal antibodies directed against a myelin/oligodendrocyte glycoprotein. Am. J. Pathol. 130 (1988) 443-454
    • (1988) Am. J. Pathol. , vol.130 , pp. 443-454
    • Linington, C.1
  • 26
    • 34948864286 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neurofascin as a novel target for autoantibody-mediated axonal injury
    • Mathey E.K., et al. Neurofascin as a novel target for autoantibody-mediated axonal injury. J. Exp. Med. 204 (2007) 2363-2372
    • (2007) J. Exp. Med. , vol.204 , pp. 2363-2372
    • Mathey, E.K.1
  • 27
    • 34147189000 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immunization with neurofilament light protein induces spastic paresis and axonal degeneration in Biozzi ABH mice
    • Huizinga R., et al. Immunization with neurofilament light protein induces spastic paresis and axonal degeneration in Biozzi ABH mice. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 66 (2007) 295-304
    • (2007) J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. , vol.66 , pp. 295-304
    • Huizinga, R.1
  • 28
    • 48849117376 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • B cells and multiple sclerosis
    • Franciotta D., et al. B cells and multiple sclerosis. Lancet Neurol. 7 (2008) 852-858
    • (2008) Lancet Neurol. , vol.7 , pp. 852-858
    • Franciotta, D.1
  • 29
    • 39049142995 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • B-cell depletion with rituximab in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis
    • Hauser S.L., et al. B-cell depletion with rituximab in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 358 (2008) 676-688
    • (2008) N. Engl. J. Med. , vol.358 , pp. 676-688
    • Hauser, S.L.1
  • 30
    • 70449418132 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rituximab in patients with primary progressive multiple sclerosis: results of a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled multicenter trial
    • Hawker K., et al. Rituximab in patients with primary progressive multiple sclerosis: results of a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled multicenter trial. Ann. Neurol. 66 (2009) 460-471
    • (2009) Ann. Neurol. , vol.66 , pp. 460-471
    • Hawker, K.1
  • 31
    • 70449106029 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effector T cell interactions with meningeal vascular structures in nascent autoimmune CNS lesions
    • Bartholomaus I., et al. Effector T cell interactions with meningeal vascular structures in nascent autoimmune CNS lesions. Nature 462 (2009) 94-98
    • (2009) Nature , vol.462 , pp. 94-98
    • Bartholomaus, I.1
  • 32
    • 33845727067 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • What is the blood-brain barrier (not)?
    • Bechmann I., et al. What is the blood-brain barrier (not)?. Trends Immunol. 28 (2007) 5-11
    • (2007) Trends Immunol. , vol.28 , pp. 5-11
    • Bechmann, I.1
  • 33
    • 32144454172 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The many roles of chemokines and chemokine receptors in inflammation
    • Charo I.F., and Ransohoff R.M. The many roles of chemokines and chemokine receptors in inflammation. N. Engl. J. Med. 354 (2006) 610-621
    • (2006) N. Engl. J. Med. , vol.354 , pp. 610-621
    • Charo, I.F.1    Ransohoff, R.M.2
  • 34
    • 65949105042 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Persistent signaling induced by FTY720-phosphate is mediated by internalized S1P1 receptors
    • Mullershausen F., et al. Persistent signaling induced by FTY720-phosphate is mediated by internalized S1P1 receptors. Nat. Chem. Biol. 5 (2009) 428-434
    • (2009) Nat. Chem. Biol. , vol.5 , pp. 428-434
    • Mullershausen, F.1
  • 35
    • 70849086174 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • FTY720 (fingolimod) in multiple sclerosis: therapeutic effects in the immune and the central nervous system
    • Brinkmann V. FTY720 (fingolimod) in multiple sclerosis: therapeutic effects in the immune and the central nervous system. Br. J. Pharmacol. 158 (2009) 1173-1182
    • (2009) Br. J. Pharmacol. , vol.158 , pp. 1173-1182
    • Brinkmann, V.1
  • 36
    • 34250832664 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptors in health and disease: mechanistic insights from gene deletion studies and reverse pharmacology
    • Brinkmann V. Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptors in health and disease: mechanistic insights from gene deletion studies and reverse pharmacology. Pharmacol. Ther. 115 (2007) 84-105
    • (2007) Pharmacol. Ther. , vol.115 , pp. 84-105
    • Brinkmann, V.1
  • 37
    • 39049125218 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • FTY720 modulates human oligodendrocyte progenitor process extension and survival
    • Miron V.E., et al. FTY720 modulates human oligodendrocyte progenitor process extension and survival. Ann. Neurol. 63 (2008) 61-71
    • (2008) Ann. Neurol. , vol.63 , pp. 61-71
    • Miron, V.E.1
  • 38
    • 77955799815 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oral fingolimod (FTY720) for relapsing multiple sclerosis
    • Kappos L., et al. Oral fingolimod (FTY720) for relapsing multiple sclerosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 355 (2006) 1124-1140
    • (2006) N. Engl. J. Med. , vol.355 , pp. 1124-1140
    • Kappos, L.1
  • 39
    • 63849147004 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oral fingolimod (FTY720) in multiple sclerosis: two-year results of a phase II extension study
    • O'Connor P., et al. Oral fingolimod (FTY720) in multiple sclerosis: two-year results of a phase II extension study. Neurology 72 (2009) 73-79
    • (2009) Neurology , vol.72 , pp. 73-79
    • O'Connor, P.1
  • 40
    • 77649279629 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cohen, J. et al. (2010) Oral Fingolimod vs intramuscular interferon in relapsing multiple sclerosis, New Engl J Med, E-pub (Jan 20)
    • Cohen, J. et al. (2010) Oral Fingolimod vs intramuscular interferon in relapsing multiple sclerosis, New Engl J Med, E-pub (Jan 20)
  • 41
    • 64049116465 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hemorrhaging focal encephalitis under fingolimod (FTY720) treatment: a case report
    • Leypoldt F., et al. Hemorrhaging focal encephalitis under fingolimod (FTY720) treatment: a case report. Neurology 72 (2009) 1022-1024
    • (2009) Neurology , vol.72 , pp. 1022-1024
    • Leypoldt, F.1
  • 42
    • 37549023007 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Roles of the kallikrein/kinin system in the adaptive immune system
    • Schulze-Topphoff U., et al. Roles of the kallikrein/kinin system in the adaptive immune system. Int. Immunopharmacol. 8 (2008) 155-160
    • (2008) Int. Immunopharmacol. , vol.8 , pp. 155-160
    • Schulze-Topphoff, U.1
  • 43
    • 67650493912 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Activation of kinin receptor B1 limits encephalitogenic T lymphocyte recruitment to the central nervous system
    • Schulze-Topphoff U., et al. Activation of kinin receptor B1 limits encephalitogenic T lymphocyte recruitment to the central nervous system. Nat. Med. 15 (2009) 788-793
    • (2009) Nat. Med. , vol.15 , pp. 788-793
    • Schulze-Topphoff, U.1
  • 44
    • 70349267599 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Blocking angiotensin-converting enzyme induces potent regulatory T cells and modulates TH1- and TH17-mediated autoimmunity
    • Platten M., et al. Blocking angiotensin-converting enzyme induces potent regulatory T cells and modulates TH1- and TH17-mediated autoimmunity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 106 (2009) 14948-14953
    • (2009) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. , vol.106 , pp. 14948-14953
    • Platten, M.1
  • 45
    • 70349273755 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role of the renin-angiotensin system in autoimmune inflammation of the central nervous system
    • Stegbauer J., et al. Role of the renin-angiotensin system in autoimmune inflammation of the central nervous system. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 106 (2009) 14942-14947
    • (2009) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. , vol.106 , pp. 14942-14947
    • Stegbauer, J.1
  • 46
    • 0031002545 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Axonal damage in acute multiple sclerosis lesions
    • Ferguson B., et al. Axonal damage in acute multiple sclerosis lesions. Brain 120 (1997) 393-399
    • (1997) Brain , vol.120 , pp. 393-399
    • Ferguson, B.1
  • 47
    • 0032576752 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Axonal transection in the lesions of multiple sclerosis
    • Trapp B.D., et al. Axonal transection in the lesions of multiple sclerosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 338 (1998) 278-285
    • (1998) N. Engl. J. Med. , vol.338 , pp. 278-285
    • Trapp, B.D.1
  • 48
    • 0344737604 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Activation of microglial poly(ADP-ribose)-polymerase-1 by cholesterol breakdown products during neuroinflammation: a link between demyelination and neuronal damage
    • Diestel A., et al. Activation of microglial poly(ADP-ribose)-polymerase-1 by cholesterol breakdown products during neuroinflammation: a link between demyelination and neuronal damage. J. Exp. Med. 198 (2003) 1729-1740
    • (2003) J. Exp. Med. , vol.198 , pp. 1729-1740
    • Diestel, A.1
  • 49
    • 0037530542 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vulnerability of human neurons to T cell-mediated cytotoxicity
    • Giuliani F., et al. Vulnerability of human neurons to T cell-mediated cytotoxicity. J. Immunol. 171 (2003) 368-379
    • (2003) J. Immunol. , vol.171 , pp. 368-379
    • Giuliani, F.1
  • 50
    • 20944446609 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuronal damage in autoimmune neuroinflammation mediated by the death ligand TRAIL
    • Aktas O., et al. Neuronal damage in autoimmune neuroinflammation mediated by the death ligand TRAIL. Neuron 46 (2005) 421-432
    • (2005) Neuron , vol.46 , pp. 421-432
    • Aktas, O.1
  • 51
    • 1542267742 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Direct impact of T cells on neurons revealed by two-photon microscopy in living brain tissue
    • Nitsch R., et al. Direct impact of T cells on neurons revealed by two-photon microscopy in living brain tissue. J. Neurosci. 24 (2004) 2458-2464
    • (2004) J. Neurosci. , vol.24 , pp. 2458-2464
    • Nitsch, R.1
  • 52
    • 70349232336 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Collateral bystander damage by myelin-directed CD8+ T cells causes axonal loss
    • Sobottka B., et al. Collateral bystander damage by myelin-directed CD8+ T cells causes axonal loss. Am. J. Pathol. 175 (2009) 1160-1166
    • (2009) Am. J. Pathol. , vol.175 , pp. 1160-1166
    • Sobottka, B.1
  • 54
    • 70149122373 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pathogenic CD8(+) T cells in multiple sclerosis
    • Friese M.A., and Fugger L. Pathogenic CD8(+) T cells in multiple sclerosis. Ann. Neurol. 66 (2009) 132-141
    • (2009) Ann. Neurol. , vol.66 , pp. 132-141
    • Friese, M.A.1    Fugger, L.2
  • 55
    • 0034842126 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Transected neurites, apoptotic neurons, and reduced inflammation in cortical multiple sclerosis lesions
    • Peterson J.W., et al. Transected neurites, apoptotic neurons, and reduced inflammation in cortical multiple sclerosis lesions. Ann. Neurol. 50 (2001) 389-400
    • (2001) Ann. Neurol. , vol.50 , pp. 389-400
    • Peterson, J.W.1
  • 56
    • 27644552194 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cortical demyelination and diffuse white matter injury in multiple sclerosis
    • Kutzelnigg A., et al. Cortical demyelination and diffuse white matter injury in multiple sclerosis. Brain 128 (2005) 2705-2712
    • (2005) Brain , vol.128 , pp. 2705-2712
    • Kutzelnigg, A.1
  • 57
    • 25144520110 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characterizing the mechanisms of progression in multiple sclerosis: evidence and new hypotheses for future directions
    • Frohman E.M., et al. Characterizing the mechanisms of progression in multiple sclerosis: evidence and new hypotheses for future directions. Arch Neurol. 62 (2005) 1345-1356
    • (2005) Arch Neurol. , vol.62 , pp. 1345-1356
    • Frohman, E.M.1
  • 58
    • 65249142200 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The challenge of multiple sclerosis: how do we cure a chronic heterogeneous disease?
    • Weiner H.L. The challenge of multiple sclerosis: how do we cure a chronic heterogeneous disease?. Ann. Neurol. 65 (2009) 239-248
    • (2009) Ann. Neurol. , vol.65 , pp. 239-248
    • Weiner, H.L.1
  • 59
    • 66549130329 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The relation between inflammation and neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis brains
    • Frischer J.M., et al. The relation between inflammation and neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis brains. Brain 132 (2009) 1175-1189
    • (2009) Brain , vol.132 , pp. 1175-1189
    • Frischer, J.M.1
  • 60
    • 43249098296 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Axon-glial signaling and the glial support of axon function
    • Nave K.A., and Trapp B.D. Axon-glial signaling and the glial support of axon function. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 31 (2008) 535-561
    • (2008) Annu. Rev. Neurosci. , vol.31 , pp. 535-561
    • Nave, K.A.1    Trapp, B.D.2
  • 61
    • 40549135991 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mechanisms of disease: sodium channels and neuroprotection in multiple sclerosis - current status
    • Waxman S.G. Mechanisms of disease: sodium channels and neuroprotection in multiple sclerosis - current status. Nat. Clin. Pract. Neurol. 4 (2008) 159-169
    • (2008) Nat. Clin. Pract. Neurol. , vol.4 , pp. 159-169
    • Waxman, S.G.1
  • 62
    • 0037309442 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Blockers of sodium and calcium entry protect axons from nitric oxide-mediated degeneration
    • Kapoor R., et al. Blockers of sodium and calcium entry protect axons from nitric oxide-mediated degeneration. Ann. Neurol. 53 (2003) 174-180
    • (2003) Ann. Neurol. , vol.53 , pp. 174-180
    • Kapoor, R.1
  • 63
    • 2542619146 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular changes in neurons in multiple sclerosis: altered axonal expression of Nav1.2 and Nav1.6 sodium channels and Na+/Ca2+ exchanger
    • Craner M.J., et al. Molecular changes in neurons in multiple sclerosis: altered axonal expression of Nav1.2 and Nav1.6 sodium channels and Na+/Ca2+ exchanger. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 101 (2004) 8168-8173
    • (2004) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. , vol.101 , pp. 8168-8173
    • Craner, M.J.1
  • 64
    • 0034911054 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multiple sclerosis: altered glutamate homeostasis in lesions correlates with oligodendrocyte and axonal damage
    • Werner P., et al. Multiple sclerosis: altered glutamate homeostasis in lesions correlates with oligodendrocyte and axonal damage. Ann. Neurol. 50 (2001) 169-180
    • (2001) Ann. Neurol. , vol.50 , pp. 169-180
    • Werner, P.1
  • 65
    • 33644817756 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mitochondrial dysfunction as a cause of axonal degeneration in multiple sclerosis patients
    • Dutta R., et al. Mitochondrial dysfunction as a cause of axonal degeneration in multiple sclerosis patients. Ann. Neurol. 59 (2006) 478-489
    • (2006) Ann. Neurol. , vol.59 , pp. 478-489
    • Dutta, R.1
  • 66
    • 66549118688 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mitochondrial changes within axons in multiple sclerosis
    • Mahad D.J., et al. Mitochondrial changes within axons in multiple sclerosis. Brain 132 (2009) 1161-1174
    • (2009) Brain , vol.132 , pp. 1161-1174
    • Mahad, D.J.1
  • 67
    • 0037312536 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence for widespread axonal damage at the earliest clinical stage of multiple sclerosis
    • Filippi M., et al. Evidence for widespread axonal damage at the earliest clinical stage of multiple sclerosis. Brain 126 (2003) 433-437
    • (2003) Brain , vol.126 , pp. 433-437
    • Filippi, M.1
  • 68
    • 34247197112 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Discordant white matter N-acetylaspartate and diffusion MRI measures suggest that chronic metabolic dysfunction contributes to axonal pathology in multiple sclerosis
    • Cader S., et al. Discordant white matter N-acetylaspartate and diffusion MRI measures suggest that chronic metabolic dysfunction contributes to axonal pathology in multiple sclerosis. Neuroimage 36 (2007) 19-27
    • (2007) Neuroimage , vol.36 , pp. 19-27
    • Cader, S.1
  • 69
    • 13244258365 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sodium channels contribute to microglia/macrophage activation and function in EAE and MS
    • Craner M.J., et al. Sodium channels contribute to microglia/macrophage activation and function in EAE and MS. Glia 49 (2005) 220-229
    • (2005) Glia , vol.49 , pp. 220-229
    • Craner, M.J.1
  • 70
    • 69449105146 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sodium channel activity modulates multiple functions in microglia
    • Black J.A., et al. Sodium channel activity modulates multiple functions in microglia. Glia 57 (2009) 1072-1081
    • (2009) Glia , vol.57 , pp. 1072-1081
    • Black, J.A.1
  • 71
    • 34547773583 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Exacerbation of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis after withdrawal of phenytoin and carbamazepine
    • Black J.A., et al. Exacerbation of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis after withdrawal of phenytoin and carbamazepine. Ann. Neurol. 62 (2007) 21-33
    • (2007) Ann. Neurol. , vol.62 , pp. 21-33
    • Black, J.A.1
  • 72
    • 3042798891 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The neurobiology of antiepileptic drugs
    • Rogawski M.A., and Loscher W. The neurobiology of antiepileptic drugs. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 5 (2004) 553-564
    • (2004) Nat. Rev. Neurosci. , vol.5 , pp. 553-564
    • Rogawski, M.A.1    Loscher, W.2
  • 73
    • 47249130776 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • TWIK-related acid-sensitive K+ channel 1 (TASK1) and TASK3 critically influence T lymphocyte effector functions
    • Meuth S.G., et al. TWIK-related acid-sensitive K+ channel 1 (TASK1) and TASK3 critically influence T lymphocyte effector functions. J. Biol. Chem. 283 (2008) 14559-14570
    • (2008) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.283 , pp. 14559-14570
    • Meuth, S.G.1
  • 74
    • 36849009834 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acid-sensing ion channel-1 contributes to axonal degeneration in autoimmune inflammation of the central nervous system
    • Friese M.A., et al. Acid-sensing ion channel-1 contributes to axonal degeneration in autoimmune inflammation of the central nervous system. Nat. Med. 13 (2007) 1483-1489
    • (2007) Nat. Med. , vol.13 , pp. 1483-1489
    • Friese, M.A.1
  • 75
    • 54249124952 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Remyelination in the CNS: from biology to therapy
    • Franklin R.J., and Ffrench-Constant C. Remyelination in the CNS: from biology to therapy. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 9 (2008) 839-855
    • (2008) Nat. Rev. Neurosci. , vol.9 , pp. 839-855
    • Franklin, R.J.1    Ffrench-Constant, C.2
  • 76
    • 34247862406 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Remyelination can be extensive in multiple sclerosis despite a long disease course
    • Patani R., et al. Remyelination can be extensive in multiple sclerosis despite a long disease course. Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol. 33 (2007) 277-287
    • (2007) Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol. , vol.33 , pp. 277-287
    • Patani, R.1
  • 77
    • 46849098585 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differentiation block of oligodendroglial progenitor cells as a cause for remyelination failure in chronic multiple sclerosis
    • Kuhlmann T., et al. Differentiation block of oligodendroglial progenitor cells as a cause for remyelination failure in chronic multiple sclerosis. Brain 131 (2008) 1749-1758
    • (2008) Brain , vol.131 , pp. 1749-1758
    • Kuhlmann, T.1
  • 78
    • 0037122960 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Premyelinating oligodendrocytes in chronic lesions of multiple sclerosis
    • Chang A., et al. Premyelinating oligodendrocytes in chronic lesions of multiple sclerosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 346 (2002) 165-173
    • (2002) N. Engl. J. Med. , vol.346 , pp. 165-173
    • Chang, A.1
  • 79
    • 50249167673 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Age-dependent epigenetic control of differentiation inhibitors is critical for remyelination efficiency
    • Shen S., et al. Age-dependent epigenetic control of differentiation inhibitors is critical for remyelination efficiency. Nat. Neurosci. 11 (2008) 1024-1034
    • (2008) Nat. Neurosci. , vol.11 , pp. 1024-1034
    • Shen, S.1
  • 80
    • 34948888764 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • LINGO-1 antagonist promotes spinal cord remyelination and axonal integrity in MOG-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
    • Mi S., et al. LINGO-1 antagonist promotes spinal cord remyelination and axonal integrity in MOG-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Nat. Med. 13 (2007) 1228-1233
    • (2007) Nat. Med. , vol.13 , pp. 1228-1233
    • Mi, S.1
  • 81
    • 0036799650 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multiple sclerosis: re-expression of a developmental pathway that restricts oligodendrocyte maturation
    • John G.R., et al. Multiple sclerosis: re-expression of a developmental pathway that restricts oligodendrocyte maturation. Nat. Med. 8 (2002) 1115-1121
    • (2002) Nat. Med. , vol.8 , pp. 1115-1121
    • John, G.R.1
  • 82
    • 28444492982 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inhibition of Notch signaling enhances tissue repair in an animal model of multiple sclerosis
    • Jurynczyk M., et al. Inhibition of Notch signaling enhances tissue repair in an animal model of multiple sclerosis. J. Neuroimmunol. 170 (2005) 3-10
    • (2005) J. Neuroimmunol. , vol.170 , pp. 3-10
    • Jurynczyk, M.1
  • 83
    • 67049095584 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • p57kip2 is dynamically regulated in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and interferes with oligodendroglial maturation
    • Kremer D., et al. p57kip2 is dynamically regulated in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and interferes with oligodendroglial maturation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 106 (2009) 9087-9092
    • (2009) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. , vol.106 , pp. 9087-9092
    • Kremer, D.1
  • 84
    • 0025017637 scopus 로고
    • Axonal regeneration in the rat spinal cord produced by an antibody against myelin-associated neurite growth inhibitors
    • Schnell L., and Schwab M.E. Axonal regeneration in the rat spinal cord produced by an antibody against myelin-associated neurite growth inhibitors. Nature 343 (1990) 269-272
    • (1990) Nature , vol.343 , pp. 269-272
    • Schnell, L.1    Schwab, M.E.2
  • 85
    • 3042701267 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The neurite outgrowth inhibitor Nogo A is involved in autoimmune-mediated demyelination
    • Karnezis T., et al. The neurite outgrowth inhibitor Nogo A is involved in autoimmune-mediated demyelination. Nat. Neurosci. 7 (2004) 736-744
    • (2004) Nat. Neurosci. , vol.7 , pp. 736-744
    • Karnezis, T.1
  • 86
    • 33646831450 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nogo in multiple sclerosis: growing roles of a growth inhibitor
    • Fontoura P., and Steinman L. Nogo in multiple sclerosis: growing roles of a growth inhibitor. J. Neurol. Sci. 245 (2006) 201-210
    • (2006) J. Neurol. Sci. , vol.245 , pp. 201-210
    • Fontoura, P.1    Steinman, L.2
  • 87
    • 33744544911 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The collagenous wound healing scar in the injured central nervous system inhibits axonal regeneration
    • Hermanns S., et al. The collagenous wound healing scar in the injured central nervous system inhibits axonal regeneration. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 557 (2006) 177-190
    • (2006) Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. , vol.557 , pp. 177-190
    • Hermanns, S.1
  • 88
    • 34248366120 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Activation of the subventricular zone in multiple sclerosis: evidence for early glial progenitors
    • Nait-Oumesmar B., et al. Activation of the subventricular zone in multiple sclerosis: evidence for early glial progenitors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 104 (2007) 4694-4699
    • (2007) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. , vol.104 , pp. 4694-4699
    • Nait-Oumesmar, B.1
  • 89
    • 50849101342 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neurogenesis in the chronic lesions of multiple sclerosis
    • Chang A., et al. Neurogenesis in the chronic lesions of multiple sclerosis. Brain 131 (2008) 2366-2375
    • (2008) Brain , vol.131 , pp. 2366-2375
    • Chang, A.1
  • 90
    • 55849127421 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Paradoxical dysregulation of the neural stem cell pathway sonic hedgehog-Gli1 in autoimmune encephalomyelitis and multiple sclerosis
    • Wang Y., et al. Paradoxical dysregulation of the neural stem cell pathway sonic hedgehog-Gli1 in autoimmune encephalomyelitis and multiple sclerosis. Ann. Neurol. 64 (2008) 417-427
    • (2008) Ann. Neurol. , vol.64 , pp. 417-427
    • Wang, Y.1
  • 91
    • 24144498784 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Astrocyte-associated axonal damage in pre-onset stages of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
    • Wang D., et al. Astrocyte-associated axonal damage in pre-onset stages of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Glia 51 (2005) 235-240
    • (2005) Glia , vol.51 , pp. 235-240
    • Wang, D.1
  • 92
    • 36049051243 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glia-dependent TGF-beta signaling, acting independently of the TH17 pathway, is critical for initiation of murine autoimmune encephalomyelitis
    • Luo J., et al. Glia-dependent TGF-beta signaling, acting independently of the TH17 pathway, is critical for initiation of murine autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J. Clin. Invest. 117 (2007) 3306-3315
    • (2007) J. Clin. Invest. , vol.117 , pp. 3306-3315
    • Luo, J.1
  • 93
    • 0030697366 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reactive astrocytes: cellular and molecular cues to biological function
    • Ridet J.L., et al. Reactive astrocytes: cellular and molecular cues to biological function. Trends Neurosci. 20 (1997) 570-577
    • (1997) Trends Neurosci. , vol.20 , pp. 570-577
    • Ridet, J.L.1
  • 94
    • 25144440471 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reactive astrocytes in neural repair and protection
    • Sofroniew M.V. Reactive astrocytes in neural repair and protection. Neuroscientist 11 (2005) 400-407
    • (2005) Neuroscientist , vol.11 , pp. 400-407
    • Sofroniew, M.V.1
  • 95
    • 0034307725 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Enhanced proliferation, survival, and dopaminergic differentiation of CNS precursors in lowered oxygen
    • Studer L., et al. Enhanced proliferation, survival, and dopaminergic differentiation of CNS precursors in lowered oxygen. J. Neurosci. 20 (2000) 7377-7383
    • (2000) J. Neurosci. , vol.20 , pp. 7377-7383
    • Studer, L.1
  • 96
    • 0034730151 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Redox state is a central modulator of the balance between self-renewal and differentiation in a dividing glial precursor cell
    • Smith J., et al. Redox state is a central modulator of the balance between self-renewal and differentiation in a dividing glial precursor cell. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 97 (2000) 10032-10037
    • (2000) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. , vol.97 , pp. 10032-10037
    • Smith, J.1
  • 97
    • 42349085704 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sirt1 contributes critically to the redox-dependent fate of neural progenitors
    • Prozorovski T., et al. Sirt1 contributes critically to the redox-dependent fate of neural progenitors. Nat. Cell Biol. 10 (2008) 385-394
    • (2008) Nat. Cell Biol. , vol.10 , pp. 385-394
    • Prozorovski, T.1
  • 98
    • 33747890559 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The brain as a target of inflammation: common pathways link inflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases
    • Zipp F., and Aktas O. The brain as a target of inflammation: common pathways link inflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases. Trends Neurosci. 29 (2006) 518-527
    • (2006) Trends Neurosci. , vol.29 , pp. 518-527
    • Zipp, F.1    Aktas, O.2
  • 99
    • 33644584352 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of natalizumab for relapsing multiple sclerosis
    • Polman C.H., et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of natalizumab for relapsing multiple sclerosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 354 (2006) 899-910
    • (2006) N. Engl. J. Med. , vol.354 , pp. 899-910
    • Polman, C.H.1
  • 100
    • 33644608613 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Natalizumab plus interferon beta-1a for relapsing multiple sclerosis
    • Rudick R.A., et al. Natalizumab plus interferon beta-1a for relapsing multiple sclerosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 354 (2006) 911-923
    • (2006) N. Engl. J. Med. , vol.354 , pp. 911-923
    • Rudick, R.A.1
  • 101
    • 33644605483 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of patients treated with natalizumab for progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy
    • Yousry T.A., et al. Evaluation of patients treated with natalizumab for progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. N. Engl. J. Med. 354 (2006) 924-933
    • (2006) N. Engl. J. Med. , vol.354 , pp. 924-933
    • Yousry, T.A.1
  • 102
    • 57149117126 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New cases of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy after treatment with natalizumab
    • Hartung H.P. New cases of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy after treatment with natalizumab. Lancet Neurol. 8 (2009) 28-31
    • (2009) Lancet Neurol. , vol.8 , pp. 28-31
    • Hartung, H.P.1
  • 103
    • 33744487388 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Central nervous system infections - a potential complication of systemic immunotherapy
    • Hemmer B., et al. Central nervous system infections - a potential complication of systemic immunotherapy. Curr. Opin. Neurol. 19 (2006) 271-276
    • (2006) Curr. Opin. Neurol. , vol.19 , pp. 271-276
    • Hemmer, B.1
  • 104
    • 65649138053 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Opportunistic infections and other risks with newer multiple sclerosis therapies
    • Berger J.R., and Houff S. Opportunistic infections and other risks with newer multiple sclerosis therapies. Ann. Neurol. 65 (2009) 367-377
    • (2009) Ann. Neurol. , vol.65 , pp. 367-377
    • Berger, J.R.1    Houff, S.2
  • 105
    • 52649134405 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • JC viral loads in patients with Crohn's disease treated with immunosuppression: can we screen for elevated risk of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy?
    • Verbeeck J., et al. JC viral loads in patients with Crohn's disease treated with immunosuppression: can we screen for elevated risk of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy?. Gut 57 (2008) 1393-1397
    • (2008) Gut , vol.57 , pp. 1393-1397
    • Verbeeck, J.1
  • 106
    • 33749588466 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Altered CD4+/CD8+ T-cell ratios in cerebrospinal fluid of natalizumab-treated patients with multiple sclerosis
    • Stuve O., et al. Altered CD4+/CD8+ T-cell ratios in cerebrospinal fluid of natalizumab-treated patients with multiple sclerosis. Arch. Neurol. 63 (2006) 1383-1387
    • (2006) Arch. Neurol. , vol.63 , pp. 1383-1387
    • Stuve, O.1
  • 107
    • 34447099915 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • "Thinking without thinking" about natalizumab and PML
    • Ransohoff R.M. "Thinking without thinking" about natalizumab and PML. J. Neurol. Sci. 259 (2007) 50-52
    • (2007) J. Neurol. Sci. , vol.259 , pp. 50-52
    • Ransohoff, R.M.1
  • 108
    • 55449137632 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Natalizumab disproportionately increases circulating pre-B and B cells in multiple sclerosis
    • Krumbholz M., et al. Natalizumab disproportionately increases circulating pre-B and B cells in multiple sclerosis. Neurology 71 (2008) 1350-1354
    • (2008) Neurology , vol.71 , pp. 1350-1354
    • Krumbholz, M.1
  • 109
    • 43549090004 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The monoclonal anti-VLA-4 antibody natalizumab mobilizes CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells in humans
    • Zohren F., et al. The monoclonal anti-VLA-4 antibody natalizumab mobilizes CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells in humans. Blood 111 (2008) 3893-3895
    • (2008) Blood , vol.111 , pp. 3893-3895
    • Zohren, F.1
  • 110
    • 39849089879 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Natalizumab alters transcriptional expression profiles of blood cell subpopulations of multiple sclerosis patients
    • Lindberg R.L., et al. Natalizumab alters transcriptional expression profiles of blood cell subpopulations of multiple sclerosis patients. J. Neuroimmunol. 194 (2008) 153-164
    • (2008) J. Neuroimmunol. , vol.194 , pp. 153-164
    • Lindberg, R.L.1
  • 111
    • 61449209921 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adaptive mutations in the JC virus protein capsid are associated with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML)
    • Sunyaev S.R., et al. Adaptive mutations in the JC virus protein capsid are associated with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). PLoS Genet. 5 (2009) e1000368
    • (2009) PLoS Genet. , vol.5
    • Sunyaev, S.R.1
  • 112
    • 77649331847 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thompson, S.A. et al. B-cell reconstitution and BAFF after alemtuzumab (Campath-1H) treatment of multiple sclerosis. J. Clin. Immunol. (in press), Epub (Sep 10)
    • Thompson, S.A. et al. B-cell reconstitution and BAFF after alemtuzumab (Campath-1H) treatment of multiple sclerosis. J. Clin. Immunol. (in press), Epub (Sep 10)
  • 113
    • 67650938547 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • BAFF is increased in renal transplant patients following treatment with alemtuzumab
    • Bloom D., et al. BAFF is increased in renal transplant patients following treatment with alemtuzumab. Am. J. Transplant. 9 (2009) 1835-1845
    • (2009) Am. J. Transplant. , vol.9 , pp. 1835-1845
    • Bloom, D.1
  • 114
    • 27944439639 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lymphocyte homeostasis following therapeutic lymphocyte depletion in multiple sclerosis
    • Cox A.L., et al. Lymphocyte homeostasis following therapeutic lymphocyte depletion in multiple sclerosis. Eur. J. Immunol. 35 (2005) 3332-3342
    • (2005) Eur. J. Immunol. , vol.35 , pp. 3332-3342
    • Cox, A.L.1
  • 115
    • 33645812129 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regulatory CD56 (bright) natural killer cells mediate immunomodulatory effects of IL-2Rα-targeted therapy (daclizumab) in multiple sclerosis
    • Bielekova B., et al. Regulatory CD56 (bright) natural killer cells mediate immunomodulatory effects of IL-2Rα-targeted therapy (daclizumab) in multiple sclerosis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 103 (2006) 5941-5946
    • (2006) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. , vol.103 , pp. 5941-5946
    • Bielekova, B.1
  • 116
    • 67649368710 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ofatumumab, a second-generation anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody, for the treatment of lymphoproliferative and autoimmune disorders
    • Castillo J., et al. Ofatumumab, a second-generation anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody, for the treatment of lymphoproliferative and autoimmune disorders. Expert Opin. Investig. Drugs 18 (2009) 491-500
    • (2009) Expert Opin. Investig. Drugs , vol.18 , pp. 491-500
    • Castillo, J.1
  • 117
    • 54949144705 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ocrelizumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody against CD20 for inflammatory disorders and B-cell malignancies
    • Hutas G. Ocrelizumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody against CD20 for inflammatory disorders and B-cell malignancies. Curr. Opin. Investig. Drugs 9 (2008) 1206-1215
    • (2008) Curr. Opin. Investig. Drugs , vol.9 , pp. 1206-1215
    • Hutas, G.1
  • 118
    • 33744489487 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Axonal protection achieved in a model of multiple sclerosis using lamotrigine
    • Bechtold D.A., et al. Axonal protection achieved in a model of multiple sclerosis using lamotrigine. J. Neurol. 253 (2006) 1542-1551
    • (2006) J. Neurol. , vol.253 , pp. 1542-1551
    • Bechtold, D.A.1
  • 119
    • 0030056764 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Distinct patterns of multiple sclerosis pathology indicates heterogeneity in pathogenesis
    • Lucchinetti C.F., et al. Distinct patterns of multiple sclerosis pathology indicates heterogeneity in pathogenesis. Brain Pathol. 6 (1996) 259-274
    • (1996) Brain Pathol. , vol.6 , pp. 259-274
    • Lucchinetti, C.F.1
  • 120
    • 0036310181 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A role for humoral mechanisms in the pathogenesis of Devic's neuromyelitis optica
    • Lucchinetti C.F., et al. A role for humoral mechanisms in the pathogenesis of Devic's neuromyelitis optica. Brain 125 (2002) 1450-1461
    • (2002) Brain , vol.125 , pp. 1450-1461
    • Lucchinetti, C.F.1
  • 121
    • 23944444890 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • IgG marker of optic-spinal multiple sclerosis binds to the aquaporin-4 water channel
    • Lennon V.A., et al. IgG marker of optic-spinal multiple sclerosis binds to the aquaporin-4 water channel. J. Exp. Med. 202 (2005) 473-477
    • (2005) J. Exp. Med. , vol.202 , pp. 473-477
    • Lennon, V.A.1
  • 122
    • 38049054706 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Water movements in the brain: role of aquaporins
    • Tait M.J., et al. Water movements in the brain: role of aquaporins. Trends Neurosci. 31 (2008) 37-43
    • (2008) Trends Neurosci. , vol.31 , pp. 37-43
    • Tait, M.J.1
  • 123
    • 73449119327 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuromyelitis and more: the unfolding spectrum of aquaporin 4-related neurological diseases
    • Aktas O., and Hartung H.P. Neuromyelitis and more: the unfolding spectrum of aquaporin 4-related neurological diseases. J. Neurol. 256 (2009) 1906-1908
    • (2009) J. Neurol. , vol.256 , pp. 1906-1908
    • Aktas, O.1    Hartung, H.P.2
  • 124
    • 72949114659 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuromyelitis optica: pathogenicity of patient immunoglobulin in vivo
    • Bradl M., et al. Neuromyelitis optica: pathogenicity of patient immunoglobulin in vivo. Ann. Neurol. 66 (2009) 630-643
    • (2009) Ann. Neurol. , vol.66 , pp. 630-643
    • Bradl, M.1
  • 125
    • 60849102769 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immunoglobulins and complement in postmortem multiple sclerosis tissue
    • Barnett M.H., et al. Immunoglobulins and complement in postmortem multiple sclerosis tissue. Ann. Neurol. 65 (2009) 32-46
    • (2009) Ann. Neurol. , vol.65 , pp. 32-46
    • Barnett, M.H.1
  • 126
    • 39049163500 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Homogeneity of active demyelinating lesions in established multiple sclerosis
    • Breij E.C., et al. Homogeneity of active demyelinating lesions in established multiple sclerosis. Ann. Neurol. 63 (2008) 16-25
    • (2008) Ann. Neurol. , vol.63 , pp. 16-25
    • Breij, E.C.1
  • 127
    • 70350044493 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lower motor neuron loss in multiple sclerosis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
    • Vogt J., et al. Lower motor neuron loss in multiple sclerosis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Ann. Neurol. 66 (2009) 310-322
    • (2009) Ann. Neurol. , vol.66 , pp. 310-322
    • Vogt, J.1
  • 128
    • 72949097024 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Substantial early, but nonprogressive neuronal loss in multiple sclerosis (ms) spinal cord
    • Schirmer L., et al. Substantial early, but nonprogressive neuronal loss in multiple sclerosis (ms) spinal cord. Ann. Neurol. 66 (2009) 698-704
    • (2009) Ann. Neurol. , vol.66 , pp. 698-704
    • Schirmer, L.1
  • 129
    • 28444499085 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Virtues and pitfalls of EAE for the development of therapies for multiple sclerosis
    • Steinman L., and Zamvil S.S. Virtues and pitfalls of EAE for the development of therapies for multiple sclerosis. Trends Immunol. 26 (2005) 565-571
    • (2005) Trends Immunol. , vol.26 , pp. 565-571
    • Steinman, L.1    Zamvil, S.S.2
  • 130
    • 0033870097 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multiple sclerosis and chronic autoimmune encephalomyelitis: a comparative quantitative study of axonal injury in active, inactive, and remyelinated lesions
    • Kornek B., et al. Multiple sclerosis and chronic autoimmune encephalomyelitis: a comparative quantitative study of axonal injury in active, inactive, and remyelinated lesions. Am. J. Pathol. 157 (2000) 267-276
    • (2000) Am. J. Pathol. , vol.157 , pp. 267-276
    • Kornek, B.1
  • 131
    • 66249105681 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Contactin-2/TAG-1-directed autoimmunity is identified in multiple sclerosis patients and mediates gray matter pathology in animals
    • 8302-7
    • Derfuss T., et al. Contactin-2/TAG-1-directed autoimmunity is identified in multiple sclerosis patients and mediates gray matter pathology in animals. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 106 (2009) 8302-7
    • (2009) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. , vol.106
    • Derfuss, T.1
  • 132
    • 67349207476 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Myelin-specific T cells also recognize neuronal autoantigen in a transgenic mouse model of multiple sclerosis
    • Krishnamoorthy G., et al. Myelin-specific T cells also recognize neuronal autoantigen in a transgenic mouse model of multiple sclerosis. Nat. Med. 15 (2009) 626-632
    • (2009) Nat. Med. , vol.15 , pp. 626-632
    • Krishnamoorthy, G.1
  • 133
    • 33645731532 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence for a direct association between cortical atrophy and cognitive impairment in relapsing-remitting MS
    • Morgen K., et al. Evidence for a direct association between cortical atrophy and cognitive impairment in relapsing-remitting MS. Neuroimage 30 (2006) 891-898
    • (2006) Neuroimage , vol.30 , pp. 891-898
    • Morgen, K.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.