Developmental diseases and the hypothetical Master Development Program

Medical Hypotheses

Volumn 74, Issue 3, 2010, Pages 564-573

  Parris, George E ^a  

^a TUFTS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DNA; DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE 3B; GENE PRODUCT; HOX PROTEIN; IKAROS TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR; MESSENGER RNA; MICRORNA; PROTEIN SALL1; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNTRANSLATED RNA;

ARTICLE; CELL CLONE; CELL CYCLE PHASE; DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDER; DIGEORGE SYNDROME; DNA SEQUENCE; EPIGENETICS; EVOLUTION; FACE MALFORMATION; GENE DELETION; GENE EXPRESSION; GENE LOCUS; GENE MUTATION; GENETIC CODE; GENOME IMPRINTING; HAPPY PUPPET SYNDROME; HETEROCHROMATIN; HUMAN; IMMUNE DEFICIENCY; PRADER WILLI SYNDROME; RNA TRANSCRIPTION; TOWNES BROCKS SYNDROME; TRANSCRIPTION INITIATION; VELOCARDIOFACIAL SYNDROME;

CHILD; DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION TO DISEASE; HUMANS; INFANT; INFANT, NEWBORN; MODELS, GENETIC; POLYMORPHISM, SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE; TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS;

EID: 77649271043     PISSN: 03069877     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2009.09.035     Document Type: Article

References (131)

1. Parris G.E. A hypothetical master development program for multi-cellular organisms: ontogeny and phylogeny. Biosci Hypotheses 2009, 2:3-12.
2. Parris G.E. Comment on a hypothetical master development program for multi-cellular organisms: creation and evolution of generation-specific control keys. Biosci Hypotheses 2009, 2:192.
3. Parris G.E. An hypothesis: are pyknons coding units of the master development program. Biosci Hypotheses 2009, 2:355.
4. Ballarino M., Pagano F., Girardi E., et al. Coupled RNA processing and transcription of intergenic primary miRNAs. Mol Cell Biol 2009, Aug 10. [Epub ahead of print].
5. Taft R.J., Glazov E.A., Lassmann T., Hayashizaki Y., Carninci P., Mattick J.S. Small RNAs derived from snoRNAs. RNA 2009, 15(7):1233-1240.
6. Lempradl A., Ringrose L. How does noncoding transcription regulate Hox genes?. Bioessays 2008, 30:110-121.
7. Lu J., Gilbert D.M. Proliferation-dependent and cell cycle regulated transcription of mouse pericentric heterochromatin. J Cell Biol 2007, 179:411-421.
8. Kireeva M.L., Komissarova N., Waugh D.S., Kashlev M. The 8-nucleotide-long RNA:DNA hybrid is a primary stability determinant of the RNA polymerase II elongation complex. J Biol Chem 2000, 275:6530-6536.
9. Kireeva M.L., Komissarova N., Kashlev M. Overextended RNA:DNA hybrid as a negative regulator of RNA polymerase II processivity. J Mol Biol 2000, 299:325-335.
10. Rigoutsos I., Huynh T., Miranda K., Tsirigos A., McHardy A., Platt D. Short blocks from the noncoding parts of the human genome have instances within nearly all known genes and relate to biological processes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2006, 103:6605-6610.
11. Taft R.J., Glazov E.A., Cloonan N., et al. Tiny RNAs associated with transcription start sites in animals. Nat Genet 2009, 41:572-578.
12. Taft R.J., Kaplan C.D., Simons C., Mattick J.S. Evolution, biogenesis and function of promoter-associated RNAs. Cell Cycle 2009, 8:2332-2338.
13. Deschamps J. Ancestral and recently recruited global control of the Hox genes in development. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2007, 17:422-427.
14. Sessa L., Breiling A., Lavorgna G., Silvestri L., Casari G., Orlando V. Noncoding RNA synthesis and loss of Polycomb group repression accompanies the colinear activation of the human HOXA cluster. RNA 2007, 13:223-239.
15. Woolfe A., Goodson M., Goode D.K., et al. Highly conserved non-coding sequences are associated with vertebrate development. PLoS Biol 2005, 3:e7.
16. Woolfe A., Elgar G. Organization of conserved elements near key developmental regulators in vertebrate genomes. Adv Genet 2008, 61:307-338.
17. McEwen G.K., Woolfe A., Goode D., Vacouri T., Callaway H., Elgar G. Ancient duplicated conserved noncoding elements in vertebrates: a genomic and functional analysis. Genome Res 2006, 16:451-465.
18. Chen L.L., Carmichael G.G. Altered nuclear retention of mRNAs containing inverted repeats in human embryonic stem cells: functional role of a nuclear noncoding RNA. Mol Cell 2009, 35:467-478.
19. Oliveri P., Tu Q., Davidson E.H. Global regulatory logic for specification of an embryonic cell lineage. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2008, 105:5955-5962.
20. Gatti M., Smith D.A., Baker B.S. A gene controlling condensation of heterochromatin in Drosophila melanogaster. Science 1983, 221:83-85.
21. Grunau C., Buard J., Brun M.E., De Sario A. Mapping of the juxtacentromeric heterochromatin-euchromatin frontier of human chromosome 21. Genome Res 2006, 16:1198-1207.
22. Eymery A., Callanan M., Vourc'h C. The secret message of heterochromatin: new insights into the mechanisms and function of centromeric and pericentric repeat sequence transcription. Int J Dev Biol 2009, 53:259-268.
23. Eymery A., Horard B., Atifi-Borel M.E., et al. A transcriptomic analysis of human centromeric and pericentric sequences in normal and tumor cells. Nucleic Acids Res 2009, Aug 31. [Epub ahead of print].
24. Eichler E.E., Hoffman S.M., Adamson A.A., et al. Complex beta-satellite repeat structures and the expansion of the zinc finger gene cluster in 19p12. Genome Res 1998, 8:791-808.
25. Britten R.J., Davidson E.H. Repetitive and non-repetitive DNA sequences and a speculation on the origins of evolutionary novelty. Q Rev Biol 1971, 46:111-138.
26. Stephan W. Tandem-repetitive noncoding DNA: forms and forces. Mol Biol Evol 1989, 6:198-212.
27. Schubert I., Rieger R. Sister chromatid exchanges and heterochromatin. Hum Genet 1981, 57:119-130.
28. Reinhart B.J., Bartel D.P. Small RNAs correspond to centromere heterochromatic repeats. Science 2002, 297:1831.
29. Lu J., Gilbert D.M. Cell cycle regulated transcription of heterochromatin in mammals vs. fission yeast: functional conservation or coincidence?. Cell cycle 2008, 7:1907-1910.
30. Plohl M., Mravinac B. Satellite DNA junctions identify the potential origin of new repetitive elements in the beetle Tribolium madens. Gene. 2007, 394:45-52.
31. Plohl M., Luchetti A., Mestrovic N., Mantovani B. Satellite DNAs between selfishness and functionality: structure, genomics and evolution of tandem repeats in centromeric (hetero)chromatin. Gene 2008, 409:72-82.
32. Ugarkovic D., Plohl M. Variation in satellite DNA profiles - causes and effects. EMBO J 2002, 21:5955-5959.
33. Yamada K., Nishida-Umehara Matsuda.Y. A new family of satellite DNA sequences as a major component of centromeric heterochromatin in owls (Strigiformes). Chromosoma 2004, 112:277-287.
34. Yamada K., Nishida-Umehara C., Matsuda Y. Molecular and cytogenetic characterization of site-specific repetitive DNA sequences in the Chinese soft-shelled turtle (Pelodiscus sinensis, Trionychidae). Chromosome Res 2005, 13:33-46.
35. Yamada K., Kamimura E., Kondo M., Tsuchiya K., Nishida-Umehara C., Matsuda Y. New families of site-specific repetitive DNA sequences that comprise constitutive heterochromatin of the Syrian hamster (Mesocricetus auratus, Cricetinae, Rodentia). Chromosoma 2006, 115:36-49.
36. Horvath J.E., Bailey J.A., Locke D.P., Eichler E.E. Lessons from the human genome: transitions between euchromatin and heterochromatin. Hum Mol Genet 2001, 10:2215-2223.
37. Horvath J.E., Gulden C.L., Bailey J.A., et al. Using a pericentromeric interspersed repeat to recapitulate the phylogeny and expansion of human centromeric segmental duplications. Mol Biol Evol 2003, 20:1463-1479.
38. Horvath J.E., Gulden C.L., Vallente R.U., et al. Punctuated duplication seeding events during the evolution of human chromosome 2p11. Genome Res 2005, 15:914-927.
39. Sharma S., Raina S.N. Organization and evolution of highly repeated satellite DNA sequences in plant chromosomes. Cytogenet Genome Res 2005, 109:15-26.
40. Rogaev E.I., Vetchinkina A.A. Iurov IuB. Species specific variant of human centromeric DNA repeats: localization on chromosome 18 and recent amplification in human ancestral line. Mol Gen Mikrobiol Virusol 1989, 4:10-14.
41. Ivanitska A.E., Belyayev A., Nevo E. Heterochromatin differentiation shows the pathways of karyotypic evolution in Israeli mole rats (Spalax, Spalacidae, Rodentia). Cytogenet Genome Res 2005, 111:159-165.
42. Hwu H.R., Roberts J.W., Davidson E.H., Britten R.J. Insertion and/or deletion of many repeated DNA sequences in human and higher ape evolution. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1986, 83:3875-3879.
43. Probst A.V., Almouzni G. Pericentric heterochromatin: dynamic organization during early development in mammals. Differentiation 2008, 76:15-23.
44. Tritto P., Specchia V., Fanti L., et al. Structure, regulation and evolution of the crystal-stellate system of Drosophila. Genetica 2003, 117:247-257.
45. Aravin A.A., Lagos-Quintana M., Yalcin A., et al. The small RNA profile during Drosophila melanogaster development. Dev Cell 2003, 5:337-350.
46. Rajagopalan R., Vaucheret H., Trejo J., Bartel D.P. A diverse and evolutionarily fluid set of microRNAs in Arabidopsis thaliana. Genes Dev 2006, 20:3407-3425.
47. Pezer Z., Ugarkovic D. RNA Pol II promotes transcription of centromeric satellite DNA in beetles. PLoS One 2008, 3:e1594.
48. Pezer Z., Ugarkovic D. Transcription of pericentromeric heterochromatin in beetles - satellite DNAs as active regulatory elements. Cytogenet Genome Res 2009, 124:268-276.
49. Huppert J.L. Thermodynamic prediction of RNA-DNA duplex-forming regions in the human genome. Mol Biosyst 2008, 4:686-691.
50. Skarstad K., Baker T.A., Kornberg A. Strand separation required for initiation of replication at the chromosomal origin of E. coli is facilitated by a distant RNA-DNA hybrid. EMBO 1990, 9:2341-2348.
51. Sidorenkov I., Komissarova N., Kashlev M. Crucial role of the RNA:DNA hybrid in the processivity of transcription. Mol Cell 1998, 2:55-64.
52. Xu B., Clayton D.A. A persistent RNA-DNA hybrid is formed during transcription at a phylogenetically conserved mitochondrial DNA sequence. Mol Cell Biol 1995, 15:580-589.
53. Xu B., Clayton D.A. RNA-DNA hybrid formation at the human mitochondrial heavy-strand origin ceases at replication start sites: an implication for RNA-DNA hybrids serving as primers. EMBO J 1996, 15:3135-3143.
54. Barone F., Cellai L., Matzeu M., Mazzei F., Pedone F. DNA, RNA and hybrid RNA-DNA oligomers of identical sequence. Structural and dynamic differences. Biophys Chem 2000, 86:37-47.
55. Polavarapu N., Marino-Ramirez L., Landsman D., McDonald J.F., Jordan I.K. Evolutionary rates and patterns for human transcription factor binding sites derived from repetitive DNA. BMC Genomics 2008, 9:226.
56. Pollard K.S., Salama S.R., King B., et al. Forces shaping the fastest evolving regions in the human genome. PLoS Genet 2006, 2:e168.
57. Pollard K.S., Salama S.R., Lambert N., et al. An RNA gene expressed during cortical development evolved rapidly in humans. Nature 2006, 443:167-172.
58. Beniaminov A., Westhof E., Krol A. Distinctive structures between chimpanzee and human in a brain noncoding RNA. RNA 2008, 14:1270-1275.
59. Forest D., Nishikawa R., Kobayashi H., Parton A., Bayne C.J., Barnes D.W. RNA expression in a cartilaginous fish cell line reveals ancient 3′ noncoding regions highly conserved in vertebrates. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2007, 104:1224-1229.
60. Tay S.K., Blythe J., Lipovich L. Global discovery of primate-specific genes in the human genome. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2009, 106:12019-12024.
61. Liska F., Snajdr P., Sedová L., et al. Deletion of a conserved noncoding sequence in Plzf intron leads to Plzf down-regulation in limb bud and polydactyly in the rat. Dev Dyn 2009, 238:673-684.
62. Sagai T., Hosoya M., Mizushina Y., Tamura M., Shiroishi T. Elimination of a long-range cis-regulatory module causes complete loss of limb-specific Shh expression and truncation of the mouse limb. Development 2005, 132:797-803.
63. Dinger M.E., Amaral P.P., Mercer T.R., et al. Long noncoding RNAs in mouse embryonic stem cell pluripotency and differentiation. Genome Res 2008, 18:1433-1445.
64. Peters J., Robson J.E. Imprinted noncoding RNAs. Mamm Genome 2008, 19:493-502.
65. Lee J.T. Lessons from X-chromosome inactivation: long ncRNA as guides and tethers to the epigenome. Gene Dev 2009, 23:1831-1842.
66. Mohammad F., Mondal T., Kanduri C. Epigenetics of imprinted long noncoding RNAs. Epigenetics 2009, 4. [Epub ahead of print].
67. Khalil A.M., Guttman M., Huarte M., et al. Many human large intergenic noncoding RNAs associate with chromatin-modifying complexes and affect gene expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2009, 106:11667-11672.
68. Moazed D. Small RNAs in transcriptional gene silencing and genome defense. Nature 2009, 457:413-420.
69. Kanduri C., Whitehead J., Mohammad F. The long and the short of it: RNA-directed chromatin asymmetry in mammalian X-chromosome inactivation. FEBS Lett 2009, 583:857-864.
70. Urrutia R. KRAB-containing zinc-finger repressor proteins. Genome Biol 2003, 4:231.
71. Ng S.Y., Yoshida T., Zhang J., Georgopoulos K. Genome-wide lineage-specific transcriptional networks underscore Ikaros-dependent lymphoid priming in hematopoietic stem cells. Immunity 2009, 30:493-507.
72. Kim J., Sif S., Jones B., et al. Ikaros DNA-binding proteins direct formation of chromatin remodeling complexes in lymphocytes. Immunity 1999, 10:345-355.
73. Cobb B.S., Morales-Alcelay S., Kleiger G., Brown K.E., Fisher A.G., Smale S.T. Targeting of Ikaros to pericentromeric heterochromatin by direct DNA binding. Genes Dev 2000, 14:2146-2160.
74. Haire R.N., Miracle A.L., Rast J.P., Litman G.W. Members of the Ikaros gene family are present in early representative vertebrates. J Immunol 2000, 165:306-312.
75. Koipally J., Heller E.J., Seavitt J.R., Georgopoulos K. Unconventional potentiation of gene expression by Ikaros. J Biol Chem 2002, 277:13007-13015.
76. Westman B.J., MacKay J.P., Gell D. Ikaros: a key regulator of haematopoiesis. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2002, 34:1304-1307.
77. Liberg D., Smale S.T., Merkenschlager M. Upstream of Ikaros. Trends Immunol 2003, 24:567-570.
78. Ruiz A., Williams O., Brady H.J. The Ikaros splice isoform, Ikaros 6, immortalizes murine haematopoietic progenitor cells. Int J Cancer 2008, 123:1240-1245.
79. Payne K.J., Huang G., Sahakian E., et al. Ikaros isoform x is selectively expressed in myeloid differentiation. J Immunol 2003, 170:3091-3098.
80. Ronni T., Payne K.J., Ho S., Bradley M.N., Dorsam G., Dovat S. Human Ikaros function in activated T cells is regulated by coordinated expression of its largest isoforms. J Biol Chem 2007, 282:2538-2547.
81. Georgopoulos K., Winandy S., Avitahl N. The role of the Ikaros gene in lymphocyte development and homeostasis. Annu Rev Immunol 1997, 15:155-176.
82. Gomez-del Arco P., Koipally J., Georgopoulos K. Ikaros SUMOylation: switching out of repression. Mol Cell Biol 2005, 25:2688-2697.
83. Du J.X., Bialkowska A.B., McConnell B.B., Yang V.W. SUMOylation regulates nuclear localization of Krüppel-like factor 5. J Biol Chem 2008, 283:31991-32002.
84. 2 zinc finger DNA-binding domains. Genes Dev 2002, 16:2985-2990.
85. Gurel Z., Ronni T., Ho S., et al. Recruitment of ikaros to pericentromeric heterochromatin is regulated by phosphorylation. J Biol Chem 2008, 283:8291-8300.
86. Popescu M., Gurel Z., Ronni T., et al. Ikaros stability and pericentromeric localization are regulated by protein phosphatase 1. J Biol Chem 2009, 284:13869-13880.
87. Netzer C., Rieger L., Brero A., et al. SALL1, the gene mutated in Townes-Brocks syndrome, encodes a transcriptional repressor which interacts with TRF1/PIN2 and localizes to pericentromeric heterochromatin. Hum Mol Genet 2001, 10:3017-3024.
88. Netzer C., Bohlander S.K., Hinzke M., Chen Y., Kohlhase J. Defining the heterochromatin localization and repression domains of SALL1. Biochim Biophys Acta 2006, 1762:386-391.
89. Sato A., Kishida S., Tanaka T., Kikuchi A., Kodama T., Asashima M., et al. Sall1, a causative gene for Townes-Brocks syndrome, enhances the canonical Wnt signaling by localizing to heterochromatin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004, 319:103-113.
90. Kiefer S.M., Robbins L., Barina A., Zhang Z., Rauchman M. SALL1 truncated protein expression in Townes-Brocks syndrome leads to ectopic expression of downstream genes. Hum Mutat 2008, 29:1133-1140.
91. Ehrlich M., Sanchez C., Shao C., et al. ICF, an immunodeficiency syndrome: DNA methyltransferase 3B involvement, chromosome anomalies, and gene dysregulation. Autoimmunity 2008, 41:253-271.
92. Sawyer J.R., Tian E., Thomas E., et al. Evidence for a novel mechanism for gene amplification in multiple myeloma: 1q12 pericentromeric heterochromatin mediates breakage-fusion-bridge cycles of a 1q12 approximately 23 amplicon. Br J Haematol 2009, Sep 9. [Epub ahead of print].
93. Gopalakrishnan S., Sullivan B.A., Trazzi S., Della Valle G., Robertson K.D. DNMT3B interacts with constitutive centromere protein CENP-C to modulate DNA methylation and the histone code at centromeric regions. Hum Mol Genet 2009, 18:3178-3193.
94. Bittel D.C., Yu S., Newkirk H., et al. Refining the 22q11.2 deletion breakpoints in DiGeorge syndrome by aCGH. Cytogenet Genome Res 2009, 124:113-120.
95. Prasad S.E., Howley S., Murphy K.C. Candidate genes and the behavioral phenotype in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Dev Disabil Res Rev 2008, 14:26-34.
96. Baldini A. Dissecting contiguous gene defects: TBX1. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2005, 15:279-284.
97. Coppinger J., McDonald-McGinn D., Zackai E. Et al. Identification of familial and de novo microduplications of 22q11.21-q11.23 distal to the 22q11.21 microdeletion syndrome region. Hum Mol Genet 2009, 18:1377-1383.
98. Fernández L., Nevado J., Santos F., et al. A deletion and a duplication in distal 22q11.2 deletion syndrome region. Clinical implications and review. BMC Med Genet 2009, 10:48.
99. Cassidy S.B., Driscoll D.J. Prader-Willi syndrome. Eur J Hum Genet 2009, 17:3-13.
100. Makoff A.J., Flomen R.H. Detailed analysis of 15q11-q14 sequence corrects errors and gaps in the public access sequence to fully reveal large segmental duplications at breakpoints for Prader-Willi, Angelman, and inv dup(15) syndromes. Genome Biol 2007, 8:R114.
101. Van Buggenhout G., Fryns J.P. Angelman syndrome (AS, MIM 105830). Eur J Hum Genet 2009, May 20. [Epub ahead of print].
102. Le Meur E., Watrin F., Landers M., Sturny R., Lalande M., Muscatelli F. Dynamic developmental regulation of the large non-coding RNA associated with the mouse 7C imprinted chromosomal region. Dev Biol 2005, 286:587-600.
103. Buiting K., Nazlican H., Galetzka D., Wawrzik M., Gross S., Horsthemke B. C15orf2 and a novel noncoding transcript from the Prader-Willi/Angelman syndrome region show monoallelic expression in fetal brain. Genomics 2007, 89:588-595.
104. Kumar R.A., Marshall C.R., Badner J.A. Et al. Recurrent 16p11.2 microdeletions in autism. Hum Mol Genet 2008, 17:628-638.
105. Battaglia A., Novelli A., Bernardini L., Igliozzi R., Parrini B. Further characterization of the new microdeletion syndrome of 16p11.2-p12.2. Am J Med Genet A 2009, 149A:1200-1204.
106. Hempel M., Rivera Brugués N., Wagenstaller J., et al. Microdeletion syndrome 16p11.2-p12.2: clinical and molecular characterization. Am J Med Genet A 2009, Aug 12. [Epub ahead of print].
107. Kahrizi K., Mohseni M., Nishimura C., et al. An autosomal recessive syndrome of severe mental retardation, cataract, coloboma and kyphosis maps to the pericentromeric region of chromosome 4. Eu J Hum Genet 2009, 17:125-128.
108. Bleyl S., Nelson L., Odelberg S.J., et al. A gene for familial total anomalous pulmonary venous return maps to chromosome 4p13-q12. Am J Hum Genet 1995, 56:408-415.
109. Talaban R., Sellick G.S., Spendlove H.E. Et al. Inherited pericentric inversion (X)(p11.4q11.2) associated with delayed puberty and obesity in two brothers. Cytogenet Genome Res 2005, 109:480-484.
110. Peters L.M., Fridell R.A., Boger E.T., San Agustin T.B., Madeo A.C., Griffith A.J., et al. A locus for autosomal dominant progressive non-syndromic hearing loss, DFNA27, is on chromosome 4q12-13.1. Clin Genet 2008, 73:367-372.
111. Amaral P.P., Mattick J.S. Noncoding RNA in development. Mamm Genome 2008, 19:454-492.
112. Costa F.F. Non-coding RNAs, epigenetics and complexity. Gene 2008, 410:9-17.
113. Blakaj A., Lin H. Piecing together the mosaic of early mammalian development through microRNAs. J Biol Chem 2008, 283:9505-9508.
114. Eichler E.E. Recent duplication, domain accretion and the dynamic mutation of the human genome. Trends Genet 2001, 17:661-669.
115. Bailey J.A., Yavor A.M., Viggiano L., et al. Human-specific duplication and mosaic transcripts: the recent paralogous structure of chromosome 22. Am J Hum Genet 2002, 70:83-100.
116. Guy J., Spalluto C., McMurray A., et al. Genomic sequence and transcriptional profile of the boundary between pericentromeric satellites and genes on human chromosome arm 10q. Hum Mol Genet 2000, 9:2029-2042.
117. Guy J., Hearn T., Crosier M., Mudge J., et al. Genomic sequence and transcriptional profile of the boundary between pericentromeric satellites and genes on human chromosome arm 10p. Genome Res 2003, 13:159-172.
118. She X., Horvath J.E., Jiang Z., et al. The structure and evolution of centromeric transition regions within the human genome. Nature 2004, 430:857-864.
119. Lin Y., Waldman A.S. Capture of DNA sequences at double-strand breaks in mammalian chromosomes. Genetics 2001, 158:1665-1674.
120. Teng S.C., Kim B., Gabriel A. Retrotransposon reverse-transcriptase-mediated repair of chromosomal breaks. Nature 1996, 383:641-644.
121. Moore J.K., Haber J.E. Capture of retrotransposon DNA at the sites of chromosomal double-strand breaks. Nature 1996, 383:644-646.
122. Romano C.M., de Melo F.L., Corsini M.A., Holmes E.C., Zanotto P.M. Demographic histories of ERV-K in humans, chimpanzees and rhesus monkeys. PLoS One 2007, 2:e1026.
123. Medstrand P., Mager D.L. Human-specific integrations of the HERV-K endogenous retrovirus family. J Virol 1998, 72:9782-9787.
124. Britten R.J. Evolutionary selection against change in many Alu repeat sequences interspersed through primate genomes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994, 91:5992-5996.
125. Britten R.J. Evidence that most human Alu sequences were inserted in a process that ceased about 30 million years ago. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994, 91:6148-6150.
126. Britten R.J. DNA sequence insertion and evolutionary variation in gene regulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996, 93:9374-9377.
127. O'Geen H., Squazzo S.L., Iyengar S., et al. Genome-wide analysis of KAP1 binding suggests autoregulation of KRAB-ZNFs. PLoS Genet 2007, 3:e89.
128. Richardson M.K., Keuck G. Haeckel's ABC of evolution and development. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2002, 77:495-528.
129. Becker T.S., Lenhard B. The random versus fragile breakage models of chromosome evolution: a matter of resolution. Mol Genet Genomics 2007, 278:487-491.
130. Roux J., Robinson-Rechavi M. Developmental constraints on vertebrate genome evolution. PLoS Genet 2008, 4:e1000311.
131. Brosius J., Tiedge H. Reverse transcriptase: mediator of genomic plasticity. Virus Genes 1996, 11:163-179.