메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 64, Issue 4, 2009, Pages 593-619

Gender and racial differentials in promotions: Is there a sticky floor, a mid-level bottleneck, or a glass ceiling?

Author keywords

Advancement opportunity; Canada; Organizational level; Visible minorities; Women

Indexed keywords


EID: 76849095846     PISSN: 0034379X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.7202/038875ar     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (88)

References (75)
  • 1
    • 84935113777 scopus 로고
    • Length of Service and Promotions in Union and Nonunion Work Groups
    • Abraham, Katharine G. and James L. Medoff. 1985. "Length of Service and Promotions in Union and Nonunion Work Groups." Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 38 (3), 408-420.
    • (1985) Industrial and Labor Relations Review , vol.38 , Issue.3 , pp. 408-420
    • Abraham, K.G.1    Medoff, J.L.2
  • 2
    • 71149107609 scopus 로고
    • Statistical Theories of Discrimination in the Labor Market
    • Aigner, Dennis J. and Glen Cain. 1977. "Statistical Theories of Discrimination in the Labor Market." Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 30, 175-187.
    • (1977) Industrial and Labor Relations Review , vol.30 , pp. 175-187
    • Aigner, D.J.1    Cain, G.2
  • 4
    • 44349107675 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Immigrant Wage Differential within and Across Establishments
    • Aydemir, Abdurranhman and Mikal Skuterud. 2008. "The Immigrant Wage Differential within and Across Establishments." Industrial & Labor Relations Review, 61 (3), 334-352.
    • (2008) Industrial & Labor Relations Review , vol.61 , Issue.3 , pp. 334-352
    • Aydemir, A.1    Skuterud, M.2
  • 6
    • 84960613149 scopus 로고
    • The Internal Economics of the Firm: Evidence from Personnel Data
    • Baker, George P., Michael Gibbs and Bengt Holmstrom. 1994b. "The Internal Economics of the Firm: Evidence from Personnel Data." Quarterly Journal of Economics, 109 (4), 881-919.
    • (1994) Quarterly Journal of Economics , vol.109 , Issue.4 , pp. 881-919
    • Baker, G.P.1    Gibbs, M.2    Holmstrom, B.3
  • 7
    • 0030305735 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Female Promotions in Male-Dominant Organizations: The Case of the United States Military
    • Baldwin, J. Norman. 1996. "Female Promotions in Male-Dominant Organizations: The Case of the United States Military." Journal of Politics, 58, 1184-1197.
    • (1996) Journal of Politics , vol.58 , pp. 1184-1197
    • Baldwin, J.N.1
  • 8
    • 84989029823 scopus 로고
    • Top Management and Innovations in Banking: Does the Composition of the Top Team Make a Difference?
    • Bantel, Karen A. and Susan E. Jackson. 1989. "Top Management and Innovations in Banking: Does the Composition of the Top Team Make a Difference?" Strategic Management Journal, 10, 107-124.
    • (1989) Strategic Management Journal , vol.10 , pp. 107-124
    • Bantel, K.A.1    Jackson, S.E.2
  • 9
    • 0027088373 scopus 로고
    • I will Follow Him: Family-Ties, Gender-Role Beliefs and Reluctance to Relocate for a Better Job
    • Bielby, William T. and Denise D. Bielby. 1992. "I will Follow Him: Family-Ties, Gender-Role Beliefs and Reluctance to Relocate for a Better Job." American Journal of Sociology, 97,1241-1267.
    • (1992) American Journal of Sociology , vol.97 , pp. 1241-1267
    • Bielby, W.T.1    Bielby, D.D.2
  • 10
    • 33644925846 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Glass Ceiling - Where is it? Women's and Men's Career Prospects in the Private vs. the Public Sector in Sweden 1979-2000
    • Bihagen, Erik and Marita Ohls. 2006. "The Glass Ceiling - Where is it? Women's and Men's Career Prospects in the Private vs. the Public Sector in Sweden 1979-2000." The Sociological Review, 54(1), 20-47.
    • (2006) The Sociological Review , vol.54 , Issue.1 , pp. 20-47
    • Bihagen, E.1    Ohls, M.2
  • 11
    • 34250707189 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New Evidence on Gender Differences in Promotion Rates: An Empirical Analysis of a Sample of New Hires
    • Blau, Francine D. and Jed Devaro. 2007. "New Evidence on Gender Differences in Promotion Rates: An Empirical Analysis of a Sample of New Hires." Industrial Relations, 46 (3), 511-550.
    • (2007) Industrial Relations , vol.46 , Issue.3 , pp. 511-550
    • Blau, F.D.1    Devaro, J.2
  • 12
    • 0035632403 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Corporate Tournaments
    • Bognanno, Michael L. 2001. "Corporate Tournaments." Journal of Labor Economics, 19 (2), 290-315.
    • (2001) Journal of Labor Economics , vol.19 , Issue.2 , pp. 290-315
    • Bognanno, M.L.1
  • 13
    • 0037377007 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A Sticky Floors Model of Promotion, Pay, and Gender
    • Booth, Alison L, Marco Francesconi and Jeff Frank. 2003. "A Sticky Floors Model of Promotion, Pay, and Gender." European Economic Review, 47 (2), 295-322.
    • (2003) European Economic Review , vol.47 , Issue.2 , pp. 295-322
    • Booth, A.L.1    Francesconi, M.2    Frank, J.3
  • 14
    • 76849102234 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Working Paper No. 8552. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research
    • Brown, Charles and James L. Medoff. 2001. "Firm Age and Wages." Working Paper No. 8552. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.
    • (2001) Firm Age and Wages
    • Brown, C.1    Medoff, J.L.2
  • 15
    • 0242428870 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Intersection of Gender and Race in the Labor Market
    • Browne, Irene and Joya Misra. 2003. "The Intersection of Gender and Race in the Labor Market." Annual Review of Sociology, 29, 487-513.
    • (2003) Annual Review of Sociology , vol.29 , pp. 487-513
    • Browne, I.1    Misra, J.2
  • 16
    • 84934349652 scopus 로고
    • Managerial Promotion: The Effects of Socialization
    • Cannings, Kathy. 1988. "Managerial Promotion: The Effects of Socialization." Industrial & Labor Relations Review, 42 (1), 77.
    • (1988) Industrial & Labor Relations Review , vol.42 , Issue.1 , pp. 77
    • Cannings, K.1
  • 17
    • 49249126346 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Castilla, Emilio, J. 2008. Gender, Race, and Meritocracy in Organizational Careers. American Journal of Sociology, 113(6), 1479-1526.
    • Castilla, Emilio, J. 2008. "Gender, Race, and Meritocracy in Organizational Careers." American Journal of Sociology, 113(6), 1479-1526.
  • 18
    • 76849099382 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chow, Irene Hau Siu and Ronald B. Crawford. 2004. Gender, Ethnic Diversity and Career Advancement in the Workplace: The Social Identity Perspective. S.A.M. Advanced Management Journal, 69 (3), 22-39.
    • Chow, Irene Hau Siu and Ronald B. Crawford. 2004. "Gender, Ethnic Diversity and Career Advancement in the Workplace: The Social Identity Perspective." S.A.M. Advanced Management Journal, 69 (3), 22-39.
  • 19
    • 57749122643 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Corporate Restructuring and Sex Differences in Managerial Promotion
    • Dencker, John C. 2008. "Corporate Restructuring and Sex Differences in Managerial Promotion." American Sociological Review, 73 (3), 455-476.
    • (2008) American Sociological Review , vol.73 , Issue.3 , pp. 455-476
    • Dencker, J.C.1
  • 20
    • 23744476026 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Toward Modeling the Predictors of Managerial Career Success: Does Gender Matter?
    • Eddleston, Kimberly A., David C. Baldridge and John F. Veiga. 2004. "Toward Modeling the Predictors of Managerial Career Success: Does Gender Matter?" Journal of Managerial Psychology, 19 (4), 360-385.
    • (2004) Journal of Managerial Psychology , vol.19 , Issue.4 , pp. 360-385
    • Eddleston, K.A.1    Baldridge, D.C.2    Veiga, J.F.3
  • 22
    • 10944227311 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Networking Behaviors and Career Outcomes: Differences for Men and Women?
    • Forret, Monica L. and Thomas W. Dougherty. 2004. "Networking Behaviors and Career Outcomes: Differences for Men and Women?" Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25 (3), 419-437.
    • (2004) Journal of Organizational Behavior , vol.25 , Issue.3 , pp. 419-437
    • Forret, M.L.1    Dougherty, T.W.2
  • 23
    • 16244415903 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cultural Context of Career Choice: Meta- Analysis of Race/Ethnicity Differences
    • Fouad, Nadva A. and Angela M. Byars-Winston. 2005. "Cultural Context of Career Choice: Meta- Analysis of Race/Ethnicity Differences." Career Development Quarterly, 53 (3), 223-233.
    • (2005) Career Development Quarterly , vol.53 , Issue.3 , pp. 223-233
    • Fouad, N.A.1    Byars-Winston, A.M.2
  • 24
    • 0040487065 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Determinants and Consequences of Promotions in Britain
    • Francesconi, Marco. 2001. "Determinants and Consequences of Promotions in Britain." Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 63 (3), 279-310.
    • (2001) Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics , vol.63 , Issue.3 , pp. 279-310
    • Francesconi, M.1
  • 25
    • 0001920681 scopus 로고
    • Salaries, Salary Growth and Promotions of Men and Women in a Large Private Firm
    • R. Michael, H. Hartmann and B. O'Farrell, eds. Washington, DC: National Academy Press
    • Gerhart, Barry and George Milkovich. 1989. "Salaries, Salary Growth and Promotions of Men and Women in a Large Private Firm." Pay Equity: Empirical Inquiries. R. Michael, H. Hartmann and B. O'Farrell, eds. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 23-43.
    • (1989) Pay Equity: Empirical Inquiries , pp. 23-43
    • Gerhart, B.1    Milkovich, G.2
  • 26
    • 0001567477 scopus 로고
    • Incentive Compensation in a Corporate Hierarchy
    • Gibbs, Michael. 1995. "Incentive Compensation in a Corporate Hierarchy." Journal of Accounting and Economics, 19 (2), 247-277.
    • (1995) Journal of Accounting and Economics , vol.19 , Issue.2 , pp. 247-277
    • Gibbs, M.1
  • 27
    • 0002825889 scopus 로고
    • Effects of Race on Organizational Experience, Job Performance Evaluations and Career Outcomes
    • Greenhaus, Jeffrey H, Saroj Parasuraman and Wayne M. Wormley. 1990. "Effects of Race on Organizational Experience, Job Performance Evaluations and Career Outcomes." Academy of Management Journal, 33 (1), 64-86.
    • (1990) Academy of Management Journal , vol.33 , Issue.1 , pp. 64-86
    • Greenhaus, J.H.1    Parasuraman, S.2    Wormley, W.M.3
  • 28
    • 38249003355 scopus 로고
    • Job Performance Attributions and Career Advancement Prospects: An Examination of Gender and Race Effects
    • Greenhaus, Jeffrey H. and Saroj Parasuraman. 1993. "Job Performance Attributions and Career Advancement Prospects: An Examination of Gender and Race Effects." Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 55 (2), 273-297.
    • (1993) Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes , vol.55 , Issue.2 , pp. 273-297
    • Greenhaus, J.H.1    Parasuraman, S.2
  • 29
    • 42149103783 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Double Jeopardy? The Interaction of Gender and Race on Earnings in the United States
    • Greenman, Emily and Yu Xie. 2008. "Double Jeopardy? The Interaction of Gender and Race on Earnings in the United States." Social Forces, 86 (3), 1277-1244.
    • (2008) Social Forces , vol.86 , Issue.3 , pp. 1277-1244
    • Greenman, E.1    Xie, Y.2
  • 30
    • 0036417089 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lifestyle Preferences as Determinants of Women's Differentiated Labor Market Careers
    • Hakim, Catherine. 2002. "Lifestyle Preferences as Determinants of Women's Differentiated Labor Market Careers." Work and Occupations, 29, 428-459.
    • (2002) Work and Occupations , vol.29 , pp. 428-459
    • Hakim, C.1
  • 31
    • 0041493741 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cultural Diversity in Small Business: Implications for Firm Performance
    • Hartenian, Linda S. and Donald E. Gudmundson. 2000. "Cultural Diversity in Small Business: Implications for Firm Performance." Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, 5 (3), 209-219.
    • (2000) Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship , vol.5 , Issue.3 , pp. 209-219
    • Hartenian, L.S.1    Gudmundson, D.E.2
  • 32
    • 0001947286 scopus 로고
    • Internal Labor Markets and Gender: A Case Study of Promotion
    • C. Brown and J. A. Pechman, eds. Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution
    • Hartmann, Heidi I. 1987. "Internal Labor Markets and Gender: A Case Study of Promotion." Gender in the Workplace. C. Brown and J. A. Pechman, eds. Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution.
    • (1987) Gender in the Workplace
    • Hartmann, H.I.1
  • 33
    • 0037261476 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Some Take the Glass Escalator, Some Hit the Glass Ceiling? Career Consequences of Occupational Sex Segregation
    • Hultin, Mia. 2003. "Some Take the Glass Escalator, Some Hit the Glass Ceiling? Career Consequences of Occupational Sex Segregation." Work & Occupations, 30 (1), 30-61.
    • (2003) Work & Occupations , vol.30 , Issue.1 , pp. 30-61
    • Hultin, M.1
  • 34
    • 0001747482 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Effect of Organizational Experience on Managerial Career Attainment in an Internal Labor Market
    • Hurley, Amy E. and Jeffrey A. Sonnenfeld. 1998. "The Effect of Organizational Experience on Managerial Career Attainment in an Internal Labor Market." Journal of Vocational Behaviour, 52, 172-190.
    • (1998) Journal of Vocational Behaviour , vol.52 , pp. 172-190
    • Hurley, A.E.1    Sonnenfeld, J.A.2
  • 35
    • 84934563189 scopus 로고
    • Relating to Privilege: Seduction and Rejection in the Subordination of White Women and Women of Color
    • Hurtado, Aida. 1989. "Relating to Privilege: Seduction and Rejection in the Subordination of White Women and Women of Color." Signs, 14 (4), 833-855.
    • (1989) Signs , vol.14 , Issue.4 , pp. 833-855
    • Hurtado, A.1
  • 36
    • 84985773776 scopus 로고
    • The Career Advancement Prospects of Managers and Professionals: Are MIS Employees Unique?
    • Igbaria, Magid and Jeffrey H. Greenhaus. 1992. "The Career Advancement Prospects of Managers and Professionals: Are MIS Employees Unique?" Decision Sciences, 23 (2), 478-499.
    • (1992) Decision Sciences , vol.23 , Issue.2 , pp. 478-499
    • Igbaria, M.1    Greenhaus, J.H.2
  • 37
    • 53349176046 scopus 로고
    • The Impact of Job Performance Evaluation on Career Advancement Prospects: An Examination of Gender Differences in the IS Workplace
    • Igbaria, Magid and Jack Baroudi. 1995. "The Impact of Job Performance Evaluation on Career Advancement Prospects: An Examination of Gender Differences in the IS Workplace." MIS Quarterly, 19(1), 107-123.
    • (1995) MIS Quarterly , vol.19 , Issue.1 , pp. 107-123
    • Igbaria, M.1    Baroudi, J.2
  • 38
    • 0034364562 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Race-Related Differences in Promotions and Support: Underlying Effects of Human and Social Capital
    • James, Erika Hayes. 2000. "Race-Related Differences in Promotions and Support: Underlying Effects of Human and Social Capital." Organization Science, 11 (5), 493-508.
    • (2000) Organization Science , vol.11 , Issue.5 , pp. 493-508
    • James, E.H.1
  • 40
    • 84937317081 scopus 로고
    • Of Mommy Tracks and Glass Ceilings: A Case Study of Men's and Women's Careers in Management
    • Konrad, Alison M. and Kathy Cannings. 1994. "Of Mommy Tracks and Glass Ceilings: A Case Study of Men's and Women's Careers in Management." Relations Industrielles/lndustrial Relations, 49 (2), 303-335.
    • (1994) Relations Industrielles/lndustrial Relations , vol.49 , Issue.2 , pp. 303-335
    • Konrad, A.M.1    Cannings, K.2
  • 41
    • 0040600572 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Effects of Gender Role Congruence and Statistical Discrimination on Managerial Advancement
    • Konrad, Alison M. and Kathy Cannings. 1997. "The Effects of Gender Role Congruence and Statistical Discrimination on Managerial Advancement." Human Relations, 50 (10), 1305-1328.
    • (1997) Human Relations , vol.50 , Issue.10 , pp. 1305-1328
    • Konrad, A.M.1    Cannings, K.2
  • 42
    • 0034386196 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Konrad, Alison M., Elizabeth Corrigall, Pamela Lieb and J. Edgar Ritchie Jr. 2000. Sex Differences in Job Attribute Preferences among Managers and Business Students. Group and Organization Management, 25 (2), 108-131.
    • Konrad, Alison M., Elizabeth Corrigall, Pamela Lieb and J. Edgar Ritchie Jr. 2000. "Sex Differences in Job Attribute Preferences among Managers and Business Students." Group and Organization Management, 25 (2), 108-131.
  • 43
    • 0001348122 scopus 로고
    • Gender and Promotions: Promotion Chances of White Men and Women in Federal White-Collar Employment
    • Lewis, Gregory B. 1986. "Gender and Promotions: Promotion Chances of White Men and Women in Federal White-Collar Employment." Journal of Human Resources, 21 (3), 406-419.
    • (1986) Journal of Human Resources , vol.21 , Issue.3 , pp. 406-419
    • Lewis1    Gregory, B.2
  • 44
    • 0035017891 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Market Work of Immigrants' Educational Credentials
    • Li, Peter S. 2001. "The Market Work of Immigrants' Educational Credentials." Canadian Public Policy, 27 (1), 23-38.
    • (2001) Canadian Public Policy , vol.27 , Issue.1 , pp. 23-38
    • Li, P.S.1
  • 45
    • 47749107574 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gender, Productivity and the Marital Wage Premium
    • Lincoln, Anne E. 2008. "Gender, Productivity and the Marital Wage Premium." Journal of Marriage & Family, 70 (3), 806-814.
    • (2008) Journal of Marriage & Family , vol.70 , Issue.3 , pp. 806-814
    • Lincoln1    Anne, E.2
  • 46
    • 33746390511 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • When Fit is Fundamental: Performance Evaluations and Promotions of Upper-Level Female and Male Managers
    • Lyness, Karen S. and Madeline E. Heilman. 2006. "When Fit is Fundamental: Performance Evaluations and Promotions of Upper-Level Female and Male Managers." Journal of Applied Psychology, 91 (4), 777-785.
    • (2006) Journal of Applied Psychology , vol.91 , Issue.4 , pp. 777-785
    • Lyness, K.S.1    Heilman, M.E.2
  • 47
    • 0034131544 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Climbing the Corporate Ladder: Do Female and Male Executives Follow the Same Route?
    • Lyness, Karen S. and Donna E. Thompson. 2000. "Climbing the Corporate Ladder: Do Female and Male Executives Follow the Same Route?" Academy of Management Journal, 85 (1), 86-101.
    • (2000) Academy of Management Journal , vol.85 , Issue.1 , pp. 86-101
    • Lyness, K.S.1    Thompson, D.E.2
  • 48
    • 0033216577 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glass Ceilings and Glass Escalators: Occupational Segregation and Race and Sex Differences in Managerial Promotions
    • Maume, David J. Jr. 1999. "Glass Ceilings and Glass Escalators: Occupational Segregation and Race and Sex Differences in Managerial Promotions." Work & Occupations, 26 (4), 483-509.
    • (1999) Work & Occupations , vol.26 , Issue.4 , pp. 483-509
    • Maume Jr., D.J.1
  • 49
    • 2442586587 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is the Glass Ceiling a Unique Form of Inequality? Evidence from a Random-Effects Model of Managerial Attainment
    • Maume, David J. Jr. 2004. "Is the Glass Ceiling a Unique Form of Inequality? Evidence from a Random-Effects Model of Managerial Attainment." Work & Occupations, 31 (2), 250-274.
    • (2004) Work & Occupations , vol.31 , Issue.2 , pp. 250-274
    • Maume Jr., D.J.1
  • 50
    • 0030528871 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Promotions and Wage Growth
    • McCue, Kristin. 1996. "Promotions and Wage Growth." Journal of Labor Economics, 14 (2), 175-209.
    • (1996) Journal of Labor Economics , vol.14 , Issue.2 , pp. 175-209
    • McCue, K.1
  • 51
    • 0001725989 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ethnic Diversity and Creativity in Small Groups
    • McLeod, Poppy L., Sharon A. Lobel and Taylor Cox Jr. 1996. "Ethnic Diversity and Creativity in Small Groups." Small Croup Research, 27 (2), 248-264.
    • (1996) Small Croup Research , vol.27 , Issue.2 , pp. 248-264
    • McLeod, P.L.1    Lobel, S.A.2    Cox Jr., T.3
  • 52
    • 40349084109 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Under Construction: The Continuing Evolution of Job Structures in Call Centers
    • Moss, Philip, Harold Salzman and Chris Tilly. 2008. "Under Construction: The Continuing Evolution of Job Structures in Call Centers." Industrial Relations, 47 (2), 173-208.
    • (2008) Industrial Relations , vol.47 , Issue.2 , pp. 173-208
    • Moss, P.1    Salzman, H.2    Tilly, C.3
  • 53
    • 34247772673 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nkomo, Stella M. and Taylor Cox Jr. 1989. Gender Differences in the Upward Mobility of Black Managers: Double Whammy or Double Advantage? Sex Roles, 21 (11/12), 825-839.
    • Nkomo, Stella M. and Taylor Cox Jr. 1989. "Gender Differences in the Upward Mobility of Black Managers: Double Whammy or Double Advantage?" Sex Roles, 21 (11/12), 825-839.
  • 54
    • 0000508675 scopus 로고
    • Employment Relations in Dual Labor Markets
    • Oi, Walter Y. 1990. "Employment Relations in Dual Labor Markets." Journal of Labor Economics, 8(1), Part 2, S124-S149.
    • (1990) Journal of Labor Economics , vol.8 , Issue.1 PART 2
    • Oi, W.Y.1
  • 55
    • 33646813631 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gender Differences in Promotion on a Job Ladder: Evidence from Finnish Metalworkers
    • Pekkarinen, Tuomas and Juhana Vartiainen. 2006. "Gender Differences in Promotion on a Job Ladder: Evidence from Finnish Metalworkers." Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 59 (2), 285-301.
    • (2006) Industrial and Labor Relations Review , vol.59 , Issue.2 , pp. 285-301
    • Pekkarinen, T.1    Vartiainen, J.2
  • 57
    • 84936628794 scopus 로고
    • Determinants of Internal Labor Markets in Organizations
    • Pfeffer, Jeffrey and Yinon Cohen. 1984. "Determinants of Internal Labor Markets in Organizations." Administrative Science Quarterly, 29, 550-572.
    • (1984) Administrative Science Quarterly , vol.29 , pp. 550-572
    • Pfeffer, J.1    Cohen, Y.2
  • 58
    • 21344497654 scopus 로고
    • Investigating the 'Glass Ceiling' Phenomenon: An Empirical Study of Actual Promotions to Top Management
    • Powell, Gary N. and D. Anthony Butterfield. 1994. "Investigating the 'Glass Ceiling' Phenomenon: An Empirical Study of Actual Promotions to Top Management." Academy of Management Journal, 37(1), 68-86.
    • (1994) Academy of Management Journal , vol.37 , Issue.1 , pp. 68-86
    • Powell, G.N.1    Anthony Butterfield, D.2
  • 59
    • 0031286320 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of Race on Promotions to Top Management in a Federal Department
    • Powell, Gary N. and D. Anthony Butterfield. 1997. "Effect of Race on Promotions to Top Management in a Federal Department." Academy of Management Journal, 40 (1), 112-128.
    • (1997) Academy of Management Journal , vol.40 , Issue.1 , pp. 112-128
    • Powell, G.N.1    Anthony Butterfield, D.2
  • 60
    • 0036238882 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Powell, Gary N., D. Anthony Butterfield and Jane D. Parent. 2002. Gender and Managerial Stereotypes: Have the Times Changed? Journal of Management, 28 (2), 177-193.
    • Powell, Gary N., D. Anthony Butterfield and Jane D. Parent. 2002. "Gender and Managerial Stereotypes: Have the Times Changed?" Journal of Management, 28 (2), 177-193.
  • 61
    • 0034340867 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Racial Diversity, Business Strategy and Firm Performance: A Resource- Based View
    • Richard, Orlando C. 2000. "Racial Diversity, Business Strategy and Firm Performance: A Resource- Based View." Academy of Management Journal, 43 (2), 164-177.
    • (2000) Academy of Management Journal , vol.43 , Issue.2 , pp. 164-177
    • Richard, O.C.1
  • 62
    • 36148967663 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Richard, Orlando C, B.P.S. Murthi and Kiran Ismail. 2007. The Impact of Racial Diversity on Intermediate and Long-Tern Performance: The Moderating Role of Environment Context. Strategic Management Journal, 28(12), 1213-1233.
    • Richard, Orlando C, B.P.S. Murthi and Kiran Ismail. 2007. "The Impact of Racial Diversity on Intermediate and Long-Tern Performance: The Moderating Role of Environment Context." Strategic Management Journal, 28(12), 1213-1233.
  • 63
    • 84938049702 scopus 로고
    • Organizational Career Mobility: Promotion Chances in a Corporation during Periods of Growth and Contraction
    • Rosenbaum, James E. 1979. "Organizational Career Mobility: Promotion Chances in a Corporation during Periods of Growth and Contraction." American Journal of Sociology, 85(1), 21-48.
    • (1979) American Journal of Sociology , vol.85 , Issue.1 , pp. 21-48
    • Rosenbaum, J.E.1
  • 64
    • 0013325633 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immigrant Earnings: Age at Immigration Matters
    • Schaafsma, Joseph and Arthur Sweetman. 2001. "Immigrant Earnings: Age at Immigration Matters." Canadian Journal of Economics, 34 (4), 1066-1099.
    • (2001) Canadian Journal of Economics , vol.34 , Issue.4 , pp. 1066-1099
    • Schaafsma, J.1    Sweetman, A.2
  • 65
    • 0035209995 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A Global Look at Psychological Barriers to Women's Progress in Management
    • Schein, Virginia E. 2001. "A Global Look at Psychological Barriers to Women's Progress in Management." Journal of Social Issues, 57 (4), 675-688.
    • (2001) Journal of Social Issues , vol.57 , Issue.4 , pp. 675-688
    • Schein, V.E.1
  • 66
    • 0038848345 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Three Social Dilemmas of Workforce Diversity in Organizations: A Social Identity Perspective
    • Schneider, Sherry K. and Gregory B. Northcraft. 1999. "Three Social Dilemmas of Workforce Diversity in Organizations: A Social Identity Perspective." Human Relations, 52 (11), 1445-1467.
    • (1999) Human Relations , vol.52 , Issue.11 , pp. 1445-1467
    • Schneider, S.K.1    Northcraft, G.B.2
  • 67
    • 17744383791 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Do the Determinants of Promotion Differ for White Men versus Women and Minorities? An Exploration of Intersectionalism through Sponsored and Contest Mobility Processes
    • Smith, Ryan A. 2005. "Do the Determinants of Promotion Differ for White Men versus Women and Minorities? An Exploration of Intersectionalism through Sponsored and Contest Mobility Processes." American Behavioral Scientist, 48 (9), 1157-1181.
    • (2005) American Behavioral Scientist , vol.48 , Issue.9 , pp. 1157-1181
    • Smith, R.A.1
  • 68
    • 84930559833 scopus 로고
    • Sex Discrimination in the Legal Profession: A Study of Promotion
    • Spurr, Stephen J. 1990. "Sex Discrimination in the Legal Profession: A Study of Promotion." Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 43 (4), 406-417.
    • (1990) Industrial and Labor Relations Review , vol.43 , Issue.4 , pp. 406-417
    • Spurr, S.J.1
  • 69
    • 0040815711 scopus 로고
    • An Empirical Investigation of the Motivation to Manage among Blacks and Women in Business School
    • Stevens, George E. and O.C. Brenner. 1990. "An Empirical Investigation of the Motivation to Manage among Blacks and Women in Business School." Educational & Psychological Measurement, 50 (4), 879-886.
    • (1990) Educational & Psychological Measurement , vol.50 , Issue.4 , pp. 879-886
    • Stevens, G.E.1    Brenner, O.C.2
  • 70
    • 0010173358 scopus 로고
    • Differential Factors Influencing the Hierarchical Level and Number of Promotions of Males and Females within an Organization
    • Stewart, Lea P. and William B. Gudykunst. 1982. "Differential Factors Influencing the Hierarchical Level and Number of Promotions of Males and Females within an Organization." Academy of Management Journal, 25 (3), 586-597.
    • (1982) Academy of Management Journal , vol.25 , Issue.3 , pp. 586-597
    • Stewart, L.P.1    Gudykunst, W.B.2
  • 71
    • 49949112880 scopus 로고
    • Gender Based Differences in Promotions of Clerical Workers
    • Swimmer, Gene. 1990. "Gender Based Differences in Promotions of Clerical Workers." Relations Industrielles/lndustrial Relations, 45 (2), 300-310.
    • (1990) Relations Industrielles/lndustrial Relations , vol.45 , Issue.2 , pp. 300-310
    • Swimmer1    Gene2
  • 72
    • 0031989434 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Impact of Perceptions and Stereotypes on the Managerial Mobility of African Americans
    • Tomkiewicz, J., O.C. Brenner and T. Adeyemi-Bello. 1998. "The Impact of Perceptions and Stereotypes on the Managerial Mobility of African Americans." Journal of Social Psychology, 138(1), 88-92.
    • (1998) Journal of Social Psychology , vol.138 , Issue.1 , pp. 88-92
    • Tomkiewicz, J.1    Brenner, O.C.2    Adeyemi-Bello, T.3
  • 73
    • 0001800097 scopus 로고
    • Top Management Team Demography and Corporate Strategic Change
    • Wiersema, Margarethe F. and Karen A. Bantel. 1992. "Top Management Team Demography and Corporate Strategic Change." Academy of Management Journal, 35 (1), 91-121.
    • (1992) Academy of Management Journal , vol.35 , Issue.1 , pp. 91-121
    • Wiersema, M.F.1    Bantel, K.A.2
  • 74
    • 0040059907 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Unequal Assignment and Unequal Promotion in Job Ladders
    • Part 1,43-71
    • Winter-Ebmer, Rudolf and Josef Zweimuller. 1997. "Unequal Assignment and Unequal Promotion in Job Ladders." Journal of Labor Economics, 15 (1), Part 1,43-71.
    • (1997) Journal of Labor Economics , vol.15 , Issue.1
    • Winter-Ebmer, R.1    Zweimuller, J.2
  • 75
    • 21844516193 scopus 로고
    • Competitiveness through Management of Diversity: Effects on Stock Price Valuation
    • Wright, Peter, Stephen P. Ferris, Janine S. Hiller and Mark Knoll. 1995. "Competitiveness through Management of Diversity: Effects on Stock Price Valuation." Academy of Management Journal, 38(1), 272-287.
    • (1995) Academy of Management Journal , vol.38 , Issue.1 , pp. 272-287
    • Wright, P.1    Ferris, S.P.2    Hiller, J.S.3    Knoll, M.4


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.