Do the determinants of promotion differ for white men versus women and minorities? an exploration of intersectionalism through sponsored and contest mobility processes

American Behavioral Scientist

Volumn 48, Issue 9, 2005, Pages 1157-1181

  Smith, Ryan A ^a  

^a CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK   (United States)

Author keywords

Gender; Promotion; Race

Indexed keywords

EID: 17744383791     PISSN: 00027642     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0002764205274814     Document Type: Article

References (41)

1. Baldi, S., & McBrier, D. B. (1997). Do the determinants of promotion differ for Blacks and Whites? Work and Occupations, 24, 478-497.
2. Baron, J. N., & Bielby, W. T. (1986). The proliferation of job title in organizations. Administrative Science Quarterly, 31, 561-586.
3. Becker, G. (1957). The economics of discrimination. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
4. Becker, G. (1985). Human capital, effort, and the sexual division of labor. Journal of Labor Economics, 3, 33-58.
5. Bielby, W. T., & Bielby, D. D. (1991). She works hard for the money: Household responsibilities and the allocation of work effort. American Journal of Sociology, 93, 1031-1059.
6. Browne, I. (Ed.). (1999). Latinas and African American women at work: Race, gender, and economic inequality. New York: Russell Sage.
7. Browne, I., & Misra, J. (2003). The intersection of gender and race in the labor market. Annual Review of Sociology, 29, 487-513.
8. Cassirer, N., & Reskin, B. (2000). High hopes: Organizational positions, employment experiences, and women's and men's promotion aspirations. Work and Occupations, 27, 438-463.
9. D'Amico, R. (1986). Authority in the workplace: Differences among mature women. In L. B. Shaw (Ed.), Midlife women at work: A fifteen year perspective (pp. 37-49). Lexington, MA: D. C. Heath.
10. Elliott, J. R., & Smith, R. A. (2004). Race, gender, and workplace power. American Sociological Review, 69, 365-386.
11. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, (n.d.). Index of stats/jobpat. Retrieved from http://www.eeoc.gov/stats/jobpat/
12. Femandez, J. P. (1975). Black managers in White corporations. New York: John Wiley.
13. Granovetter, M. (1995). Afterword 1994: Reconsiderations and a new agenda. In Getting a job: A study of job contacts and careers (2nd ed., pp. 139-182). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
14. Greenhaus, J. H., Parasuraman, S., & Wormley, W. M. (1990). Effects of race on organizational experience, job performance evaluations, and career outcomes. Academy of Management Journal, 33, 64-86.
15. Hersch, J., & Viscusi, W. K. (1996). Gender differences in promotions and wages. Industrial Relations 35, 461-472.
16. Hopcraft, R. L. (1996). The authority attainment of women: Competitive sector effects. American Journal of Economic Sociology, 55, 163-184.
17. Jacobs, J. (1992). Women's entry into management: Trends in earnings, authority, and values among salaried managers. Administrative Science Quarterly, 72, 282-301.
18. Johnson, J. H., Oliver, M., & Bobo, L. (1994). Unraveling the paradox of deepening urban inequality: Theoretical underpinnings and research design of a multi-city study. Urban Geography, 15, 77-89.
19. Kalleberg, A. L., & Reskin, B. F. (1995). Gender differences in promotion in the United States and Norway. Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, 14, 237-264.
20. Kanter, R. M. (1977). Men and women of the corporation. New York: Basic Books.
21. Kluegel, J. (1978). The causes and cost of racial exclusion from job authority. American Sociological Review, 43, 285-301.
22. Marsden, P. V., Kalleberg, A. L., & Cook, C. R. (1993). Gender differences in organizational commitment: Influences of work positions and family roles. Work & Occupations, 20, 368-390.
23. Maume, D. J., Jr. (1999). Glass ceilings and glass escalators: Occupational segregation and race and sex differences in managerial promotions. Work and Occupations, 26, 483-509.
24. McGuire, G., & Reskin, B. (1993). Authority hierarchies at work: The impacts of race and sex. Gender & Society, 7, 487-506.
25. Mueller, C. W., Parcel, T. L., & Tanaka, K. (1989). Particularism in authority outcomes of Black and White supervisors. Social Science Research, 18, 1-20.
26. Nkomo, S. M., & Cox, T., Jr. (1990). Factors affecting the upward mobility of Black managers in private sector organizations. Review of Black Political Economy, 19, 39-57.
27. O'Connor, A., Tilly, C., & Bobo, L. D. (2001). Urban inequality: Evidence from four cities. New York: Russell Sage.
28. Olson, C., & Becker, G. (1983). Sex discrimination in the promotion process. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 36, 624-641.
29. Powell, G. N., & Butterfield, D. A. (1994). Investigating the "glass ceiling" phenomenon: An empirical study of actual promotions to top management. Academy of Management Journal, 37, 68-86.
30. Reskin, B. F. (1998). The realities of affirmative action in employment. Washington, DC: American Sociological Association.
31. Reskin, B. F., & Ross, C. (1992). Authority and earnings among managers: The continuing significance of sex. Work and Occupations, 19, 342-365.
32. Rosenbaum, J. E. (1979). Tournament mobility: Career patterns in a corporation. Administrative Science Quarterly, 24, 220-241.
33. Smith, R. A. (1997). Race, job authority, and income: A cross-temporal study of changes in the socioeconomic status of Black and White men, 1972-1994. Social Problems, 44, 701-719.
34. Smith, R. A. (1999). Racial differences in access to hierarchical authority: An analysis of change over time, 1972-1994. Sociological Quarterly, 40, 367-395.
35. Smith, R. A. (2001). Particularism in control over monetary resources at work: An analysis of racioethnic differences in the authority outcomes of Black, White, and Latino men. Work and Occupations, 28, 447-468.
36. Smith, R. A., & Elliott, J. R. (2002). Does ethnic concentration influence employees' access to authority? An examination of contemporary urban labor markets. Social Forces, 81, 1-25.
37. Tomaskovic-Devey, D. (1993). Gender and racial inequality at work: The sources and consequences of job segregation. Ithaca, NY: ILR Press.
38. Wilson, G. (1997). Pathways to power: Racial differences in the determinants of job authority. Social Problems, 44, 38-54.
39. Wilson, G., Sakura-Lemessy, I., & West, J. P. (1999). Reaching the top: Racial differences in mobility paths to upper-tier occupations. Work and Occupations, 26, 165-186.
40. Wolf, W., & Fligstein, N. (1979). Sexual stratification: Differences in power in the work setting. Social Forces, 58, 94-107.
41. Wright, E. O., Baxter, J., & Birkelund, G. E. (1995). The gender gap in workplace authority: A cross-national study. American Sociological Review, 60, 407-435.