Bioactive peptides in dairy products;I peptidi bioattivi nei prodotti lattiero-caseari

Italian Journal of Animal Science

Volumn 8, Issue 3, 2009, Pages 315-340

  Tidona, Flavio ^a   Criscione, Andrea ^a   Guastella, Anna Maria ^a   Zuccaro, Antonio ^a   Bordonaro, Salvatore ^a   Marletta, Donata ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CATANIA   (Italy)

Author keywords

Bioactive peptides; Dairy products; Health promoting food; Regulatory status

Indexed keywords

EID: 76249099987     PISSN: 15944077     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.4081/ijas.2009.315     Document Type: Article

References (154)

1. Adachi, S., Kimura, Y., Murakami, K., Matsuno, R., Yokogoshi, H., 1991. Separation of peptide groups with definite characteristics from enzymatic protein hydrolysate. Agric. Biol. Chem., 55:925-932.
2. Addeo, F., Chianese, L., Salzano, A., Sacchi, R., Cap-puccio, U., Ferranti, P., Malorni, A., 1992. Characterization of the 12% trichloroacetic acid-insoluble oligopeptides of Parmigiano-Reggiano cheese. J. Dairy Res. 59:401-411.
3. Adibi, S.A., 1997. The oligopeptide transporter (PEPT1) in human intestine: biology and function. Gastroenterology 113:332-340.
4. Ait-Oukhatar, N., Bouhallab, S., Arhan, P., Maubois, J.L., Bougle, D., 1999. Iron tissue storage and hemoglobin levels of deficient rats repleted with iron bound to the caseinophosfopeptide 1-25 of ß-casein. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 140:290-292.
5. Ashar, M.N., Chand, R., 2004. Fermented milk containing ACE-inhibitory peptides reduces blood pressure in middle aged hypertensive subjects. Milchwissenschaft 59:363-366.
6. Bellamy, W., Wakabayashi, H., Takase, M., Kawase, K., Shimamura, S., Tomota, M., 1993. Role of cellbinding in the antibacterial mechanism of lactoferricin B. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 75:478-484.
7. Berrocal, R., Chanton, S., Juillerat, M.A., Pavillard, B., Scherz, J.C., Jost, R., 1989. Tryptic phosphopeptides from whole casein. II. Physicochemical properties related to the solubilization of calcium. J. Dairy Res. 56:335-341.
8. Boots, J.W., Floris, R., 2006. Lactoperoxidase: From catalytic mechanism to practical applications. Int. Dairy J. 16:1272-1276.
9. Bouhallab, S., Bouglè, D., 2004. Biopeptides of milk: Caseinophosfopeptides and mineral bioavalability. Reprod. Nutr. Dev. 44:493-498.
10. Bracquart, P., Lorient, D., 1979. Etude des acides aminés sur la croissance de Streptococcus Thermophilus. Milchwissenschaft 32:221-224.
11. Brantl, V., 1984. Novel opioid peptides derived from human beta-casein: human beta-casomorphins. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 106:213-1214.
12. Brody, E.P., 2000. Biological activities of bovine gly-comacropeptide. Brit. J. Nutr. 84(Suppl.1):39-46.
13. Campagna, S., Cosette, P., Molle, G., Gaillard, J.L., 2001. Evidence for membrane affinity of the Cterminal domain of bovine milk PP3 component. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1513:217-222.
14. Campagna, S., Mathot, A.G., Fleury, Y., Girardet, J.M., Gaillard, J.L., 2004. Antibacterial activity of Lactophoricin, a synthetic 23-residues peptide derived from the sequence of bovine milk component-3 of protease peptone. J. Dairy Sci. 87:1621-1626.
15. Chang, K.J., Killian, A., Hazum, E., Cuatrecasas, P., 1981. Morphiceptin (NH4-Tyr-Pro-Phe-CONH2), a potent and specific agonist for morphine (μ) receptors. Science 212:75-77.
16. Chiba, H., Tani, F., Yoshikawa, M., 1989. Opioid antagonist peptides derived from b-casein. J. Dairy Res. 56:363-366.
17. Chiba, H., Yoshikawa, M., 1986. Biologically functional peptides from food proteins. In: R.E. Feeney (ed.). Protein tailoring for food and medical uses. Marcel Dekker Publ., New York, USA, pp 123-153.
18. Chierici, R., 2001. Antimicrobial actions of lactoferrin. Adv. Nutr. Res. 10:247-269.
19. Childs, N.M., 1999. Neutraceuticals industry trends. J. Dietary 2:73-85.
20. Clapham, J.C., Arch, J.R., Tadayyon, M., 2001. Antiobesity drugs: a critical review of current therapies and future opportunities. Pharmacol. Therapeut. 89:81-121.
21. Clare, D.A., Catignani, G.L., Swaisgood, H.E., 2003. Biodefense Properties of Milk: The Role of Anti-microbial Proteins and Peptides. Curr. Pharm. Design 9:1239-1255.
22. Clare, D.A., Swaisgood, H.E., 2000. Bioactive milk peptides: A prospectus. J. Dairy Sci. 83:1187-1195.
23. Cliffe, A.J., Law, B.A., 1990. Peptide composition of enzymetreated Cheddar cheese slurries determined by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography. Food Chem. 36:73-80.
24. Davisco, 2007. Home page address: http://www.dav-iscofoods.com/fractions/alpha-beta.cfm
25. DeFelice, S., 1995. The nutritional revolution: its impacts on food industry. Trends Food Sci. Tech. 6:59-61.
26. Dutch State Mines, 2004. DSM Home page address: http://www.dsm.com/le/en_US/peptopro/html/ home_peptopro.htm
27. El Salam, A., El-Shibiny, S., Buchheim, W., 1996. Characteristics and potential uses of the casein macropeptide. Int. Dairy J. 6:327-341.
28. Eriksen, E.K., Vegarud, G.E., Langsrud, T., Almås, H., Lea, T., 2007. In vitro inhibition of Peripheral blood mononuclear cell proliferation caused by milk proteins and their hydrolisates. pp 1-25 in Proc. 5th Int. Symp. The challenge to sheep and goats milk sectors, Alghero (SS), Italy.
29. European Commission, 1997. EU Regulation 258/197 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 January 1997 concerning novel foods and novel food ingredients. In: Official Journal, L 43, 14/2/1997, pp 1-6.
30. European Commission, 2006. EU Regulation 1924/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 December 2006 on nutrition and health claims made on foods. In: Official Journal, L 404, 30/12/2006, pp 9-25.
31. Farrell, H.M., Jimenez-Flores, R., Bleck, G.T., Brown, E.M, Butler, J.E., Creamer, L.K., Hicks, C.L., Hollar, C.M., Ng-Kwai-Hang, K.F, Swaisgood, H.E., 2004. Nomenclature of the Proteins of Cows' Milk. Sixth Revision. J. Dairy Sci. 87:1641-1674.
32. Fiat, A.M., Jollès, P., 1989. Caseins of various origins and biologically active casein peptides and oligosaccharides: Structural and physiological aspects. Mol. Cell. Biochem. 87:5-30.
33. Fiat, A.M., Migliore-Samour, D., Jollès, P., Drouet, L., Collier, C., Caen, J., 1993. Biologically active peptides from milk proteins with emphasis on two examples concerning antithrombotic and immunomodulating activities. J. Dairy Sci. 76:301-310.
34. FitzGerald, R.J., Meisel, H., 2000. Milk protein-derived peptide inhibitors of angiotensin-I-converting enzyme. Brit. J. Nutr. 84:33-37.
35. Florisa, R., Recio, I., Berkhout, B., Visser, S., 2003. Antibacterial and antiviral effects of milk proteins and derivatives thereof. Curr. Pharm. Design 9:1257-1275.
36. Fuglsang, A., Rattray, F.P., Nilsson, D., Nyborg, N.C.B., 2003. Lactic acid bacteria, inhibition of angiotensin converting enzyme in vitro and in vivo. A. Van Leeuw. J. Microb. 83:2734.
37. Ganjam, L.S., Thornton, W.H., Marshall, R.T., Mac-Donald, R.S., 1997. Antiproliferative effects of yoghurt fractions obtained by membrane dialysis on cultured mammalian intestinal cells. J. Dairy Sci. 80:2325-2329.
38. Gill, H.S., Doull, F., Rutherfurd, K.J., Cross, M.L., 2000. Immunoregulatory peptides in bovine milk. Brit. J. Nutr. 84(Suppl.):111-117.
39. Gobbetti, M, Stepaniak, L., De Angelis, M., Corsetti, A., Di Cagno, R., 2002. Latent Bioactive Peptides in Milk Proteins: Proteolytic Activation and Significance in Dairy Processing. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 42:223-239.
40. Gomez-Ruiz, J.A., Taborda, G., Amigo, L., Recio, I., Ramos, M., 2006. Identification of ACE-inhibitory peptides in different Spanish cheeses by tandem mass spectrometry. Eur Food Res. Technol. 223:595-601.
41. Gravaghi, C., Del Bavero, E., Cantù, L., Donetti, E., Bedoni, M., Fiorilli, A., Tettamanti, G., Ferraretto, A., 2007. Casein phosphopeptide promotion of calcium uptake in HT-29 cells) relationship between biological activity and supramolecular structure. FEBS Lett. 274:4999-5011.
42. Griffiths, J.C., Abernethy, D.R., Schuber, S., Williams, R.L, 2009. Functional food ingredient quality: Opportunities to improve public health by compendial standardization. J. Functional Food 1:128-130.
43. Gustafson, D.R., McMahon, D.J., Morrey, J., Nan, R., 2001. Appetite is not influenced by a unique milk peptide: Caseinomacropeptide (CMP). Appetite 36:157-163.
44. Hadden, J.W., 1991. Immunoteraphy of human immunodefiency virus infection. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 12:107-111.
45. Hansen, M., Sandstom, B., Jensen, M., Sorensen, S.S., 1997. Casein phosphopeptides improve zinc and calcium absorption from ricebased but not from whole grain infant cereal. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 24:56-62.
46. Haque, E., Chand, R., 2006. Milk protein derived bioactive peptides. Home page address: http://www. dairyscience.info/bio-peptides.htm.
47. Hartman, R., Meisel, H., 2007. Food-derived peptides with biological activity: from research to food applications. Curr. Opin. Biotech. 18:163-169.
48. Hata, I., Ueda, J., Otani, H., 1999. Immunostimulatory action of a commercially available casein phosphopeptide preparation CPP-III, in cell cultures. Milchwissenschaft 54:3-7.
49. Hayes, M., Ross, R.P., Fitzgerald, G.F., Hill, C., Stanton C., 2005. Casein-Derived Antimicrobial Peptides Generated by Lactobacillus acidophilus DPC6026. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 72:2260-2264.
50. Host, A., Halken, S., 2004. Hypoallergenic formulas - when, to whom and how long: after more then 15 years we know the right indication! Allergy 59:45-52.
51. Ijas, H., Collin, M., Finckenberg, P., Pihlanto-Lep-pala, A., Korhonen, H., Korpela, R., Vapaatalo, H., Nurminen, M., 2004. Antihypertensive opioid-like milk peptidelactorphin: lack of effect on behavioural tests in mice. Int. Dairy J. 14:201-205.
52. Janecka, A., Fichna, J., Janecki, T., 2004. Opioid receptors and their ligands. Curr. Top. Med. Chem. 4:1-17.
53. Japan Health Food and Nutrition Food Association, 2007. JHNFA annual report. Home page address: http://www.nutraceuticalsworld. Com/articles/2008/11/japan.
54. Jollès, P., Loucheux-Lefèbvre, M.H., Henschen, A., 1978. Structural relatedness of k-casein and fibrinogen?-chain. J. Mol. Evol. 11:271-277.
55. Jollès, P., Parker, F., Floch, F., Migliore, D., Alliel, P., Zerial, A., Werner, G.H., 1981. Immunostimulating substances from human casein. J. Immuno-pharmacology 3:363-369.
56. Kato, M., Fujiwara, Y., Okamoto, A., Yoshikawa, M., Chiba, H., Udaka, S., 1995. Efficient production of Casoxin D, a bradykinin agonist peptide derived from human casein, by Bacillus brevis. Biosci. Biotech. Bioch. 59:2056-2059.
57. Kawasaki, Y., Isoda, H., Tanimoto, M., Dosako, S., Idota, T., Ahiko, K, 1992. Inhibition by lactoferrin and -casein glycomacropeptide of binding of Cholera toxin to its receptor. Biosci. Biotech. Bioch. 56:195-198.
58. Kayser, H., Meisel, H., 1996. Stimulation of human peripheral blood lymphocytes by bioactive peptides derived from bovine milk proteins. FEBS Lett. 383:18-20.
59. Kim, Y.E., Yoon, S., Yu, D.Y., Lönnerdal, B., Chung, B.H., 1999. Novel Angiotensin-I-converting enzyme inhibitory peptides from recombinant human as1-casein expressed in Escherichia coli. J. Dairy Res. 66:431-439.
60. Kitts, D.D., Weiler, K., 2003. Bioactive proteins and peptides from food sources. Applications of bio-processes used in isolation and recovery. Curr. Pharm. Design 9:1309-1323.
61. Korhonen, H., Pihlanto, A., 2003. Food-derived bioactive peptides-opportunities for designing future foods. Curr. Pharm. Design 9:1297-1308.
62. Korhonen, H., Pihlanto, A., 2004. Milk-derived bioactive peptides: formation and prospects for health promotion. In: C. Shortt and J. O'Brien (eds.) Handbook of functional dairy products. Functional foods and nutraceuticals series 6, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, USA, pp 109-124.
63. Korhonen, H., Pihlanto, A., 2006. Review. Bioactive peptides: Production and functionality. Int. Dairy J. 16:945-960.
64. Korhonen, H., Pihlanto, A., 2007. Technological Options for the Production of Health-Promoting Proteins and Peptides Derived from Milk and Colostrum. Curr. Pharm. Design 13:829-843
65. Lahov, E., Regelson, W., 1996. Antibacterial and immunostimulating casein-derived substances from milk: Caseicidin, isracvidin peptides. Food Chem. Toxicol. 34:131-145.
66. Lee, K.D., Warthesen, J.J., 1995. Preparative Methods of Isolating Bitter Peptides from Cheddar Cheese. J. Agricult. Food Chem. 44:1058-1063.
67. Li, E.W.Y., Mine, Y., 2004. Immunoenhancing effects of bovine glycomacropeptide and its derivatives on the proliferative response and phagocytic activities of human macrophagelike cells, U937. J. Agricult. Food Chem. 52:2704-2708.
68. Lòpez-Expòsito, I., Gòmez-Ruiz, J.A., Amigo, L., Recio, I., 2006. Identification of antibacterial peptides from ovine as2-casein. Int. Dairy J. 16:1072-1080.
69. Lòpez-Expòsito, I., Recio, I., 2006. Antibacterial activity of peptides and folding variants from milk proteins. Int. Dairy J. 16:1294-1305.
70. Lòpez-Huertas, E., Teucher, B., Boza, J.J., Martínez-Férez, A., Majsak-Newman, G.M, Baro, L., Carrero, J.J., González-Santiago, M., Fonolla, J., Fairweather-Tait, S., 2006. Absorption of calcium from milks enriched with fructooligosaccharides, caseinophosphopeptides, tricalcium phosphate, and milk solids1-3. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 83:310-316.
71. Loukas, L., Varoucha, D., Zioudrou, C., Straty, R.A., Klee, W.A., 1983. Opioid activities and structures of alpha-casein-derived exorphins. Biochemistry 22:4567-4573.
72. Maes, W., Van Camp, J., Vermeissen V., Hemeryck M., Ketelslegers, J.M., Scherezenmeir, J., van Oostveldt, P., Huyghbaert, A., 2004. Influence of the lactokinin Ala-Leu-Pro-Met-His-Ile-Arg (ALPMHIR) on the release of endothelial cells. Regul. Pept. 118:105-109.
73. Malkoski, M., Dashper, S.G., O'Brien-Simpson, N.M., Talbo, G.H., Macris, M., Cross, K.J., Reynolds, E.C., 2001. Kappacin, a Novel Antibacterial Peptide from Bovine Milk. Antimicrob. Agents Ch. 45:2309-2315.
74. Manso, M.A., López-Fandiño, R., 2004. k-Casein Macropeptides from cheese whey: physicochemical, biological, nutritional, and technological features for possible use. Food Res. Int. 20:329-355.
75. Markus, C.R., Jonkman, L.M., Lammers, J.H.C., Deutz, N.E.P., Messer, M.H, Rigtering, N., 2005. Evening Intake of Alpha-Lactalbumin Increases Plasma Tryptophan Availability and Improves Morning Alertness and Brain Measures of Attention. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 81:1026-1033.
76. Martins, S., Jongen, W.M.F., van Boekel, M., 2000. A review of Maillard reaction in food and implications to kinetic modelling. Trends Food Sci. Tech. 11:364-373.
77. Maruyama, S., Miyoshi, S., Tanaka, H., 1989. Angiotensin I-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors Derived From Ficus carica. Agric. Biol. Chem. 53:2763-2767.
78. Masschalck, B., Michiels, C.W., 2003. Antimicrobial properties of lysozyme in relation to foodborne vegetative bacteria. Crit. Rev. Microbiol. 29:191-214.
79. Matin, M.A., Monnai, M., Otani, H., 2000. Isolation and characterization of a cytotoxic pentapeptide?-casecidin, from bovine?-casein digested with bovine trypsin. J. Animal Sci. 71:197-207.
80. Matin, M.A., Otani, H., 2002. Cytotoxic and antibacterial activities of chemically synthesized?-casecidin and its partial peptide fragments. J Dairy Res. 69:329-334.
81. McCann, K.B., Shiell, B.J., Michalski, W.P., Lee, A., Wan, J., Roginski, H., 2006. Isolation and characterisation of a novel antibacterial peptide from bovine as1-casein, Int. Dairy J. 16:316-323.
82. Meisel, H., 1997a. Biochemical properties of bioactive peptides derived from milk proteins: Potential nutraceuticals for food and pharmaceutical applications. Livest. Prod. Sci. 50:125-138.
83. Meisel, H., 1997b. Biochemical properties of regulatory peptides derived from milk proteins. Biopolymers 43:119-128.
84. Meisel, H., 1998. Overview on milk protein-derived peptides. Int. Dairy J. 8:363-373.
85. Meisel, H., Andersson, H., Buhl, K., Ebersdobler, H.F., Schlimme, E., 1991. Heat-induced changes in casein-derived phosphopeptides. Z. Ernahrungswiss. 30:227-232.
86. Meisel, H., Bernard, H., Fairweather-Tait, S., Fit-zGerald, R.J., Hartmann, R., Lane, C.N., 2003. Detection of caseinophosphopeptides in the distal ileostomy fluid of human subjects. Brit. J. Nutr. 89:351-358.
87. Meisel, H., Bockelmann, W., 1999. Bioactive peptides encrypted in milk proteins: Proteolytic activation and thropho-functional properties. Anton. Leeuw. Int. J.G. 76:207-215.
88. Meisel, H., FitzGerald, R.J., 2000. Opioid peptides encrypted in milk protein sequences. Brit. J. Nutr. 84(Suppl. 1):27-31.
89. Meisel, H., FitzGerald, R.J., 2003. Biofunctional peptides from milk proteins: mineral binding and cytomodulatory effects. Curr. Pharm. Design 9:1289-1295.
90. Meisel, H., Goepfert, A., Günter, S., 1997. ACE inhibitory activities in milk products. Milchwissenschaft 52:307-311.
91. Meisel, H., Schlimme, E., 1990. Milk proteins: Precursors of bioactive peptides. Trends Food Sci. Tech. 1:175-176.
92. Meisel, H., Schlimme, E., 1994. Inhibitors of angio-tensin-converting enzyme derived from bovine casein (casokinins). In: V. Brantl and H. Te- schemacher (eds.) ß-Casomorphins and Related Peptides: Recent Developments. VCH-Weinheim, Germany, pp 27-33.
93. Mellander, O., 1950. The physiological importance of the casein phosphopeptide calcium salts II. Per- Ital.J.anIm.ScI. vol. 8, 315-340, 2009 oral calcium dosage of infants. Acta Med. Scand. 55: 247-255.
94. Mierke, D.F., Nobner, G., Schiller, P.W., Goodman, M., 1990. Morphiceptin analogs containing 2-amino-cyclopentane carboxylic acid as a peptidomimetic for proline. Int. J. Pept. Protein Res. 35:34-35.
95. Migliore-Samour, D., Floch, F., Jollès, P., 1989. Biologically active casein peptides implicated in immunomodulation. J. Dairy Res. 56:357-362.
96. Migliore-Samour, D., Jollès, P., 1988. Casein Prohormone with an immunomodulating role for the newborn. Experientia 44:188-193.
97. Minagawa, E., Kaminogawa, S., Tsukasaki, F., Yamauchi, K., 1989. Deittering mechanism in bitter peptides of enzymatic hydrolysates from milk casein by aminopeptidase T. J. Food Sci. 54:1225-1229.
98. Minervini, F., Algaron, F., Rizzello, C.G., Fox, P.F., Monnet, V., Godetti, M., 2003. Angiotensin I-convertine enzyme inhibitory and antibacterial peptides from Lactobacillus helveticus PR4 proteinase hydrolized casein of milk from six species. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 69:5297-5305.
99. Minkiewicz, P., Dziuba J., Iwaniak, A., Dziuba, M., Darewicz, M., 2008. Biopep database and other programs for processing bioactive peptide sequences. J. AOAC Int. 91:965-980.
100. Morgan, M.V., Adams, G.G., Bailey, D.L., Tsao, C.E., Fischman, S.L., Reynolds, E.C., 2008. The Anticariogenic Effect of Sugar-Free Gum Containing CPP-ACP Nanocomplexes on Approximal Caries Determined Using Digital Bitewing Radiography. Caries Res. 42:171-184.
101. Mullally, M.M., Meisel, H., FitzGerald, R.J., 1997. Identification of a novel angitensin-I-converting enzyme inhibitory peptide corresponding to a tryptic fragment of bovine ß-lactoglobulin. FEBS Lett. 402:99-101.
102. Nagaoka, S., Futamura, Y., Miwa, K., Awano, T., Yamauchi, K., Kanamaru, Y., 2001. Identification of novel hypocholesterolemic peptides derived from bovine milk ß-lactoglobulin. Biochem. Bioph. Res. Co. 218:11-17.
103. Nakamura, Y., Yamamoto, N., Sakai, K., Ocubo, A., Yamazaki, Y., and Takano, T., 1995. Purification and characterization of angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitors from sour milk. J. Dairy Sci. 78:777-783.
104. Nurminen, M.L., Sipola, M., Kaarto, H., Pihlanto-Leppälä, A., Piilola, K., Korpela, R., 2000. α lactorphin lower blood pressure via radiotelemetry in normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats. Life Sci. 66:1535-1543.
105. Pakkanen, R., Aalto, J., 1997. Growth factors and antimicrobial factors of bovine colostrum. Int. Dairy J. 7:285-297.
106. Pan, Y., Lee, A., Wan, J., Coventry, M.J., Michalski, W.P., Shiell, B., Roginski, H., 2006. Antiviral properties of milk proteins and peptides. Int. Dairy J. 16:1252-1261.
107. Parker, F., Migliore-Samour, D., Floch, F., Zerial, A., Werner, G.H., Jollès, J., Casaretto, M., Zahn, H., Jollès, P., 1984. Immunostimulating hexapeptide from human casein: Amino acid sequence, synthesis and biological properties. Eur. J. Biochem. 145:677-682.
108. Petrilli, P., Addeo, F., Chianese, L., 1983. Primary structure of water buffalo beta-casein tryptic and CNBr peptides. Ital. J. Biochem. 32:336-344.
109. Pihlanto, A., Korhonen, H., 2003. Bioactive peptides and proteins. Adv. Food Nutr. Res. 47:175-276.
110. Qian, Z.Y., Jollès, P., Migliore-Samour, D., Schoentgen, F., Fiat, A.M., 1995. Sheep k-casein peptides inhibit platelet aggregation. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1244:411-417.
111. Recio, I., Quirós, A., Hernández-Ledesma, B., Gómez-Ruiz, J.A., Miguel, M., Amigo, L., López-Expósito, I., Ramos, M., Aleixandre, A., 2005. Bioactive peptides identified in enzyme hydrolysates from milk caseins and procedure for their obtention. Eur. Patent 200501373.
112. Reynolds, E.C., Cai, F., Cochrane, N.J., Shen, P., Walker, G.D., Morgan, M.V., Reynolds, C., 2008. Fluoride and casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate. J. Dent. Res. 87:344-348.
113. Richardson, B.C., Mercier, J.C., 1979. The Primary Structure of the Ovine ß-Caseins. Eur. J. Biochem. 99:285-285.
114. Rival, S.G., Boeriu, C.G., Wichers, H.J., 2001. Caseins and casein hydrolysates. 2. Antioxidative proper ties and relevance to lipoxygenase inhibition. J. Agr. Food Chem. 49:295-302.
115. Rizzello, C.G., Losito, I., Gobbetti, M., Carbonara, T., De Bari, M.D., Zambonin, P.G., 2005. Antibacterial activities of peptides from the water-soluble extracts of Italian cheese varieties. J. Dairy Sci. 88:2348-2360.
116. Roufik, S., Gauthier, S.F, Turgeon, S.L, 2006. In vitro digestibility of bioactive peptides derived from bovine ß-lactoglobulin, Int. Dairy J. 16:294-302.
117. Ryhänen, E.L., Pihlanto, A., Pahkala, E., 2001. A new type of ripened, low-fat cheese with bioactive properties. Int. Dairy J. 11:441-447.
118. Sayer, G.P., Britt, H., Lahov, E., Regelson, W., 1996. Antibacterial and Immunostimulating Casein-derived Substances from Milk: Casecidin, Isracidin Peptides. Food Chem. Toxicol. 34:131-145.
119. Shtatland, T., Guettler, D., Kossodo, M., Pivovarov, M., Weissleder, R., 2007. PepBank - a database of peptides based on sequence text mining and public peptide data sources. BMC Bioinformatics 8:280-286.
120. Seppo, L., Jauhiainen, T., Poussa, T., Korpela, R., 2003. A fermented milk high in bioactive peptides has a blood pressure-lowering effect in hypertensive subjects. Am. J. Clin Nutr. 77:326-330.
121. Seppo, L., Kerojoki, O., Suomalainen, T., Korpela, R., 2002. The effect of a Lactobacillus helveticus LBK-16 H fermented milk on hypertension - a pilot study on humans. Milchwissenschaft 57:124-127.
122. Silva, S.V., Malcata, F.X., 2005. Caseins as source of bioactive peptides. Int. Dairy J. 15:1-5.
123. Singh, T.K., Fox, P.F., Healy, A., 1997. Isolation and identification of further peptides in the diafiltration retentate of the water-soluble fraction of Cheddar cheese. J. Dairy Res. 64:433-443.
124. Sipola, M., Finckenberg, P., Korpela, R., Vapaatalo, H., Nurminen, M.L., 2002. Effect of long-term in-take of milk products on blood pressure in hypertensive rats. Life Sci. 71:1245-1253.
125. Smacchi, E., Gobbetti, M., 2000. Bioactive peptides in dairy products: Syntesis and interactions with proteolyc enzymes. Food Microbiol. 17:129-141.
126. Stepaniak, L., Jedrychowski, L., Wroblewska, B., Sørhaug, T., 2001. Immunoreactivity and inhibi tion of angiotensin I converting enzyme and lactococcal oligopeptidase by peptides from cheese. Ital. J. Food Sci. 13:373-381.
127. Sturner, R.A., Chang, K.J., 1998. Opioid peptide content in infant formulas. Pediatr. Res. 23:4-10.
128. Suetsuna, K., Ukeda, H., Ochi, H., 2000. Isolation and characterisation of free radical scavenging activities peptides derived from casein. J. Nutr. Biochem. 11:128-131.
129. Takano, 1998. The impact of fermentation and In vitro digestion on the formation of Angiotensin-I-Converting Enzyme inhibitory activity from pea and whey protein. J. Dairy Sci. 86:429-438.
130. Tani, F., Iio, K., Chiba, H., Yoshikawa, M., 1990. Isolation and characterization of opioid antagonist peptides derived from human lactoferrin. Agric. Biol. Chem. 54:1803-1810.
131. Tani, F., Shiota, A., Chiba, H., Yoshikawa, M., 1994. Serophin, an opioid peptide derived from serum albumin. In: V. Brantl and H. Teschemacher (eds.) ß-casomorphins and related peptides: recent de-velopments. VCH-Weinheim, Germany, pp 49-53.
132. Teschemacher, H., 2003. Opioid receptor ligands derived from food proteins. Curr. Pharm. Design 9:1331-1344.
133. Teucher, B., Majsak-Newman, G., Dainty, J.R., Mc-Donagh, D., FitzGerald, R.J, Fairweather-Tait, S., 2006. Calcium absorption is not increased by caseinophosphopeptides. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 84:162-166.
134. Tome, D., Debabbi, H., 1998. Physiological effects of milk protein components. Int. Dairy J. 8:383-392.
135. Ulvatne, H., Samuelsen, Ø., Haukland, H.H., Krämer, M., Vorland, L.H., 2004. Lactoferricin B inhibits bacterial macromolecular synthesis in E. coli and Bacillus subtilis. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 237:377-384.
136. US CFR, 2008. Section 190.6. Home page address: http://edocket.access.gpo.gov/cfr_2008/aprqtr/ 21cfr190.6.htm
137. Van Boven, A., Tan, P.S.T., Konings, W.M., 1986. Purification and Characterization of a Dipeptidase from Streptococcus cremoris Wg2. Neth. Milk Dairy J. l 40:117-127.
138. van der Kraan, M.I., Nazmi, K., Teeken, A., Groe nink, J., van't Hof, W., Veerman, E.C., Bolscher, J.G., Nieuw Amerongen, A.V., 2005. Lactoferrampin, an antimicrobial peptide of bovine lacto ferrin, exerts its candidacidal activity by a cluster of positively charged residues at the Cterminus in combination with a helix-facilitating N-terminal part. Biol. Chem. 386:137-142.
139. Vegarud, G.E.; Langsrud, T., 1989. The level of bitterness and solubility of hydrolysates produced by controlled proteolysis of caseins. J. Dairy Res. 56:375-379.
140. Verissimo, P., Esteves, C., Faro, C., Pires, E., 1995. The vegetable rennet of Cinara Cardunculus L. contains two proteinases with chymosin and pepsin-like specificities. Biotechnol. Lett. 17:621-626.
141. Vermeirssen, V., Van Camp, J., Verstraete, W., 2004. Bioavailability of angiotensin I converting enzyme inhibitory peptides. Brit. J. Nutr. 92:357-366.
142. Wakabayashi, M., Takase, M., Tomita, M., 2003. Lactoferricin derived from milk protein lactoferrin. Curr. Pharm. Design 9:1277-1287.
143. Walsh, D.J., Bernard, H., Murray, B.A, MacDonald, J., Pentzien, A-K., Wright, G.A., 2004. In vitro generation and stability of lactokinin ß-lactoglobulin fragment (142-148). J. Dairy Sci. 87:3845-3857.
144. Xu, R.J., 1998. Bioactive peptides in milk and their biological and health implications. Food Rev. Int. 14:1-16.
145. Yamamoto, N., Ejiri, M., Mizuno, S., 2003. Biogenic peptides and their potential use. Curr. Pharm. Design 9:1345-1355.
146. Yamamoto, N., Maeno, M., Takano, T., 1999. Purification and characterisation of an antihypertensive peptide from yoghurt-like product fermented by Lactobacillus helveticus CPN4. J. Dairy Sci. 82:1388-1393.
147. Yoshikawa, M., Suganuma, H., Takahashi, M., Usui, H., Kurahashi, K., Chiba, H., 1994. Casomokinins, opioid/vaso-relaxing peptides derivatized from casoxin D or ß-casomorphin-6. Regul. Peptides 53:253-254.
148. Yoshikawa, M., Tani, F., Ashikaga, T., Yoshimura, T., Chiba, H., 1989. Purification and characterization of an opioid antagonist from peptic digest of bovine k-casein. Agr. Biol. Chem. Tokyo 50:2951-2954.
149. Yoshikawa, M., Tani, F., Chiba, H., 1988. Structure-activity relationship of opioid antagonist peptides derived from milk proteins. In: T Shiba (ed.) Peptide Chemistry. Protein Res. Found. Publ., Osaka, Japan, pp 473-476.
150. Yoshikawa, M., Tani, F., Yoshimura, T., Chiba, H., 1986. Opioid peptides from milk proteins. Agric. Biol. Chem. 50:2419-2421.
151. Yvon, M., Beucher, S., Guilloteau, P., Le Huerou- Luron, I., Corring, T., 1994. Effects of Caseino macropeptides (GMP) on digestion regulation. Reprod. Nutr. Dev. 34:527-537.
152. Zabielski, R., 2007. Hormonal and neural regulation of intestinal function in pigs. Livest. Sci. 108:32-40.
153. Zamyatnin, A.A., Borchikov, A.S., Vladimirov, M.G., Voronina, O.L., 2006. Fragmentomics of oligo-peptides and proteins. Nucleic Acids Res. 34:261-266.
154. Zucht, H.D., Raida, M., Adermann, K., Magert, H.J., Forssman, W.G., 1995. Casocidin-I: a casein as2-derived peptide exhibits antibacterial activity. FEBS Lett. 372:185-188.