Oxidative stress and medical antioxidant treatment in male infertility

Reproductive BioMedicine Online

Volumn 19, Issue 5, 2009, Pages 638-659

  Lanzafame, Francesco ^a   La Vignera, Sandro ^b   Vicari, Enzo ^b   Calogero, Aldo E ^b  

^a Unit of Surgery   (Italy)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CATANIA   (Italy)

Author keywords

Antioxidant treatment; Male infertility; Oxidative stress; Spermatozoa

Indexed keywords

ANTIOXIDANT; POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACID; REACTIVE OXYGEN METABOLITE;

CHROMATIN; CLINICAL ASSESSMENT; CLINICAL PRACTICE; DNA INTEGRATION; ESTROGEN DEFICIENCY; HUMAN; MALE INFERTILITY; NEUTROPHIL; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PREVENTIVE MEDICINE; REVIEW; SEMEN ANALYSIS; SPERMATOZOON;

EID: 74949105248     PISSN: 14726483     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2009.09.014     Document Type: Review

References (270)

1. Aboulghar H, Aboulghar M, Mansour R et al. 2001 A prospective controlled study of karyotyping for 430 consecutive babies conceived through intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Fertility and Sterility 76, 249-253.
2. Agarwal A, Said TM 2004 Carnitines and male infertility. Reproductive BioMedicine Online 8, 376-384.
3. Agarwal A, Ikemoto I, Loughlin KR 1994 Relationship of sperm parameters with levels of reactive oxygen species in semen specimens. Journal of Urology 152, 107-110.
4. Ahmadi A, Ng SC 1999 Developmental capacity of damaged spermatozoa. Human Reproduction 14, 2279-2285.
5. Ahmadi A, Ng SC 1999 Fertilizing ability of DNA-damaged spermatozoa. Journal of Experimental Zoology 284, 696-704.
6. Aitken RJ 1997 Molecular mechanisms regulating human sperm function. Molecular Human Reproduction 3, 169-173.
7. Aitken RJ 1995 Free radicals, lipid peroxidation and sperm function. Reproduction, Fertility, and Development 7, 659-668.
8. Aitken RJ, Baker MA 2006 Oxidative stress, sperm survival and fertility control. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology 250, 66-69.
9. Aitken RJ, Clarkson JS 1988 Significance of reactive oxygen species and antioxidants in defining the efficacy of sperm preparation techniques. Journal of Andrology 9, 367-376.
10. Aitken RJ, Clarkson JS 1987 Cellular basis of defective sperm function and its association with the genesis of reactive oxygen species by human spermatozoa. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility 81, 459-469.
11. Aitken RJ, Fisher H 1994 Reactive oxygen species generation and human spermatozoa: the balance of benefit and risk. BioEssays 16, 259-267.
12. Aitken RJ, Krausz C 2001 Oxidative stress, DNA damage and the Y chromosome. Reproduction 122, 497-506.
13. Aitken RJ, West K 1990 Analysis of the relationship between reactive oxygen species production and leucocyte infiltrations in fractions of human semen separated on Percoll gradients. International Journal of Andrology 13, 433-451.
14. Aitken RJ, Wingate JK, De Iuliis G et al. 2006 Cis-unsaturated fatty acids stimulate reactive oxygen species generation and lipid peroxidation in human spermatozoa. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 91, 4154-4163.
15. Aitken RJ, Gordon E, Harkiss D et al. 1998 Negative impact of oxidative stress on the functional competence and genomic integrity of human spermatozoa. Biology of Reproduction 59, 1037-1046.
16. Aitken RJ, Buckingham DW, Carreras A, Irvine DS 1996 Superoxide dismutase in human sperm suspensions: relationship with cellular composition, oxidative stress, and sperm function. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 21, 495-504.
17. Aitken RJ, Harkiss D, Buckingham D 1993 Relationship between iron-catalysed lipid peroxidation potential and human sperm function. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility 98, 257-265.
18. Aitken RJ, Buckingham D, Harkiss D 1993 Use of a xanthine oxidase free radical generating system to investigate the cytotoxic effects of reactive oxygen species on human spermatozoa. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility 97, 441-450.
19. Aitken RJ, Buckingham D, West K et al. 1992 Differential contribution of leucocytes and spermatozoa to the generation of reactive oxygen species in the ejaculates of oligozoospermic patients and fertile donors. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility 94, 451-462.
20. Aitken RJ, Irvine DS, Wu FC 1991 Prospective analysis of sperm oocyte fusion and reactive oxygen species generation as criteria for the diagnosis of infertility. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 164, 542-551.
21. Aitken RJ, Clarkson JS, Hargreave TB et al. 1989 Analysis of the relationship between defective sperm function and the generation of reactive oxygen species in cases of oligozoospermia. Journal of Andrology 10, 214-220.
22. Alkan I, Simsek F, Haklar G et al. 1997 Reactive oxygen species production by the spermatozoa of patients with idiopathic infertility: relationship to seminal plasma antioxidants. Journal of Urology 157, 140-143.
23. Allen RG, Tresini M 2000 Oxidative stress and gene regulation. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 28, 463-499.
24. Alleva R, Scararmucci A, Mantero F et al. 1997 Protective role of ubiquinol content against formation of lipid hydroperoxide in human seminal fluid. Molecular Aspects of Medicine 18, S221-S228.
25. Alvarez JG, Storey BT 1995 Differential incorporation of fatty acids into and peroxidative loss of fatty acids from phospholipids of human spermatozoa. Molecular Reproduction and Development 42, 334-346.
26. Alvarez JG, Storey BT 1989 Role of glutathione peroxidase in protecting mammalian spermatozoa from loss of motility caused by spontaneous lipid peroxidation. Gamete Research 23, 77-90.
27. Alvarez JG, Sharma RK, Ollero M et al. 2002 Increased DNA damage in sperm from leukocytospermic semen samples as determined by the sperm chromatin structure assay. Fertility and Sterility 78, 319-329.
28. Alvarez JG, Touchstone JC, Blasco L, Storey BT 1987 Spontaneous lipid peroxidation and production of hydrogen peroxide and superoxide in human spermatozoa. Superoxide dismutase as major enzyme protectant against oxygen toxicity. Journal of Andrology 8, 338-348.
29. Angelopoulou R, Plastira K, Msaouel P 2007 Spermatozoal sensitive biomarkers to defective protaminosis and fragmented DNA. Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology 5, 36-50.
30. Armstrong JS, Rajasekaran M, Hellstrom WJ, Sikka SC 1998 Antioxidant potential of human serum albumin: role in the recovery of high quality human spermatozoa for assisted reproductive technology. Journal of Andrology 19, 412-419.
31. Aydemir B, Onaran I, Kiziler AR et al. 2008 The influence of oxidative damage on viscosity of seminal fluid in infertile men. Journal of Andrology 29, 41-46.
32. Aydemir B, Onaran I, Kiziler AR et al. 2007 Increased oxidative damage of sperm and seminal plasma in men with idiopathic infertility is higher in patients with glutathione S-transferase Mu-1 null genotype. Asian Journal of Andrology 9, 108-115.
33. Aydemir B, Kiziler AR, Onaran I et al. 2006 Impact of Cu and Fe concentrations on oxidative damage in male infertility. Biological Trace Element Research 112, 193-203.
34. Balercia G, Mosca F, Mantero F et al. 2004 Coenzyme Q(10) supplementation in infertile men with idiopathic asthenozoospermia: an open, uncontrolled pilot study. Fertility and Sterility 81, 93-98.
35. Balercia G, Armeni T, Mantero F et al. 2003 Total oxyradical scavenging capacity toward different reactive oxygen species in seminal plasma and sperm cells. Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine 41, 13-19.
36. Barbieri ER, Hidalgo ME, Venegas A et al. 1999 Varicocele-associated decrease in antioxidant defenses. Journal of Andrology 20, 713-717.
37. Barroso G, Morshedi M, Oehringer S 2000 Analysis of DNA fragmentation, plasma membrane translocation of phosphatidylserine and oxidative stress in human spermatozoa. Human Reproduction 15, 1338-1344.
38. - scavenging properties. Archiv der Pharmazie (Weinheim) 313, 330-337.
39. Benchaib M, Lornage J, Mazoyer C et al. 2007 Sperm deoxyribonucleic acid fragmentation as a prognostic indicator of assisted reproductive technology outcome. Fertility and Sterility 87, 93-100.
40. Bennetts LE, De Iuliis GN, Nixon B et al. 2008 Impact of estrogenic compounds on DNA integrity in human spermatozoa: evidence for cross-linking and redox cycling activities. Mutation Research 641, 1-11.
41. 2 with unsaturated fatty acids. Journal of Biological Chemistry 258, 4749-4761.
42. Blesbois E, Grasseau I, Blum JC 1993 Effects of vitamin E on fowl semen storage at 4 °C. Theriogenology 39, 771-779.
43. Blondin P, Coenen K, Sirard MA 1997 The impact of reactive oxygen species on bovine sperm fertilizing ability and oocyte maturation. Journal of Andrology 18, 454-460.
44. Bofinger MK, Needham DF, Saldana LR et al. 1999 45,X/ 46,X,r(Y) karyotype transmitted by father to son after intracytoplasmic sperm injection for oligospermia. A case report. Journal of Reproductive Medicine 44, 645-648.
45. Buckett WM, Luckas MJM, Gazvani MR et al. 1997 Seminal plasma lactoferrin concentrations in normal and abnormal semen samples. Journal of Andrology 18, 302-304.
46. Castellini C, Lattaioli P, Bernardini M, Dal Bosco A 2000 Effect of dietary alpha-tocopheryl acetate and ascorbic acid on rabbit semen stored at 5 °C. Theriogenology 54, 523-533.
47. Chen CS, Chao HT, Pan RL, Wei YH 1997 Hydroxyl radical-induced decline in motility and increase in lipid peroxidation and DNA modification in human sperm. Biochemestry and Molecular Biology International 43, 291-303.
48. Chew BP 1993 Effects of supplemental beta-carotene and vitamin A on reproduction in swine. Journal of Animal Science 71, 247-252.
49. Chi HJ, Kim JH, Ryu CS et al. 2008 Protective effect of antioxidant supplementation in sperm-preparation medium against oxidative stress in human spermatozoa. Human Reproduction 23, 1023-1028.
50. Chiu SM, Xue LY, Friedman LR, Oleinick NL 1995 Differential dependence on chromatin structure for copper and iron ion induction of DNA doublestrand breaks. Biochemistry 34, 2653-2661.
51. Cocuzza M, Athayde KS, Agarwal A et al. 2008 Age-related increase of reactive oxygen species in neat semen in healthy fertile men. Urology 71, 490-494.
52. Colleu D, Lescoat D, Gouranton J 1996 Nuclear maturity of human spermatozoa selected by swim-up or Percoll gradient centrifugation procedures. Fertility and Sterility 65, 160-164.
53. Comhaire FH, Mahmoud A 2003 The role of food supplements in the treatment of the infertile man. Reproductive Bio Medicine Online 7, 385-391.
54. Comhaire FH, El Garem Y, Mahmoud A et al. 2005 Combined conventional/antioxidant 'Astaxanthin' treatment for male infertility: a double blind, randomized trial. Asian Journal of Andrology 7, 257-262.
55. Comhaire FH, Christophe AB, Zalata AA et al. 2000 The effects of combined conventional treatment, oral antioxidants and essential fatty acids on sperm biology in subfertile men. Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes, and Essential Fatty Acids 63, 159-165.
56. Comhaire FH, Mahmoud AM, Depuydt CE et al. 1999 Mechanism and effects of male genital tract infection on sperm quality and fertilizing potential: the andrologist's view point. Human Reproduction Update 5, 393-398.
57. Cram DS, Ma K, Bhasin S et al. 2000 Y chromosome analysis of infertile men and their sons conceived through intracytoplasmic sperm injection: vertical transmission of deletions and rarity of de-novo deletions. Fertility and Sterility 74, 909-915.
58. Cutler RG 1991 Antioxidants and aging. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 53(suppl. 1), 373S-379S.
59. Cutler RG, Plummer J, Chowdhury K, Heward C 2005 Oxidative stress profiling: part II. Theory, technology, and practice. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1055, 136-158.
60. D'Agata R, Vicari E, Moncada ML et al. 1990 Generation of reactive oxygen species in subgroups of infertile men. International Journal of Andrology 13, 344-351.
61. Dalvit GC, Cetica PD, Beconi MT 1998 Effect of alpha-tocopherol and ascorbic acid on bovine in vitro fertilization. Theriogenology 49, 619-627.
62. Das S, Chattopadhyay R, Jana SK et al. 2008 Cut-off value of reactive oxygen species for predicting semen quality and fertilization outcome. Systems Biology in Reproductive Medicine 54, 47-54.
63. Davies KJ 1995 Oxidative stress: the paradox of aerobic life. Biochemical Society Symposium 61, 1-31.
64. Davis BK 1981 Timing of fertilization in mammals: sperm cholesterol/phospholipid ratio as a determinant of the capacitation interval. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA) 78, 7560-7564.
65. Dawson EB, Harris WA, Rankin WE et al. 1987 Effect of ascorbic acid on male fertility. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 498, 312-323.
66. Dawson EB, Harris WA, Teter MC, Powell LC 1992 Effect of ascorbic acid supplementation on the sperm quality of smokers. Fertility and Sterility 58, 1034-1039.
67. De Lamirande E, Gagnon C 1995 Capacitation-associated production of superoxide ion by human spermatozoa. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 18, 487-495.
68. De Lamirande E, Gagnon C 1993 A positive role for the superoxide anion in triggering hyperactivation and capacitation of human spermatozoa. International Journal of Andrology 16, 21-25.
69. De Lamirande E, Gagnon C 1993 Human sperm hyperactivation in whole semen and its association with low superoxide scavenging capacity in seminal plasma. Fertility and Sterility 59, 1291-1295.
70. De Lamirande E, Gagnon C 1992 Reactive oxygen species and human spermatozoa. I. Effects on the motility of intact spermatozoa and on sperm axonemes. Journal of Andrology 13, 368-378.
71. De Lamirande E, Gagnon C 1992 Reactive oxygen species and human spermatozoa. II. Depletion of adenosine triphosphate plays an important role in the inhibition of sperm motility. Journal of Andrology 13, 379-386.
72. De Lamirande E, O'Flaherty C 2008 Sperm activation: role of reactive oxygen species and kinases. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1784, 106-115.
73. Den Boer PJ, Poot M, Verkerk A et al. 1990 Glutathione-dependent defence mechanisms in isolated round spermatids from the rat. International Journal of Andrology 13, 26-38.
74. Dizdaroglu M 1992 Oxidative damage to DNA in mammalian chromatin. Mutation Research 275, 331-342.
75. Doba T, Burton GW, Ingold KU 1985 Antioxidant and co-antioxidant activity of vitamin C. The effect of vitamin C, either alone or in the presence of vitamin E or a water-soluble vitamin E analogue, upon the peroxidation of aqueous multilamellar phospholipid liposomes. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 835, 298-303.
76. Dokmeci D 2005 Oxidative stress, male infertility and the role of carnitines. Folia Medica (Plovdiv) 47, 26-30.
77. Donnelly ET, McClure N, Lewis SE 2000 Glutathione and hypotaurine in vitro: effects on human sperm motility, DNA integrity and production of reactive oxygen species. Mutagenesis 15, 61-68.
78. Donnelly ET, McClure N, Lewis SE 1999 The effects of ascorbate and alpha-tocopherol supplementation in vitro on DNA integrity and hydrogen peroxide-induced DNA damage in human spermatozoa. Mutagenesis 14, 505-512.
79. Drevet JR 2006 The antioxidant glutathione peroxidase family and spermatozoa: a complex story. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology 250, 70-79.
80. Elzanaty S, Erenpreiss J, Becker C 2007 Seminal plasma albumin: origin and relation to the male reproductive parameters. Andrologia 39, 60-65.
81. Eskenazi B, Kidd SA, Marks AR et al. 2005 Antioxidant intake is associated with semen quality in healthy men. Human Reproduction 20, 1006-1012.
82. Evans MD, Dizdaroglu M, Cooke MS 2004 Oxidative DNA damage and disease: induction, repair and significance. Mutatatlon Research 567, 1-61.
83. Evenson DP, Wixon R 2008 Data analysis of two in vivo fertility studies using sperm chromatin structure assay-derived DNA fragmentation index vs. pregnancy outcome. Fertility and Sterility 90, 1229-1231.
84. Evenson DP, Larson KL, Jost LK 2002 Sperm chromatin structure assay: its clinical use for detecting sperm DNA fragmentation in male infertility and comparisons with the other techniques. Journal of Andrology 23, 25-43.
85. Evenson DP, Jost LK, Marshall D et al. 1999 Utility of the sperm chromatin structure assay as a diagnostic and prognostic tool in the human fertility clinic. Human Reproduction 14, 1039-1049.
86. Evenson DP, Baer RK, Turner T, Schrader S 1991 Individuality of DNA denaturation patterns in human sperm as measured by the sperm chromatin structure assay. Reproductive Toxicology (Elmsford, NY) 5, 115-125.
87. Fisher HM, Aitken RJ 1997 Comparative analysis of the ability of precursor germ cells and epididymal spermatozoa to generate reactive oxygen metabolites. Journal of Experimental Zoology 277, 390-400.
88. Forman HJ, Boveris A 1984 Superoxide radical and hydrogen peroxide in mitochondria. In: Pryor W, editor Free Radicals in Biology. New York: Academic Press; 1984. p. 5-90.
89. Fraczek M, Sanocka D, Kamieniczna M, Kurpisz M 2008 Proinflammatory cytokines as an intermediate factor enhancing lipid sperm membrane peroxidation in in vitro conditions. Journal of Andrology 29, 85-92.
90. Fraga CG, Motchnik PA, Wyrobek AJ et al. 1996 Smoking and low antioxidant levels increase oxidative damage to sperm DNA. Mutation Research 351, 199-203.
91. Fraga CG, Motchnik PA, Shigenaga MK et al. 1991 Ascorbic acid protects against endogenous oxidative DNA damage in human sperm. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA) 88, 11003-11006.
92. Frei B, England L, Ames BN 1989 Ascorbate is an outstanding antioxidant in human blood plasma. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA) 86, 6377-6381.
93. Gallardo JM 2007 Evaluation of antioxidant system in normal semen. Revista de Investigatiòn Clìnica 59, 42-47.
94. Gavella M, Lipovac V 1994 Effect of pentoxifylline on experimentally induced lipid peroxidation in human spermatozoa. International Journal of Andrology 17, 308-313.
95. Gavella M, Lipovac V 1992 NADH-dependent oxidoreductase (diaphorase) activity and isozyme pattern of sperm in infertile men. Archives of Andrology 28, 135-141.
96. Gavella M, Lipovac V 1998 In vitro effect of zinc on oxidative changes in human semen. Andrologia 30, 317-323.
97. Geelen JA 1979 Hypervitaminosis A induced teratogenesis. CRC Critical Review in Toxicology 6, 351-375.
98. Genesca A, Caballin MR, Miro R et al. 1992 Repair of human sperm chromosome aberrations in the hamster egg. Human Genetics 89, 181-186.
99. Geva E, Bartoov B, Zabludovsky N et al. 1996 The effect of antioxidant treatment on human spermatozoa and fertilization rate in an in vitro fertilization program. Fertility and Sterility 66, 430-434.
100. Gil-Guzman E, Ollero M, Lopez MC et al. 2001 Differential production of reactive oxygen species by subset of human spermatozoa at different stages of maturation. Human Reproduction 16, 1922-1930.
101. Giovenco P, Amodei M, Barbieri C et al. 1987 Effects of kallikrein on the male reproductive system and its use in the treatment of idiopathic oligozoospermia with impaired motility. Andrologia 19(Spec. no.), 238-241.
102. Gomez E, Buckingham DW, Brindle J et al. 1996 Development of an image analysis system to monitor the retention of residual cytoplasm by human spermatozoa: correlation with biochemical markers of the cytoplasmic space, oxidative stress, and sperm function. Journal of Andrology 17, 276-287.
103. Gonzales GF, Cordova A, Gonzales C et al. 2001 Lepidium meyenii (Maca) improved semen parameters in adult men. Asian Journal of Andrology 3, 301-303.
104. Greco E, Iacobelli M, Rienzi L et al. 2005 Reduction of the incidence of sperm DNA fragmentation by oral antioxidant treatment. Journal of Andrology 26, 349-353.
105. Greco E, Romano S, Iacobelli M et al. ICSI in cases of sperm DNA damage: beneficial effect of oral antioxidant treatment Human Reproduction 20, 2590-2594.
106. Griveau JF, Le Lannou D 1997 Reactive oxygen species and human spermatozoa: physiology and pathology. International Journal of Andrology 20, 61-69.
107. Griveau JF, Le Lannou D 1994 Effects of antioxidants on human sperm preparation techniques. International Journal of Andrology 17, 225-231.
108. Griveau JF, Renard P, Le Lannou D 1995 Superoxide anion production by human spermatozoa as a part of the ionophore-induced acrosome reaction process. Internationl Journal of Andrology 18, 67-74.
109. Griveau JF, Dumont E, Renard P et al. 1995 Reactive oxygen species, lipid peroxidation and enzymatic defence systems in human spermatozoa. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility 103, 17-26.
110. Griveau JF, Renard P, Le Lannou D 1994 An in vitro promoting role for hydrogen peroxide in human sperm capacitation. International Journal of Andrology 17, 300-307.
111. Gupta NP, Kumar R 2002 Lycopene therapy in idiopathic male infertility - a preliminary report. International Urology and Nephrology 34, 369-372.
112. Hendin BN, Kolettis PN, Sharma RK et al. 1999 Varicocele is associated with elevated spermatozoal reactive oxygen species production and diminished seminal plasma antioxidant capacity. Journal of Urology 161, 1831-1834.
113. Henkel R, Kierspel E, Hajimohammad M et al. 2003 DNA fragmentation of spermatozoa and assisted reproduction technology. Reproductive BioMedicine Online 7, 477-484.
114. Holmes RP, Goodman HO, Shihabi ZK, Jarow JP 1992 The taurine and hypotaurine content of human semen. Journal of Andrology 13, 289-292.
115. Host E, Lindenberg S, Smidt-Jensen S 2000 DNA strand breaks in human spermatozoa: correlation with fertilization in vitro in oligozoospermie men and in men with unexplained infertility. Acta Obstetrica et Gynecologica Scandinavica 79, 189-193.
116. Host E, Lindenberg S, Smidt-Jensen S 2000 The role of DNA strand breaks in human spermatozoa used for IVF and ICSI. Acta Obstetrica et Gynecologica Scandinavica 79, 559-563.
117. Host E, Lindenberg S, Ernst E, Christensen F 1999 DNA strand breaks in human spermatozoa: a possible factor, to be considered in couples suffering from unexplained infertility. Acta Obstetetria et Gynecologica Scandinavica 78, 622-625.
118. Hsieh YY, Chang CC, Lin CS 2006 Seminal malondialdehyde concentration but not glutathione peroxidase activity is negatively correlated with seminal concentration and motility. International Journal of Biological Sciences 2, 23-29.
119. Hughes CM, Lewis SE, McKelvey-Martin VJ, Thompson W 1998 The effects of antioxidant supplementation during Percoll preparation on human sperm DNA integrity. Human Reproduction 13, 1240-1247.
120. Hughes CM, Lewis SE, McKelvey-Martin VJ, Thompson V 1996 A comparison of baseline and induced DNA damage in human spermatozoa from fertile and infertile men, using a modified comet assay. Molecular Reproduction and Development 2, 613-619.
121. Ibrahim SF, Osman K, Das S et al. 2008 A study of the antioxidant effect of alpha lipoic acids on sperm quality. Clinics 63, 545-550.
122. Irvine DS 1996 Glutathione as a treatment for male infertility. Reviews of Reproduction 1(6-12), 1996.
123. Israelachvili JN, Marcelja S, Horn RG 1980 Physical principles of membrane organization. Quarterly Reviews of Biophysics 13, 121-200.
124. Iwanier K, Zachara BA 1995 Selenium supplementation enhances the element concentration in blood and seminal fluid but does not change the spermatozoal quality characteristics in subfertile men. Journal of Andrology 16, 441-447.
125. Iwasaki A, Gagnon C 1992 Formation of reactive oxygen species in spermatozoa of infertile patients. Fertility and Sterility 57, 409-416.
126. Jacob RA, Burri BJ 1996 Oxidative damage and defense. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 63(suppl.), 985S-990S.
127. Jacob RA, Pianalto FS, Agee RE 1992 Cellular ascorbate depletion in healthy men. Journal of Nutrition 122, 1111-1118.
128. Jeulin C, Soufir JC, Weber P et al. 1989 Catalase activity in human spermatozoa and seminal plasma. Gamete Research 24, 185-196.
129. Jeulin C, Soufir JC, Marson J et al. 1988 Acetylcarnitine and spermatozoa: relationship with epididymal maturation and motility in the boar and man. Reproduction, Nutrition and Development 28, 1317-1327.
130. Ji BT, Shu XO, Linet MS et al. 1997 Paternal cigarette smoking and the risk of childhood cancer among offspring of nonsmoking mothers. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 89, 238-244.
131. Jiang MC, Lien YR, Chen SU et al. 1999 Transmission of de-novo mutations of the deleted in azoospermia genes from a severely oligozoospermic male to a son via intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Fertility and Sterility 71, 1029-1032.
132. Jones R, Mann T 1977 Toxicity of exogenous fatty acid peroxides towards spermatozoa. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility 50, 255-260.
133. Jones R, Mann T 1973 Lipid peroxidation in spermatozoa. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B 184, 103-107.
134. Jones R, Mann T, Sherins R 1979 Peroxidative breakdown of phospholipids in human spermatozoa, spermicidal properties of fatty acid peroxides, and protective action of seminal plasma. Fertility and Sterility 31, 531-537.
135. Jung A, Schuppe HC, Schill WB 2001 Fever as etiology of temporary infertility in the man. Hautarzt 52, 1090-1093.
136. Keskes-Ammar L, Feki-Chakroun N, Rebai T et al. 2003 Sperm oxidative stress and the effect of an oral vitamin E and selenium supplement on semen quality in infertile men. Archives of Andrology 49, 83-94.
137. Kessopoulou E, Powers HJ, Sharma KK et al. 1995 A double-blind randomized placebo crossover controlled trial using the antioxidant vitamin E to treat reactive species associated male infertility. Fertility and Sterility 64, 825-831.
138. Khosrowbeygi A, Zarghami N 2007 Levels of oxidative stress biomarkers in seminal plasma and their relationship with seminal parameters. BMC Clinical Pathology 7, 6.
139. Kim JG, Parthasarathy S 1998 Oxidation and the spermatozoa. Seminars in Reproductive Endocrinology 16, 235-239.
140. Kiziler AR, Aydemir B, Onaran I et al. 2007 High levels of cadmium and lead in seminal fluid and blood of smoking men are associated with high oxidative stress and damage in infertile subjects. Biological Trace Element Research 120, 82-91.
141. Kobayashi T, Miyazaki T, Natori M, Nozawa S 1991 Protective role of superoxide dismutase in human sperm motility: superoxide dismutase activity and lipid peroxide in human seminal plasma and spermatozoa. Human Reproduction 6, 987-991.
142. Kodama H, Yamaguchi R, Fukuda J et al. 1997 Increased deoxyribonucleic acid damage in the spermatozoa of infertile male patients. Fertility and Sterility 65, 519-524.
143. Kolodecik TR, Aten RF, Behrman HR 1998 Ascorbic acid-dependent cytoprotection of ovarian cells by leukocyte and nonleukocyte peroxidases. Biochemical Pharmacology 55, 1497-1503.
144. Koppers AJ, De Iuliis GN, Finnie JM et al. 2008 Significance of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species in the generation of oxidative stress in spermatozoa. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 93, 3199-3207.
145. Kumar TR, Muralidhara 2007 Induction of oxidative stress by organic hydroperoxides in testis and epididymal sperm of rats in vivo. Journal of Andrology 28, 77-85.
146. Kunzle R, Mueller MD, Hanggi W et al. 2003 Semen quality of male smokers and nonsmokers in infertile couples. Fertility and Sterility 79, 287-291.
147. Kwenang A, Kroos MJ, Koster JF, Van Eijk HG 1987 Iron, ferritin and copper in seminal plasma. Human Reproduction 2, 387-388.
148. Lanzafame F, Chapman MG, Guglielmino A et al. 1994 Pharmacological stimulation of sperm motility. Human Reproduction 9, 192-199.
149. Leclerc E, De Lamirande E, Gagnon C 1997 Regulation of protein-tyrosine phosphorylation and human sperm capacitation by reactive oxygen derivatives. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 22, 643-656.
150. Lee AG, East MJ, Fround RJ 1986 Are essential fatty acids essential for membrane function? Progress in Lipid Research 25, 41-46.
151. Lenzi A, Lombardo F, Sgrò P et al. 2003 Use of carnitine therapy in selected cases of male factor infertility: a double-blind crossover trial. Fertility and Sterility 79, 292-300.
152. Lenzi A, Gandini L, Picardo M 1998 Debate: Is antioxidant therapy a promising strategy to improve human reproduction? A rationale for glutathione therapy. Human Reproduction 13, 1419-1422.
153. Lenzi A, Picardo M, Gandini L, Dondero F 1996 Lipids of the sperm plasma membrane: from polyunsaturated fatty acids considered as markers of sperm function to possible scavenger therapy. Human Reproduction Update 2, 246-256.
154. Lenzi A, Picardo M, Gandini L et al. 1994 Glutathione treatment of dyspermia: effect on the lipoperoxidation process. Human Reproduction 9, 2044-2050.
155. Lenzi A, Culasso F, Gandini L et al. 1993 Placebo-controlled, double blind, crossover trial of glutathione therapy in male infertility. Human Reproduction 8, 1657-1662.
156. Lenzi A, Lombardo F, Gandini L et al. 1992 Glutathione therapy for male infertility. Archives of Andrology 29, 65-68.
157. Levine M, Conry-Cantilena C, Wang Y et al. 1996 Vitamin C pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers: evidence for a recommended dietary allowance. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA) 93, 3704-3709.
158. Lewin A, Lavon H 1997 The effect of coenzyme Q10 on sperm motility and function. Molecular Aspects of Medicine 18(suppl.), S213-S219.
159. Lewis SE, Sterling ES, Young IS, Thompson W 1997 Comparison of individuals antioxidants of sperm and seminal plasma in fertile and infertile men. Fertility and Sterility 67, 142-147.
160. Li TK 1975 The glutathione and thiol content of mammalian spermatozoa and seminal plasma. Biology of Reproduction 12, 641-646.
161. Liang R, Senturker S, Shi X et al. 1999 Effects of Ni(II) and Cu(II) on DNA interaction with the N-terminal sequence of human protamine P2: enhancement of binding and mediation of oxidative DNA strand scission and base damage. Carcinogenesis 20, 893-898.
162. Lindemann CB, O'Brien JA, Giblin FJ 1988 An investigation of the effectiveness of certain antioxidants in preserving the motility of reactivated bull sperm models. Biology of Reproduction 38, 114-120.
163. Liu J, Nagy Z, Joris H et al. 1994 Intracytoplasmic sperm injection does not require special treatment of the spermatozoa. Human Reproduction 9, 1127-1130.
164. Luberda Z 2005 The role of glutathione in mammalian gametes. Reproductive Biology 5, 5-17.
165. Luck MR, Jeyaseelan I, Scholes RA 1995 Ascorbic acid and fertility. Biology of Reproduction 52, 262-266.
166. Mancini A, Conte G, Milardi D et al. 1998 Relationship between sperm cell ubiquinone and seminal parameters in subjects with and without varicocele. Andrologia 30, 1-4.
167. Manicardi GC, Tombacco A, Bizzaro D et al. 1998 DNA strand breaks in ejaculated human spermatozoa: comparison of susceptibility to the nick translation and terminal transferase assays. Histochemlcal Journal 30, 33-39.
168. Mann T, Lutwak-Mann C 1981 Male Reproductive Function and Semen. Berlin: Springer; 1981.
169. Mara L, Accardo C, Pilichi S et al. 2005 Benefits of TEMPOL on ram semen motility and in vitro fertility: a preliminary study. Theriogenology 63, 2243-2253.
170. Matsuda Y, Tobari I 1989 Repair capacity of fertilized mouse eggs for X-ray damage induced in sperm and mature oocytes. Mutation Research 210, 35-47.
171. Maxwell WM, Stojanov T 1996 Liquid storage of ram semen in the absence or presence of some antioxidants. Reproduction, Fertility, and Development 8, 1013-1020.
172. Mazzilli F, Rossi T, Marchesini M et al. 1994 Superoxide anion in human semen related to seminal parameters and clinical aspects. Fertility and Sterility 62, 862-868.
173. Meizel S, Turner KO 1983 Stimulation of an exocytotic event, the hamster sperm acrosome reaction by cis-unsaturated fatty acids. FEBS Letters 161, 315-318.
174. Ménézo YJ, Hazout A, Panteix G et al. 2007 Antioxidants to reduce sperm DNA fragmentation: an unexpected adverse effect. Reproductive BioMedicine Online 14, 418-421.
175. Mishra M, Acharya UR 2004 Protective action of vitamins on the spermatogenesis in lead-treated Swiss mice. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology 18, 173-178.
176. Moilanen J, Hovatta O 1995 Excretion of alpha-tocopherol into human seminal plasma after oral administration. Andrologia 27, 133-136.
177. Moilanen J, Hovatta O, Lindroth L 1993 Vitamin E levels in seminal plasma can be elevated by oral administration of vitamin E in infertile men. International Journal of Andrology 16, 165-166.
178. Mostafa T, Tawadrous G, Roaia MM et al. 2006 Effect of smoking on seminal plasma ascorbic acid in infertile and fertile males. Andrologia 38, 221-224.
179. Nackerdien Z, Rao G, Cacciuttolo MA et al. 1991 Chemical nature of DNA-protein cross-links produced in mammalian chromatin by hydrogen peroxide in the presence of iron or copper ions. Biochemistry 30, 4873-4879.
180. Nissen HP, Kreysel HW 1983 Superoxide dismutase in human semen. Klinische Wochenschrift 61, 63-65.
181. Ochsendorf FR 1999 Infection in the male genital tract and reactive oxygen species. Human Reproduction Update 5, 399-420.
182. Ochsendorf FR, Buhl R, Bastlein A, Beschmann H 1998 Glutathione in spermatozoa and seminal plasma of infertile men. Human Reproduction 13, 353-359.
183. O'Flaherty C, De Lamirande E, Gagnon C 2006 Positive role of reactive oxygen species in mammalian sperm capacitation: triggering and modulation of phosphorylation events. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 41, 528-540.
184. Okada H, Tatsumi N, Kanzaki M et al. 1997 Formation of reactive oxygen species by spermatozoa from asthenospermic patients: response to treatment with pentoxifylline. Journal of Urology 157, 2140-2146.
185. Oliski R, Nackerdien Z, Dizdaroglu M 1992 DNA protein cross linking between thymine and tyrosine in chromatin of gamma irradiated and hydrogen peroxide treated cultured human cells. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 297, 139-143.
186. Ollero M, Gil Guzman E, Lopez MC et al. 2001 Characterization of a subset of human spermatozoa at different stage of maturation: Implication and treatment of male infertility. Human Reproduction 16, 1912-1921.
187. Omu AE, Al-Azemi MK, Kehinde EO et al. 2008 Indications of the mechanisms involved in improved sperm parameters by zinc therapy. Medical Principles and Practice 17, 108-116.
188. Parinaud J, Le Lannou D, Vieitez G et al. 1997 Enhancement of motility by treating spermatozoa with an antioxidant solution (Sperm-Fit) following ejaculation. Human Reproduction 12, 2434-2436.
189. Pasqualotto FF, Umezu FM, Salvador M et al. 2008 Effect of cigarette smoking on antioxidant levels and presence of leukocytospermia in infertile men: a prospective study. Fertility and Sterility 90, 278-283.
190. Pasqualotto FF, Sharma RK, Potts JM et al. 2000 Seminal oxidative stress in patients with chronic prostatitis. Urology 55, 881-885.
191. Paul C, Teng S, Saunders PTK 2009 A single, mild, transient scrotal heat stress causes hypoxia and oxidative stress in mouse testes, which induces germ cell death. Biology of Reproduction 80, 913-919.
192. Payne JF, Raburn DJ, Couchman GM et al. 2005 Redefining the relationship between sperm deoxyribonucleic acid fragmentation as measured by the sperm chromatin structure assay and outcomes of assisted reproductive techniques. Fertility and Sterility 84, 356-364.
193. Peltola V, Huhtaniemi I, Ahotupa M 1992 Antioxidant enzyme activity in the maturing rat testis. Journal of Andrology 13, 45(M55.
194. Perry AC, Jones R, Hall L 1993 Isolation and characterization of a rat cDNA clone encoding a secreted superoxide dismutase reveals the epididymis to be a major site of its expression. The Biochemical Journal 293, 21-25.
195. Perry AC, Jones R, Niang LS et al. 1992 Genetic evidence for an androgen-regulated epididymal secretory glutathione peroxidase whose transcript does not contain a selenocysteine codon. The Biochemical Journal 285, 863-870.
196. Potts RJ, Newbury CJ, Smith G et al. 1999 Sperm chromatin damage associated with male smoking. Mutation Research 423, 103-111.
197. Poulos A, White IG 1973 The phospholipid composition of human spermatozoa and seminal plasma. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility 35, 265-277.
198. Medicine Practice Committee of American Society for Reproductive 2008 The clinical utility of sperm DNA integrity testing. Fertility and Sterility 90, S178-S180.
199. Pryor W 1984 The role of free radical reactions in biological systems. In: Pryor W, editor Free Radicals in Biology. New York: Academic Press; 1984.
200. Rao MV, Sharma PS 2001 Protective effect of vitamin E against mercuric chloride reproductive toxicity in male mice. Reproductive Toxicology 15, 705-712.
201. Rao B, Soufir JC, Martin M, David G 1989 Lipid peroxidation in human spermatozoa as related to midpiece abnormalities and motility. Gamete Research 24, 127-134.
202. Reglinski J, Hoey S, Smith WE, Sturrock RD 1988 Cellular response to oxidative stress at sulfhydryl group receptor sites on the erythrocyte membrane. Journal of Biological Chemistry 263, 12360-12366.
203. Rhemrev JP, Van Overveld FW, Haenen GR et al. 2000 Quantification of the nonenzymatic fast and slow TRAP in a post-addition assay in human seminal plasma and the antioxidant contribution of various seminal compounds. Journal of Andrology 21, 913-920.
204. Rolf C, Cooper TG, Yeung CH, Nieschlag E 1999 Antioxidant treatment of patients with asthenozoospermia or moderate oligoasthenozoospermia with high-dose vitamin C and vitamin E: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Human Reproduction 14, 1028-1033.
205. Ronquist G, Niklasson F 1984 Uridine, xanthine, and urate contents in human seminal plasma. Archives of Andrology 13, 63-70.
206. Roseff SJ 2002 Improvement in sperm quality and function with French maritime pine tree bark extract. The Journal of Reproductive Medicine 47, 821-824.
207. Saez F, Motta C, Boucher D, Grizard G 2000 Prostasomes inhibit the NADPH oxidase activity of human neutriphils. Molecular Human Reproduction 6, 883-891.
208. Saez F, Motta C, Boucher D, Grizard G 1998 Antioxidant capacity of prostasomes in human semen. Molecular Human Reproduction 4, 667-672.
209. Safarinejad MR, Safarinejad S 2009 Efficacy of selenium and/or N- acetyl-cysteine for improving semen parameters in infertile men: a double-blind, placebo controlled, randomized study. Journal of Urology 181, 741-751.
210. Sakkas D, Manicardi GC, Tomlinson M et al. 2000 The use of two density gradient centrifugation techniques and the swim-up method to separate spermatozoa with chromatin and nuclear DNA anomalies. Human Reproduction 15, 1112-1116.
211. Saleh R, Agarwal A 2002 Oxidative stress and male infertility: from research bench to clinical practice. Journal of Andrology 23, 737-752.
212. Saleh RA, Agarwal A, Kandirali E et al. 2002 Leukocytospermia is associated with increased reactive oxygen species production by human spermatozoa. Fertility and Sterility 78, 1215-1224.
213. Saleh R, Agarwal A, Sharma R et al. 2002 Effect of cigarette smoking on levels of seminal oxidative stress in infertile men: a prospective study. Fertility and Sterility 78, 491-499.
214. Saraniya A, Koner BC, Doureradjou P et al. 2008 Altered malondialdehyde, protein carbonyl and sialic acid levels in seminal plasma of microscopically abnormal semen. Andrologia 40, 56-57.
215. Sebastian SM, Selvaraj S, Aruldhas MM, Govindarajulu P 1987 Pattern of neutral and phospholipids in the semen of normospermic, oligospermie and azoospermic men. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility 79, 373-378.
216. Seli E, Gardner DK, Schoolcraft WB et al. 2004 Extent of nuclear DNA damage in ejaculated spermatozoa impacts on blastocyst development after in vitro fertilization. Fertility and Sterility 82, 378-383.
217. Sépaniak S, Forges T, Monnier-Barbarino P 2006 Cigarette smoking and fertility in women and men. Gynécologie, Obstétrique & Fertilité 34, 945-949.
218. Sharma RK, Agarwal A 1996 Role of reactive oxygen species in male infertility. Urology 48, 835-850.
219. Shen H, Ong C 2000 Detection of oxidative DNA damage in human sperm and its association with sperm function and male infertility. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 28, 529-536.
220. Shen HM, Chia SE, Ong CN 1999 Evaluation of oxidative DNA damage in human sperm and its association with male infertility. Journal of Andrology 20, 718-723.
221. Siciliano L, Tarantino P, Longobardi F et al. 2001 Impaired seminal antioxidant capacity in human semen with hyperviscosity or oligoasthenozoospermia. Journal of Andrology 22, 798-803.
222. Sierens J, Hartley JA, Campbell MJ et al. 2002 In vitro isoflavone supplementation reduces hydrogen peroxide induced DNA damage in sperm. Teratogenesis, Carcinogenesis, and Mutagenesis 22, 227-234.
223. Sikka SC 2001 Relative impact of oxidative stress on male reproductive function. Current Medicinal Chemistry 8, 851-862.
224. Sikka SC 1996 Oxidative stress and role of antioxidants in normal and abnormal sperm function. Frontiers in Bioscience 1, 78-86.
225. Sikka SC, Rajasekaran M, Hellstrom WJ 1995 Role of oxidative stress and antioxidants in male infertility. Journal of Andrology 16, 464-481.
226. Smith R, Vantman D, Ponce J et al. 1996 Total antioxidant capacity of human seminal plasma. Human Reproduction 11, 1655-1660.
227. Sofikitis N, Miyagawa I, Dimitriadis D et al. 1995 Effects of smoking on testicular function, semen quality and sperm fertilizing capacity. Journal of Urology 154, 1030-1034.
228. Song GJ, Norkus EP, Lewis V 2006 Relationship between seminal ascorbic acid and sperm DNA integrity in infertile men. International Journal of Andrology 29, 569-575.
229. Sorahan T, Lancashire RJ, Hulten MA et al. 1997 Childhood cancer and parental use of tobacco: Deaths from 1953 to 1955. British Journal of Cancer 75, 134-138.
230. Sorahan T, Prior P, Lancashire RJ et al. 1997 Childhood cancer and parental use of tobacco: deaths from 1971 to 1976. British Journal of Cancer 76, 1525-1531.
231. Spanò M, Bonde JP, Hjollund HI et al. 2000 Sperm chromatin damage impairs human fertility. Fertility and Sterility 73, 43-50.
232. Storey B 1997 Biochemistry of the induction and prevention of lipoperoxidative damage in human spermatozoa. Molecular Human Reproduction 3, 203-213.
233. Sukcharoen N, Keith J, Irvine DS, Aitken RJ 1996 Prediction of the in vitro fertilization (IVF) potential of human spermatozoa using sperm function tests - the effect of the delay between testing and IVF. Human Reproduction 11, 1030-1034.
234. Suleiman SA, Ali ME, Zaki ZM et al. 1996 Lipid peroxidation and human sperm motility: protective role of vitamin E. Journal of Andrology 17, 530-537.
235. Sun JG, Jurisicova A, Casper RF 1997 Deletion of deoxyribonucleic acid fragmentation in human sperm: correlation with fertilization in vitro. Biology of Reproduction 56, 602-607.
236. Tamura M, Tamura T, Tyagi SR, Lambeth JD 1988 The superoxide-generating respiratory burst oxidase of human neutrophil plasma membrane: phosphatidylserine as an effector of the activated enzyme. Journal of Biological Chemistry 263, 17621-17626.
237. Tang LF, Jiang H, Shang XJ et al. 2008 Seminal plasma levocarnitine significantly correlated with semen quality. Zhonghua Nan Ke Xue 14, 704-708.
238. Tarin JJ, Vendrell FJ, Ten J, Cano A 1998 Antioxidant therapy counteracts the disturbing effects of diamide and maternal ageing on meiotic division and chromosomal segregation in mouse oocytes. Molecular Human Reproduction 4, 281-288.
239. Tavilani H, Goodarzi MT, Doosti M et al. 2008 Relationship between seminal antioxidant enzymes and the phospholipid and fatty acid composition of spermatozoa. Reproductive BioMedicine Online 16, 649-656.
240. Ten J, Vendrell FJ, Cano A, Tarìn JJ 1997 Dietary antioxidant supplementation did not affect declining sperm function with age in the mouse but did increase head abnormalities and reduced sperm production. Reproduction, Nutrition, Development 37, 481-492.
241. Therond P, Auger J, Legrand A, Jouannet P 1996 Alpha-tocopherol in human spermatozoa and seminal plasma: relationships with motility, antioxidant enzymes and leukocytes. Molecular Human Reproduction 2, 739-744.
242. Thiele JJ, Friesleben HJ, Fuchs J, Ochsendorf FR 1995 Ascorbic acid and urate in human seminal plasma: determination and interrelationships with chemiluminescence in washed semen. Human Reproduction 10, 110-115.
243. Tremellen K, Miari G, Froiland D, Thompson J 2007 A randomised control trial examining the effect of an antioxidant (Menevit) on pregnancy outcome during IVF-ICSI treatment. The Australian and New Zeland Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 47, 216-221.
244. Tripodi L, Tripodi A, Mammi C et al. 2003 Pharmacological action and therapeutic effects of glutathione on hypokinetic spermatozoa for enzymatic-dependent pathologies and correlated genetic aspects. Clinical and Experimental Obstetrics and Gynecology 30, 130-136.
245. Twigg J, Irvine DS, Houston P et al. 1998 Iatrogenic DNA damage induced in human spermatozoa during sperm preparation: protective significance of seminal plasma. Molecular Human Reproduction 4, 439-445.
246. Twigg JP, Irvine DS, Aitken RJ 1998 Oxidative damage to DNA in human spermatozoa does not preclude pronucleus formation at intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Human Reproduction 13, 1864-1871.
247. Tzimas G, Nau H 2001 The role of metabolism and toxicokinetics in retinoid teratogenesis. Current Pharmaceutical Design 7, 803-831.
248. Verma A, Kanwar KC 1998 Human sperm motility and lipid peroxidation in different ascorbic acid concentrations: an HI vitro analysis. Andrologia 30, 325-329.
249. Vicari E, Calogero AE 2001 Effects of treatment with carnitines in infertile patients with prostato-vesiculo-epididymitis. Human Reproduction 16, 2338-2342.
250. Vicari E, La Vignera S, Calogero AE 2002 Antioxidant treatment with carnitines is effective in infertile patients with prostatovesiculoepididymitis and elevated seminal leukocyte concentrations after treatment with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory compounds. Fertility and Sterility 78, 1203-1208.
251. Vicari E, Rubino C, De Palma A et al. 2001 Antioxidant therapeutic efficiency after the use of carnitine in infertile patients with bacterial or non-bacterial prostato-vesiculo-epididymitis. Archivio Italiano di Urologia, Andrologia 73, 15-25.
252. Villegas J, Kehr K, Soto L et al. 2003 Reactive oxygen species induce reversible capacitation in human spermatozoa. Andrologia 35, 227-232.
253. Warren JS, Johnson KJ, Ward PA 1987 Oxygen radicals in cell injury and cell death. Pathology and Immunopathology Research 6, 301-315.
254. Wayner DD, Burton GW, Ingold KU et al. 1987 The relative contributions of vitamin E, urate, ascorbate and proteins to the total peroxyl radical-trapping antioxidant activity of human blood plasma. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 924, 408-419.
255. Wayner DD, Burton GW, Ingold KU 1986 The antioxidant efficiency of vitamin C is concentration-dependent. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 884, 119-123.
256. Weir CP, Robaire B 2007 Spermatozoa have decreased antioxidant and increased reactive oxygen species in the Brown Norway rat. Journal of Andrology 28, 229-240.
257. Wen Y, Cooke T, Feely J 1997 The effect of pharmacological supplementation with vitamin C on low-density lipoprotein oxidation. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 44, 94-97.
258. Williams AC, Ford WCL 2004 Functional significance of the pentose phosphate pathway and glutathione reductase in the antioxidant defenses of human sperm. Biology of Reproduction 71, 1309-1316.
259. World Health Organization 1999 WHO Laboratory Manual for the Examination of Human Semen and Sperm-Cervical Mucus Interaction (4th edition). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
260. Yang X, Zhang YH, Ding CF et al. 2006 Extract from Morindae officinalis against oxidative injury of function to human sperm membrane. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 31, 1614-1617.
261. Yang CC, Chen JC, Chen GW et al. 2003 Effects of Shao-Fu-Zhu-Yu-Tang on motility of human sperm. The American Journal of Chinese Medicine 31, 573-579.
262. Yoganathan T, Eskild W, Hansson V 1989 Investigation of detoxification capacity of rat testicular germ cells and Sertoli cells. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 7, 355-359.
263. Zalata AA, Ahmed AH, Allamaneni SSR et al. 2004 Relationship between acrosin activity of human spermatozoa and oxidative stress. Asian Journal of Andrology 6, 313-318.
264. Zalata AA, Christophe AB, Depuydt CE et al. 1998 The fatty acid composition of phospholipids of spermatozoa from infertile patients. Molecular Human Reproduction 4, 111-118.
265. Zalata A, Hafez T, Comhaire F 1995 Evaluation of the role of reactive oxygen species in male infertility. Human Reproduction 10, 1444-1451.
266. Zheng RL, Zhang H 1997 Effects of ferulic acid on fertile and asthenozoospermic infertile human sperm motility, viability, lipid peroxidation, and cyclic nucleotides. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 22, 581-586.
267. Zini A, Garrels K, Phang D 2000 Antioxidant activity in the semen of fertile and infertile men. Urology 55, 922-926.
268. Zini A, Finelli A, Phang D, Jarvi K 2000 Influence of semen processing technique on human sperm DNA integrity. Urology 56, 1081-1084.
269. Zollner U, Zollner KP, Dietl J, Steck T 2001 Semen sample collection enhances the implantation rate following ICSI in patients with severe oligoasthenoteratozoospermia. Human Reproduction 16, 1110-1114.
270. Zorn B, Vidmar G, Meden-Vrtovec H 2003 Seminal reactive oxygen species as predictors of fertilization, embryo quality and pregnancy rates after conventional in vitro fertilization and intracytoplasmic sperm injection. International Journal of Andrology 26, 279-285.