Regulation of clusterin activity by calcium

Advances in Cancer Research

Volumn 104, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 33-58

  Pajak, Beata ^a   Orzechowski, Arkadiusz ^a,b  

^a MOSSAKOWSKI MEDICAL RESEARCH CENTRE   (Poland)

^b WARSAW UNIVERSITY OF LIFE SCIENCES   (Poland)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CALCIUM; CLUSTERIN;

ANIMAL; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION; GENETICS; HUMAN; METABOLISM; PHYSIOLOGY; PROTEIN TRANSPORT; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

ANIMALS; CALCIUM; CLUSTERIN; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION; HUMANS; PROTEIN TRANSPORT; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

EID: 73949133149     PISSN: 0065230X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/S0065-230X(09)04004-4     Document Type: Review

References (100)

1. Abed, E., and Moreau, R. (2009). Importance of melastatin-like transient receptor potential 7 and magnesium in the stimulation of osteoblast proliferation and migration by PDGF. Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol. 297, C360-C368.
2. Ammar, H., and Closset, J. L. (2008). Clusterin activates survival through the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt pathway. J. Biol. Chem. 283, 12851-12861.
3. Araki, S., Israel, S., Leskov, K. S., Criswell, T. L., Beman, M., Klokov, D. Y., Sampalth, L., Reinicke, K. E., Cataldo, E., Mayo, L. D., and Boothman, D. A. (2005). Clusterin protein: Stress-inducible polypeptides with proposed functions in multiple organ dysfunction. BJR Suppl. 27, 106-113.
4. Bach, U. C., Baiersdorfer, M., Klock, G., Cattaruzza, M., Post, A., and Koch-Brandt, C. (2001). Apoptotic cell debris and phosphatidylserine-containing lipid vesicles induce apolipoprotein J (clusterin) gene expression in vital fibroblasts. Exp. Cell Res. 265, 11-20.
5. Balantinou, E., Trougakos, I. P., Chondrogianni, N., Margaritis, L. H., and Gonos, E. S. (2009). Transcriptional and posttranslational regulation of clusterin by the two main cellular proteolytic pathways. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 46, 1267-1274.
6. Barbiero, G., Munaron, L., Antoniotti, S., Baccino, F. M., Bonelli, G., and Lovisolo, D. (1995). Role of mitogen-induced calcium influx in the control of the cell cycle in Balb-c 3T3 fibroblasts. Cell Calcium 18, 542-556.
7. Barone, F., Aguanno, S., D-Alessio, A., and D'Agostino, A. (2003). Sertoli cell modulates MAAinduced apoptosis of germ cells throughout voltage-operated calcium channels. FASEB J. 18, 353-364.
8. Barone, F., Aguanno, S., and D'Agostino, A. (2005). Modulation of MAA-induced apoptosis in male germ cells: Role of Sertoli cell P/Q-type calcium channels. BMC Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol. 3, 13-22.
9. Batsi, C., Kontargiris, E., Markopoulou, S., Trougakos, I., Gonos, E. S., and Kolettas, E. (2008). Vanadium-induced apoptosis of HaCaT cells is mediated by c-FOS and involves up-regulation of nuclear clusterin/apolipoprotein J. In: 5th Clusterin/Apolipoprotein J (CLU) Workshop Spetses Island, Greece, 2-5 June 2008 Book of abstracts 16.
10. Bettuzzi, S., Scorcioni, F., Astancolle, S., Davalli, P., Scaltriti, M., and Corti, A. (2002). Clusterin (SGP-2) transient overexpression decreases proliferation rate of SV40-immortalizaed human prostate epithelial cells by slowing down cell cycle progression. Oncogene 21, 4328-4344.
11. Boynton, A. L., Whitefield, J. F., Isaacs, R. J., and Morton, H. J. (1974). Control of 3T3 cell proliferation by calcium. In Vitro 10, 12.
12. Caccamo, A. E., Scaltriti, M., Caporali, A., D'Arca, D., Scorcioni, F., Candiano, G., Mangiola, M., and Bettuzzi, S. (2003). Nuclear translocation of a clusterin isoform is associated with induction of anoikis in SV-40-immortalized human prostate epithelial cells. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1010, 514-519.
13. Caccamo, A. E., Scaltriti, M., Caporali, A., D'Arca, D., Scorcioni, F., Astancolle, S., Mangiola, M., and Bettuzzi, S. (2004). Cell detachment and apoptosis induction of immortalized human prostate epithelial cells are associated with early accumulation of a 45 kDa nuclear isoform of clusterin. Biochem. J. 382, 157-168.
14. 2+ depletion induces nuclear clusterin, a novel effector of apoptosis in immortalized human prostate cells. Cell Death Differ. 12, 101-104.
15. Caccamo, A. E., Desenzani, S., Belloni, L., Borghetti, A. F., and Bettuzzi, S. (2006). Nuclear clusterin accumulation during heat shock response: Implications for cell survival and thermotolerance induction in immortalized and prostate cancer cells. J. Cell. Physiol. 207, 208-219.
16. 2+ channels. Annu. Rev. Dev. Biol. 16, 521-555.
17. Chayka, O., Corvetta, D., Dews, M., Caccamo, A. E., Piotrowska, I., Santilli, G., Gibson, S., Sebire, N. J., Himoudi, N., Hogarty, M. D., Anderson, J., Bettuzzi, S., et al. (2009). Clusterin a haploinsufficient tumor suppressor gene in neuroblastomas. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 101, 663-677.
18. Chen, T., Turner, J., McCarthy, S., Scaltriti, M., Bettuzzi, S., and Yeatman, T. (2004). Clusterinmediated apoptosis is regulated by adenomatous polyposis coli and is p21 dependent but p53 independent. Cancer Res. 64, 7412-7419.
19. Chiesa, R., Angeretti, N., Del Bo, R., Lucca, E., Munna, E., and Forioni, G. (1998). Extracellular calcium deprivation in astrocytes: regulation of mRNA expression and apoptosis. J. Neurochem. 70, 1474-1483.
20. Chin, E. R., Olson, E. N., Richardson, J. A., Yang, Q., Humphries, C., Shelton, J. M., Wu, H., Zhu, W., Bassel-Duby, R., and Williams, R. S. (1998). A calcium-dependent transcriptional pathway controls muscle fiber type. Genes Dev. 12, 2499-2509.
21. Criswell, T., Klokov, K., and Boothman, D. (2003). Transcriptional repression of clusterin by the p53 tumor suppressor protein. Cancer Biol. Ther. 2, 25-31.
22. Denzel, A., Molinari, M., Trigueros, C., Martin, J. E., Velmurgan, S., Brown, S., Stamp, G., and Owen, M. J. (2002). Early postnatal death and motor disorders in mice congenitally deficient in calnexin expression. Mol. Cell. Biol. 22, 7398-7404.
23. El Hiani, Y., Ahidouch, A., Lehen'kyi, V., Hague, F., Gouilleux, F., Mentaverri, R., Kamel, S., Lassoned, K., Brule, G., and Ouadid-Ahidouch, H. (2009). Extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 and TRPC1 channels are required for calcium sensing receptor-stimulated MCF-7 breast cancer cell proliferation. Cell Physiol. Biochem. 23, 335-346.
24. Estacion, M., and Mordan, L. J. (1993). Competence induction by PDGF requires sustained calcium influx by mechanism distinct from storage-dependent calcium influx. Cell Calcium 14, 439-454.
25. Fink, T. M., Zimmer, M., Tschopp, J., Etienne, J., Jenne, D. E., and Lichter, P. (1993). Human clusterin (CLI) maps to 8p21 in proximity to the lipoprotein lipase (LPL) gene. Genomics 16, 526-528.
26. Fragale, A., Aguanno, S., Kemp, M., Reeves, M., Price, K., Beattie, R., Craig, P., Volsen, P., Sher, E., and D'Agostino, A. (2000). Identification and cellular localization of voltageoperated calcium channels in mature rat testis. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 162, 25-33.
27. Fritz, I. B., Burdzy, K., Setchell, B., and Blaschuk, O. (1983). Ram rete testis fluid contains a protein (clusterin) which influences cell-cell interactions in vitro. Biol. Reprod. 28, 1173-1188.
28. Guo, L., Nakamura, K., Lynch, J., Opas, M., Olson, E. N., Agellon, L. B., and Michalak, M. (2002). Cardiac-specific expression of calcineurin reverses embryonic lethality in calreticulindeficient mouse. J. Biol. Chem. 277, 50776-50779.
29. Han, B. H., DeMattos, R. B., Dugan, L. L., Kim-Han, J. S., Brendza, R. P., Fryer, J. D., Kierson, M., Cirrito, J., Quick, K., Harmony, J. A. K., Aronow, B. J., and Holtzman, D. M. (2001). Clusterin contributes to caspase-3-independent brain injury following neonatal hypoxia-ischemia. Nat. Med. 7, 338-343.
30. Illario, M., Cavallo, A. L., Bayer, U. K., Di Matola, T., Fenzi, G., Rossi, G., and Vitale, M. (2008). Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II binds to Raf-1 and modulates integrin-stimulated ERK activation. J. Biol. Chem. 278, 45101-45108.
31. July, L. L., Beraldi, E., So, A., Fazli, L., Evans, K., English, J. C., and Gleave, M. E. (2004). Nucleotide-based therapies targeting clusterin chemosensitize human lung adenocarcinoma cells both in vitro and in vivo. Mol. Cancer Ther. 3, 223-232.
32. Kaisman-Elbaz, T., Sekler, I., Fishman, D., Karol, N., Forberg, M., Kahn, N., Hershfinkel, M., and Silverman, W. F. (2009). Cell death induced by zinc and cadmium is mediated by clusterin in cultured mouse seminiferous tubules. J. Cell Physiol. 220, 222-229.
33. Kay, A. R. (2004). Detecting and minimizing zinc contamination in physiological solutions. BMC Physiol 4, 4.
34. Khundmiri, S. J., Metzler, M. A., Ameen, M., Amin, V., Rane, M. J., and Delamere, A. (2006). Ouabain induces cell proliferation through calcium-dependent phosphorylation of Akt (protein kinase B) in opossum kidney proximal tubule cells. Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol. 291, C1247-C1257.
35. Kojima, I., Matsunaga, H., Kurokawa, K., Ogata, E., and Nishimoto, I. (1988). Calcium influx: an intracellular message of the mitogenic action of insulin-like growth factor-I. J. Biol. Chem. 263, 16561-16567.
36. + channels (IKCa1) regulate human prostate cancer cell proliferation through a close control of calcium entry. Oncogene 28, 1792-1806.
37. Leskov, K. S., Klokov, D. Y., Li, J., Kinsella, T. J., and Boothman, D. A. (2003). Synthesis and functional analyses of nuclear clusterin, a cell death protein. J. Biol. Chem. 278, 11590-11600.
38. Liao, J., Schneider, A., Datta, N. S., and McKauley, L. K. (2006). Extracellular calcium as a candidate mediator of prostate cancer skeletal metastasis. Cancer Res. 77, 9065-9073.
39. Lin, K. I., Chattopadhyay, N., Bai, M., Alvarez, R., Dang, C. V., Baraban, J. M., Brown, E. M., and Ratan, R. R. (1998). Elevated extracellular calcium can prevent apoptosis via the calcium-sensing receptor. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 249, 325-331.
40. Liu, T., Liu, P. Y., Tee, A. E. L., Haber, M., Norris, M. D., Gleave, M. E., and Marshall, G. M. (2009). Over-expression of clusterin is a resistance factor to the anti-cancer effect of histone deacetylase inhibitors. Eur. J. Cancer 45, 1846-1854.
41. Losh, A., and Koch-Brandt, C. (1995). Dithiothreitol treatment of Madin-Darby canine kidney cells reversibly blocks export from the endoplasmic reticulum but does not affect vectorial targeting of secretory proteins. J. Biol. Chem. 270, 11543-11548.
42. Lu, J., McKinsey, T. A., Nicol, R. L., and Olson, E. N. (2000). Signal-dependent activation of the MEF2 transcription factor by dissociation from histone deacetylases. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97, 4070-4075.
43. Lynch, J., and Michalak, M. (2003). Calreticulin is an upstream regulator of calcineurin. Bichem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 311, 1173-1179.
44. 2+ channel activation by PDGF-induced tyrosine phosphorylation and Ras guanine triphosphate binding proteins in rat glomerular mesangial cells. J. Clin. Invest. 97, 2332-2341.
45. Mailland, M., Waechli, R., Ruat, M., Boddeke, H. G.W., and Seuwen, K. (1997). Stimulation of cell proliferation by calcium and a calcimimetic compound. Endocrinology 138, 3601-3605.
46. Mallory, J. C., Crudden, G., Oliva, A., Saunders, C., Stromberg, A., and Craven, R. J. (2005). A novel group of genes regulates susceptibility to antineoplastic drugs in highly tumorigenic breast cancer cells. Mol. Pharmacol. 68, 1747-1756.
47. Mao, Z., Bonni, A., Xia, F., Nadal-Vicens, M., and Greenberg, M. E. (1999). Neuronal activitydependent cell survival mediated by transcription factor MEF2. Science 285, 785-790.
48. Marin, A., Lopez de Cerain, A., Hamilton, E., Lewis, A. D., Martinez-Penuela, J. M., Idoate, M. A., and Bello, J. (1997). DT-diaphorase and cytochrome B5 reductase in human lung and breast tumours. Br J. Cancer 76, 923-929.
49. Markopoulou, S., Kontargiris, E., Batsi, C., Tzavaras, T., Trougakos, I., Boothman, D. A., Gonos, E. S., and Kolettas, E. (2009). Vanadium-induced apoptosis of HaCaT cells is mediated by c-Fos and involves nuclear accumulation of clusterin. Febs J. 276, 3784-3799.
50. McKinsey, T. A., Zhang, C. L., and Olson, E. N. (2002). MEF2: A calcium-dependent regulator of cell division, differentiation and death. Trends Biochem. Sci. 59, 271.
51. Mesaeli, N., Nakamura, K., Zvaritch, E., Dickie, P., Dziak, E., Krause, K. H., Opas, M., MacLennan, D. H., and Michalak, M. (1999). Calreticulin is essential for cardiac development. J. Cell Biol. 144, 857-868.
52. Michalak, M., Groenendyk, J., Szabo, E., Gold, L. I., and Opas, M. (2009). Calreticulin, a multi-process calcium-buffering chaperone of the endoplasmic reticulum. Biochem. J. 417, 651-666.
53. Miyake, H., Hara, I., Kamidono, S., Gleave, M. E., and Eto, H. (2003). Resistance to cytotoxic chemotherapy-induced apoptosis in human prostate cancer cells is associated with intracellular clusterin expression. Oncol. Rep. 10, 469-473.
54. Molinari, M., Eriksson, K. K., Calanca, V., Galli, C., Creswell, P., Michalak, M., and Helenius, A. (2004). Contrasting functions of calreticulin and calnexin in glycoprotein folding and ER quality control. Mol. Cell 13, 125-135.
55. Monaco, S., Illario, M., Rusciano, M. R., Gragnaniello, G., Di Spigna, G., Leggiero, E., Pastore, L., Fenzi, G., Rossi, E., and Vitale, M. (2009). Insulin stimulates fibroblast proliferation through calcium-calmodulin-dependent kinase II. Cell Cycle (epub ahead of print).
56. Munaron, L., Distasi, C., Carabelli, V., Baccino, F. M., Bonelli, G., and Lovisolo, D. (1995). Sustained calcium influx activated by basic fibroblast growth factor in Balb-c 3T3 fibroblasts. J. Physiol. 484, 557-566.
57. 2+ channel protein (TRPC7) highly expressed in brain. Genomics 54, 124-131.
58. Nizard, P., Tetley, S., Le Drean, Y., Watrin, T., Le Goff, P., Wilson, M. R., and Michel, D. (2007). Stress-induced retrotranslocation of clusterin/ApoJ into the cytosol. Traffic 8, 554-565.
59. Ori, Y., Herman, M., Chagnac, A., Malachi, T., Gafter, U., and Korzets, A. (2005). Spontaneous DNA repair in human mononuclear cells is calcium-dependent. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 336, 842-846.
60. Orzechowski, A., Jank, M., Gajkowska, B., Sadkowski, T., Godlewski, M.M, and Ostaszewski, P. (2003). Delineation of signalling pathway leading to antioxidant-dependent inhibition of dexamethasone-mediated muscle cell death. J. Muscle Res. Cell Motil. 24, 33-53.
61. Orzechowski, A., Jank, M., Gajkowska, B., Sadkowski, T., and Godlewski, M. M. (2004). A novel antioxidant-inhibited dexamethasone-mediated and caspase-3 independent muscle cell death. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1010, S: 205-208.
62. O'Sullivan, J., Whyte, L., Drake, J., and Tenniswood, M. (2003). Alterations in the posttranslational modifications and intracellular trafficking of clusterin in MCF-7 cells during apoptosis. Cell Death Differ. 10, 914-927.
63. Pajak, B., and Orzechowski, A. (2006). Clusterin: The missing link in the calcium-dependent resistance of cancer cells to apoptogenic stimuli. Postepy Hig. Med. Dosw. 60, 45-51.
64. Pajak, B., and Orzechowski, A. (2007a). Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid affects subcellular expression of clusterin protein in human colon adenocarcinoma COLO 205 cell line. Anti-Cancer Drugs 18, 55-63.
65. Pajak, B., and Orzechowski, A. (2007b). Sodium butyrate-dependent sensitization of human colon adenocarcinoma COLO 205 cells to TNF-α-induced apoptosis. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 58(Suppl. 3), 163-176.
66. Pajak, B., Gajkowska, B., and Orzechowski, A. (2009). Sodium butyrate sensitizes human colon adenocarcinoma COLO 205 cells to both intrinsic and TNF-α-dependent extrinsic apoptosis. Apoptosis 14, 203-217.
67. 4 production. Cell 69, 295-303.
68. 2+ permeable cation channels: from gene to biological function. Cell Calcium 33, 519-531.
69. 2+ transfer in the control of apoptosis. Oncogene 27, 6407-6418.
70. 2+) signal is involved in regulating UV-induced apoptosis in HeLa cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 23, 84-89.
71. Pucci, S., Paola, M., Fabiola, S., David, B. A., and Luigi, S. G. (2009). Interleukin-6 affects cell death escaping mechanisms acting on Bax-Ku70-Clusterin interactions in human colon cancer progression. Cell Cycle 8, 473-481.
72. Purrello, M., Bettuzzi, S., Di Pietro, C., Mirabile, E., Di Blasi, M., Rimini, R., Grzeschik, K. H., Ingletti, C., Corti, A., and Sichel, G. (1991). The gene for SP-40,40, human homolog of rat sulfated glycoprotein 2, rat clusterin, and rat testosterone-repressed prostate message 2, maps to chromosome 8. Genomics 10, 151-156.
73. Ranney, M. K., Ahmed, I. S. A., Potts, K. R., and Craven, R. J. (2007). Multiple pathways regulating the anti-apoptotic protein clusterin in breast cancer. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1772, 1103-1111.
74. Rauhala, H. E., Porkka, K. P., Saramaki, O. R., Tammela, T. L., and Visakorpi, T. (2008). Clusterin is epigenetically regulated in prostate cancer. Int. J. Cancer 123, 1601-1609.
75. Redondo, M., Tellez, T., Roldan, M. J., Serrano, A., Garcia-Aranda, M., Gleave, M. E., Hortas, M. L., and Morell, M. (2007). Anticlusterin treatment of breast cancer cells increases the sensitivities of chemotherapy and tamoxifen and counteracts the inhibitory action of dexamethasone on chemotherapy-induced cytotoxicity. BMC Breast Cancer Res. 9, R86-R93.
76. Rizzi, F., Caccamo, A. E., Belloni, L., and Bettuzzi, S. (2009). Clusterin is a short half-life, polyubiquitinated protein, which controls the fate of prostate cancer cells. J. Cell Physiol. 219, 314-323.
77. Rose, J. K., and Doms, R. W. (1988). Regulation of protein export from the endoplasmic reticulum. Ann. Rev. Cell Biol. 4, 257-288.
78. Rowling, P. J. E., and Freedman, R. E. (1993). Folding, assembly, and posttranslational modification of proteins within the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum. Subcell. Biochem. 21, 41-80.
79. Santilli, G., Aronow, B. J., and Sala, A. (2003). Essential requirement of apolipoprotein J (clusterin) signaling for IκB expression and regulation of NF-κB activity. J. Biol. Chem. 278, 38214-38219.
80. Scaltriti, M., Santamaria, A., Paciucci, R., and Bettuzzi, S. (2004). Intracellular clusterin induces G2-M phase arrest and cell death in PC-3 prostate cancer cells. Cancer Res. 64, 6174-6182.
81. Scoltock, A. B., Bortner, C. D., Bird, G. St. J., Putney, J. W., and Cidlowski, J. A. (2000). A selective requirement for elevated calcium in DNA degradation, but not early events in anti-Fas-induced apoptosis. J. Biol. Chem. 275, 30586-30596.
82. Shannan, R., Seifert, M., Boothman, D. A., Tilgen, W., and Reichrath, J. (2006a). Clusterin and DNA repair: a new function in cancer for a key player in apoptosis and cell cycle control. J. Mol. Histol. 37, 183-188.
83. Shannan, B., Seifert, M., Leskov, K., Willis, J., Boothman, D., Tilgen, W., and Reichrath, J. (2006b). Challenge and promise: role of clusterin in pathogenesis, progression and therapy of cancer. Cell Death Differ. 13, 12-19.
84. Skinner, H. G., and Schwartz, G. G. (2009). A prospective study of total and ionized serum calcium and fatal prostate cancer. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 18, 575-578.
85. Stokes, A. H., Freeman, W. M., Mitchell, S. G., Burnette, T. A., Hellmann, G. M., and Vrana, K. E. (2002). Induction of GADD45 and GADD153 in neuroblastoma cells by dopamine-induced toxicity. Neurotoxicology 23, 675-684.
86. Tagliarino, C., Pink, J. J., Dubyak, G. R., Nieminen, A- L., and Boothman, D. A. (2001). Calcium is a key signaling molecule in β-lapachone-mediated cell death. J. Biol. Chem. 276, 19150-19159.
87. Tagliarino, C., Pink, J. J., Reinicke, K. E., Simmers, S. M., Wuerzberger-Davis, S. M., and Boothman, D. A. (2003). -calpain activation in β-lapachone-mediated apoptosis. Cancer Biol. Ther. 2, 141-152.
88. 2+ voltage-gated channels modulate protein secretion in cultured rat Sertoli cells. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 126, 117-123.
89. Taranta, A., Teti, A., Stefanini, M., and D'Agostino, A. (2000). Immediate cell signal induced by laminin in rat Sertoli cells. Matrix Biol. 19, 11-18.
90. Trougakos, I. P., and Gonos, E. S. (2004). Functional analysis of clusterin/apolipoprotein J in cellular death induced by severe genotoxic stress. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1019, 206-210.
91. Trougakos, I. P., Lourda, M., Antonelou, M. H., Kletsas, D., Gorgoulis, V. G., Papassideri, I. S., Zou, Y., Margaritis, L. H., Boothman, D. A., and Gonos, E. S. (2009). Intracellular clusterin inhibits mitochondrial apoptosis by suppressing p53-activating stress signals and stabilizing the cytosolic Ku70-Bax protein complex. Clin. Cancer Res. 15, 48-59.
92. Tschopp, J., Jenne, D. E., Hertig, S., Preissner, K. T., Morgenstern, H., Sapino, A-P., and French, L. (1993). Human megakaryocytes express clusterin and package it without apolipoprotein A-1 into α-granules. Blood 82, 118-125.
93. Tsubuki, S., Saito, Y., Tomioka, M., Ito, H., and Kawashima, S. (1996). Differential inhibition of calpain and proteasome activities by peptidyl aldehydes of di-leucine and tri-leucine. J. Biochem. 119, 572-576.
94. Voets, T., Droogmans, G., Wissenbach, U., Janssens, A., Flockerzi, V., and Nilius, B. (2004). The principle of temperature-dependent gating in cold- and heat-sensitive TRP channels. Nature 430, 748-754.
95. Wang, H- P., Pu, X.-Y., and Wang, X- H. (2007). Distribution profiles of transient receptor potential melastatin-related and vanilloid-related channels in prostate tissue in rat. Asian J. Androl. 9, 634-640.
96. Williams, D. B. (2005). Beyond lectins: The calnexin/careticulin chaperone system of the endoplasmic reticulum. J. Cell Sci. 119, 615-623.
97. Yang, C- R., Leskov, K., Hosley-Eberlein, K., Criswell, T., Pink, J. J., Kinsella, T. J., and Boothman, D. A. (2000). Nuclear clusterin/XIP8, an x-ray-induced Ku70-binding protein that signals cell death. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97, 5907-5912.
98. 2+-induced release of the transcription factor MEF2. Science 286, 790-793.
99. Zellweger, T., Chi, K., Miyake, H., Adomat, H., Kiyama, S., Skov, K., and Gleave, M. E. (2002). Enhanced radiation sensitivity in prostate cancer by inhibition of the cell survival protein clusterin. Clin. Cancer Res. 8, 3276-3284.
100. Zhang, H., Kim, J. K., Edwards, C. A., Xu, Z., Taichman, R., andWang, C- Y. (2005). Clusterin inhibits apoptosis by interacting with activated Bax. Nat. Cell Biol. 7, 909-915.