Vesicular systems for intranasal drug delivery

Neuromethods

Volumn 45, Issue , 2010, Pages 175-203

  Alsarra, Ibrahim A ^a   Hamed, Amel Y ^a   Alanazi, Fars K ^a   El Maghraby, Gamal M ^a  

^a KING SAUD UNIVERSITY   (Saudi Arabia)

Author keywords

Blood brain barrier; Colloidal carriers; Liposomes; Mucoadhesion; Nasal mucociliary clearance; Nose to brain delivery; Olfactory route; Polymeric hydrogels; Targeted brain delivery; Vaccine delivery

Indexed keywords

DIPHENHYRAMINE; LIPOSOME; NIOSOME; PENETRATION ENHANCING AGENT; SALCATONIN; TRANSFERSOME; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VESICULAR TRANSPORT ADAPTOR PROTEIN;

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM; DRUG ABSORPTION; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM; DRUG FORMULATION; DRUG PENETRATION; FIRST PASS EFFECT; GENE THERAPY; INTRANASAL DRUG ADMINISTRATION; INTRANASAL VACCINATION; MUCOCILIARY CLEARANCE; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; VACCINATION;

EID: 73849142741     PISSN: 08932336     EISSN: 19406045     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-529-3_8     Document Type: Review

References (146)

1. Illum, L. (2003) Nasal drug delivery-possibilities, problems and solutions. J Control Release 87, 187-198.
2. Ugwoke, M. I., Verbek, N., and Kinget, R. (2001) The biopharmaceutical aspects of nasal mucoadhesion drug delivery. J Pharm Pharmacol 53, 3-22.
3. Arora, P., Sharma, S., and Gary, S. S. (2002) Permeability issues in nasal drug delivery. Drug Discov Today 7, 967-975.
4. Chien, Y. W., Su, K. S. E., and Chang, S. F. (1989) Anatomy and physiology of the nose. In: Swarbrick, J., (eds.), Nasal systemic drug delivery: drugs and pharmaceutical science, vol.39.MarcelDekker, New York, pp. 1-19.
5. Illum, L.,Watts, P., Fisher, A.N., Hinchcliffe, M., Norbury, H., Jabbal-Gill, I., Nankervis, R., and Davis, S. S. (2002) Intranasal delivery of morphine. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 301, 391-400.
6. Chen, X. Q., Fawcett, J. R., Rahman, Y. E., Ala, T. A., and Frey 2nd, W. H. (1998) Delivery of nerve growth factor to the brain via the olfactory pathway. J Alzheimer Dis 1, 35-44.
7. Liu, J. X. F., Fawcett, R., Thorne, R. G., DeFor, T. A., and Frey 2nd, W. H. (2001) Intranasal administration of insulin-like growth factor-I bypasses the blood-brain barrier and protects against focal cerebral ischemicdamage. J Neurol Sci 187, 91-97.
8. Fehm, H. L., Perras, B., Smolink, R., Kern, W., and Born, J. (2000) Manipulating neuropeptidegric pathways in humans: a novel approach in neuropharmacology? Eur J Pharmacol 405, 43-54.
9. Giacobini, P., Kopin, A. S., Beart, P. M., Mercer, L. D., Fasolo, A., and Wray, S. (2004) Cholecystokinin modulates migration of gonadotropin-releasing hormone-1 neurons. J Neurosci 24, 4737-4748.
10. Turker, S., Onur, E., and Ozer, Y. (2004) Nasal route and drug delivery systems. Pharm World Sci 26, 137-142.
11. Merkus, F.W., Verhoef, J. C., Schipper, N. G., and Marttin, E. (1998) Nasal mucociliary clearance as a factor in nasal drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 29, 13-38.
12. Alsarra, I. A.,Hamed,A. Y., Mahrous, G. M., El Maghraby, G.M., Al-Robayan, A. A., and Alanazi, F. K. (2008) Mucoadhesive polymeric hydrogels for nasal delivery of acyclovir. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 3, 1-11.
13. Guo, J., Ping, Q., Jiang, G., Dong, J. Q. S., Feng, L., Li, Z., and Li, C. (2004) Transport of leuprolide across rat intestine, rabbit intestine and caco-2 cell monolayer. Int J Pharm 278, 415-422.
14. Varshosaz, J., Sadrai, H., and Heidar, A. (2006) Nasal delivery of insulin using bioadhesive chitosan gels. Drug Deliv 13, 31-38.
15. Callens, G., and Remon, J. P. (2000) Evaluation of starch-maltodextrin- carpobol 974 for nasal delivery of insulin in rabbits. J Control Release 66, 215-220.
16. Lindhardt, K., Ravn, G., Gizurarson, S., and Bechgaard, E. (2000) Intranasal absorption of buprenorphine in-vivo bioavailability study in sheep. Int J Pharm 205, 159-163.
17. Soan, R. J., Hinchcliff, M., Davis, S. S., and Illum, L. (2001) Clearance characteristics of chitosan based formulations in sheep nasal cavity. Int J Pharm 217, 183-191.
18. Wang, W. (1999) Instability, stabilization and formulation of liquid protein pharmaceuticals. Int J Pharm 85, 129-188.
19. Kublik, H., and Vidgren, M. T. (1998) Nasal delivery systems and their effect on deposition and absorption. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 29, 157-177.
20. Jiang, W., and Schwendeman, S. P. (2001) Stabilization and controlled release of bovin serum albumin encapsulated in poly(D-Llactide) and poly(ethylene glycol) microspheres blends. Pharm Res 18, 878-885.
21. Mainardes, R. M.,Urban,M.C., Cinto, P. O., Chaud, M. V., Evangelista, R. C., and Daflon Gremião, M. P. (2006) Liposomes and micro/nanoparticles as colloidal carriers for nasal drug delivery. Curr Drug Deliv 3, 275-285.
22. Illum, I. (2007) Nanoparticulate systems for nasal delivery of drugs: a real improvement over simple systems? J Pharm Sci 96, 473-483.
23. Stanleya, A. C., Huntleya, J. F., Jeffreyb, M., and Buxtona, D. (2001) Characterization of ovine nasal-associated lymphoid tissue and identification of M cells in the overlying follicle-associated epithelium. J Comp Pathol 125, 262-270.
24. Behrens, I., Pena, A. V. I., Alonso, M. J., and Kissel, T. (2002) Comparative uptake studies of bioadhesive nanoparticles in human intestinal cell lines and rats: the effect of mucus on particle adsorption and transport. Pharm Res 19, 1185-1193.
25. Illum, L. (2000) Transport of drug from the nasal cavity to central nervous system. Eur J Pharm Sci 11, 1-18.
26. Illum, L. (2004) Is nose-to-brain transport of drugs in man a reality? J Pharm Pharmacol 56, 3-17.
27. Cerijido,M., Shoskani, L., and Contreres, R. (2000) Molecular physiology and pathophysiology of tight junction I. Biogenesis of tight junction and epithelial polarity. Am J Physiol 279, 477-482.
28. Hayashi, M., Hirasawa, T., Muraoka, T., Shiga, M., and Awaza, S. (1985) Comparison of water influx and sieving coefficient in rat jejunal, rectal and nasal absorption of antipyrine. Chem Pharm Bull 33, 2149-2152.
29. Frey 2nd, W. H. (2002) Intranasal delivery: bypassing the blood-brain barrier to deliver therapeutic agents to the brain and spinal cord. Drug Deliv Technol 2, 46-49.
30. Behl, C. R., Pimplaskar, H. K., Sileno, A. P., Demeireles, J., and Remo, V. D. (1998) Effect of physiochemical properties and other factors on systemic nasal drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 29, 89-116.
31. Vyas, T. K., Shahiwala, A., Marathe, S., and Misra, A. (2005) Intranasal drug delivery for central nervous system. Curr Drug Deliv 2, 165-175.
32. Thorne, R. G., Pronk, G. J., and Padmanabhan, V. (2004) Delivery of insulin like growth factor-I to the rat brain and spinal cord along olfactory and trigeminal pathways following intranasal administration. Neuroscience 127, 481-496.
33. Thorne, R. G., Pronk, G., and Frey, W. H. (2000) Delivery of insulin like growth factor- I to the brain and spinal cord along olfactory and trigeminal pathways following intranasal administration: a non-invasive method for bypassing the blood-brain barrier. Soc Neurosci Abstr 26, 1365.
34. Yang, J. P., Liub, H. J., Chenga, S. M., Wanga, Z. L., Chenga, X., Yuc, H. X., and Liua, X. F. (2009) Direct transport of VEGF from the nasal cavity to brain. Neurosci Lett 449, 108-111.
35. Ross, T. M., Martinez, P. M., Renner, J. C., Thorne, R. G., Hanson, L. R., and Frey 2nd, W. H. (2004) Intranasal administration of interferon beta bypasses the blood-brain barrier to target the central nervous system and cervical lymph nodes: a non-invasive treatment strategy for multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 151, 66-77.
36. F̈oldi, M. (1996) The brain and the lymphatic system (I). Lymphology 29, 1-9.
37. Ugwoke, M. I., Agu, R. U., Verbeke, N., and Kinget, R. (2005) Nasal mucoadhesive drug delivery: background, applications, trends and future perspectives. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 57, 1640-1665.
38. Soane, R. J., Frier, M., Perkins, A. C., Jones, N. S., Davis, S. S., and Illum, L. (1999) Evaluation of the clearance characteristics of bioadhesive systems in humans. Int J Pharm 178, 55-65.
39. Cornaz, A. L., and Buri, P. (1994) Nasal mucosa as an absorption barrier. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 40, 261-270.
40. Green, A., Smallman, L. A., Logan, A.C.M., and Darke-lee, A. B. (1995) The effect of temperature on nasal ciliary beat frequency. Clin Otolaryngol 20, 178-180.
41. Chung, F. Y., and Donovan, M. D. (1996) Nasal presystemic metabolism of peptide drugs: substance P metabolism in the sheep nasal cavity. Int J Pharm 128, 229-237.
42. Bernkop-schnurch, A. (1998) Use of inhibitory agents to overcome the enzymatic barrier to perorally administered therapeutic peptides and proteins. J ControlRelease 52, 1-16.
43. Krishnamoorthy, R., and Mitra, AK. (1998) Prodrugs for nasal drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 29, 135-146.
44. Yamamoto, A., Iseki, T., Ochi-Sugiyama,M., Okada, N., Fujita, T., and Muranishi, S. (2001) Absorption of water-soluble compounds with different molecular weight. J Control Release 76, 363-374.
45. Hinchcliffe, M., and Illum, L. (1999) Intranasal insulin delivery and therapy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 35, 199-234.
46. Corbo, D. C., Liu, J. C., and Chien, Y. W. (1990) Characterization of the barrier properties of mucosal membrane. J Pharm Sci 79, 202-206.
47. Derendorf, H., and Meltzer, E. O. (2008) Molecular and clinical pharmacology of intranasal corticosteroids: clinical and therapeutic implications. Allergy 63, 1292-1300.
48. Yang, C., Gao, H., and Mitra, A. (2000) Chemical stability, enzymatic hydrolysis, and nasal uptake of amino acid ester prodrugs of acyclovir. J Pharm Sci 90, 617-624.
49. Al-Ghananeem, A. M., Traboulsi, A. A., Dittert, L. W., and Hussain, A. A. (2002) Targeted brain delivery of 17b-estradiol via nasally administered water soluble prodrugs. AAPS Pharm Sci Tech 3, 1-8.
50. El Maghraby, G. M., Barry, B. W., and Williams, A. C. (2008) Liposomes and skin. From drug delivery to model membranes. Eur J Pharm Sci 34, 203-222.
51. New, R. R. C. (1990) Introduction. In: New, R. (ed.), Liposomes a practical approach, 1st Ed//. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 1-32.
52. Brandl, M. (2001) Liposomes as drug carriers: a technological approach. Biotechnol Annu Rev 7, 59-85.
53. El Maghraby, G. M., Williams, A. C., and Barry, B. W. (2005) Drug interaction and location in liposomes: correlation with polar surface area. Int J Pharm 292, 179-185.
54. Gregoriadis, G., and Florence, A. T. (1993) Liposomes in drug delivery, clinical, diagnostic and ophthalmic potential. Drugs 45, 15-28.
55. Iwanaga, K., Matsumoto, S., Morimoto, K., Kakemi, M., Yamashita, S., and Kimura, T. (2000) Usefulness of liposomes as an intranasal dosage formulation for topical drug application. Biol Pharm Bull 23, 323-326.
56. Sakaue, G., Hiroi, T., Nakagawa, Y., Someya, K., Iwatani, K., Sawa, Y., Takahashi, H., Honda, M., Kunisawa, J., and Kiyono, H. (2003) HIV mucosal vaccine: Nasal immunization with gp160- encapsulated hemagglutinating virus of Japan-liposome induces antigen-specific CTLs and neutralizing antibody responses. J Immunol 170, 495-502.
57. De Jonge, M. I.,Hamstra,H. J., Jiskoot, W., Roholl, P., Williams, N. A., Dankert, J., Van Alphen, L., andVan Der Ley, P. (2004) Intranasal immunisation of mice with liposomes containing recombinant meningococcal OpaB and OpaJ proteins. Vaccine 22, 4021-4028.
58. Lambkin, R., Oxford, J. S., Bossuyt, S., Mann, A., Metcalfe, I. C., Herzog, C., Viret, J. F., and Gluck, R. (2004) Strong local and systemic protective immunity induced in the ferret model by an intranasal virosome formulated influenza subunit vaccine. Vaccine 22, 4390-4396.
59. Langley, J. M., Halperin, S. A., McNeil, S., Smith, B., Jones, T., Burt, D., Mallett, C. P., Lowell, G. H., and Fries, L. (2006) Safety and immunogenicity of a proteosome(TM)- trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine, given nasally to healthy adults. Vaccine 24, 1601-1608.
60. Chen, M., Deng, Q., Li, X. R., and Liu, Y. (2007) The hypoglycaemia effect of salmon calcitonin ultra-fexible liposomes after nasal administration in rats. Yao Xue Xue Bao 42, 681-686.
61. Patel, G. B., Ponce, A., Zhou, H., and Chen, W. (2008) Safety of intranasal administration archaeal lipid mucosal vaccine aduvant and delivery (AMWAD) vaccine in mice. Int J Toxicol 27, 329-339.
62. Tafaghodi, M., Jaafari, M. R., and Sajadi- Tabassi, S. A. (2008) Nasal immunization studies by cationic, fusogenic and cationicfusogenic liposomes encapsulated with tetanus toxoid. Curr Drug Deliv 5, 108-113.
63. Rosada, R. S.,de laTorre,L.G., Frantz,F.G., Trombone, A. P., Zárate-Bladés, C. R., Fonseca, D. M., Souza, P. R., Brandão, I. T., Masson, A. P., Soares, E. G., Ramos, S. G., Faccioli, L. H., Silva, C. L., Santana, M. H., and Coelho-Castelo, A. A. (2008) Protection against tuberculosis by a single intranasal administration of DNA-hsp65 vaccine complexed with cationic liposomes. BMC Immunol 9, 1-13.
64. Kaur, I. P., Garg, A., Singla, A. K., and Aggarwal, D. (2004) Vesicular systems in ocular drug delivery: an overview. Int J Pharm 269, 1-14.
65. Mozafari, M. R. (2005) Liposomes: an overview of manufacture techniques. Cell Mol Biol Lett 10, 711-719.
66. Gregoriadis, G. (1995) Engineering liposomes for drug delivery: progress and problems. Trends Biotechnol 13, 527-537.
67. Nii, T., and Ishii, F. (2005) Encapsulation efficiency of water-soluble and insoluble drugs in liposomes prepared by the microencapsulation vesicle method. Int J Pharm 298, 198-205.
68. Uchegbu, I. F., and Vyas, S. P. (1998) Nonionic surfactant based vesicles (niosomes) in drug delivery. Int J Pharm 172, 33-70.
69. Alsarra, I. A. (2008) Evaluation of proniosomes as an alternative strategy to optimize piroxicam transdermal delivery. J Microencapsul 11, 1-7.
70. Alsarra, I. A., Bosela, A. A., Al-Mohizea, A. M., Mahrous, J. M., and Neau, S. H. (2005) Modulating intestinal uptake of atenolol using niosomes as drug permeation enhancers. Sci Pharm 73, 81-93.
71. Alsarra, I. A., Bosela, A. A., Ahmed, S. M., and Mahrous, J. M. (2005) Proniosomes as a drug carrier for transdermal delivery of ketorolac. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 59, 485-490.
72. Manosroi, A., Chutoprapat, R., Abe, M., and Manosroi, J. (2008) Characteristics of niosomes prepared by supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) fluid. Int J Pharm 352, 248-255.
73. Hu, C., and Rhodes, D. G. (1999) Proniosomes: a novel drug carrier preparation. Int J Pharm 185, 23-35.
74. Carafa, M., Santucci, E., and Lucania, G. (2002) Lidocaine-loaded non-ionic surfactant vesicles: characterization and in vitro permeation studies. Int J Pharm 231, 21-32.
75. Biju, S. S., Talegaonkar, S., Mishra, P. R., and Khar, R. K. (2006) Vesicular systems: an overview. Indian J Pharm Sci 68, 141-153.
76. Dufes, C., Schatzlein, A. G., Tetley, L., Gray, A. I., Watson, D. G., Olivier, J. C., Couet, W., and Uchegbu, I. F. (2000) Niosomes and polymeric chitosan based vesicles bearing transferring and glucose ligands for drug targeting. Pharm Res 17, 1250-1258.
77. Vyas, S. P., Singh, R. P., Jain, S., Mishra, V., Mahor, S., Singh, P., Gupta, P. N., Rawat, A., and Dubey, P. (2005) Nonionic surfactant based vesicles (niosomes) for non-invasive topical genetic immunization against hepatitis B. Int J Pharm 296, 80-86.
78. Hu, C., and Rhodes, D. G. (2000) Proniosomes: a novel drug carrier preparation. Int J Pharm 206, 110-122.
79. Katare, O. P., Vyas, S. P., and Dixit, V. K. (1991) Preparation and performance evaluation of plain proliposome systems for cytoprotection. J Microencapsul 8, 295-300.
80. Muramatsu, K., Maitani, Y., Takayama, K., and Nagai, T. (1999) The relationship between the liposomal membrane of insulin after nasal administration of liposomes modified with an enhancer containing insulin in rabbits. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 25, 1099-1105.
81. Law, S. L., Huang, K. J., and Chou, H. Y. (2001) Preparation of desmopressin-containing liposomes for intranasal delivery. J Control Release 70, 375-382.
82. Maitani, Y., Asano, S., Takahashi, S., Nasayuki, M., and Nagai, T. (1992) Permeability of insulin in liposomes through the nasal mucosa of rabbits. Chem Pharm Bull 40, 1569-1572.
83. Jain, A. K., Chalasani, K. B., Khar, R. K., Ahamed, F. J., and Diwan, P. V. (2007) Mucoadhesive multivesicular liposomes as an effective carrier for transmucosal insulin delivery. J Drug Target 15, 417-427.
84. Law, S. L., Huang, K. J., Chou, H. Y., and Cherng, J. Y. (2001) Enhancement of nasal absorption of calcitoninloded in liposomes. J Liposome Res 11, 165-174.
85. Alsarra, I. A.,Hamed, A. Y., and Alanazi, F. K. (2008) Acyclovir liposomes for intranasal systemic delivery: development and pharmacokinetics evaluation. Drug Deliv 15, 313-321.
86. Ding,W. X.,Qi, X. R.,Fu,Q., andPiao,H.S. (2007) Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of sterylglucoside-modified liposomes for levonorgestrel delivery via nasal route. Drug Deliv 14, 101-104.
87. Shahiwala, A., and Misra, A. (2006) Preliminary investigation of the nasal delivery of liposomal leuprorelin acetate fro contraception in rats. J Pharm Pharmacol 58, 19-26.
88. Lee, V. H. I., Yamamoto, A., and Kompella, U. B. (1991) Mucosal penetration enhancers for facilitation of peptide and protein drug absorption. Crit Rev Ther Drug Carrier Syst 8, 191-192.
89. Zhang, Y. J., Wang, X. L., Wu, J. M., and Cheng, M. X. (2007) Studies on preparation of recombinant hirudin-2 liposome and its pharmacokinetics by nasal delivery in rats. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 32, 801-804.
90. Jung, B. H., Chung, B. C., Chung, S. J., Lee, M. H., and Shim, C. K. (2000) Prolonged delivery of nicotine in rats via nasal administration of proliposomes. J Control Release 66, 73-79.
91. Ahn, B. N., Kim, S. K., and Shim, C. K. (1995) Proliposomes as an intranasal dosage form for the sustained delivery of propranolol. J Control Release 34, 203-210.
92. Kaparissides, C., Alexandridou, S., Kotti, K., and Chaitidou, S. (2006) Recent advances in novel drug delivery systems. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 2, 1-11.
93. Schneider, S. D., Rusconi, S., Seger, R. A., and Hossle, J. P. (1997) Adenovirusmediated gene transfer into monocyte-derived macrophages of patients with X-linked chronic granulomatous disease: ex vivo correction of feficient respiratory burst. Gene Ther 4, 524-532.
94. Alanazi, F., Fu, Z. F., and Lu, D. R. (2004) Effective transfection of rabies DNA vaccine in cell culture using an artificial lipoprotein carrier system. Pharm Res 21, 675-682.
95. Oudrhiri,N., Vigneron, J. P., Peuchmaur,M., Leclerc, T., Lehn, J. M., and Lehn, P. (1997) Gene transfer by guanidinium-cholesterol cationic lipids into airway epithelial cells in vitro and in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94, 1651-1656.
96. Simoes, S., Slepushkin, V., Pretzer, E., Dazin, P., Gaspar, R., de Lima, M. C., and Duzgunes, N. (1999) Transfection of human macrophages by lipoplexes via the combined use of transferrin and pH-sensitive peptides. J Leuk Biol 65, 270-279.
97. Kawakami, S., Sato, A., Nishikawa, M., Yamashita, F., and Hashida, M. (2000) Mannose receptor-mediated gene transfer into macrophages using novel mannosylated cationic liposomes. Gene Ther 7, 292-299.
98. Goncharova, E. P., Ryzhikov, A. B., Bulychev, L. E., Sizov, A. A., Lebedev, L. R., Poryvaev, V. D., Karpenko, L. I., and Il'ichev, A. A. (2002) A study of systems for delivering antigens and plasmid DNA for intranasal immunization against tick-borne encephalitis virus. Wien Klin Wochenschr 31, 630-635.
99. Jain, P. T., Seth, P., and Gewirtz, D. A. (1999) Estradiol enhances liposomemediated uptake, preferential nuclear accumulation and functional expression of exogenous genes in MDA-MB231 breast tumor cells. Biochim Biophys Acta 1451, 224-232.
100. Jain, P. T., and Gewirtz, D. A. (1998) Estradiol enhances gene delivery to human breast tumor cells. J Mol Med 76, 709-714.
101. Wiseman, J. W., Goddard, C. A., and Colledge, W. H. (2001) Steroid hormone enhancement of gene delivery to a human airway epithelial cell line in vitro and mouse airways in vivo. Gene Ther 8, 1562-1571.
102. Braun, S, Jenny, C., Thioudellet, C., Perraud, F., Claudepierre, M. C., Langle- Rouault, F., Ali-Hadji, D., Schughart, K., and Pavirani, A. (1999) In vitro and in vivo effects of glucocorticoids on gene transfer to skeletal muscle. FEBS Lett 454, 277-282.
103. Tanaka, S. I., Yamakawa, T., Kimura, M., Aok, I., Kameie, J., Okudac, K., and Mobbsg, C. (2004) Daily nasal inoculation with the insulin gene ameliorates diabetes in mice. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 63, 1-9.
104. Song, Y. K., and Liu, D. (1998) Free liposomes enhance the transfection activity of DNA/lipid complexes in vivo by intravenous administration. Biochim Biophys Acta 1372, 141-150.
105. Hyde, S. C., Southern, K. W., Gileadi, U., Fitzjohn, E. M., Mofford, K. A., Waddell, B. E.,Gooi,H.C., Goddard,C. A., Hannavy, K., Smyth, S. E., Egan, J. J., Sorgi, F. L., Huang, L., Cuthbert, A. W., Evans, M. J., Colledge, W. H., Higgins, C. F., Webb, A. K., and Gill, D. R. (2000) Repeat administration of DNA/liposomes to the nasal epithelium of patients with cystic fibrosis. Gene Ther 7, 1156-1165.
106. Suckow, M. A., Jarvinen, L. Z., HogenEsch, H., Park, K., and Bowersock, T. L. (2002) Immunization of rabbits against a bacterial pathogen with and alginate microparticle vaccine. J Control Release 85, 227-235.
107. Czerkinsky, C., Anjuere, F., McGhee, J. R., George-Chandy, A., Holmgren, J., and Kieny, M. P. (1999) Mucosal immunity and tolerance: relevance to vaccine development. Immunol Rev 170, 197-222.
108. Chen, S. C., Fynan, E. F., Greenberg, H. B., and Herrmann, J. E. (1999) Immunity obtained by gene-gun inoculation of a rotavirus DNA vaccine to the abdominal epidermis or anorectal epithelium. Vaccine 17, 3171-3176.
109. FitzGerald, D., and Mrsny, R. J. (2000) New approaches to antigen delivery. Crit Rev Ther Drug Carrier Syst 17, 1405-1412.
110. Donnelly, J. J., Ulmer, J. B., Shiver, J. W., and Liu, M. A. (1997) DNA vaccines. Annu Rev Immunol 15, 617-648.
111. Schultz, J., Dollenmaier, G., andM̈olling, K. (2000) Update on antiviral DNA vaccine research (1998-2000). Intervirology 43, 197-217.
112. Sha, Z., Vincent, M. J., and Compans, R. W. (1999) Enhancement of mucosal immune responses to the influenza virus HA protein by alternative approaches to DNA immunization. Immunobiology 200, 21-30.
113. Manochaa, M., Pala, P. C., Chitralekhaa, K. T., Thomasa, B. E., Tripathia, V., Guptab, S. D., Paranjapec, R., Kulkarnic, S., and Rao, D. N. (2005) Enhanced mucosal and systemic immune response with intranasal immunization of mice with HIV peptides entrapped in PLG microparticles in combination with Ulex Europaeus-I lectin as M cell target. Vaccine 23, 5599-5617.
114. Janes, K. A., Calvo, P., and Alonso, M. J. (2001) Polysaccharide colloidal particles as delivery systems for macromolecules. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 47, 83-97.
115. Isaka, M., Yasuda, Y., Mizokami, M., Kozuka, S., Taniguchi, T., Matano, K., Maeyama, J., Mizuno, K., Morokuma, K., Ohkuma, K., Goto, N., and Tochikubo, K. (2001) Mucosal immunization against hepatitis B virus by intranasal co-administration of recombinant hepatitis B surface antigen and recombinant cholera toxin B subunit as an adjuvant. Vaccine 19, 1460-1466.
116. Tafaghodi, M., Jaafari, M. R., and Tabassi, S. A. S. (2006) Nasal immunization studies using liposomes loaded with tetanus toxoid and CpG-ODN. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 64, 138-145.
117. Alpar, H. O., Bowen, J. C., and Brown, M. R. W. (1992) Effectiveness of liposomes as adjuvant of orally and nasally administered tetanus toxoid. Int J Pharm 88, 335-344.
118. Wang,D., Christopher, M. E.,Nagata, L. P., Zabielski, M. A., Li, H., Wong, J. P., and Samuel, J. (2004) Intranasal immunization with liposome encapsulated plasmid DNA encoding influenza virus hemagglutinin elicits mucosal, cellular and humoral immune responses. Clin Virol 31, 99-106.
119. Ninomiya, A., Ogasawara, K., Kajino, K., Takada, A., and Kida, H. (2002) Intranasal administration of a synthetic peptide vaccine encapsulated in liposome together with an anti-CD40 antibody induces protective immunity against influenza A virus in mice. Vaccine 20, 3123-3129.
120. Perrie, Y., Frederik, P.M., andGregoriadis,G. (2001) Liposome- mediatedDNAvaccination: the effect of vesicle composition. Vaccine 19, 3301-3310.
121. Mannino, R. J., Canki, M., Feketeova, E., Scolpino, A. J., Wang, Z., Zhang, F., Kheiri, M. T., and Gould-Fogerite, S. (1998) Targeting immune response induction with cochleate and liposome-based vaccines. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 32, 273-287.
122. Aramaki, Y., Fuiji, Y., Yachi, K., Kikuchi, H., and Tsuchiya, S. (1994) Activation of systemic and mucosal immune response following nasal administration of liposomes. Vaccine 12, 1241-1245.
123. Khatri, K., Goyal, A. K., Gupta, P. N., Mishra, N., Mehta, A., and Vyas, S. P. (2008) Surface modified liposomes for nasal delivery of DNA vaccine. Vaccine 26, 2225-2233.
124. deHaan, A.,Geerligs,H. J.,Huchshorn, J. P., van Scharrenburg, G. J. M., Palache, A. M., and Wilschut, J. (1995) Mucosal immunoadjuvant activity of liposomes: induction of systemic IgG and secretory IgA responses in mice by intranasal immunization with an influenza subunit vaccine and coadministered liposomes. Vaccine 13, 155-162.
125. Childers, N. K., Tong, G., Mitchell, S., Kirk, K., Russell, M. W., and Michalek, S. M. A. (1999) Controlled clinical study of the effect of nasal immunization with a Streptococcus mutans antigen alone or incorporated into liposomes on induction of immune responses. Infect Immun 67, 618-623.
126. Baca-Estrada, M. E., Foldvari, M., Snider, M., Harding, K., Kournikakisc, B., Babiuka, L. A., and Griebela, P. (2000) Intranasal immunization with liposome-formulated Yersinia pestis vaccine enhances mucosal immune responses. Vaccine 18, 2203-2211.
127. Gregoriadis, G. (1990) Immunological adjuvants: a role for liposomes. Immunol Today 11, 89-97.
128. Glück, U., Gebbers, J. O., and Glück, R. (1999) Phase 1 evaluation of intranasal virosomal influenza vaccine with and without escherichia coli heat-labile toxin in adult volunteers. J Virol 73, 7780-7786.
129. Harokopakis, E., Hajishengallis, G., and Michalek, S. M. (1998) Effectiveness of liposomes possessing surface-linked recombinant B subunit of cholera toxin as an oral antigen delivery system. Infect Immun 66, 4299-4304.
130. Patel, G. B., Zhou, H., Ponce, A., and Chen, W. (2007) Mucosal and systemic immune responses by intranasal immunization using archaeal lipid-adjuvanted vaccines. Vaccine 25, 8622-8636.
131. Gould-Fogerite, S., and Mannino, R. J. (2000) Cochleates for induction of mucosal and systemic immune responses. In: O'Hagan D. T., (ed.), Vaccine adjuvants: preparation methods and research protocols. Humana Press, Inc., Totowa, NJ, 179-196.
132. Graff, C. L., and Pollack, G. M. (2005) Nasal drug administration: potential for targeted central nervous system delivery. J Pharm Sci 94, 1187-1195.
133. Thorne, R. G., Emory, C. R., Ala, T. A., and Frey, W. H. (1995) Quantitative analysis of the olfactory pathway for drug delivery to the brain. Brain Res 692, 278-282.
134. Mathison, S.,Nagilla, R., and Kompella, U. B. (1998) Nasal route for direct delivery of solutes to the central nervous system: factor fiction? J Drug Target 5, 415-441.
135. Yamada, T. (2004) The potential of the nasal mucosa route for emergency drug administration via a high-pressure needleless injection system. Anesth Prog 51, 56-61.
136. Costantino, H. R., Lisbeth, I., Brandt, G., Johnson, P. H., and Quay, S. C. (2007) Intranasal delivery: physicochemical and therapeutic aspects. Int J Pharm 337, 1-24.
137. Bleske, B. E., Warren, E. W., Rice, T. L., Shea, M. J., Amidon, G., and Knight, P. (1992) Comparison of intravenous and intranasal administration of epinephrine during CPR in a canine model. Ann Emerg Med 21, 1125-1130.
138. van den Berg, M. P., Verhoef, J. C., Romeijn, S. G., and Merkus, F. W. H. M. (2004) Uptake of estradiol or progesterone into the CSF following intranasal and intravenous delivery in rats. Eur J Pharm Sci 58, 131-135.
139. Gavini, E.,Hegge, A. B., Rassu,G., Sanna, V., Testa, C., Pirisino, G., Karlsen, J., and Giunchedi, P. (2006) Nasal administration of carbamazepine using chitosan microspheres: in vitro/in vivo studies. Int J Pharm 3, 9-15.
140. Chemuturi, N. V., and Donovan, M. D. (2007) Role of organic cation transporters in dopamine uptake across olfactory and nasal respiratory tissues. Mol Pharm 4, 936-942.
141. Kumar, M., Misra, A., Babbar, A. K., Mishra, A. K., Mishra, P., and Pathak, K. (2008) Intranasal nanoemulsion based brain targeting drug delivery system of risperidone. Int J Pharm 24, 285-291.
142. Jogani, V. V., Shah, P. J., Mishra, P., Mishra, A. K., and Misra, A. R. (2008) Intranasal mucoadhesive microemulsion of tacrine to improve brain targeting. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 22, 116-124.
143. Dhuria, S. V., Hanson, L. R., and Frey, W. H. (2009) Novel vasoconstrictor formulation to enhance intranasal targeting of neuropeptide therapeutics to the central nervous system. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 328, 312-320.
144. Arumugam, K., Subramanian, G. S., Mallayasamy, S. R., Averineni, R. K., Reddy, M. S., and Udupa, N. (2008) A study of rivastigmine liposomes for delivery into the brain through intranasal route. Acta Pharm 58, 287-297.
145. Wattanathorn, J., Phachonpai, W., Priprem, A., and Suthiparinyanont, S. (2007) Intranasal administration of quercetin liposome decreases anxiety-like behaviour and increases spatial memory. Am J Agric Biol Sci 2, 31-35.
146. Priprem,A.,Watanatorn, J., Sutthiparinyanont, S., Phachonpai, W., and, Muchimapura, S. (2008) Anxiety and cognitive effects of quercetin liposomes in rats. Nanomedicine 4, 70-78.