Plasma YKL-40: A potential new cancer biomarker?

Future Oncology

Volumn 5, Issue 7, 2009, Pages 1065-1082

  Johansen, Julia S ^a   Schultz, Nicolai A ^a   Jensen, Benny V ^a  

^a GENTOFTE UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Denmark)

Author keywords

Biomarker; Cancer; CHI3L1; Inflammation; Tissue remodeling; YKL 40

Indexed keywords

BIOLOGICAL MARKER; GLYCOPROTEIN; TUMOR MARKER; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; YKL 40; AUTOANTIGEN; CHI3L1 PROTEIN, HUMAN; GROWTH PROMOTOR; LECTIN;

ADVANCED CANCER; ANGIOGENESIS; APOPTOSIS; CANCER CELL; CANCER SCREENING; CANCER SURVIVAL; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CELL PROLIFERATION; CELL PROTECTION; CHROMOSOME 1Q; GENE LOCATION; HUMAN; INFLAMMATION; INFLAMMATORY CELL; PATIENT MONITORING; PRIMARY TUMOR; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; PROTEIN BLOOD LEVEL; REVIEW; SURVIVAL TIME; TREATMENT RESPONSE; BLOOD; NEOPLASM;

AUTOANTIGENS; GLYCOPROTEINS; GROWTH SUBSTANCES; HUMANS; LECTINS; NEOPLASMS; PROGNOSIS; TUMOR MARKERS, BIOLOGICAL;

EID: 73349094080     PISSN: 14796694     EISSN: 17448301     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2217/fon.09.66     Document Type: Review

References (225)

1. Wong R, Cunningham D: Using predictive biomarkers to select patients with advanced colorectal cancer for treatment with epidermal growth factor receptor antibodies. J. Clin. Oncol. 26, 5668-5670 (2008).
2. Atkinson AJ Jr: Biomarkers and surrogate endpoints: preferred definitions and conceptual framework. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 69, 89-95 (2001).
3. Johansen JS, Williamson MK, Rice JS, Price PA: Identification of proteins secreted by human osteoblastic cells in culture. J. Bone Miner. Res. 7, 501-512 (1992).
4. Hakala BE, White C, Recklies AD: Human cartilage gp-39, a major secretory product of articular chondrocytes and synovial cells, is a mammalian member of a chitinase protein family. J. Biol. Chem. 268, 25803-25810 (1993).
5. Shackelton LM, Mann DM, Millis AJT: Identification of a 38-kDa heparin-binding glycoprotein (gp38k) in differentiating vascular smooth muscle cells as a member of a group of proteins associated with tissue remodeling. J. Biol. Chem. 270, 13076-13083 (1995).
6. Rehli M, Krause SW, Andreesen R: Molecular characterization of the gene for human cartilage gp-39 (CHI3L1), a member of the chitinase protein family and marker for late stages of macrophage differentiation. Genomics 43, 221-225 (1997).
7. Harvey S, Weisman M, O'Dell J et al.: Chondrex: new marker of joint disease. Clin. Chem. 44, 509-516 (1998).
8. Bussink AP, Speijer D, Aerts JM, Boot RG: Evolution of mammalian chitinase(-like) members of family 18 glycosyl hydrolases. Genetics 177, 959-970 (2007).
9. Funkhouser JD, Aronson NN: Chitinase family GH18: evolutionary insights from the genomic history of a diverse protein family. BMC Evol. Biol. 7, 96 (2007).
10. Zaheer-ul-Haq, Dala P, Aronson NN, Madura JD: Family 18 chitolectins: comparison of MGP40 and HUMGP39. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 359, 221-226 (2007).
11. Mohanty AK, Singh G, Paramasivam M et al.: Crystal structure of a novel regulatory 40 kDa mammary gland protein (MGP-40) secreted during involution. J. Biol. Chem. 278, 14451-14460 (2003).
12. De Ceuninck F, Gaufillier S, Bonnaud A, Sabatini M, Lesur C, Pastoureau P: YKL-40 (cartilage gp-39) induces proliferative events in cultured chondrocytes and synoviocytes and increases glycosaminoglycan synthesis in chondrocytes. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 285, 926-931 (2001).
13. Morrison BW, Leder P: Neu and ras initiate murine mammary tumors that share genetic markers generally absent in c-myc and int-2-initiated tumors. Oncogene. 9, 3417-3426 (1994).
14. Kirkpatrick RB, Matico RE, McNulty DE, Strickler JE, Rosenberg M: An abundantly secreted glycoprotein from Drosophila melanogaster is related to mammalian secretory proteins produced in rheumatoid tissues and by activated macrophages. Gene 153, 147-154 (1995).
15. Kawamura K, Shibata T, Saget O, Peel D, Bryant PJ: A new family of growth factors produced by the fat body and active on Drosophila imaginal disc cells. Development 126, 211-219 (1999).
16. Badariotti F, Kypriotou M, Lelong C et al.: The phylogenetically conserved molluscan chitinase-like protein 1 (cg-clp1), homologue of human hc-gp39, stimulates proliferation and regulates synthesis of extracellular matrix components of mammalian chondrocytes. J. Biol. Chem. 281, 29583-29596 (2006).
17. Renkema GH, Boot GR, Au FL et al.: Chitotriosidase, a chitinase, and the 39-kDa human cartilage glycoprotein, a chitin-binding lectin, are homologues of family 18 glycosyl hydrolases secreted by human macrophages. Eur. J. Biochem. 251, 504-509 (1998).
18. Fusetti F, Pijning T, Kalk KH, Bos E, Dijkstra BW: Crystal structure and carbohydrate binding properties of the human cartilage glycoprotein-39. J. Biol. Chem. 278, 37753-37760 (2003).
19. Houston DR, Recklies AD, Krupa JC, van Aalten DMF: Structure and ligandinduced conformational change of the 39-kDa glycoprotein from human articular chondrocytes. J. Biol. Chem. 278, 30206-30212 (2003).
20. Henrissat B, Davies G: Structural and sequence-based classification of glycoside hydrolases. Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol. 7, 637-644 (1997).
21. Rehli M, Niller HH, Ammon C et al.: Transcriptional regulation of CHI3L1, a marker gene for late stages of macrophage differentiation. J. Biol. Chem. 278, 44058-44067 (2003).
22. Johansen JS, Høyer PE, Larsen LA, Price PA, Møllgård K: YKL-40 protein expression in the early developing human musculoskeletal system. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 55, 1213-1228 (2007).
23. Johansen JS, Møllgård K: YKL-40: common and distinct in cancer and autoimmunity, frequent in early development and abundant in human embryonic stem cells. In: International Symposium Honoring Prof. David Naor. Jerusalem, Israel, 2-3 September 2007 (Abstract 18).
24. Ringsholt M, Høgdall EVS, Johansen JS, Price PA, Christensen LH: YKL-40 protein expression in normal human tissues - an immunohistochemical study. J. Mol. Histol. 38, 33-43 (2007).
25. Junker N, Johansen JS, Hansen LT, Lund EL, Kristjansen PEG: Regulation of YKL-40 expression during genotoxic or microenvironmental stress in human glioblastoma cells. Cancer Sci. 96, 183-190 (2005).
26. Saidi A, Javerzat S, Bellahcene A et al.: Experimental anti-angiogenesis causes upregulation of genes associated with poor survival in glioblastoma. Int. J. Cancer 122, 2187-2198 (2008).
27. Krona A, Aman P, Orndal C, Josefsson A: Oncostatin M-induced genes in human astrocytomas. Int. J. Oncol. 31, 1457-1463 (2007).
28. Mylin AK, Rasmussen T, Johansen JS et al.: Serum YKL-40 concentrations in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma patients and YKL-40 expression in malignant plasma cells. Eur. J. Hematol. 77, 416-424 (2006).
29. Kirkpatrick RB, Emery JG, Connor JR, Dodds R, Lysko PG, Rosenberg M: Induction and expression of human cartilage glycoprotein 39 in rheumatoid inflammatory and peripheral blood monocyte-derived macrophages. Exp. Cell Res. 237, 46-54 (1997).
30. Verhoeckx KCM, Bijlsma S, De Groene EM et al.: A combination of proteomics, principal component analysis and transcriptomics is a powerful tool for the identification of biomarkes for macrophage maturation in the U937 cell line. Proteomics 4, 1014-1028 (2004).
31. Huang Y, Prasad M, Lemon WJ et al.: Gene expression in papillary thyroid carcinoma reveals highly consistent profiles. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 98, 15044-15049 (2001).
32. Lal A, Lash AE, Altschul SF et al.: A public database for gene expression in human cancers. Cancer Res. 59, 5403-5407 (1999).
33. Markert JM, Fuller CM, Gillespie GY et al.: Differential gene expression profiling in human brain tumors. Physiol. Genomics 5, 21-33 (2001).
34. Tanwar MK, Gilbert MR, Holland EC: Gene expression microarray analysis reveals YKL-40 to be a potential serum marker for malignant character in human glioma. Cancer Res. 62, 4364-4368 (2002). • Interesting paper about YKL-40 and glioma.
35. Shostak K, Labunskyy V, Dmitrenko V et al.: HC gp-39 gene is upregulated in glioblastoma. Cancer Lett. 198, 203-210 (2003).
36. Colin C, Baeza N, Bartoli C et al.: Identification of genes differentially expressed in glioblastoma versus pilocytic astrocytoma using suppression subtractive hybridization. Oncogene 25, 2818-2829 (2006).
37. Nigro JM, Misra A, Zhang L et al.: Integrated array-comparative genomic hybridization and expression array profiles identify clinically relevant molecular subtypes of glioblastoma. Cancer Res. 65, 1678-1686 (2005).
38. Phillips HS, Kharbanda S, Chen R et al.: Molecular subclasses of high-grade glioma predict prognosis, delineate a pattern of disease progression, and resemble stages in neurogenesis. Cancer Cell 9, 157-173 (2006). •• Interesting paper about glioma.
39. Kroes RA, Dawson G, Moskal JR: Focused microarray analysis of glyco-gene expression in human glioblastomas. J. Neurochem. 103, 14-24 (2007).
40. Ducray F, Idbaih A, de Reynies A et al.: Anaplastic oligodendrogliomas with 1p19q codeletion have a proneural gene expression profile. Mol. Cancer 7, 41 (2008).
41. Bhat KP, Pelloski CE, Zhang Y et al.: Selective repression of YKL-40 by NF-kB in glioma cell lines involves recruitment of histone deacetylase-1 and -2. FEBS Lett. 582, 3193-3200 (2008).
42. Sjögren H, Meis-Kindblom JM, Örndal C et al.: Studies on the molecular pathogenesis of extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcomacytogenetic, molecular genetic, and cDNA microarray analyses. Am. J. Pathol. 162, 781-792 (2003).
43. Nutt CL, Betensky RA, Brower MA, Batchelor TT, Louis DN, Stemmer-Rachamimow AO: YKL-40 is a differential diagnostic marker for histologic subtypes of high-grade gliomas. Clin. Cancer Res. 11, 2258-2264 (2005).
44. Pelloski CE, Mahajan A, Maor M et al.: YKL-40 expression is associated with poorer response to radiation and shorter overall survival in glioblastoma. Clin. Cancer Res. 11, 3326-3334 (2005).
45. Pelloski CE, Ballman KV, Furth AF et al.: Epidermal growth factor receptor variant III status defines clinically distinct subtypes of glioblastoma. J. Clin. Oncol. 25, 2288-2294 (2007).
46. Rousseau A, Nutt CL, Betensky RA et al.: Expression of oligodendroglial and astrocytic lineage markers in diffuse gliomas: use of YKL-40, ApoE, ASCL1, and NKX2-2. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 65, 1149-1156 (2006).
47. Kim SH, Das K, Noreen S, Coffman F, Hameed M: Prognostic implications of immunohistochemically detected YKL-40 expression in breast cancer. World J. Surg. Oncol. 5, 17 (2007).
48. Qin W, Zhu W, Schlatter L et al.: Increased expression of the inflammatory protein YKL-40 in precancers of the breast. Int. J. Cancer 121, 1536-1542 (2007).
49. Roslind A, Johansen JS, Junker N et al.: YKL-40 expression in benign and malignant lesions of the breast: a methodologic study. Appl. Immunohistochem. Mol. Morphol. 15, 371-381 (2007).
50. Roslind A, Knoop AS, Jensen M et al.: YKL-40 protein expression is not a prognostic marker in patients with primary breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 112, 275-285 (2008).
51. Lau SH, Sham JST, Xie D et al.: Clusterin plays an important role in hepatocellular carcinoma metastasis. Oncogene 25, 1242-1250 (2006).
52. Fukushima N, Koopmann J, Sato N et al.: Gene expression alterations in the non-neoplastic parenchyma adjacent to infiltrating pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Mod. Pathol. 18, 779-787 (2005).
53. Junker N, Johansen JS, Andersen CB, Kristjansen PEG: Expression of YKL-40 by peritumoral macrophages in human small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer 48, 223-231 (2005).
54. + monocytes in peripheral blood and synovium. Correlation with joint destruction in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 43, 1233-1243 (2000).
55. Volck B, Johansen JS, Stoltenberg M et al.: Studies on YKL-40 in knee joints of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Involvement of YKL-40 in the joint pathology. Osteoarthr. Cartil. 9, 203-214 (2001).
56. Boot RG, van Achterberg TAE, van Aken BE et al.: Strong induction of members of the chitinase family of proteins in atherosclerosis. Chitotriosidase and human cartilage gp-39 expressed in lesion macrophages. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 19, 687-694 (1999).
57. Chupp GL, Lee CG, Jarjour N et al.: A chitinase-like protein in the lung and circulation of patients with severe asthma. N. Engl. J. Med. 357, 2016-2027 (2007).
58. Johansen JS, Baslund B, Garbarsch C et al.: YKL-40 in giant cells and macrophages from patients with giant cell arteritis. Arthritis Rheum. 42, 2624-2630 (1999).
59. Johansen JS, Milman N, Hansen M, Garbarsch C, Price PA, Graudal N: Increased serum YKL-40 in patients with pulmonary sarcoidosis. A potential marker of disease activity? Respir. Med. 99, 396-402 (2005).
60. Volck B, Price PA, Johansen JS et al.: YKL-40, a mammalian member of the chitinase family, is a matrix protein of specific granules in human neutrophils. Proc. Assoc. Am. Phys. 110, 351-360 (1998).
61. ++ monocytes are a major source of TNF. J. Immunol. 168, 3536-3542 (2002).
62. Johansen JS, Møller S, Price PA et al.: Plasma YKL-40: a new potential marker of fibrosis in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis? Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 32, 582-590 (1997).
63. Johansen JS, Christoffersen P, Møller S et al.: Serum YKL-40 is increased in patients with hepatic fibrosis. J. Hepatol. 32, 911-920
64. Johansen JS, Olee T, Price PA, Hashimoto S, Ochs RL, Lotz M: Regulation of YKL-40 production by human articular chondrocytes. Arthritis Rheum. 44, 826-837 (2001).
65. Millis AJT, Hoyle M, Reich E, Mann DM: Isolation and characterization of a Mr = 38,000 protein from differentiating smooth muscle cells. J. Biol. Chem. 260, 3754-3761 (1985).
66. Millis AJT, Hoyle M, Kent L: In vitro expression of a 38,000 dalton heparin-binding glycoprotein by morphologically differentiated smooth muscle cells. J. Cell Physiol. 127, 366-372 (1986).
67. Malinda KM, Ponce L, Kleinman HK, Shackelton LM, Millis AJT: Gp38k, a protein synthesized by vascular smooth muscle cells, stimulates directional migration of human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Exp. Cell Res. 250, 168-173 (1999).
68. Nishikawa KC, Millis AJT: gp38k (CHI3L1) is a novel adhesion and migration factor for vascular cells. Exp. Cell Res. 287, 79-87 (2003).
69. Nyirkos P, Golds EE: Human synovial cells secrete a 39 kDa protein similar to a bovine mammary protein expressed during the non-lactating period. Biochem. J. 68, 265-268 (1990).
70. Dasuri K, Antonovici M, Chen K et al.: The synovial proteome: analysis of fibroblast-like synoviocytes. Arthritis Res. Ther. 6, R161-R168 (2004).
71. Mizoguchi E: Chitinase 3-like-1 exacerbates intestinal inflammation by enhancing bacterial adhesion and invasion in colonic epithelial cells. Gastroenterology 130, 398-411 (2006).
72. Kruit A, Grutters JC, Ruven HJT, van Moorsel CC, van den Bosch JM: A CHI3L1 gene polymorphism is associated with serum levels of YKL-40, a novel sarcoidosis marker. Respir. Med. 101, 1563-1571 (2007).
73. Ober C, Tan Z, Sun Y et al.: Effect of variation in CHI3L1 on serum YKL-40 level, risk of asthma, and lung function. N. Engl. J. Med. 358, 1682-1691 (2008).
74. Berres ML, Papen S, Pauels K et al.: A functional variation in CHI3L1 is associated with severity of liver fibrosis and YKL-40 serum levels in chronic hepatitis C infection. J. Hepatol. 50, 370-376 (2009). • Discusses the relationship between variation in CHI3L1, serum YKL-40 and liver fibrosis.
75. Zhao X, Tang R, Gao B et al.: Functional variants in the promoter region of chitinase 3-like 1 (CHI3L1) and susceptibility to schizophrenia. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 80, 12-18 (2007).
76. Yang MS, Morris DW, Donohoe G et al.: Chitinase-3-like 1 (CHI3L1) gene and schizophrenia: genetic association and a potential functional mechanism. Biol. Psychiatry 64, 98-103 (2008).
77. Boisselier B, Marie Y, El Hallani S et al.: No association of (-131C->G) variant of CHI3L1 gene with risk of glioblastoma and prognosis. J. Neurooncol. 94(2), 169-172 (2009) .
78. Rathcke CN, Holmkvist J, Jørgensen T et al.: Variation in CHI3L1 in relation to Type 2 diabetes and related quantitative traits. PLoS ONE 4, E5469 (2009).
79. Johansen JS: Studies on serum YKL-40 as a biomarker in diseases with inflammation, tissue remodeling, fibrosis and cancer. Dan. Med. Bull. 53, 172-209 (2006).
80. Johansen JS, Jensen BV, Roslind A, Nielsen D, Price PA: Serum YKL-40, a new prognostic biomarker in cancer patients? Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 15, 194-202 (2006).
81. Johansen JS, Jensen BV, Roslind A, Price PA: Is YKL-40 a new therapeutic target in cancer? Expert Opin. Ther. Targets 11, 219-234 (2007).
82. Recklies AD, White C, Ling H: The chitinase 3-like protein human cartilage 39 (HC-gp39) stimulates proliferation of human connective-tissue cells and activates both extracellular signal-regulated kinase-and protein kinase B-mediated signalling pathways. Biochem. J. 365, 119-126 (2002).
83. Recklies AD, Ling H, White C, Bernier SM: Inflammatory cytokines induce production of CHI3L1 by articular chondrocytes. J. Biol. Chem. 280, 41213-41221 (2005).
84. Ling H, Recklies AD: The chitinase 3-like protein human cartilage glycoproein 39 inhibits cellular responses to the inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1 and tumour necrosis factor-alpha. Biochem. J. 380, 651-659 (2004).
85. Pelloski CE, Lin E, Zhang L et al.: Prognostic associations of activated mitogen-activated protein kinase and akt pathways in glioblastoma. Clin. Cancer Res. 12, 3935-3941 (2006).
86. Junker N, Johansen JS, Kristjansen PEG, Price PA: Monoclonal antibody therapy against YKL-40 delays growth in glioblastoma xenografts. American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting: Proceedings (2007) (Abstract 4099).
87. Dvorak HF: Tumors: wounds that do not heal. Similarities between tumor stroma generation and wound healing. N. Engl. J. Med. 315, 1650-1659 (1986).
88. Balkwill F, Mantovani A: Inflammation and cancer: back to Virchow? Lancet 357, 539-545 (2001).
89. Balkwill F, Coussens LM: An inflammatory link. Nature 431, 405-406 (2004).
90. Balkwill F, Charles KA, Mantovani A: Smoldering and polarized inflammation in the initiation and promotion of malignant disease. Cancer Cell 7, 211-217 (2005).
91. Coussens LM, Werb Z: Inflammation and cancer. Nature 420, 860-867 (2002).
92. DeClerck YA, Mercurio AM, Stack MS et al.: Proteases, extracellular matrix, and cancer. Am. J. Pathol. 164, 1131-1139 (2004).
93. Moss SF, Blaser MJ: Mechanisms of disease: inflammation and the origins of cancer. Nat. Clin. Pract. Oncol. 2, 90-97 (2005).
94. De Visser KE, Eichten A, Coussens LM: Paradoxical roles of the immune system during cancer development. Nat. Rev. Cancer 6, 24-37 (2006).
95. Tlsty TD, Coussens LM: Tumor stroma and regulation of cancer development. Annu. Rev. Pathol. Mech. Dis. 1, 119-150 (2006).
96. Lin WW, Karin M: A cytokine-mediated link between immunity, inflammation, and cancer. J. Clin. Invest. 117, 1175-1183 (2007).
97. Gregoire M, Lieubeau B: The role of fibroblasts in tumor behavior. Cancer Met. Rev. 14, 339-350 (1995).
98. Bissel MJ, Radisky D: Putting tumours in context. Nat. Rev. Cancer 1, 46-54 (2001).
99. Kenny PA, Bissell MJ: Tumor reversion: correction of malignant behavior by microenvironmental cues. Int. J. Cancer 107, 688-695 (2003).
100. Dranoff G: Cytokines in cancer pathogenesis and cancer therapy. Nat. Rev. Cancer. 4, 11-22 (2004).
101. Hillen F, Griffioen AW: Tumour vascularization: sprouting angiogenesis and beyond. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 26, 489-502 (2007).
102. Krause SW, Rehli M, Kreutz M, Schwarzfisher L, Paulauski JD, Andreesen R: Differential screening identifies genetic markers of monocyte to macrophage maturation. J. Leukocyte Biol. 60, 540-545 (1996).
103. Hashimoto S, Suzuki T, Dong HY, Yamazaki N, Matsushima K: Serial analysis of gene expression in human monocytes and macrophages. Blood 94, 837-844 (1999).
104. Suzuki T, Hashimoto S, Toyoda N et al.: Comprehensive gene expression profile of LPS-stimulated human monocytes by SAGE. Blood 96, 2584-2591 (2000).
105. Benz K, Breit S, Lukoschek M, Mau H, Richter W: Molecular analysis of expansion, differentiation, and growth factor treatment of human chondrocytes identifies differentiation markers and growth-related genes. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 293, 284-292 (2002).
106. Stokes DG, Liu G, Coimbra IB, Piera-Velazquez S, Crowl RM, Jimenez SA: Assessment of the gene expression profile of differentiated and dedifferentiated human fetal chondrocytes by microarray analysis. Arthritis Rheum. 46, 404-419 (2002).
107. Imabayashi H, Mori T, Gojo S et al.: Redifferentiation of dedifferentiated chondrocytes and chondrogenesis of human bone marrow stromal cells via chondrosphere formation with expression profiling by large-scale cDNA analysis. Exp. Cell Res. 288, 35-50 (2003).
108. Jacques C, Recklies AD, Levy A, Berenbaum F: HC-gp39 contributes to chondrocyte differentiation by inducing SOX9 and type II collagen expressions. Osteoarthr. Cartil. 15, 138-146 (2007).
109. Kzhyshkowska J, Mamidi S, Gratchev A et al.: Novel stabilin-1 interacting chitinase-like protein (SI-CLP) is up-regulated in alternatively activated macrophages and secreted via lysosomal pathway. Blood 107, 3221-3228 (2006).
110. Bigg HF, Wait R, Rowan AD, Cawston TE: The mammalian chitinase-like lectin, YKL-40, binds specifically to type I collagen fibril formation. J. Biol.Chem. 281, 21082-21095 (2006).
111. Meyer MF, Kreil G: Cells expressing the DG42 gene from early Xenopus embryos synthesize hyaluronan. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 93, 4543-4547 (1996).
112. Semino CE, Specht CA, Raimondi A, Robbins PW: Homologs of the Xenopus developmental gene DG42 are present in zebrafish and mouse and are involved in the synthesis of Nod-like chitin oligosaccharides during early embryogenesis. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 93, 4548-4553 (1996).
113. Varki A: Does DG42 synthesize hyaluronan or chitin? A controversy about oligosaccharides in vertebrate development. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 93, 4523-4525 (1996).
114. Toole BP: Hyaluronan: from extracellular glue to pericellular cue. Nat. Rev. Cancer 4, 528-539 (2004).
115. Fjeldstad K, Kolset SO: Decreasing the metastatic potential in cancers - targeting the heparan sulfate proteoglycans. Curr. Drug Targets 6, 665-682 (2005).
116. Verheiden GFM, Rijnders AWM, Bos E et al.: Human cartilage glycoprotein-39 as a candidate autoantigen in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 40, 1115-1125 (1997).
117. Cope AP, Patel SD, Hall F et al.: T cell responses to a human cartilage autoantigen in the context of rheumatoid arthritis-associated and nonassociated HLA-DR4 alleles. Arthritis. Rheum. 42, 1497-1507 (1999).
118. Joosten LAB, Coenen de-Roo CJJ, Helsen MMA et al.: Induction of tolerance with intranasal administration of human cartilage gp-39 in DBA/1 mice. Arthritis Rheum. 43, 645-655 (2000).
119. Vos K, Miltenburg AMM, van Meijgaarden KE et al.: Cellular immune response to human cartilage glycoprotein-39 (HC gp-39)-derived peptides in rheumatoid arthritis and other inflammatory conditions. Rheumatology 39, 1326-1331 (2000).
120. Patil NS, Hall FC, Drover S et al.: Autoantigenic HCgp39 epitopes are presented by the HLA-DM-dependent presentation pathway in human B cells. J. Immunol. 166, 33-41 (2001).
121. Kavanaugh A, Genovese M, Baughman J et al.: Allele and antigen-specific treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: a double blind, placebo controlled Phase 1 trial. J. Rheumatol. 30, 449-454 (2003).
122. Steenbakkers PGA, Baeten D, Rovers E et al.: Localization of MHC class II/human cartilage glycoprotein-39 complexes in synovia of rheumatoid arthritis patients using complex-specific monoclonal antibodies. J. Immunol. 170, 5719-5727 (2003).
123. Dickey BF: Exoskeletons and exhalation. N. Engl. J. Med. 357, 2082-2084 (2007).
124. Lee CG, Hartl D, Lee GR et al.: Role of breast regression protein 39 (BRP-39)/chitinase 3-like-1 in Th2 and IL-13-induced tissue responses and apoptosis. J. Exp. Med. 206, 1149-1166 (2009).
125. Bonneh-Barkay D, Bissel SJ, Wang G et al.: YKL-40, a marker of simian immunodeficiency virus encephalitis, modulates the biological activity of basic fibroblast growth factor. Am. J. Pathol. 173, 130-143 (2008).
126. Kolson DL: YKL-40: a candidate biomarker for simian immunodeficiency virus and human immunodeficiency virus encephalitis. Am. J. Pathol. 173, 25-29 (2008).
127. Mizoguchi E, Mizoguchi A: Is the sugar always sweet in intestinal inflammation? Immunol. Res. 37, 47-60 (2007).
128. Kawada M, Chen CC, Arihiro A, Nagatani K, Watanabe T, Mizoguchi E: Chitinase 3-like-1 enhances bacterial adhesion to colonic epithelial cells through the interaction with bacterial chitin-binding protein. Lab. Invest. 88, 883-895 (2008).
129. Morrow DA, de Lemos JA: Benchmarks for the assessment of novel cardiovascular biomarkers. Circulation 115, 949-952 (2007).
130. Roslind A, Johansen JS: YKL-40: a novel marker shared by chronic inflammation and oncogenic transformation. Methods Mol. Biol. 511, 159-184 (2009).
131. Kuepper M, Bratke K, Virchow JC: Chitinase-like protein and asthma. N. Engl. J. Med. 358, 1073-1075 (2008).
132. Østergaard C, Johansen JS, Benfield T, Price PA, Lundgren JD: YKL-40 is elevated in cerebrospinal fluid from patients with purulent meningitis. Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immun. 9, 598-604 (2002).
133. Kacira T, Hanimoglu H, Kucur M et al.: Elevated cerebrospinal fluid and serum YKL-40 levels are not associated with symptomatic vasospasm in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage. J. Clin. Neuroscience 15, 1011-1016 (2008).
134. Johansen JS, Hvolris J, Hansen M, Backer V, Lorenzen I, Price PA: Serum YKL-40 levels in healthy children and adults. Comparison with serum and synovial fluid levels of YKL-40 in patients with osteoarthritis or trauma of the knee joint. Br. J. Rheumatol. 35, 553-559 (1996).
135. Mahaney MC, Czerwinski SA, Rogers J: Genetic effects on serum levels of human cartilage glycoprotein-39 (YKL-40) in a pedigreed baboon model for age-related changes and pathology in bone. Am. Soc. Bone Miner. Res. (1998) (Abstract SA121).
136. Register TC, Carlson CS, Adams MR: Serum YKL-40 is associated with osteoarthritis and atherosclerosis in nonhuman primates. Clin. Chem. 47, 2159-2161 (2001).
137. Høgdall EVS, Johansen JS, Kjaer SK, Price PA, Blaakjaer J, Høgdall CK: Stability of YKL-40 concentration in blood samples. Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 60, 247-252 (2000).
138. Johansen JS, Jensen HS, Price PA: A new biochemical marker for joint injury. Analysis of YKL-40 in serum and synovial fluid. Br. J. Rheumatol. 32, 949-955 (1993).
139. Johansen JS, Lottenburger T, Nielsen HJ et al.: Diurnal, weekly, and long-time variation in serum concentrations of YKL-40 in healthy subjects. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 17, 2603-2608 (2008). • Discusses variations in serum YKL-40 levels.
140. Johansen JS, Bojesen SE, Mylin AK, Frikke-Schmidt R, Price PA, Nordestgaard BG: Elevated plasma YKL-40 predicts increased risk of gastrointestinal cancer and decreased survival after any cancer diagnosis in the general population. J. Clin. Oncology 27, 572-578 (2009). •• Addresses YKL-40 and the prediction of gastrointestinal cancer.
141. Johansen JS, Pedersen AN, Schroll M, Jørgensen T, Pedersen BK, Bruunsgaard H: High serum YKL-40 level in a cohort of 80-years old is associated with increased risk of all-cause mortality. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 151, 260-266 (2008).
142. Gabay C, Kushner I: Acute-phase proteins and other systemic responses to inflammation. N. Engl. J. Med. 340, 448-454 (1999).
143. Kushner I, Rzewnicki D, Samols D: What does minor elevation of C-reactive protein signify? Am. J. Med. 119, 166, E17-E28 (2006).
144. Nordenbæk C, Johansen JS, Junker P, Borregaard N, Sørensen O, Price PA: YKL-40, a matrix protein of specific granules in neutrophils, is elevated in serum of patients with community-acquired pneumonia requiring hospitalization. J. Infect. Dis. 180, 1722-1726 (1999).
145. Kronborg G, Østergaard, Weis N et al.: Serum level of YKL-40 is elevated in patients with Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteremia and is associated with the outcome of the disease. Scand. J. Infect. Dis. 34, 323-326 (2002).
146. Johansen JS, Krabbe K, Møller K, Pedersen BK: Circulating YKL-40 levels during human endotoxaemia. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 140, 343-348 (2005).
147. Johansen JS, Stoltenberg M, Hansen M et al.: Serum YKL-40 concentrations in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: relation to disease activity. Rheumatology 38, 618-626 (1999).
148. Johansen JS, Kirwan JR, Price PA, Sharif M: Serum YKL-40 concentrations in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis: relation to joint destruction. Scand. J. Rheumatol. 30, 297-304 (2001).
149. Harvey S, Whaley J, Eberhardt K: The relationship between serum levels of YKL-40 and disease progression in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis. Scand. J. Rheumatol. 29, 391-393 (2000).
150. Vos K, Steenbakkers P, Miltenburg AMM et al.: Raised human cartilage glycoprotein-39 plasma levels in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and other inflammatory conditions. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 59, 544-548 (2000).
151. Combe B, Dougados M, Goupille P et al.: Prognostic factors for radiographic damage in early rheumatoid arthritis: a multiparameter prospective study. Arthritis Rheum. 44, 1736-1743 (2001).
152. Peltomaa R, Paimela L, Harvey S, Helve T, Leirisalo-Repo M: Increased level of YKL-40 in sera from patients with early rheumatoid arthritis: a new marker for disease activity. Rheumatol. Int. 20, 192-196 (2001).
153. Matsumoto T, Tsurumoto T: Serum YKL-40 levels in rheumatoid arthritis: correlations between clinical and laboratory parameters. Clin. Exp. Rheumatol. 19, 655-660 (2001).
154. Knudsen LS, Østergaard M, Baslund B et al.: Plasma IL-6, plasma VEGF and serum YKL-40: relationship with disease activity and radiographic progression in rheumatoid arthritis patients treated with infliximab and methotrexate. Scand. J. Rheumatol. 35, 489-491 (2006).
155. Knudsen LS, Klarlund M, Skjødt H et al.: Biomarkers of inflammation in patients with unclassified polyarthritis and early rheumatoid arthritis. Relationship to disease activity and radiographic outcome. J. Rheumatol. 35, 1277-1287 (2008).
156. Letuve S, Kozhich A, Arouche N et al.: YKL-40 is elevated in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and activates alveolar macrophages. J. Immunol. 181, 5167-5173 (2008).
157. Montagna GL, D'Angelo S, Valentini G: Cross-sectional evaluation of YKL-40 serum concentrations in patients with systemic sclerosis. Relationship with clinical and serological aspects of disease. J. Rheumatol. 30, 2147-2151 (2003).
158. Nordenbæk C, Johansen JS, Halberg P et al.: High serum levels of YKL-40 in patients with systemic sclerosis are associated with pulmonary involvement. Scand. J. Rheumatol. 34, 293-297 (2005).
159. Rathcke CN, Johansen JS, Vestergaard H: YKL-40, a biomarker of inflammation, is elevated in patients with Type 2 diabetes and is related to insulin resistance. Inflamm. Res. 55, 53-59 (2006).
160. Nielsen AR, Erikstrup C, Johansen JS et al.: Plasma YKL-40: a BMI-independent marker of Type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 57, 3078-3082 (2008).
161. Rathcke CN, Persson F, Tarnow L, Rossing P, Vestergaard H: YKL-40, a marker of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction, is elevated in patients with Type 1 diabetes and increases with levels of albuminuria. Diabetes Care 32, 323-328 (2009).
162. Nøjgaard C, Høst NB, Christensen IJ et al.: Serum levels of YKL-40 increases in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Coron. Artery Dis. 19, 257-263 (2008).
163. Wang Y, Ripa RS, Johansen JS et al.: YKL-40 a new biomarker in patients with acute coronary syndrome or stable coronary artery disease. Scand. Card. J. 42, 295-302 (2008).
164. Kucur M, Isman FK, Karadag B, Vural VA, Tavsanoglu S: Serum YKL-40 levels in patients with coronary artery disease. Coron. Artery Dis. 18, 391-396 (2007).
165. Kastrup J, Johansen JS, Winkel P et al.: High serum concentration of YKL-40 in patients with stable coronary artery disease is associated with increased risk of myocardial infarction, cardiovascular death and all-cause mortality. Eur. Heart J. 30, 1066-1072 (2009).
166. Rathcke CN, Raymond I, Kistorp C, Hildebrandt P, Faber J, Vestergaard H: Low grade inflammation as measured by levels of YKL-40: association with an increased overall and cardiovascular mortality rate in an elderly population. Int. J. Card. (2009) (Epub ahead of print).
167. Koutroubakis IE, Petinaki E, Dimoulios P et al.: Increased serum levels of YKL-40 in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Int. J. Colorectal Dis. 18, 254-259 (2003).
168. Punzi L, Podswiadek M, D'Inca R et al.: Serum human cartilage glycoprotein 39 as a marker of arthritis associated with inflammatory bowel disease. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 62, 1224-1226 (2003).
169. Vind I, Johansen JS, Price PA, Munkholm P: Serum YKL-40, a potential new marker of disease activity in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 38, 599-605 (2003).
170. Erzin Y, Uzun H, Karatas A, Celik AF: Serum YKL-40 as a marker of disease activity and stricture formation in patiens with Crohn's disease. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 23, E357-E362 (2008).
171. Tran A, Benzaken S, Saint-Paul MC et al.: Chondrex (YKL-40), a potential new serum fibrosis marker in patients with alcoholic liver disease. Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 12, 989-993 (2000).
172. Nøjgaard C, Johansen JS, Christensen E et al.: Serum levels
173. Nøjgaard C, Johansen JS, Krarup HB et al.: Effect of antiviral therapy on markers of fibrogenesis in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 38, 659-665 (2003).
174. Nunes D, Fleming C, Offner G et al.: HIV infection does not affect the performance of noninvasive markers of fibrosis for the diagnosis of hepatitis C virus-related liver disease. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. 40, 538-544 (2005).
175. Zheng M, Cai WM, Zhao JK, Zhu SM, Liu RH: Determination of serum levels of YKL-40 and hyaluronic acid in patients with hepatic fibrosis due to schistosomiasis japonica and appraisal of their clinical value. Acta Trop. 96, 148-152 (2005).
176. Kamal SM, Turner B, He Q et al.: Progression of fibrosis in hepatitis C with and without schistosomiasis: correlation with serum markers of fibrosis. Hepatology 43, 771-779 (2006).
177. Alexander J, Tung BY, Croghan A, Kowdley KV: Effect of iron depletion on serum markers of fibrogenesis, oxidative stress and serum liver enzymes in chronic hepatitis C: results of a pilot study. Liver Int. 27, 268-273 (2007).
178. Esmat G, Metwally M, Zalata KR et al: Evaluation of serum biomarkers of fibrosis and injury in Egyptian patients with chronic hepatitis C. J. Hepatol. 46, 620-627 (2007).
179. Fontana RJ, Goodman ZD, Dienstag JL et al.: Relationship of serum fibrosis markers with liver fibrosis stage and collagen content in patients with advanced chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology 47, 789-798 (2008).
180. Fontana RJ, Bonkovsky HL, Naishadham D et al.: Serum fibrosis marker levels decrease after successful antiviral treatment in chronic hepatitis C patients with advanced fibrosis. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 7, 219-226 (2009).
181. Lebensztejn DM, Skiba E, Werpachowska I, Sobaniec-Lotowska ME, Kaczmarksi M: Serum level of YKL-40 does not predict advanced liver fibrosis in children with chronic hepatitis B. Adv. Med. Sci. 52, 120-124 (2007).
182. Pungpapong S, Nunes DP, Krishna M et al.: Serum fibrosis markers can predict rapid fibrosis progression after liver transplantation for hepatitis C. Liver Transpl. 14, 1294-1302 (2008).
183. Mehta P, Ploutz-Snyder R, Nandi J, Rawlins SR, Sanderson SO, Levine RA: Diagnostic accuracy of serum hyaluronic acid, FIBROSpect II, and YKL-40 for discriminating fibrosis stages in chronic hepatitis C. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 103, 928-936 (2008).
184. Schiavon LL, Narciso-Schiavon JL, Carvalho Filho RJ et al.: Serum levels of YKL-40 and hyaluronic acid as non-invasive markers of liver fibrosis in haemodialysis patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection. J. Viral Hepat. 15, 666-674 (2008).
185. Schunkert H, Samani NJ: Elevated C-reactive protein in atherosclerosis - chicken or egg? N. Engl. J. Med. 359, 1953-1955 (2008).
186. Nielsen HJ, Brünner, Frederiksen C et al.: Plasma tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1): a novel biological marker in the detection of primary colorectal cancer. Protocol outlines of the Danish-Australian endoscopy study group on colorectal cancer detection. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 43, 242-248 (2008).
187. Johansen JS, Christensen IJ, Price PA, Nielsen HJ; the Danish Colorectal Cancer Study Group: Serum YKL-40 in risk assessment for colorectal cancer. A population based, prospective study of 4987 subjects at risk of colorectal cancer. ASCO Ann. Meet. Proc. 26, 212 (2008) (Abstract 4136).
188. Johansen JS, Cintin C, Jørgensen M, Kamby C, Price PA: Serum YKL-40: a new potential marker of prognosis and location of metastases of patients with recurrent breast cancer. Eur. J. Cancer 31A, 1437-1442 (1995).
189. Jensen BV, Johansen JS, Price PA: High levels of serum HER-2/neu and YKL-40 independently reflect aggressiveness of metastatic breast cancer. Clin. Cancer Res. 9, 501-512 (2003).
190. Johansen JS, Christensen IJ, Riisbro R et al.: High serum YKL-40 levels in patients with primary breast cancer is related to short recurrence free survival. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 80, 15-21 (2003).
191. Coskun U, Yamac D, Gulbahar O, Sancak B, Karaman N, Ozkan S: Locally advanced breast carcinoma treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy: are the changes in serum levels of YKL-40, MMP-2 and MMP-9 correlated with tumor response? Neoplasma 54, 348-352 (2007).
192. Yamac D, Ozturk B, Coskun U et al.: Serum YKL-40 levels as a prognostic factor in patients with locally advanced breast cancer. Adv. Ther. 25, 801-809 (2008).
193. Cintin C, Johansen JS, Christensen IJ, Price PA, Sørensen S, Nielsen HJ: Serum YKL-40 and colorectal cancer. Br. J. Cancer 79, 1494-1499 (1999).
194. Cintin C, Johansen JS, Christensen IJ, Price PA, Sørensen S, Nielsen HJ: High serum YKL-40 level after surgery for colorectal carcinoma is related to short survival. Cancer 95, 267-274 (2002).
195. Jensen BV, Qvortrup C, Christensen IJ et al.: Association of biomarkers of inflammation and YKL-40 with survival of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. Proceedings of 2008 Gastrointestinal Cancer Symposium. Orlando, FL, USA (2008) (Abstract 323).
196. Høgdall EVS, Johansen JS, Kjaer SK et al.: High plasma YKL-40 level in patients with ovarian cancer stage III is related to shorter survival. Oncol. Rep. 10, 1535-1538 (2003).
197. Dehn H, Høgdall EVS, Johansen JS et al.: Plasma YKL-40, as a prognostic tumor marker in recurrent ovarian cancer. Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand. 82, 287-293 (2003).
198. Dupont J, Tanwar MK, Thaler HT et al.: Early detection and prognosis of ovarian cancer using serum YKL-40. J. Clin. Oncol. 22, 3330-3339 (2004). • Addresses YKL-40 and early detection of ovarian cancer.
199. Grønlund B, Høgdall EVS, Christensen IJ et al.: Pre-treatment prediction of chemoresistance in second-line chemotherapy of ovarian carcinoma: value of serological tumor marker determination (tetranectin, YKL-40, CASA, CA125). Int. J. Biol. Markers 21, 141-148 (2006).
200. Høgdall EVS, Ringsholt M, Høgdall CK et al.: YKL-40 tissue expression and plasma levels in patients with ovarian cancer. BMC Cancer 9, 8 (2009).
201. Fredriksson S, Horecka J, Brustugun OT et al.: Multiplexed proximity ligation assays to profile putative plasma biomarkers relevant to pancreatic and ovarian cancer. Clin. Chem. 54, 582-589 (2008).
202. Johansen JS, Drivsholm L, Price PA, Christensen IJ: High serum YKL-40 level in patients with small cell lung cancer is related to early death. Lung Cancer 46, 333-340 (2004).
203. Thöm I, Adritzky B, Schuch G et al.: Elevated pretreatment serum concentration of YKL-40 - an independent prognostic biomarker for poor survival in patients with metastatic non-small cell lung cancer. Ann. Oncol. 19(Suppl. 8) (2008) (Abstract 313P).
204. Brasso K, Christensen IJ, Johansen JS et al.: Prognostic value of PINP, bone alkaline phosphatase, CTX-I, and YKL-40 in patients with metastatic prostate carcinoma. Prostate 66, 503-513 (2006).
205. Johansen JS, Brasso K, Iversen P et al.: Changes of biochemical markers of bone turnover and YKL-40 following hormonal treatment for metastatic prostate cancer are related to survival. Clin. Cancer Res. 13, 3244-3249 (2007).
206. Kucur M, Isman FK, Balci C, Onal B, Hacibekiroglu M, Ozkan F: Serum YKL-40 levels and chitotriosidase activity as potential biomarkers in primary prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia. Urol. Oncol. 26, 47-52 (2008).
207. Geertsen PF, Johansen JS, von der Maase H, Jensen BV, Price PA: High pretreatment serum level of YKL-40 is related to short survival in patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma treated with high-dose continuous intravenous infusion of interleukin-2. Ann. Meet. Proc. 22, 399 (2003) (Abstract 1603).
208. Schultz NA, Berglund Å, Johansen et al.: Plasma YKL-40, a potential new biomarker for advanced upper gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas. Presented at: 2009 Gastrointestinal Cancer Symposium. CA, USA, 15-17 January 2009 (Abstract 176).
209. Diefenbach CS, Shah Z, Iasonos A et al.: Preoperative serum YKL-40 is a marker for detection and prognosis of endometrial cancer. Gynecol. Oncol. 104, 435-442 (2007).
210. Johansen JS, Roslind A, Palle C et al.: Serum YKL-40 levels in patients with cervical cancer are elevated compared with patients with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and healthy controls. ASCO Ann. Meet. Proc. 24, 267 (2006) (Abstract 5047).
211. Mitsuhashi A, Matsui H, Usui H et al.: Serum YKL-40 as a marker for cervical adenocarcinoma. Ann. Oncol. 20, 71-77 (2009).
212. Roslind A, Johansen JS, Christensen IJ et al.: High serum levels of YKL-40 in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck are associated with short survival. Int. J. Cancer 122, 857-863 (2008).
213. Hormigo A, Gu B, Karimi S et al.: YKL-40 and matrix metalloproteinase-9 as potential serum biomarkers for patients with high-grade gliomas. Clin. Cancer Res. 12, 5698-5704 (2006).
214. Schmidt H, Johansen JS, Gehl J, Geertsen PF, Fode K, von der Maase H: Elevated serum level of YKL-40 is an independent prognostic factor for poor survival in patients with metastatic melanoma. Cancer 106, 1130-1139 (2006).
215. Schmidt H, Johansen JS, Sjoegren P et al.: Serum YKL-40 predicts relapse-free and overall survival in patients with American Joint Committee on Cancer stage I and II melanoma. J. Clin. Oncol. 24, 798-804 (2006). • Discusses YKL-40 as a prognostic marker and a marker to monitor after operation.
216. Krogh M, Bastholt L, Johansen JS et al.: Predictive and prognostic value of serum YKL-40 post surgery in patients with stage IIB-III melanoma receiving adjvant interferon therapy. Presented at: Perspectives in Melanoma XII. The Hague, The Netherlands, 2-4 October 2008.
217. Bergmann OJ, Johansen JS, Klausen TW et al.: High serum concentration of YKL-40 is associated with short survival in patients with acute myeloid leukemia. Clin. Cancer Res. 11, 8644-8652 (2005).
218. Mylin AK, Abildgaard N, Johansen JS et al.: High serum YKL-40 concentration is associated with severe bone disease in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma patients. Eur. J. Haematol. 80, 310-317 (2008).
219. Mylin AK, Andersen NF, Johansen JS et al.: Serum YKL-40 and bone marrow angiogenesis in multiple myeloma. Int. J. Cancer 124, 1492-1494 (2009).
220. Biggar RJ, Johansen JS, Smedby KE et al.: Serum YKL-40 and IL-6 levels in Hodgkin lymphoma. Clin. Cancer Res. 14, 6974-6979 (2008).
221. Bast RC Jr, Ravdin P, Hayes DF et al.: 2000 update of recommendations for the use of tumor markers in breast and colorectal cancer: clinical practice guidelines of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. J. Clin. Oncol. 19, 1865-1878 (2001). •• Discusses biomarkers in breast cancer and colorectal cancer.
222. Hayes DF, Bast RC, Desch CE et al.: Tumor Marker Utility Grading System: a framework to evaluate clinical utility of tumor markers. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 88, 1456-1466 (1996). •• General description of tumor biomarkers.
223. Hayes DF: Determination of clinical utility of tumor markers: a tumor marker utility grading system. Recent Results Cancer Res. 152, 71-85 (1998). •• General description of tumor biomarkers.
224. Werner M, Fraser C, Silverberg M: Clinical utility and validation of emerging biochemical markers for mammary adenocarcinoma. Clin. Chem. 39, 2386-2396 (1993).
225. National Cancer for Biotechnology Information. Expressed Sequence Tags database www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/dbEST