Sepsis and the heart

British Journal of Anaesthesia

Volumn 104, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 3-11

  Hunter, J D ^a   Doddi, M ^a  

^a MACCLESFIELD DISTRICT GENERAL HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Complications, hypotension; Complications, infection; Heart, myocardial function; Immune response; Polypeptides, cytokines

Indexed keywords

CYTOKINE; DOBUTAMINE; ENDOTOXIN; HEART MUSCLE DEPRESSANT FACTOR; LEVOSIMENDAN; NITRIC OXIDE; TROPONIN;

ADULT; DRUG EFFECT; HEART DISEASE; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE FUNCTION; HUMAN; HYPOKINESIA; INOTROPISM; MYOCARDIAL DISEASE; NONHUMAN; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; REVIEW; SEPTIC SHOCK;

EID: 72749114549     PISSN: 00070912     EISSN: 14716771     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/bja/aep339     Document Type: Review

References (111)

1. Abraham E, Shoemaker WC, Bland RD, Cobo JC. Sequential cardiorespiratory patterns in septic shock. Crit Care Med 1983; 11: 799-803
2. Ammann P, Fehr T, Minder EI, Gunter C, Bertel O. Elevation of troponin I in sepsis and septic shock. Intensive Care Med 2001; 27: 965-9
3. Ammann P, Maggiorini M, Bertel O, et al. Troponin as a risk factor for mortality in critically ill patients without acute coronary syndromes. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003; 41: 2004-9
4. Ammann P, Pfisterer M, Fehr T, Rickli H. Raised cardiac troponins. Br Med J 2004; 328: 1028-1029
5. Angus DC, Linde-Zwirble WT, Lidicker J, Clermont G, Carcillo J, Pinsky MR. Epidemiology of severe sepsis in the United States: analysis of incidence, outcome, and associated costs of care. Crit Care Med 2001; 29: 1303-1310
6. Annane D, Bellissant E, Cavaillon JM. Septic shock. Lancet 2005; 365: 63-78
7. Arlati S, Brenna S, Prencipe L, et al. Myocardial necrosis in ICU patients with acute non-cardiac disease: a prospective study. Intensive Care Med 2000; 26: 31-37
8. Balligand JL, Ungureanu D, Kelly RA, et al. Abnormal contractile function due to induction of nitric oxide synthesis in rat cardiac myocytes follows exposure to activated macrophageconditioned medium. J Clin Invest 1993; 91: 2314-2319
9. Balligand JL, Ungureanu-Longrois D, Simmons WW, et al. Induction of NO synthase in rat cardiac microvascular endothelial cells by IL-1 beta and IFN-gamma. Am J Physiol 1995; 268: H1293-303
10. Baumgartner JD, Vaney C, Perret C. An extreme form of the hyperdynamic syndrome in septic shock. Intensive Care Med 1984; 10: 245-249
11. Belcher E, Mitchell J, Evans T. Myocardial dysfunction in sepsis: no role for NO? Heart 2002; 87: 507-509
12. Bohm M, Kirchmayr R, Gierschik P, Erdmann E. Increase of myocardial inhibitory G-proteins in catecholamine-refractory septic shock or in septic multiorgan failure. Am J Med 1995; 98: 183-186
13. Bone RC, Balk RA, Cerra FB, et al. Definitions for sepsis and organ failure and guidelines for the use of innovative therapies in sepsis. The ACCP/SCCM Consensus Conference Committee. American College of Chest Physicians/Society of Critical Care Medicine. Chest 1992; 101: 1644-1655
14. Bouhemad B, Nicolas-Robin A, Arbelot C, Arthaud M, Feger F, Rouby JJ. Isolated and reversible impairment of ventricular relaxation in patients with septic shock. Crit Care Med 2008; 36: 766-774
15. Brady AJ, Poole-Wilson PA. Circulatory failure in septic shock. Nitric oxide: too much of a good thing? Br Heart J 1993; 70: 103-105
16. Brady AJ, Warren JB, Poole-Wilson PA, Williams TJ, Harding SE. Nitric oxide attenuates cardiac myocyte contraction. Am J Physiol 1993; 265: H176-82
17. Charpentier J, Luyt CE, Fulla Y, et al. Brain natriuretic peptide: a marker of myocardial dysfunction and prognosis during severe sepsis. Crit Care Med 2004; 32: 660-665
18. Chung MK, Gulick TS, Rotondo RE, Schreiner GF, Lange LG. Mechanism of cytokine inhibition of beta-adrenergic agonist stimulation of cyclic AMP in rat cardiac myocytes. Impairment of signal transduction. Circ Res 1990; 67: 753-763
19. Clowes GH, Jr, Vucinic M, Weidner MG. Circulatory and metabolic alterations associated with survival or death in peritonitis: clinical analysis of 25 cases. Ann Surg 1966; 163: 866-885
20. Cunnion RE, Schaer GL, Parker MM, Natanson C, Parrillo JE. The coronary circulation in human septic shock. Circulation 1986; 73: 637-644
21. De BD, Taccone FS, Radermacher P. Levosimendan in septic shock: another piece in the puzzle, but many pieces are still lacking. Intensive Care Med 2007; 33: 403-405
22. Dellinger RP, Levy MM, Carlet JM, et al. Surviving sepsis campaign: international guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock: 2008. Intensive Care Med 2008; 34: 17-60
23. Dhainaut JF, Huyghebaert MF, Monsallier JF, et al. Coronary hemodynamics and myocardial metabolism of lactate, free fatty acids, glucose, and ketones in patients with septic shock. Circulation 1987; 75: 533-541
24. Dombrovskiy VY, Martin AA, Sunderram J, Paz HL. Rapid increase in hospitalization and mortality rates for severe sepsis in the United States: a trend analysis from 1993 to 2003. Crit Care Med 2007; 35: 1244-1250
25. Ellrodt AG, Riedinger MS, Kimchi A, et al. Left ventricular performance in septic shock: reversible segmental and global abnormalities. Am Heart J 1985; 110: 402-409
26. Ferdinandy P, Danial H, Ambrus I, Rothery RA, Schulz R. Peroxynitrite is a major contributor to cytokine-induced myocardial contractile failure. Circ Res 2000; 87: 241-247
27. Fernandes CJ. Sepsis-induced myocardial depression: where is the missing link? Crit Care Med 2007; 35: 972-973
28. Fernandes CJ, Jr, Akamine N, Knobel E. Cardiac troponin: a new serum marker of myocardial injury in sepsis. Intensive Care Med 1999; 25: 1165-1168
29. Finkel MS, Oddis CV, Jacob TD, Watkins SC, Hattler BG, Simmons RL. Negative inotropic effects of cytokines on the heart mediated by nitric oxide. Science 1992; 257: 387-389
30. Flierl MA, Rittirsch D, Huber-Lang MS, Sarma JV, Ward PA. Molecular events in the cardiomyopathy of sepsis. Mol Med 2008; 14: 327-336
31. Goldhaber JI, Kim KH, Natterson PD, Lawrence T, Yang P, Weiss JN. Effects of TNF-alpha on [Ca2+]i and contractility in isolated adult rabbit ventricular myocytes. Am J Physiol 1996; 271: H1449-55
32. Groeneveld AB, Nauta JJ, Thijs LG. Peripheral vascular resistance in septic shock: its relation to outcome. Intensive Care Med 1988; 14: 141-147
33. Groeneveld AB, van Lambalgen AA, van den Bos GC, Bronsveld W, Nauta JJ, Thijs LG. Maldistribution of heterogeneous coronary blood flow during canine endotoxin shock. Cardiovasc Res 1991; 25: 80-88
34. Guest TM, Ramanathan AV, Tuteur PG, Schechtman KB, Ladenson JH, Jaffe AS. Myocardial injury in critically ill patients. A frequently unrecognized complication. J Am Med Assoc 1995; 273: 1945-1949
35. Haikala H, Kaivola J, Nissinen E, Wall P, Levijoki J, Linden IB. Cardiac troponin C as a target protein for a novel calcium sensitizing drug, levosimendan. J Mol Cell Cardiol 1995; 27: 1859-1866
36. Hayes MA, Timmins AC, Yau EH, Palazzo M, Watson D, Hinds CJ. Oxygen transport patterns in patients with sepsis syndrome or septic shock: influence of treatment and relationship to outcome. Crit Care Med 1997; 25: 926-936
37. Heyland DK, Cook DJ, King D, Kernerman P, Brun-Buisson C. Maximizing oxygen delivery in critically ill patients: a methodologic appraisal of the evidence. Crit Care Med 1996; 24: 517-524
38. Hinshaw LB. Sepsis/septic shock: participation of the microcirculation: an abbreviated review. Crit Care Med 1996; 24: 1072-1078
39. Hoffmann JN, Werdan K, Hartl WH, Jochum M, Faist E, Inthorn D. Hemofiltrate from patients with severe sepsis and depressed left ventricular contractility contains cardiotoxic compounds. Shock 1999; 12: 174-180
40. Hotchkiss RS, Song SK, Neil JJ, et al. Sepsis does not impair tricarboxylic acid cycle in the heart. Am J Physiol 1991; 260: C50-7
41. Ichinose F, Buys ES, Neilan TG, et al. Cardiomyocyte-specific overexpression of nitric oxide synthase 3 prevents myocardial dysfunction in murine models of septic shock. Circ Res 2007; 100: 130-139
42. Jafri SM, Lavine S, Field BE, Bahorozian MT, Carlson RW. Left ventricular diastolic function in sepsis. Crit Care Med 1990; 18: 709-714
43. Jardin F, Fourme T, Page B, et al. Persistent preload defect in severe sepsis despite fluid loading: a longitudinal echocardiographic study in patients with septic shock. Chest 1999; 116: 1354-1359
44. Jardin F, Sportiche M, Bazin M, Bourokba A, Margairaz A. Dobutamine: a hemodynamic evaluation in human septic shock. Crit Care Med 1981; 9: 329-332
45. Kawaguchi H, Shin WS, Wang Y, et al. In vivo gene transfection of human endothelial cell nitric oxide synthase in cardiomyocytes causes apoptosis-like cell death. Identification using Sendai virus-coated liposomes. Circulation 1997; 95: 2441-2447
46. Kelm M, Schafer S, Dahmann R, et al. Nitric oxide induced contractile dysfunction is related to a reduction in myocardial energy generation. Cardiovasc Res 1997; 36: 185-194
47. Kimchi A, Ellrodt AG, Berman DS, Riedinger MS, Swan HJ, Murata GH. Right ventricular performance in septic shock: a combined radionuclide and hemodynamic study. J Am Coll Cardiol 1984; 4: 945-951
48. King DA, Codish S, Novack V, Barski L, Almog Y. The role of cardiac troponin I as a prognosticator in critically ill medical patients: a prospective observational cohort study. Crit Care 2005; 9: R390-5
49. Kollef MH, Ladenson JH, Eisenberg PR. Clinically recognized cardiac dysfunction: an independent determinant of mortality among critically ill patients. Is there a role for serial measurement of cardiac troponin I? Chest 1997; 111: 1340-1347
50. Kumar A, Brar R, Wang P, et al. Role of nitric oxide and cGMP in human septic serum-induced depression of cardiac myocyte contractility. Am J Physiol 1999; 276: R265-76
51. Kumar A, Thota V, Dee L, Olson J, Uretz E, Parrillo JE. Tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin 1beta are responsible for in vitro myocardial cell depression induced by human septic shock serum. J Exp Med 1996; 183: 949-958
52. Lefer AM. Role of a myocardial depressant factor in the pathogenesis of circulatory shock. Fed Proc 1970; 29: 1836-1847
53. Lefer AM, Rovetto MJ. Influence of a myocardial depressant factor on physiologic properties of cardiac muscle. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1970; 134: 269-273
54. Levy B, Sadoune LO, Gelot AM, Bollaert PE, Nabet P, Larcan A. Evolution of lactate/pyruvate and arterial ketone body ratios in the early course of catecholamine-treated septic shock. Crit Care Med 2000; 28: 114-119
55. Levy MM, Fink MP, Marshall JC, et al. 2001 SCCM/ESICM/ ACCP/ATS/SIS International Sepsis Definitions Conference. Crit Care Med 2003; 31: 1250-1256
56. Levy RJ, Piel DA, Acton PD, et al. Evidence of myocardial hibernation in the septic heart. Crit Care Med 2005; 33: 2752-2756
57. Maclean LD, Mulligan WG, McLean AP, Duff JH. Patterns of septic shock in man-a detailed study of 56 patients. Ann Surg 1967; 166: 543-562
58. Maeder M, Fehr T, Rickli H, Ammann P. Sepsis-associated myocardial dysfunction: diagnostic and prognostic impact of cardiac troponins and natriuretic peptides. Chest 2006; 129: 1349-1366
59. Martin GS, Mannino DM, Moss M. The effect of age on the development and outcome of adult sepsis. Crit Care Med 2006; 34: 15-21
60. Massion PB, Feron O, Dessy C, Balligand JL. Nitric oxide and cardiac function: ten years after, and continuing. Circ Res 2003; 93: 388-398
61. Massion PB, Moniotte S, Balligand JL. Nitric oxide: does it play a role in the heart of the critically ill? Curr Opin Crit Care 2001; 7: 323-336
62. Matejovic M, Krouzecky A, Radej J, Novak I. Successful reversal of resistent hypodynamic septic shock with levosimendan. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2005; 49: 127-128
63. Mehta NJ, Khan IA, Gupta V, Jani K, Gowda RM, Smith PR. Cardiac troponin I predicts myocardial dysfunction and adverse outcome in septic shock. Int J Cardiol 2004; 95: 13-17
64. Morelli A, De CS, Teboul JL, et al. Effects of levosimendan on systemic and regional hemodynamics in septic myocardial depression. Intensive Care Med 2005; 31: 638-644
65. Munt B, Jue J, Gin K, Fenwick J, Tweeddale M. Diastolic filling in human severe sepsis: an echocardiographic study. Crit Care Med 1998; 26: 1829-1833
66. Natanson C, Eichenholz PW, Danner RL, et al. Endotoxin and tumor necrosis factor challenges in dogs simulate the cardiovascular profile of human septic shock. J Exp Med 1989; 169: 823-832
67. Nishijima H, Weil MH, Shubin H, Cavanilles J. Hemodynamic and metabolic studies on shock associated with gram negative bacteremia. Medicine (Baltimore) 1973; 52: 287-294
68. Ognibene FP, Parker MM, Natanson C, Shelhamer JH, Parrillo JE. Depressed left ventricular performance. Response to volume infusion in patients with sepsis and septic shock. Chest 1988; 93: 903-910
69. Pacher P, Beckman JS, Liaudet L. Nitric oxide and peroxynitrite in health and disease. Physiol Rev 2007; 87: 315-324
70. Papp Z, Csapo K, Pollesello P, Haikala H, Edes I. Pharmacological mechanisms contributing to the clinical efficacy of levosimendan. Cardiovasc Drug Rev 2005; 23: 71-98
71. Parker MM, McCarthy KE, Ognibene FP, Parrillo JE. Right ventricular dysfunction and dilatation, similar to left ventricular changes, characterize the cardiac depression of septic shock in humans. Chest 1990; 97: 126-131
72. Parker MM, Shelhamer JH, Bacharach SL, et al. Profound but reversible myocardial depression in patients with septic shock. Ann Intern Med 1984; 100: 483-490
73. Parker MM, Shelhamer JH, Natanson C, Alling DW, Parrillo JE. Serial cardiovascular variables in survivors and nonsurvivors of human septic shock: heart rate as an early predictor of prognosis. Crit Care Med 1987; 15: 923-929
74. Parrillo JE, Burch C, Shelhamer JH, Parker MM, Natanson C, Schuette W. A circulating myocardial depressant substance in humans with septic shock. Septic shock patients with a reduced ejection fraction have a circulating factor that depresses in vitro myocardial cell performance. J Clin Invest 1985; 76: 1539-1553
75. Pinto BB, Rehberg S, Ertmer C, Westphal M. Role of levosimendan in sepsis and septic shock. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 2008; 21: 168-177
76. Pirracchio R, Cholley B, De HS, Solal AC, Mebazaa A. Diastolic heart failure in anaesthesia and critical care. Br J Anaesth 2007; 98: 707-721
77. Poelaert J, Declerck C, Vogelaers D, Colardyn F, Visser CA. Left ventricular systolic and diastolic function in septic shock. Intensive Care Med 1997; 23: 553-560
78. Powell BP, De Keulenaer BL. Levosimendan in septic shock: a case series. Br J Anaesth 2007; 99: 447-448
79. Preiser JC, Zhang H, Vray B, Hrabak A, Vincent JL. Time course of inducible nitric oxide synthase activity following endotoxin administration in dogs. Nitric Oxide 2001; 5: 208-211
80. Price S, Anning PB, Mitchell JA, Evans TW. Myocardial dysfunction in sepsis: mechanisms and therapeutic implications. Eur Heart J 1999; 20: 715-724
81. Rassaf T, Poll LW, Brouzos P, et al. Positive effects of nitric oxide on left ventricular function in humans. Eur Heart J 2006; 27: 1699-1705
82. Reilly JM, Cunnion RE, Burch-Whitman C, Parker MM, Shelhamer JH, Parrillo JE. A circulating myocardial depressant substance is associated with cardiac dysfunction and peripheral hypoperfusion (lactic acidemia) in patients with septic shock. Chest 1989; 95: 1072-1080
83. Rivers E, Nguyen B, Havstad S, et al. Early goal-directed therapy in the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock. N Engl J Med 2001; 345: 1368-1377
84. Robotham JL, Takata M, Berman M, Harasawa Y. Ejection fraction revisited. Anesthesiology 1991; 74: 172-183
85. Rossi MA, Celes MR, Prado CM, Saggioro FP. Myocardial structural changes in long-term human severe sepsis/septic shock may be responsible for cardiac dysfunction. Shock 2007; 27: 10-18
86. Rudiger A, Singer M. Mechanisms of sepsis-induced cardiac dysfunction. Crit Care Med 2007; 35: 1599-1608
87. Schneider AJ. Right ventricular performance in sepsis and septic shock. Neth J Med 1988; 33: 187-204
88. Schulz R, Rassaf T, Massion PB, Kelm M, Balligand JL. Recent advances in the understanding of the role of nitric oxide in cardiovascular homeostasis. Pharmacol Ther 2005; 108: 225-256
89. Shepherd RE, Lang CH, McDonough KH. Myocardial adrenergic responsiveness after lethal and nonlethal doses of endotoxin. Am J Physiol 1987; 252: H410-6
90. Silverman HJ, Penaranda R, Orens JB, Lee NH. Impaired beta-adrenergic receptor stimulation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate in human septic shock: association with myocardial hyporesponsiveness to catecholamines. Crit Care Med 1993; 21: 31-39
91. Singer M. Catecholamine treatment for shock-equally good or bad? Lancet 2007; 370: 636-637
92. Singer M. Powering up failed organs. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007; 176: 733-734
93. Solomon MA, Correa R, Alexander HR, et al. Myocardial energy metabolism and morphology in a canine model of sepsis. Am J Physiol 1994; 266: H757-68
94. Sorsa T, Pollesello P, Solaro RJ. The contractile apparatus as a target for drugs against heart failure: interaction of levosimendan, a calcium sensitiser, with cardiac troponin c. Mol Cell Biochem 2004; 266: 87-107
95. Suffredini AF, Fromm RE, Parker MM, et al. The cardiovascular response of normal humans to the administration of endotoxin. N Engl J Med 1989; 321: 280-287
96. Tavener SA, Kubes P. Is there a role for cardiomyocyte toll-like receptor 4 in endotoxemia? Trends Cardiovasc Med 2005; 15: 153-157
97. Tavener SA, Long EM, Robbins SM, McRae KM, Van RH, Kubes P. Immune cell Toll-like receptor 4 is required for cardiac myocyte impairment during endotoxemia. Circ Res 2004; 95: 700-707
98. Ullrich R, Scherrer-Crosbie M, Bloch KD, et al. Congenital deficiency of nitric oxide synthase 2 protects against endotoxin-induced myocardial dysfunction in mice. Circulation 2000; 102: 1440-1446
99. Vallance P, Moncada S. Role of endogenous nitric oxide in septic shock. New Horiz 1993; 1: 77-86
100. ver Elst KM, Spapen HD, Nguyen DN, Garbar C, Huyghens LP, Gorus FK. Cardiac troponins I and Tare biological markers of left ventricular dysfunction in septic shock. Clin Chem 2000; 46: 650-657
101. Vieillard-Baron A, Caille V, Charron C, Belliard G, Page B, Jardin F. Actual incidence of global left ventricular hypokinesia in adult septic shock. Crit Care Med 2008; 36: 1701-1706
102. Vieillard-Baron A, Prin S, Chergui K, Dubourg O, Jardin F. Hemodynamic instability in sepsis: bedside assessment by Doppler echocardiography. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003; 168: 1270-1276
103. Vincent JL, Bakker J, Marecaux G, Schandene L, Kahn RJ, Dupont E. Administration of anti-TNF antibody improves left ventricular function in septic shock patients. Results of a pilot study. Chest 1992; 101: 810-815
104. Vincent JL, Roman A, Kahn RJ. Dobutamine administration in septic shock: addition to a standard protocol. Crit Care Med 1990; 18: 689-693
105. Wilson RF, Chiscano AD, Quadros E, Tarver M. Some observations on 132 patients with septic shock. Anesth Analg 1967; 46: 751-763
106. Wilson RF, Thal AP, Kindling PH, Ackerman E. Hemodynamic measurements in septic shock. Ann Surg 1965; 91: 121-129
107. Wilson RF, Sarver EJ, LeBlanc PL. Factors affecting hemodynamics in clinical shock with sepsis. Ann Surg 1971; 174: 939-943
108. Wong CK, White HD. Implications of the new definition of myocardial infarction. Postgrad Med J 2005; 81: 552-555
109. Yokoyama T, Vaca L, Rossen RD, Durante W, Hazarika P, Mann DL. Cellular basis for the negative inotropic effects of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in the adult mammalian heart. J Clin Invest 1993; 92: 2303-2312
110. Young JD. The heart and circulation in severe sepsis. Br J Anaesth 2004; 93: 114-120
111. Zhong J, Hwang TC, Adams HR, Rubin LJ. Reduced L-type calcium current in ventricular myocytes from endotoxemic guinea pigs. Am J Physiol 1997; 273: H2312-24