Lymphatics and inflammation

Current Medicinal Chemistry

Volumn 16, Issue 34, 2009, Pages 4581-4592

  Wilting, J ^a   Becker, J ^a   Buttler, K ^a   Weich, H A ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GÖTTINGEN   (Germany)

^b HELMHOLTZ CENTRE FOR INFECTION RESEARCH   (Germany)

Author keywords

Inflammation; Leukocytes; Lymphangiogenesis; Lymphatic endothelial cell; Lymphatic vessel

Indexed keywords

ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; ANTIFILARIAL AGENT; BRADYKININ; CD97 ANTIGEN; CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR CCR7; CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR CXCR5; CYCLOOXYGENASE 2; CYCLOSPORIN A; CYTOKINE; FK 506 BINDING PROTEIN; GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR; IMMUNOGLOBULIN ENHANCER BINDING PROTEIN; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENT; MANNOSE RECEPTOR; MOLECULAR MARKER; PENICILLIN G; PROSTAGLANDIN E; PROTEOME; REGULATOR PROTEIN; TACROLIMUS; TOLL LIKE RECEPTOR 4; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR; TRANSCRIPTOME; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR; VASCULOTROPIN RECEPTOR 2;

CAPILLARY PERMEABILITY; CAT SCRATCH DISEASE; CELL ISOLATION; CHORIOALLANTOIS; CHRONIC VEIN INSUFFICIENCY; CORNEA TRANSPLANTATION; CROHN DISEASE; DIABETES MELLITUS; DRUG RECEPTOR BINDING; ENDOTHELIUM CELL; ERYSIPELAS; FILARIASIS; HUMAN; HYPEREMIA; INFLAMMATORY DISEASE; ISCHEMIA; KAPOSI SARCOMA; KIDNEY GRAFT REJECTION; LEUKOCYTE MIGRATION; LIVER FIBROSIS; LUNG INFECTION; LYMPHANGIOGENESIS; LYMPHANGIOMA; LYMPHANGITIS; LYMPHATIC SYSTEM DISEASE; NONHUMAN; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN INDUCTION; PSORIASIS; REVIEW; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SOFT TISSUE INFLAMMATION; VIRUS HEPATITIS;

ANIMALS; CAPILLARY PERMEABILITY; ENDOTHELIUM, LYMPHATIC; ENDOTHELIUM, VASCULAR; HUMANS; INFLAMMATION; INFLAMMATION MEDIATORS; LEUKOCYTES; LYMPHATIC VESSELS;

EID: 72449182305     PISSN: 09298673     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/092986709789760751     Document Type: Review

References (149)

1. Butcher, H.R., Jr.; Hoover, A.L. Abnormalities of human superficial cutaneous lymphatics associated with stasis ulcers, lymphedema, scars and cutaneous autografts. Ann. Surg., 1955, 142, 633-653.
2. Pfleger, L. [Histology and Histopathology of the Cutaneous Lymph Vessels of Lower Extremities. Ii. Pathology of the Cutaenous Lymph Vessels.]. Arch. Klin. Exp. Dermatol., 1964, 221, 23-58.
3. Földi, E.; Földi, M. In Textbook of lymphology; Földi, M.; Földi, E.; Kubik, S., Eds.; Urban and Fischer: München, Jena, 2003; pp. 231-319.
4. Becker, K.A.; Gellhaus, A.; Winterhager, E.; Gulbins, E. Ceramide-enriched membrane domains in infectious biology and development. Subcell. Biochem., 2008, 49, 523-538.
5. Stults, C.L.; Sweeley, C.C.; Macher, B.A. Glycosphingolipids: structure, biological source, and properties. Methods Enzymol., 1989, 179, 167-214.
6. Coussens, L.M.; Werb, Z. Inflammation and cancer. Nature, 2002, 420, 860-867.
7. Hasegawa, M.; Sato, S. The roles of chemokines in leukocyte recruitment and fibrosis in systemic sclerosis. Front. Biosci., 2008, 13, 3637-3647. (Pubitemid 351594648)
8. Varga, J.; Pasche, B. Antitransforming growth factor-beta therapy in fibrosis: recent progress and implications for systemic sclerosis. Curr. Opin. Rheumatol., 2008, 20, 720-728.
9. Bisno, A.L. Cutaneous infections: microbiologic and epidemiologic considerations. Am. J. Med., 1984, 76, 172-179.
10. Loppnow, H.; Werdan, K.; Buerke, M. Vascular cells contribute to atherosclerosis by cytokine- and innate-immunity-related inflammatory mechanisms. Innate Immun, 2008, 14, 63-87.
11. Konturek, S.J.; Pawlik, W. Physiology and pharmacology of prostaglandins. Dig. Dis. Sci., 1986, 31, 6S-19S.
12. Sadowski, J.; Badzynska, B. Specific features and roles of renal circulation: angiotensin II revisited. J. Physiol. Pharmacol., 2006, 57 Suppl 11, 169-178. (Pubitemid 46569842)
13. Williams, C.S.; Mann, M.; DuBois, R.N. The role of cyclooxygenases in inflammation, cancer, and development. Oncogene, 1999, 18, 7908-7916. (Pubitemid 30066236)
14. Drenckhahn, D.; Ness, W. In Vascular endothelium: physiology, pathology, and therapeutic opportunities; Born, G.V.R.; Schwartz, C.J., Eds.; Schattauer: Stuttgart, New York, 1997; pp. 1-25.
15. Michel, C.; Neal, C. In Vascular endothelium: physiology, pathology, and therapeutic opportunities; Born, G.; Schwartz, C., Eds.; Schattauer: Stuttgart, New York, 1997, pp. 37-48.
16. Riede, U.; Schaefer, H.; Werner, M. Allgemeine und spezielle Pathologie; Thieme: Stuttgart, New York, 2003.
17. Ebert, L.M.; Schaerli, P.; Moser, B. Chemokine-mediated control of T cell traffic in lymphoid and peripheral tissues. Mol. Immunol., 2005, 42, 799-809. (Pubitemid 40489029)
18. Forster, R.; Davalos-Misslitz, A.C.; Rot, A. CCR7 and its ligands: balancing immunity and tolerance. Nat. Rev. Immunol., 2008, 8, 362-371. (Pubitemid 351595218)
19. Alon, R.; Ley, K. Cells on the run: shear-regulated integrin activation in leukocyte rolling and arrest on endothelial cells. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol., 2008, 20, 525-532.
20. Zarbock, A.; Ley, K. Mechanisms and consequences of neutrophil interaction with the endothelium. Am. J. Pathol., 2008, 172, 1-7.
21. Conti, L.; Gessani, S. GM-CSF in the generation of dendritic cells from human blood monocyte precursors: recent advances. Immunobiology, 2008, 213, 859-870.
22. Kobayashi, Y. The role of chemokines in neutrophil biology. Front. Biosci., 2008, 13, 2400-2407.
23. Mantovani, A.; Schioppa, T.; Porta, C.; Allavena, P.; Sica, A. Role of tumor-associated macrophages in tumor progression and invasion. Cancer Metastasis Rev., 2006, 25, 315-322. (Pubitemid 44922352)
24. Schoppmann, S.F.; Birner, P.; Stockl, J.; Kalt, R.; Ullrich, R.; Caucig, C.; Kriehuber, E.; Nagy, K.; Alitalo, K.; Kerjaschki, D. Tumor-associated macrophages express lymphatic endothelial growth factors and are related to peritumoral lymphangiogenesis. Am. J. Pathol., 2002, 161, 947-956. (Pubitemid 34988382)
25. Serhan, C.N.; Savill, J. Resolution of inflammation: the beginning programs the end. Nat. Immunol., 2005, 6, 1191-1197. (Pubitemid 43045627)
26. Ghosh, S.; Hayden, M.S. New regulators of NF-kappaB in inflammation. Nat. Rev. Immunol., 2008, 8, 837-848.
27. Angeli, V.; Ginhoux, F.; Llodra, J.; Quemeneur, L.; Frenette, P.S.; Skobe, M.; Jessberger, R.; Merad, M.; Randolph, G.J. B cell-driven lymphangiogenesis in inflamed lymph nodes enhances dendritic cell mobilization. Immunity, 2006, 24, 203-215.
28. Vassileva, G.; Soto, H.; Zlotnik, A.; Nakano, H.; Kakiuchi, T.; Hedrick, J.A.; Lira, S.A. The reduced expression of 6Ckine in the plt mouse results from the deletion of one of two 6Ckine genes. J. Exp. Med., 1999, 190, 1183-1188.
29. Johnson, L.A.; Clasper, S.; Holt, A.P.; Lalor, P.F.; Baban, D.; Jackson, D.G. An inflammation-induced mechanism for leukocyte transmigration across lymphatic vessel endothelium. J. Exp. Med., 2006, 203, 2763-2777.
30. Ledgerwood, L.G.; Lal, G.; Zhang, N.; Garin, A.; Esses, S.J.; Ginhoux, F.; Merad, M.; Peche, H.; Lira, S.A.; Ding, Y.; Yang, Y.; He, X.; Schuchman, E.H.; Allende, M.L.; Ochando, J.C.; Bromberg, J.S. The sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 1 causes tissue retention by inhibiting the entry of peripheral tissue T lymphocytes into afferent lymphatics. Nat. Immunol., 2008, 9, 42-53.
31. Asellius, G. De lactibus sive lacteis venis, Quarto Vasorum Mesarai corum Genere novo invento, Milan: Mediolani, 1627.
32. Pecquet, J. Experimenta nova anatomica, quibus incognitum hactenus chyli receptaculum, et ab eo per thoracem in ramos usque subclavios vasa lactea deteguntur; Cramoisy: Parisiis, 1651.
33. Rudbeck, O. Nova exercitatio anatomica exhibens ductus hepaticos aquosos et vasa glandularum serosa, nunc primum inventa, aeneisque figuris delineata; Arosiae, 1653.
34. Rusznyák, I.; Földi, M.; Szabó, G. Lymphologie. Physiologie und Pathologie der Lymphgefäße und des Lymphkreislaufes; G. Fischer: Stuttgart, 1969.
35. Rogers, P.A.; Donoghue, J.F.; Girling, J.E. Endometrial lymphangiogensis. Placenta, 2008, 29 Suppl A, S48-54.
36. Kampmeier, O. Evolution and comparative morphology of the lymphatic system; Charles C. Thomas: Springfield, IL, 1969.
37. Schmid-Schonbein, G.W. The second valve system in lymphatics. Lymphat. Res. Biol., 2003, 1, 25-29; discussion 29-31.
38. Casley-Smith, J.R. The fine structure and functioning of tissue channels and lymphatics. Lymphology, 1980, 13, 177-183.
39. Wilting, J. In Panvascular medicine. Lanzer, P.; Topol, E., Eds.; Springer: Heidelberg, 2002, pp 50-75.
40. Witte, M.H.; Jones, K.; Wilting, J.; Dictor, M.; Selg, M.; McHale, N.; Gershenwald, J.E.; Jackson, D.G. Structure function relationships in the lymphatic system and implications for cancer biology. Cancer Metastasis Rev., 2006, 25, 159-184. (Pubitemid 43886395)
41. Petrova, T.V.; Karpanen, T.; Norrmen, C.; Mellor, R.; Tamakoshi, T.; Finegold, D.; Ferrell, R.; Kerjaschki, D.; Mortimer, P.; Yla-Herttuala, S.; Miura, N.; Alitalo, K. Defective valves and abnormal mural cell recruitment underlie lymphatic vascular failure in lymphedema distichiasis. Nat. Med., 2004, 10, 974-981. (Pubitemid 39273739)
42. Ji, R.C.; Kato, S. Histochemical analysis of lymphatic endothelial cells in lymphostasis. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2001, 55, 70-80. (Pubitemid 32988908)
43. Kato, S. Enzyme-histochemical demonstration of intralobular lymphatic vessels in the mouse thymus. Arch. Histol. Cytol., 1990, 53 Suppl, 87-94.
44. Wilting, J.; Papoutsi, M.; Christ, B.; Nicolaides, K.H.; von Kaisenberg, C.S.; Borges, J.; Stark, G.B.; Alitalo, K.; Tomarev, S.I.; Niemeyer, C.; Rossler, J. The transcription factor Prox1 is a marker for lymphatic endothelial cells in normal and diseased human tissues. FASEB J., 2002, 16, 1271-1273.
45. Breiteneder-Geleff, S.; Soleiman, A.; Kowalski, H.; Horvat, R.; Amann, G.; Kriehuber, E.; Diem, K.; Weninger, W.; Tschachler, E.; Alitalo, K.; Kerjaschki, D. Angiosarcomas express mixed endothelial phenotypes of blood and lymphatic capillaries: podoplanin as a specific marker for lymphatic endothelium. Am. J. Pathol., 1999, 154, 385-394. (Pubitemid 29094089)
46. Kasten, P.; Schnoink, G.; Bergmann, A.; Papoutsi, M.; Buttler, K.; Rossler, J.; Weich, H.A.; Wilting, J. Similarities and differences of human and experimental mouse lymphangiomas. Dev. Dyn., 2007, 236, 2952-2961.
47. Banerji, S.; Ni, J.; Wang, S.X.; Clasper, S.; Su, J.; Tammi, R.; Jones, M.; Jackson, D.G. LYVE-1, a new homologue of the CD44 glycoprotein, is a lymph-specific receptor for hyaluronan. J. Cell Biol., 1999, 144, 789-801.
48. Mouta Carreira, C.; Nasser, S.M.; di Tomaso, E.; Padera, T.P.; Boucher, Y.; Tomarev, S.I.; Jain, R.K. LYVE-1 is not restricted to the lymph vessels: expression in normal liver blood sinusoids and down-regulation in human liver cancer and cirrhosis. Cancer Res., 2001, 61, 8079-8084.
49. Breitschwerdt, E.B. Feline bartonellosis and cat scratch disease. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol., 2008, 123, 167-171.
50. Filler, R.M.; Shwachman, H.; Edwards, E.A. Lymphedema after Cat-Scratch Fever. N. Engl. J. Med., 1964, 270, 244-245.
51. Bollinger, A. Microlymphatics of human skin. Int. J. Microcirc. Clin. Exp., 1993, 12, 1-15.
52. Hoerauf, A. Filariasis: new drugs and new opportunities for lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis. Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis., 2008, 21, 673-681.
53. Olszewski, W.L.; Jamal, S.; Lukomska, B.; Manokaran, G.; Grzelak, I. Immune proteins in peripheral tissue fluid-lymph in patients with filarial lymphedema of the lower limbs. Lymphology, 1992, 25, 166-171. (Pubitemid 23024635)
54. Kaiserling, E. In Textbook of lymphology; Földi, M.; Földi, E.; Kubik, S., Eds.; Urban and Fischer: München, Jena, 2003, pp. 371-389.
55. Norgall, S.; Papoutsi, M.; Rossler, J.; Schweigerer, L.; Wilting, J.; Weich, H.A. Elevated expression of VEGFR-3 in lymphatic endothelial cells from lymphangiomas. BMC Cancer, 2007, 7, 105.
56. Albuquerque, R.J.; Hayashi, T.; Cho, W.G.; Kleinman, M.E.; Dridi, S.; Takeda, A.; Baffi, J.Z.; Yamada, K.; Kaneko, H.; Green, M.G.; Chappell, J.; Wilting, J.; Weich, H.A.; Yamagami, S.; Amano, S.; Mizuki, N.; Alexander, J.S.; Peterson, M.L.; Brekken, R.A.; Hirashima, M.; Capoor, S.; Usui, T.; Ambati, B.K.; Ambati, J. Alternatively spliced vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 is an essential endogenous inhibitor of lymphatic vessel growth. Nat. Med., 2009, 15, 1023-1030.
57. Kaiserling, E. In Textbook of lymphology; Földi, M.; Földi, E.; Kubik, S., Eds.; Urban and Fischer: München, Jena, 2003, pp. 321-370.
58. Geleff, S.; Schoppmann, S.F.; Oberhuber, G. Increase in podoplanin-expressing intestinal lymphatic vessels in inflammatory bowel disease. Virchows Arch., 2003, 442, 231-237. (Pubitemid 36399216)
59. Marks, D.J.; Segal, A.W. Innate immunity in inflammatory bowel disease: a disease hypothesis. J. Pathol., 2008, 214, 260-266. (Pubitemid 351160162)
60. Elson, C.O.; Cong, Y.; Weaver, C.T.; Schoeb, T.R.; McClanahan, T.K.; Fick, R.B.; Kastelein, R.A. Monoclonal anti-interleukin 23 reverses active colitis in a T cell-mediated model in mice. Gastroenterology, 2007, 132, 2359-2370.
61. Baumgart, D.C.; Sandborn, W.J. Inflammatory bowel disease: clinical aspects and established and evolving therapies. Lancet, 2007, 369, 1641-1657. (Pubitemid 46722637)
62. Ekbom, A.; Helmick, C.; Zack, M.; Adami, H.O. Increased risk of large-bowel cancer in Crohn's disease with colonic involvement. Lancet, 1990, 336, 357-359.
63. Wauke, K.; Nagashima, M.; Ishiwata, T.; Asano, G.; Yoshino, S. Expression and localization of vascular endothelial growth factor-C in rheumatoid arthritis synovial tissue. J. Rheumatol., 2002, 29, 34-38. (Pubitemid 34041855)
64. Cha, H.S.; Bae, E.K.; Koh, J.H.; Chai, J.Y.; Jeon, C.H.; Ahn, K.S.; Kim, J.; Koh, E.M. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha induces vascular endothelial growth factor-C expression in rheumatoid synoviocytes. J. Rheumatol., 2007, 34, 16-19.
65. Azfar, R.S.; Gelfand, J.M. Psoriasis and metabolic disease: epidemiology and pathophysiology. Curr. Opin. Rheumatol., 2008, 20, 416-422.
66. Creamer, D.; Allen, M.H.; Sousa, A.; Poston, R.; Barker, J.N. Localization of endothelial proliferation and microvascular expansion in active plaque psoriasis. Br. J. Dermatol., 1997, 136, 859-865.
67. Telner, P.; Fekete, Z. The capillary responses in psoriatic skin. J. Invest. Dermatol., 1961, 36, 225-230.
68. Braverman, I.M.; Yen, A. Microcirculation in psoriatic skin. J. Invest. Dermatol., 1974, 62, 493-502.
69. Cliff, S.; Bedlow, A.J.; Stanton, A.W.; Mortimer, P.S. An in vivo study of the microlymphatics in psoriasis using fluorescence microlymphography. Br. J. Dermatol., 1999, 140, 61-66.
70. Földi, M. In Textbook of lymphology. Földi, M.; Földi, E.; Kubik, S., Eds.; Urban and Fischer: München, Jena, 2003, pp 410-422.
71. Bollinger, A.; Pfister, G.; Hoffmann, U.; Franzeck, U.K. Fluorescence microlymphography in chronic venous incompetence. Int. Angiol., 1989, 8, 23-26.
72. Pennathur, S.; Heinecke, J.W. Mechanisms of oxidative stress in diabetes: implications for the pathogenesis of vascular disease and antioxidant therapy. Front. Biosci., 2004, 9, 565-574.
73. Ziegler, D. Type 2 diabetes as an inflammatory cardiovascular disorder. Curr. Mol. Med., 2005, 5, 309-322. (Pubitemid 40663136)
74. Maruyama, K.; Asai, J.; Ii, M.; Thorne, T.; Losordo, D.W.; D'Amore, P.A. Decreased macrophage number and activation lead to reduced lymphatic vessel formation and contribute to impaired diabetic wound healing. Am. J. Pathol., 2007, 170, 1178-1191.
75. Saile, B.; Ramadori, G. Inflammation, damage repair and liver fibrosis--role of cytokines and different cell types. Z. Gastroenterol., 2007, 45, 77-86.
76. Aspestrand, F.; Schrumpf, E.; Jacobsen, M.; Hanssen, L.; Endresen, K. Increased lymphatic flow from the liver in different intraand extrahepatic diseases demonstrated by CT. J. Comput. Assist. Tomogr., 1991, 15, 550-554.
77. Yamauchi, Y.; Michitaka, K.; Onji, M. Morphometric analysis of lymphatic and blood vessels in human chronic viral liver diseases. Am. J. Pathol., 1998, 153, 1131-1137. (Pubitemid 28465836)
78. Ambati, B.K.; Nozaki, M.; Singh, N.; Takeda, A.; Jani, P.D.; Suthar, T.; Albuquerque, R.J.; Richter, E.; Sakurai, E.; Newcomb, M.T.; Kleinman, M.E.; Caldwell, R.B.; Lin, Q.; Ogura, Y.; Orecchia, A.; Samuelson, D.A.; Agnew, D.W.; St Leger, J.; Green, W.R.; Mahasreshti, P.J.; Curiel, D.T.; Kwan, D.; Marsh, H.; Ikeda, S.; Leiper, L.J.; Collinson, J.M.; Bogdanovich, S.; Khurana, T.S.; Shibuya, M.; Baldwin, M.E.; Ferrara, N.; Gerber, H.P.; De Falco, S.; Witta, J.; Baffi, J.Z.; Raisler, B.J.; Ambati, J. Corneal avascularity is due to soluble VEGF receptor-1. Nature, 2006, 443, 993-997. (Pubitemid 44646176)
79. Cursiefen, C.; Chen, L.; Saint-Geniez, M.; Hamrah, P.; Jin, Y.; Rashid, S.; Pytowski, B.; Persaud, K.; Wu, Y.; Streilein, J.W.; Dana, R. Nonvascular VEGF receptor 3 expression by corneal epithelium maintains avascularity and vision. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 2006, 103, 11405-11410. (Pubitemid 44156530)
80. Cursiefen, C.; Schlotzer-Schrehardt, U.; Kuchle, M.; Sorokin, L.; Breiteneder-Geleff, S.; Alitalo, K.; Jackson, D. Lymphatic vessels in vascularized human corneas: immunohistochemical investigation using LYVE-1 and podoplanin. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 2002, 43, 2127-2135. (Pubitemid 34700638)
81. Maruyama, K.; Ii, M.; Cursiefen, C.; Jackson, D.G.; Keino, H.; Tomita, M.; Van Rooijen, N.; Takenaka, H.; D'Amore, P.A.; Stein- Streilein, J.; Losordo, D.W.; Streilein, J.W. Inflammation-induced lymphangiogenesis in the cornea arises from CD11b-positive macrophages. J. Clin. Invest., 2005, 115, 2363-2372.
82. Chen, L.; Hamrah, P.; Cursiefen, C.; Zhang, Q.; Pytowski, B.; Streilein, J.W.; Dana, M.R. Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-3 mediates induction of corneal alloimmunity. Nat. Med., 2004, 10, 813-815. (Pubitemid 39070853)
83. Sakamoto, I.; Ito, Y.; Mizuno, M.; Suzuki, Y.; Sawai, A.; Tanaka, A.; Maruyama, S.; Takei, Y.; Yuzawa, Y.; Matsuo, S. Lymphatic vessels develop during tubulointerstitial fibrosis. Kidney Int., 2009, 75, 828-838.
84. Kerjaschki, D.; Regele, H.M.; Moosberger, I.; Nagy-Bojarski, K.; Watschinger, B.; Soleiman, A.; Birner, P.; Krieger, S.; Hovorka, A.; Silberhumer, G.; Laakkonen, P.; Petrova, T.; Langer, B.; Raab, I. Lymphatic neoangiogenesis in human kidney transplants is associated with immunologically active lymphocytic infiltrates. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., 2004, 15, 603-612. (Pubitemid 38294790)
85. Kerjaschki, D.; Huttary, N.; Raab, I.; Regele, H.; Bojarski-Nagy, K.; Bartel, G.; Krober, S.M.; Greinix, H.; Rosenmaier, A.; Karlhofer, F.; Wick, N.; Mazal, P.R. Lymphatic endothelial progenitor cells contribute to de novo lymphangiogenesis in human renal transplants. Nat. Med., 2006, 12, 230-234.
86. Segerer, S.; Schlondorff, D. B cells and tertiary lymphoid organs in renal inflammation. Kidney Int., 2008, 73, 533-537. (Pubitemid 351264112)
87. Dictor, M. Kaposi's sarcoma. Origin and significance of lymphaticovenous connections. Virchows Arch. A. Pathol. Anat. Histopathol., 1986, 409, 23-35. (Pubitemid 16071509)
88. Cheung, L.; Rockson, S.G. The lymphatic biology of Kaposi's sarcoma. Lymphat. Res. Biol., 2005, 3, 25-35.
89. Hong, Y.K.; Foreman, K.; Shin, J.W.; Hirakawa, S.; Curry, C.L.; Sage, D.R.; Libermann, T.; Dezube, B.J.; Fingeroth, J.D.; Detmar, M. Lymphatic reprogramming of blood vascular endothelium by Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. Nat. Genet., 2004, 36, 683-685. (Pubitemid 38886627)
90. Wang, H.W.; Trotter, M.W.; Lagos, D.; Bourboulia, D.; Henderson, S.; Makinen, T.; Elliman, S.; Flanagan, A.M.; Alitalo, K.; Boshoff, C. Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus-induced cellular reprogramming contributes to the lymphatic endothelial gene expression in Kaposi sarcoma. Nat. Genet., 2004, 36, 687-693. (Pubitemid 38886628)
91. Barozzi, P.; Luppi, M.; Facchetti, F.; Mecucci, C.; Alu, M.; Sarid, R.; Rasini, V.; Ravazzini, L.; Rossi, E.; Festa, S.; Crescenzi, B.; Wolf, D.G.; Schulz, T.F.; Torelli, G. Post-transplant Kaposi sarcoma originates from the seeding of donor-derived progenitors. Nat. Med., 2003, 9, 554-561. (Pubitemid 36597101)
92. Uccini, S.; Sirianni, M.C.; Vincenzi, L.; Topino, S.; Stoppacciaro, A.; Lesnoni La Parola, I.; Capuano, M.; Masini, C.; Cerimele, D.; Cella, M.; Lanzavecchia, A.; Allavena, P.; Mantovani, A.; Baroni, C.D.; Ruco, L.P. Kaposi's sarcoma cells express the macrophage-associated antigen mannose receptor and develop in peripheral blood cultures of Kaposi's sarcoma patients. Am. J. Pathol., 1997, 150, 929-938.
93. Weich, H.A.; Salahuddin, S.Z.; Gill, P.; Nakamura, S.; Gallo, R.C.; Folkmann, J. AIDS-associated Kaposi's sarcoma-derived cells in long-term culture express and synthesize smooth muscle alpha-actin. Am. J. Pathol., 1991, 139, 1251-1258.
94. Baluk, P.; Tammela, T.; Ator, E.; Lyubynska, N.; Achen, M.G.; Hicklin, D.J.; Jeltsch, M.; Petrova, T.V.; Pytowski, B.; Stacker, S.A.; Yla-Herttuala, S.; Jackson, D.G.; Alitalo, K.; McDonald, D.M. Pathogenesis of persistent lymphatic vessel hyperplasia in chronic airway inflammation. J. Clin. Invest., 2005, 115, 247-257.
95. Ristimaki, A.; Narko, K.; Enholm, B.; Joukov, V.; Alitalo, K. Proinflammatory cytokines regulate expression of the lymphatic endothelial mitogen vascular endothelial growth factor-C. J. Biol. Chem., 1998, 273, 8413-8418. (Pubitemid 28168903)
96. Clavin, N.W.; Avraham, T.; Fernandez, J.; Daluvoy, S.V.; Soares, M.A.; Chaudhry, A.; Mehrara, B.J. TGF-beta1 is a negative regulator of lymphatic regeneration during wound repair. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol., 2008, 295, H2113-2127.
97. Pullinger, B.D.; Florey, H.W. Proliferation of lymphatics in inflammation. J. Pathol. Bacteriol., 1937, 45, 157-170.
98. Vecchi, A. Die anatomischen Grundlagen der Chirurgie der Lymphdrüsen: Die Regeneration und Neubildung derselben. Mitt. Grenzgeb. Med. u. Chir., 1911, 23, 42-81.
99. Freund, J.; Thomson, K.; Hough, H.; Sommer, H.; Pisani, T. Antibody formation and sensitization with the aid of adjuvants. J. Immunol., 1948, 60, 383-398.
100. Dale, M.M. The effect of Freund's adjuvants on lymphatics in the mouse's ear. Br. J. Exp. Pathol., 1960, 41, 86-88.
101. Dale, M.M. The effect of the components of adjuvant emulsions on lymphatics in the mouse's ear. Br. J. Exp. Pathol., 1961, 42, 297-302.
102. Kunstfeld, R.; Hirakawa, S.; Hong, Y.K.; Schacht, V.; Lange-Asschenfeldt, B.; Velasco, P.; Lin, C.; Fiebiger, E.; Wei, X.; Wu, Y.; Hicklin, D.; Bohlen, P.; Detmar, M. Induction of cutaneous delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions in VEGF-A transgenic mice results in chronic skin inflammation associated with persistent lymphatic hyperplasia. Blood, 2004, 104, 1048-1057. (Pubitemid 39038025)
103. Halin, C.; Fahrngruber, H.; Meingassner, J.G.; Bold, G.; Littlewood-Evans, A.; Stuetz, A.; Detmar, M. Inhibition of chronic and acute skin inflammation by treatment with a vascular endothelial growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Am. J. Pathol., 2008, 173, 265-277. (Pubitemid 351947973)
104. Potter, M.; MacCardle, R.C. Histology of Developing Plasma Cell Neoplasia Induced by Mineral Oil in Balb/C Mice. J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 1964, 33, 497-515.
105. Potter, M.; Robertson Boyce, C.L. Induction of plasma-cell neoplasms in strain BALB/c mice with mineral oil and mineral oil adjuvants. Nature, 1962, 193, 1086-1087.
106. Potter, M.; Robertson, C.L. Development of plasma-cell neoplasms in BALB/c mice after intraperitoneal injection of paraffin-oil adjuvant, heat-killed Staphylococcus mixtures. J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 1960, 25, 847-861.
107. Takakura, K.; Mason, W.B.; Hollander, V.P. Studies on the pathogenesis of plasma cell tumors. I. Effect of cortisol on development of plasma cell tumors. Cancer Res., 1966, 26, 596-599.
108. Salwa, J. Experimental plasmacytoma in mice. I. Induction, morphological and biological characteristics. Arch. Immunol. Ther. Exp. (Warsz). 1980, 28, 167-172. (Pubitemid 10020342)
109. Mancardi, S.; Stanta, G.; Dusetti, N.; Bestagno, M.; Jussila, L.; Zweyer, M.; Lunazzi, G.; Dumont, D.; Alitalo, K.; Burrone, O.R. Lymphatic endothelial tumors induced by intraperitoneal injection of incomplete Freund's adjuvant. Exp. Cell Res., 1999, 246, 368-375.
110. Ezaki, T.; Kuwahara, K.; Morikawa, S.; Matsuno, K.; Sakaguchi, N. Characterization of adjuvant-induced rat lymphangiomas as a model to study the lymph drainage from abdominal cavity. Jpn. J. Lymphol., 2004, 27, 1-10.
111. Ezaki, T.; Kuwahara, K.; Morikawa, S.; Shimizu, K.; Sakaguchi, N.; Matsushima, K.; Matsuno, K. Production of two novel monoclonal antibodies that distinguish mouse lymphatic and blood vascular endothelial cells. Anat. Embryol. (Berl). 2006, 211, 379-393. (Pubitemid 44484314)
112. Tsukamoto, H.; Matsuoka, M.; French, S.W. Experimental models of hepatic fibrosis: a review. Semin. Liver Dis., 1990, 10, 56-65. (Pubitemid 20163706)
113. Vollmar, B.; Wolf, B.; Siegmund, S.; Katsen, A.D.; Menger, M.D. Lymph vessel expansion and function in the development of hepatic fibrosis and cirrhosis. Am. J. Pathol., 1997, 151, 169-175.
114. Aurora, A.B.; Baluk, P.; Zhang, D.; Sidhu, S.S.; Dolganov, G.M.; Basbaum, C.; McDonald, D.M.; Killeen, N. Immune complex-dependent remodeling of the airway vasculature in response to a chronic bacterial infection. J. Immunol., 2005, 175, 6319-6326. (Pubitemid 41598871)
115. Gimbrone, M.A., Jr.; Cotran, R.S.; Leapman, S.B.; Folkman, J. Tumor growth and neovascularization: an experimental model using the rabbit cornea. J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 1974, 52, 413-427.
116. Wilting, J.; Christ, B. A morphological study of the rabbit corneal assay. Ann. Anat., 1992, 174, 549-556. (Pubitemid 23003566)
117. Chang, L.K.; Garcia-Cardena, G.; Farnebo, F.; Fannon, M.; Chen, E.J.; Butterfield, C.; Moses, M.A.; Mulligan, R.C.; Folkman, J.; Kaipainen, A. Dose-dependent response of FGF-2 for lymphangiogenesis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 2004, 101, 11658-11663.
118. Cursiefen, C.; Maruyama, K.; Jackson, D.G.; Streilein, J.W.; Kruse, F.E. Time course of angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis after brief corneal inflammation. Cornea, 2006, 25, 443-447.
119. Hamilton, H. Growth of the rickettsiae of tsutsugamushi fever on the chorio-allantoic membrane of the developing chick embryo. Am. J. Pathol., 1946, 22, 89-101.
120. Woodruff, A.; Goodpasture, E. The susceptibility of the chorioallantoic membrane of chick embryos to infection with the fowlpox virus. Am. J. Pathol., 1931, 7, 209-222.
121. Wilting, J.; Birkenhager, R.; Eichmann, A.; Kurz, H.; Martiny-Baron, G.; Marme, D.; McCarthy, J.E.; Christ, B.; Weich, H.A. VEGF121 induces proliferation of vascular endothelial cells and expression of flk-1 without affecting lymphatic vessels of chorioallantoic membrane. Dev. Biol., 1996, 176, 76-85. (Pubitemid 126334421)
122. Ji, R.C. Lymphatic endothelial cells, inflammatory lymphangiogenesis, and prospective players. Curr. Med. Chem., 2007, 14, 2359-2368.
123. Nibbs, R.J.; Kriehuber, E.; Ponath, P.D.; Parent, D.; Qin, S.; Campbell, J.D.; Henderson, A.; Kerjaschki, D.; Maurer, D.; Graham, G.J.; Rot, A. The beta-chemokine receptor D6 is expressed by lymphatic endothelium and a subset of vascular tumors. Am. J. Pathol., 2001, 158, 867-877. (Pubitemid 32221780)
124. Graham, G.J. D6 and the atypical chemokine receptor family: novel regulators of immune and inflammatory processes. Eur. J. Immunol., 2009, 39, 342-351.
125. Locati, M.; Torre, Y.M.; Galliera, E.; Bonecchi, R.; Bodduluri, H.; Vago, G.; Vecchi, A.; Mantovani, A. Silent chemoattractant receptors: D6 as a decoy and scavenger receptor for inflammatory CC chemokines. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev., 2005, 16, 679-686. (Pubitemid 41505523)
126. Kataru, R.P.; Jung, K.; Jang, C.; Yang, H.; Schwendener, R.A.; Baik, J.E.; Han, S.H.; Alitalo, K.; Koh, G.Y. Critical role of CD11b+ macrophages and VEGF in inflammatory lymphangiogenesis, antigen clearance, and inflammation resolution. Blood, 2009, 113, 5650-5659.
127. Luster, A.D. Antichemokine immunotherapy for allergic diseases. Curr. Opin. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 2001, 1, 561-567.
128. Sarkar, F.H.; Li, Y.; Wang, Z.; Kong, D. NF-kappaB signaling pathway and its therapeutic implications in human diseases. Int. Rev. Immunol., 2008, 27, 293-319.
129. Saban, M.R.; Memet, S.; Jackson, D.G.; Ash, J.; Roig, A.A.; Israel, A.; Saban, R. Visualization of lymphatic vessels through NFkappaB activity. Blood, 2004, 104, 3228-3230. (Pubitemid 39507139)
130. Watari, K.; Nakao, S.; Fotovati, A.; Basaki, Y.; Hosoi, F.; Bereczky, B.; Higuchi, R.; Miyamoto, T.; Kuwano, M.; Ono, M. Role of macrophages in inflammatory lymphangiogenesis: Enhanced production of vascular endothelial growth factor C and D through NF-kappaB activation. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 2008, 377, 826-831.
131. Takeuchi, O.; Akira, S. Toll-like receptors; their physiological role and signal transduction system. Int. Immunopharmacol., 2001, 1, 625-635. (Pubitemid 32206524)
132. Pegu, A.; Qin, S.; Fallert Junecko, B.A.; Nisato, R.E.; Pepper, M.S.; Reinhart, T.A. Human lymphatic endothelial cells express multiple functional TLRs. J. Immunol., 2008, 180, 3399-3405.
133. Kang, S.; Lee, S.P.; Kim, K.E.; Kim, H.Z.; Memet, S.; Koh, G.Y. Toll-like receptor 4 in lymphatic endothelial cells contributes to LPS-induced lymphangiogenesis by chemotactic recruitment of macrophages. Blood, 2009, 113, 2605-2613.
134. Hirakawa, S.; Hong, Y.K.; Harvey, N.; Schacht, V.; Matsuda, K.; Libermann, T.; Detmar, M. Identification of vascular lineage-specific genes by transcriptional profiling of isolated blood vascular and lymphatic endothelial cells. Am. J. Pathol., 2003, 162, 575-586. (Pubitemid 36267864)
135. Petrova, T.V.; Makinen, T.; Makela, T.P.; Saarela, J.; Virtanen, I.; Ferrell, R.E.; Finegold, D.N.; Kerjaschki, D.; Yla-Herttuala, S.; Alitalo, K. Lymphatic endothelial reprogramming of vascular endothelial cells by the Prox-1 homeobox transcription factor. EMBO J., 2002, 21, 4593-4599. (Pubitemid 34984346)
136. Gordon, S. Pattern recognition receptors: doubling up for the innate immune response. Cell, 2002, 111, 927-930. (Pubitemid 36044685)
137. Krausz, L.T.; Bianchini, R.; Ronchetti, S.; Fettucciari, K.; Nocentini, G.; Riccardi, C. GITR-GITRL system, a novel player in shock and inflammation. ScientificWorldJournal, 2007, 7, 533-566.
138. Nocentini, G.; Ronchetti, S.; Cuzzocrea, S.; Riccardi, C. GITR/GITRL: more than an effector T cell co-stimulatory system. Eur. J. Immunol., 2007, 37, 1165-1169. (Pubitemid 46925300)
139. Abbott, R.J.; Spendlove, I.; Roversi, P.; Fitzgibbon, H.; Knott, V.; Teriete, P.; McDonnell, J.M.; Handford, P.A.; Lea, S.M. Structural and functional characterization of a novel T cell receptor coregulatory protein complex, CD97-CD55. J. Biol. Chem., 2007, 282, 22023-22032.
140. Kwakkenbos, M.J.; Kop, E.N.; Stacey, M.; Matmati, M.; Gordon, S.; Lin, H.H.; Hamann, J. The EGF-TM7 family: a postgenomic view. Immunogenetics, 2004, 55, 655-666.
141. Mikesch, J.H.; Buerger, H.; Simon, R.; Brandt, B. Decay-accelerating factor (CD55): a versatile acting molecule in human malignancies. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 2006, 1766, 42-52. (Pubitemid 44175633)
142. Weiwad, M.; Edlich, F.; Kilka, S.; Erdmann, F.; Jarczowski, F.; Dorn, M.; Moutty, M.C.; Fischer, G. Comparative analysis of calcineurin inhibition by complexes of immunosuppressive drugs with human FK506 binding proteins. Biochemistry (Mosc). 2006, 45, 15776-15784. (Pubitemid 46032498)
143. Lee, Y.R.; Yang, I.H.; Lee, Y.H.; Im, S.A.; Song, S.; Li, H.; Han, K.; Kim, K.; Eo, S.K.; Lee, C.K. Cyclosporin A and tarolimus, but not rapamycin, inhibit MHC-restricted antigen presentation pathways in dendritic cells. Blood, 2005, 105, 3951-3955.
144. Imai, A.; Sahara, H.; Tamura, Y.; Jimbow, K.; Saito, T.; Ezoe, K.; Yotsuyanagi, T.; Sato, N. Inhibition of endogenous MHC class II-restricted antigen presentation by tacrolimus (FK506) via FKBP51. Eur. J. Immunol., 2007, 37, 1730-1738. (Pubitemid 47065113)
145. Park, J.; Kim, M.; Na, G.; Jeon, I.; Kwon, Y.K.; Kim, J.H.; Youn, H.; Koo, Y. Glucocorticoids modulate NF-kappaB-dependent gene expression by up-regulating FKBP51 expression in Newcastle disease virus-infected chickens. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol., 2007, 278, 7-17. (Pubitemid 350183938)
146. Ehrchen, J.; Sunderkotter, C.; Luger, T.; Steinhoff, M. Calcineurin inhibitors for the treatment of atopic dermatitis. Expert Opin. Pharmacother., 2008, 9, 3009-3023.
147. Schwartz, M.; Cohen, R. Optimizing conventional therapy for inflammatory bowel disease. Curr. Gastroenterol. Rep., 2008, 10, 585-590.
148. Huber, S.; Bruns, C.J.; Schmid, G.; Hermann, P.C.; Conrad, C.; Niess, H.; Huss, R.; Graeb, C.; Jauch, K.W.; Heeschen, C.; Guba, M. Inhibition of the mammalian target of rapamycin impedes lymphangiogenesis. Kidney Int., 2007, 71, 771-777. (Pubitemid 46624022)
149. Kobayashi, S.; Kishimoto, T.; Kamata, S.; Otsuka, M.; Miyazaki, M.; Ishikura, H. Rapamycin, a specific inhibitor of the mammalian target of rapamycin, suppresses lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic metastasis. Cancer Sci., 2007, 98, 726-733.