Mechanics of carbon nanotubes

Handbook of Nanoscience, Engineering, and Technology

Volumn , Issue , 2002, Pages 19-1-19-63

  Qian, Dong ^a   Wagner, Gregory J ^a   Liu, Wing Kam ^a   Yu, Min Feng ^b   Ruoff, Rodney S ^a  

^a Northwestern University   (United States)

^b University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 7244222938     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (349)

1. Iijima S, (1991), Helical microtubules of graphitic carbon, Nature. 354(6348): 56-58.
2. Normile D, (1999), Technology -nanotubes generate full-color displays, Science. 286(5447): 2056-2057.
3. Choi WB, Chung DS, Kang JH, Kim HY, Jin YW, Han IT, Lee YH, Jung JE, Lee NS, Park GS, and Kim JM, (1999), Fully sealed, high-brightness carbon-nanotube field-emission display, Appl. Phys. Lett. 75(20): 3129-3131.
4. Bachtold A, Hadley P, Nakanishi T, and Dekker C, (2001), Logic circuits with carbon nanotube transistors, Science. 294(5545): 1317-1320.
5. Derycke V, Martel R, Appenzeller J, and Avouris P, (2001), Carbon nanotube inter-and intramolecular logic gates, Nano Lett. 10.1021/n1015606f.
6. Baughman RH, Cui CX, Zakhidov AA, Iqbal Z, Barisci JN, Spinks GM, Wallace GG, Mazzoldi A, De Rossi D, Rinzler AG, Jaschinski O, Roth S, and Kertesz M, (1999), Carbon nanotube actuators, Science. 284(5418): 1340-1344.
7. Harris PJF, (1999), Carbon Nanotube and Related Structures: New Materials for the 21st Century. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, UK.
8. Dresselhaus MS, Dresselhaus, G, Eklund, PC, (1996), Science of Fullerenes and Carbon Nanotubes. Academic Press. San Diego.
9. Dresselhaus MS and Avouris P, (2001), Introduction to carbon materials research, Carbon Nanotubes, 1-9.
10. Brown TLL, Bursten BE, and Lemay HE, (1999), Chemistry: The Central Science. 8th ed. Prentice Hall. PTR.
11. Yu MF, Yakobson BI, and Ruoff RS, (2000), Controlled sliding and pullout of nested shells in individual multi-walled carbon nanotubes, J. Phys. Chem. B. 104(37): 8764-8767.
12. Saito R, Fujita M, Dresselhaus G, and Dresselhaus MS, (1992), Electronic-structure of chiral graphene tubules, Appl. Phys. Lett. 60(18): 2204-2206.
13. Dresselhaus MS, Dresselhaus G, and Saito R, (1995), Physics of carbon nanotubes, Carbon. 33(7): 883-891.
14. Fujita M, Saito R, Dresselhaus G, and Dresselhaus MS, (1992), Formation of general fullerenes by their projection on a honeycomb lattice, Phys. Rev. B. 45(23): 13834-13836.
15. Dresselhaus MS, Dresselhaus, G, Eklund, PC, (1993), Fullerenes, J. Mater. Res. 8: 2054.
16. Yuklyosi K, Ed. (1977), Encyclopedic Dictionary of Mathematics. The MIT Press. Cambridge.
17. Iijima S, (1993), Growth of carbon nanotubes, Mater. Sci. Eng. B Solid State Mater. Adv. Technol. 19(1-2): 172-180.
18. Dravid VP, Lin X, Wang Y, Wang XK, Yee A, Ketterson JB, and Chang RPH, (1993), Buckytubes and derivatives -their growth and implications for buckyball formation, Science. 259(5101): 1601-1604.
19. Iijima S, Ichihashi T, and Ando Y, (1992), Pentagons, heptagons and negative curvature in graphite microtubule growth, Nature. 356(6372): 776-778.
20. Saito Y, Yoshikawa T, Bandow S, Tomita M, and Hayashi T, (1993), Interlayer spacings in carbon nanotubes, Phys. Rev. B. 48(3): 1907-1909.
21. Zhou O, Fleming RM, Murphy DW, Chen CH, Haddon RC, Ramirez AP, and Glarum SH, (1994), Defects in carbon nanostructures, Science. 263(5154): 1744-1747.
22. Kiang CH, Endo M, Ajayan PM, Dresselhaus G, and Dresselhaus MS, (1998), Size effects in carbon nanotubes, Phys. Rev. Lett. 81(9): 1869-1872.
23. Amelinckx S, Bernaerts D, Zhang XB, Vantendeloo G, and Vanlanduyt J, (1995), A structure model and growth-mechanism for multishell carbon nanotubes, Science. 267(5202): 1334-1338.
24. Lavin JG, Subramoney S, Ruoff RS, Berber S, and Tomanek D, (2001), Scrolls and nested tubes in multiwall carbon tubes, unpublished.
25. Ajayan PM and Ebbesen TW, (1997), Nanometre-size tubes of carbon, Rep. Prog. Phys. 60(10): 1025-1062.
26. Amelinckx S, Lucas A, and Lambin P, (1999), Electron diffraction and microscopy of nanotubes, Rep. Prog. Phys. 62(11): 1471-1524.
27. Lourie O and Wagner HD, (1998), Evaluation of Young’s modulus of carbon nanotubes by micro-Raman spectroscopy, J. Mater. Res. 13(9): 2418-2422.
28. Yu MF, Files BS, Arepalli S, and Ruoff RS, (2000), Tensile loading of ropes of single wall carbon nanotubes and their mechanical properties, Phys. Rev. Lett. 84(24): 5552-5555.
29. Yu MF, Lourie O, Dyer MJ, Moloni K, Kelly TF, and Ruoff RS, (2000), Strength and breaking mechanism of multi-walled carbon nanotubes under tensile load, Science. 287(5453): 637-640.
30. Overney G, Zhong W, and Tomanek D, (1993), Structural rigidity and low-frequency vibrationalmodes of long carbon tubules, Zeitschr. Phys. D-Atoms Molecules Clusters. 27(1): 93-96.
31. Treacy MMJ, Ebbesen TW, and Gibson JM, (1996), Exceptionally high Young’s modulus observed for individual carbon nanotubes, Nature. 381(6584): 678-680.
32. Tibbetts GG, (1984), Why are carbon filaments tubular? J. Crystal Growth. 66(3): 632-638.
33. Ruoff RS and Lorents DC, (1995), Mechanical and thermal properties of carbon nanotubes, Carbon. 33(7): 925-930.
34. Robertson DH, Brenner DW, and Mintmire JW, (1992), Energetics of nanoscale graphitic tubules, Phys. Rev. B. 45(21): 12592-12595.
35. Brenner DW, (1990), Empirical potential for hydrocarbons for use in simulating the chemical vapor deposition of diamond films, Phys. Rev. B. 42(15): 9458-9471.
36. Gao GH, Cagin T, and Goddard WA, (1998), Energetics, structure, mechanical and vibrational properties of single-walled carbon nanotubes, Nanotechnology. 9(3): 184-191.
37. Yakobson BI, Brabec CJ, and Bernholc J, (1996), Nanomechanics of carbon tubes: instabilities beyond linear response, Phys. Rev. Lett. 76(14): 2511-2514.
38. Timoshenko S and Gere J, (1988), Theory of Elastic Stability. McGraw-Hill. New York.
39. Lu JP, (1997), Elastic properties of carbon nanotubes and nanoropes, Phys. Rev. Lett. 79(7): 1297-1300.
40. Yao N and Lordi V, (1998), Young’s modulus of single-walled carbon nanotubes, J. Appl. Phys. 84(4): 1939-1943.
41. Hernandez E, Goze C, Bernier P, and Rubio A, (1998), Elastic properties of c and bxcynz composite nanotubes, Phys. Rev. Lett. 80(20): 4502-4505.
42. Zhou X, Zhou JJ, and Ou-Yang ZC, (2000), Strain energy and Young’s modulus of single-wall carbon nanotubes calculated from electronic energy-band theory, Phys. Rev. B. 62(20): 13692-13696.
43. Yakobson BI and Smalley RE, (1997), Fullerene nanotubes: C-1000000 and beyond, Am. Sci. 85(4): 324-337.
44. Poncharal P, Wang ZL, Ugarte D, and de Heer WA, (1999), Electrostatic deflections and electromechanical resonances of carbon nanotubes, Science. 283(5407): 1513-1516.
45. Liu JZ, Zheng Q, and Jiang Q, (2001), Effect of a rippling mode on resonances of carbon nanotubes, Phys. Rev. Lett. 86(21): 4843-4846.
46. Krishnan A, Dujardin E, Ebbesen TW, Yianilos PN, and Treacy MMJ, (1998), Young’s modulus of single-walled nanotubes, Phys. Rev. B. 58(20): 14013-14019.
47. Yu MF, Dyer MJ, Chen J, and Bray K (2001), Multiprobe nanomanipulation and functional assembly of nanomaterials inside a scanning electron microscope. Intl. Conf. IEEE-NANO2001, Maui.
48. Wong EW, Sheehan PE, and Lieber CM, (1997), Nanobeam mechanics: elasticity, strength, and toughness of nanorods and nanotubes, Science. 277(5334): 1971-1975.
49. Salvetat JP, Kulik AJ, Bonard JM, Briggs GAD, Stockli T, Metenier K, Bonnamy S, Beguin F, Burnham NA, and Forro L, (1999), Elastic modulus of ordered and disordered multi-walled carbon nanotubes, Adv. Mater. 11(2): 161-165.
50. Salvetat JP, Briggs GAD, Bonard JM, Bacsa RR, Kulik AJ, Stockli T, Burnham NA, and Forro L, (1999), Elastic and shear moduli of single-walled carbon nanotube ropes, Phys. Rev. Lett. 82(5): 944-947.
51. Govindjee S and Sackman JL, (1999), On the use of continuum mechanics to estimate the properties of nanotubes, Solid State Comm. 110(4): 227-230.
52. Harik VM, (2001), Ranges of applicability for the continuum-beam model in the mechanics of carbon-nanotubes and nanorods, Solid State Comm. 120(331-335).
53. Harik VM, (2001), Ranges of applicability for the continuum-beam model in the constitutive analysis of carbon-nanotubes: nanotubes or nano-beams? in NASA/CR-2001-211013, also in Computational Material Science (Submitted).
54. Ru CQ, (2000), Effect of van der Waals forces on axial buckling of a double-walled carbon nanotube, J. Appl. Phys. 87(10): 7227-7231.
55. Ru CQ, (2000), Effective bending stiffness of carbon nanotubes, Phys. Rev. B. 62(15): 9973-9976.
56. Ru CQ, (2000), Column buckling of multi-walled carbon nanotubes with interlayer radial displacements, Phys. Rev. B. 62(24): 16962-16967.
57. Ru CQ, (2001), Degraded axial buckling strain of multi-walled carbon nanotubes due to interlayer slips, J. Appl. Phys. 89(6): 3426-3433.
58. Ru CQ, (2001), Axially compressed buckling of a double-walled carbon nanotube embedded in an elastic medium, J. Mech. Phys. Solids. 49(6): 1265-1279.
59. Ru CQ, (2000), Elastic buckling of single-walled carbon nanotube ropes under high pressure, Phys. Rev. B. 62(15): 10405-10408.
60. Bernholc J, Brabec C, Nardelli MB, Maiti A, Roland C, and Yakobson BI, (1998), Theory of growth and mechanical properties of nanotubes, App. Phys. A -Mater. Sci. Proc. 67(1): 39-46.
61. Yakobson BI and Avouris P, (2001), Mechanical properties of carbon nanotubes, in Carbon Nanotubes, 287-327.
62. Qian D, Liu WK, and Ruoff RS, (2002), Bent and kinked multi-shell carbon nanotubes -treating the interlayer potential more realistically. 43rd AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS Struct., Struct. Dynamics, Mater. Conf. Denver, CO.
63. Iijima S, Brabec C, Maiti A, and Bernholc J, (1996), Structural flexibility of carbon nanotubes, J. Chem. Phys. 104(5): 2089-2092.
64. Ruoff RS, Lorents DC, Laduca R, Awadalla S, Weathersby S, Parvin K, and Subramoney S, (1995), Proc. Electrochem. Soc. 95-10: 557-562.
65. Subramoney S, Ruoff RS, Laduca R, Awadalla S, and Parvin K, (1995), Proc. Electrochem. Soc. 95-10: 563-569.
66. Falvo MR, Clary GJ, Taylor RM, Chi V, Brooks FP, Washburn S, and Superfine R, (1997), Bending and buckling of carbon nanotubes under large strain, Nature. 389(6651): 582-584.
67. Hertel T, Martel R, and Avouris P, (1998), Manipulation of individual carbon nanotubes and their interaction with surfaces, J. Phys. Chem. B. 102(6): 910-915.
68. Lourie O, Cox DM, and Wagner HD, (1998), Buckling and collapse of embedded carbon nanotubes, Phys. Rev. Lett. 81(8): 1638-1641.
69. Ruoff RS, Tersoff J, Lorents DC, Subramoney S, and Chan B, (1993), Radial deformation of carbon nanotubes by van der Waals forces, Nature. 364(6437): 514-516.
70. Tersoff J and Ruoff RS, (1994), Structural properties of a carbon-nanotube crystal, Phys. Rev. Lett. 73(5): 676-679.
71. Lopez, MJ, Rubio A, Alonso JA, Qin LC, and Iijima S, (2001) Novel polygonized single-wall carbon nanotube bundles, Phys. Rev. Lett. 86(14): 3056-3059.
72. Chopra NG, Benedict LX, Crespi VH, Cohen ML, Louie SG, and Zettl A, (1995), Fully collapsed carbon nanotubes, Nature. 377(6545): 135-138.
73. Benedict LX, Chopra NG, Cohen ML, Zettl A, Louie SG, and Crespi VH, (1998), Microscopic determination of the interlayer binding energy in graphite, Chem. Phys. Lett. 286(5-6): 490-496.
74. Hertel T, Walkup RE, and Avouris P, (1998), Deformation of carbon nanotubes by surface van der Waals forces, Phys. Rev. B. 58(20): 13870-13873.
75. Avouris P, Hertel T, Martel R, Schmidt T, Shea HR, and Walkup RE, (1999), Carbon nanotubes: Nanomechanics, manipulation, and electronic devices, Appl. Surf. Sci. 141(3-4): 201-209.
76. Yu MF, Dyer MJ, and Ruoff RS, (2001), Structure and mechanical flexibility of carbon nanotube ribbons: an atomic-force microscopy study, J. Appl. Phys. 89(8): 4554-4557.
77. Yu MF, Kowalewski T, and Ruoff RS, (2001), Structural analysis of collapsed, and twisted and collapsed, multi-walled carbon nanotubes by atomic force microscopy, Phys. Rev. Lett. 86(1): 87-90.
78. Lordi V and Yao N, (1998), Radial compression and controlled cutting of carbon nanotubes, J. Chem. Phys. 109(6): 2509-2512.
79. Shen WD, Jiang B, Han BS, and Xie SS, (2000), Investigation of the radial compression of carbon nanotubes with a scanning probe microscope, Phys. Rev. Lett. 84(16): 3634-3637.
80. Yu MF, Kowalewski T, and Ruoff RS, (2000), Investigation of the radial deformability of individual carbon nanotubes under controlled indentation force, Phys. Rev. Lett. 85(7): 1456-1459.
81. Chesnokov SA, Nalimova VA, Rinzler AG, Smalley RE, and Fischer JE, (1999), Mechanical energy storage in carbon nanotube springs, Phys. Rev. Lett. 82(2): 343-346.
82. Tang J, Qin LC, Sasaki T, Yudasaka M, Matsushita A, and Iijima S, (2000), Compressibility and polygonization of single-walled carbon nanotubes under hydrostatic pressure, Phys. Rev. Lett. 85(9): 1887-1889.
83. Yu MF, Dyer MJ, Chen J, Qian D, Liu WK, and Ruoff RS, (2001), Locked twist in multi-walled carbon nanotube ribbons, Phys. Rev. B, Rapid Commn. 64: 241403R.
84. Ebbesen TW and Ajayan PM, (1992), Large-scale synthesis of carbon nanotubes, Nature. 358(6383): 220-222.
85. Iijima S, Ajayan PM, and Ichihashi T, (1992), Growth model for carbon nanotubes, Phys. Rev. Lett. 69(21): 3100-3103.
86. Thess A, Lee R, Nikolaev P, Dai HJ, Petit P, Robert J, Xu CH, Lee YH, Kim SG, Rinzler AG, Colbert DT, Scuseria GE, Tomanek D, Fischer JE, and Smalley RE, (1996), Crystalline ropes of metallic carbon nanotubes, Science. 273(5274): 483-487.
87. Guo T, Nikolaev P, Thess A, Colbert DT, and Smalley RE, (1995), Catalytic growth of single-walled nanotubes by laser vaporization, Chem. Phys. Lett. 243(1-2): 49-54.
88. Kong J, Soh HT, Cassell AM, Quate CF, and Dai HJ, (1998), Synthesis of individual single-walled carbon nanotubes on patterned silicon wafers, Nature. 395(6705): 878-881.
89. Cassell AM, Raymakers JA, Kong J, and Dai HJ, (1999), Large-scale CVD synthesis of single-walled carbon nanotubes, J. Phys. Chem. B. 103(31): 6484-6492.
90. Li WZ, Xie SS, Qian LX, Chang BH, Zou BS, Zhou WY, Zhao RA, and Wang G, (1996), Largescale synthesis of aligned carbon nanotubes, Science. 274(5293): 1701-1703.
91. Dal HJ, Rinzler AG, Nikolaev P, Thess A, Colbert DT, and Smalley RE, (1996), Single-wall nanotubes produced by metal-catalyzed disproportionation of carbon monoxide, Chem. Phys. Lett. 260(3-4): 471-475.
92. Nardelli MB, Yakobson BI, and Bernholc J, (1998), Brittle and ductile behavior in carbon nanotubes, Phys. Rev. Lett. 81(21): 4656-4659.
93. Walters DA, Ericson LM, Casavant MJ, Liu J, Colbert DT, Smith KA, and Smalley RE, (1999), Elastic strain of freely suspended single-wall carbon nanotube ropes, Appl. Phys. Lett. 74(25): 3803-3805.
94. Pan ZW, Xie SS, Lu L, Chang BH, Sun LF, Zhou WY, Wang G, and Zhang DL, (1999), Tensile tests of ropes of very long aligned multi-wall carbon nanotubes, Appl. Phys. Lett. 74(21): 3152-3154.
95. Wagner HD, Lourie O, Feldman Y, and Tenne R, (1998), Stress-induced fragmentation of multiwall carbon nanotubes in a polymer matrix, Appl. Phys. Lett. 72(2): 188-190.
96. Li F, Cheng HM, Bai S, Su G, and Dresselhaus MS, (2000), Tensile strength of single-walled carbon nanotubes directly measured from their macroscopic ropes, Appl. Phys. Lett. 77(20): 3161-3163.
97. Yakobson BI, Campbell MP, Brabec CJ, and Bernholc J, (1997), High strain rate fracture and cchain unraveling in carbon nanotubes, Computational Mater. Sci. 8(4): 341-348.
98. Belytschko T, Xiao SP, Schatz GC, and Ruoff RS, (2001), Simulation of the fracture of nanotubes, Phys. Rev. B, accepted.
99. Yakobson BI, (1997), in Recent Advances in the Chemistry and Physics of Fullerenes and Related Materials, Kadish KM (Ed.), Electrochemical Society, Inc., Pennington, NJ, 549.
100. Nardelli MB, Yakobson BI, and Bernholc J, (1998), Mechanism of strain release in carbon nanotubes, Phys. Rev. B. 57(8): R4277-R4280.
101. Srivastava D, Menon M, and Cho KJ, (1999), Nanoplasticity of single-wall carbon nanotubes under uniaxial compression, Phys. Rev. Lett. 83(15): 2973-2976.
102. Wei CY, Srivastava D, and Cho KJ, (2001), Molecular dynamics study of temperature-dependent plastic collapse of carbon nanotubes under axial compression, Comp. Modeling Eng. Sci. 3, 255.
103. Srivastava D, Wei CY, and Cho KJ, (2002) Computational nanomechanics of carbon nanotubes and composites, ASME, Applied Mechanics Reviews (special issue on nanotechnology), in press.
104. Yakobson BI, (1998), Mechanical relaxation and intramolecular plasticity in carbon nanotubes, Appl. Phys. Lett. 72(8): 918-920.
105. Zhang PH, Lammert PE, and Crespi VH, (1998), Plastic deformations of carbon nanotubes, Phys. Rev. Lett. 81(24): 5346-5349.
106. Zhang PH and Crespi VH, (1999), Nucleation of carbon nanotubes without pentagonal rings, Phys. Rev. Lett. 83(9): 1791-1794.
107. Bockrath M, Cobden DH, McEuen PL, Chopra NG, Zettl A, Thess A, and Smalley RE, (1997), Single-electron transport in ropes of carbon nanotubes, Science. 275(5308): 1922-1925.
108. Cumings J and Zettl A, (2000), Low-friction nanoscale linear bearing realized from multi-wall carbon nanotubes, Science. 289(5479): 602-604.
109. Kelly BT, (1981), Physics of Graphite. Applied Science. London.
110. Ausman KD and Ruoff RS, (2001), Unpublished.
111. Yakobson BI, (2001), Unpublished.
112. Geohegan DB, Schittenhelm H, Fan X, Pennycook SJ, Puretzky AA, Guillorn MA, Blom DA, and Joy DC, (2001), Condensed phase growth of single-wall carbon nanotubes from laser annealed nanoparticulates, Appl. Phys. Lett. 78(21): 3307-3309.
113. Piner RD and Ruoff RS, (2001), Unpublished.
114. Born M and Huang K, (1954), Dynamical Theory of Crystal Lattices. Oxford University Press. Oxford.
115. Keating PN, (1966), Theory of third-order elastic constants of diamond-like crystals, Phys. Rev. 149(2): 674.
116. Keating PN, (1966), Effect of invariance requirements on elastic strain energy of crystals with application to diamond structure, Phys. Rev. 145(2): 637.
117. Keating PN, (1967), On sufficiency of Born-Huang relations, Phys. Lett. A. A 25(7): 496.
118. Keating PN, (1968), Relationship between macroscopic and microscopic theory of crystal elasticity. 2. nonprimitive crystals, Phys. Rev. 169(3): 758.
119. Brugger K, (1964), Thermodynamic definition of higher order elastic coefficients, Phys. Rev. 133(6A): A1611.
120. Martin JW, (1975), Many-body forces in metals and brugger elastic-constants, J. Phys. C -Solid State Phys. 8(18): 2837-2857.
121. Martin JW, (1975), Many-body forces in solids and Brugger elastic-constants. 2. INNER elasticconstants, J. Phys. C -Solid State Phys. 8(18): 2858-2868.
122. Martin JW, (1975), Many-body forces in solids -elastic-constants of diamond-type crystals, J. Phys. C -Solid State Phys. 8(18): 2869-2888.
123. Daw MS and Baskes MI, (1984), Embedded-atom method -derivation and application to impurities, surfaces, and other defects in metals, Phys. Rev. B. 29(12): 6443-6453.
124. Daw MS, Foiles SM, and Baskes MI, (1993), The embedded-atom method -a review of theory and applications, Mater. Sci. Rep. 9(7-8): 251-310.
125. Tadmor EB, Ortiz M, and Phillips R, (1996), Quasicontinuum analysis of defects in solids, Philos. Mag. A -Phys. Cond. Matter Struct. Defects Mech. Prop. 73(6): 1529-1563.
126. Tadmor EB, Phillips R, and Ortiz M, (1996), Mixed atomistic and continuum models of deformation in solids, Langmuir. 12(19): 4529-4534.
127. Friesecke G and James RD, (2000), A scheme for the passage from atomic to continuum theory for thin films, nanotubes and nanorods, J. Mech. Phys. Solids. 48(6-7): 1519-1540.
128. Belytschko T, Liu WK, and Moran B, (2000), Nonlinear Finite Elements for Continua and Structures. John Wiley & Sons, LTD.
129. Marsden JE and Hughes TJR, (1983), Mathematical Foundations of Elasticity. Prentice-Hall. Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
130. Malvern LE, (1969), Introduction to the Mechanics of a Continuous Medium. Prentice-Hall. Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
131. Milstein F, (1982), Crystal elasticity, in Mechanics of Solids, Sewell MJ (Ed.), Pergamon Press, Oxford.
132. Ericksen JL, (1984), in Phase Transformations and Material Instabilities in Solids, Gurtin M (Ed.), Academic Press, New York.
133. Tersoff J, (1986), New empirical model for the structural properties of silicon, Phys. Rev. Lett. 56(6): 632-635.
134. Tersoff J, (1988), New empirical approach for the structure and energy of covalent systems, Phys. Rev. B. 37(12): 6991-7000.
135. Tersoff J, (1988), Empirical interatomic potential for carbon, with applications to amorphouscarbon, Phys. Rev. Lett. 61(25): 2879-2882.
136. Tersoff J, (1989), Modeling solid-state chemistry -interatomic potentials for multicomponent systems, Phys. Rev. B. 39(8): 5566-5568.
137. Green AE and Rivlin RS, (1964), Multipolar continuum mechanics, Arch. Rat. Mech. An. 17: 113-147.
138. Cousins CSG, (1978), Inner elasticity, J. Phys. C -Solid State Phys. 11(24): 4867-4879.
139. Zhang P, Huang Y, Geubelle PH, and Hwang KC, (2002), On the continuum modeling of carbon nanotubes. Acta Mechanica Sinica. (In press).
140. Zhang P, Huang Y, Geubelle PH, Klein P, and Hwang KC, (2002), The elastic modulus of singlewall carbon nanotubes: a continuum analysis incorporating interatomic potentials, Intl. J. Solids Struct. In press.
141. Zhang P, Huang Y, Gao H, and Hwang KC, (2002), Fracture nucleation in single-wall carbon nanotubes under tension: a continuum analysis incorporating interatomic potentials. J. Appl. Mech. (In press).
142. Wiesendanger R, (1994), Scanning Probe Microscopy and Spectroscopy: Methods and Applications. Cambridge University Press. Oxford.
143. Binnig G and Quate CF, (1986), Atomic force microscope, Phys. Rev. Lett. 56: 930-933.
144. Cumings J, Collins PG, and Zettl A, (2000), Materials -peeling and sharpening multi-wall nanotubes, Nature. 406(6796): 586-586.
145. Ohno K, Esfarjani K, and Kawazoe Y, (1999), Computational Material Science: From Ab Initio to Monte Carlo Methods. Solid State Sciences, Cardona M, et al. (Ed.) Springer. Berlin.
146. Dirac PAM, (1958), The Principles of Quantum Mechanics. Oxford University Press. London.
147. Landau LD and Lifshitz EM, (1965), Quantum Mechanics; Non-Relativistic Theory. Pergamon. Oxford.
148. Merzbacher E, (1998), Quantum Mechanics. Wiley. New York.
149. Messiah A, (1961), Quantum Mechanics. North-Holland. Amsterdam.
150. Schiff LI, (1968), Quantum Mechanics. McGraw-Hill. New York.
151. Fock V, (1930), Naherungsmethode zur losung des quantenmechanis-chen mehrkorperproblems, Z. Physik. 61: 126.
152. Hartree DR, (1928), The wave mechanics of an atom with a non-Coulomb central field, part I, theory and methods, Proc. Cambridge Phil. Soc. 24: 89.
153. Hartree DR, (1932-1933), A practical method for the numerical solution of differential equations, Mem. and Proc. Manchester Lit. Phil. Soc. 77: 91.
154. Clementi E, (2000), Ab initio computations in atoms and molecules (reprinted from IBM Journal of Research and Development 9, 1965), IBM J. Res. Dev. 44(1-2): 228-245.
155. Hohenberg P and Kohn W, (1964), Inhomogeneous electron gas, Phys. Rev. B. 136: 864.
156. Kohn W and Sham LJ, (1965), Self-consistent equations including exchange and correlation effects, Phys. Rev. 140(4A): 1133.
157. Perdew JP, McMullen ER, and Zunger A, (1981), Density-functional theory of the correlationenergy in atoms and ions -a simple analytic model and a challenge, Phys. Rev. A. 23(6): 2785-2789.
158. Perdew JP and Zunger A, (1981), Self-interaction correction to density-functional approximations for many-electron systems, Phys. Rev. B. 23(10): 5048-5079.
159. Slater JC, Wilson TM, and Wood JH, (1969), Comparison of several exchange potentials for electrons in cu+ ion, Phys. Rev. 179(1): 28.
160. Moruzzi VJ and Sommers CB, (1995), Calculated Electronic Properties of Ordered Alloys: A Handbook. World Scientific. Singapore.
161. Payne MC, Teter MP, Allan DC, Arias TA, and Joannopoulos JD, (1992), Iterative minimization techniques for ab initio total-energy calculations -molecular-dynamics and conjugate gradients, Rev. Mod. Phys. 64(4): 1045-1097.
162. Car R and Parrinello M, (1985), Unified approach for molecular-dynamics and density-functional theory, Phys. Rev. Lett. 55(22): 2471-2474.
163. Slater JC and Koster GF, (1954), Wave functions for impurity levels, Phys. Rev. 94(1498).
164. Harrison WA, (1989), Electronic Structure and the Properties of Solids: The Physics of the Chemical Bond. Dover. New York.
165. Matthew W, Foulkes C, and Haydock R, (1989), Tight-binding models and density-functional theory, Phys. Rev. B. 39(17): 12520-12536.
166. Xu CH, Wang CZ, Chan CT, and Ho KM, (1992), A transferable tight-binding potential for carbon, J. Phys. Condensed Matter. 4(28): 6047-6054.
167. Mehl MJ and Papaconstantopoulos DA, (1996), Applications of a tight-binding total-energy method for transition and noble metals: elastic constants, vacancies, and surfaces of monatomic metals, Phys. Rev. B. 54(7): 4519-4530.
168. Liu F, (1995), Self-consistent tight-binding method, Phys. Rev. B. 52(15): 10677-10680.
169. Porezag D, Frauenheim T, Kohler T, Seifert G, and Kaschner R, (1995), Construction of tightbinding-like potentials on the basis of density-functional theory -application to carbon, Phys. Rev. B. 51(19): 12947-12957.
170. Taneda A, Esfarjani K, Li ZQ, and Kawazoe Y, (1998), Tight-binding parameterization of transition metal elements from LCAO ab initio Hamiltonians, Computational Mater. Sci. 9(3-4): 343-347.
171. Menon M and Subbaswamy KR, (1991), Universal parameter tight-binding molecular-dynamics -application to c-60, Phys. Rev. Lett. 67(25): 3487-3490.
172. Sutton AP, Finnis MW, Pettifor DG, and Ohta Y, (1988), The tight-binding bond model, J. Phys. C -Solid State Phys. 21(1): 35-66.
173. Menon M and Subbaswamy KR, (1997), Nonorthogonal tight-binding molecular-dynamics scheme for silicon with improved transferability, Phys. Rev. B. 55(15): 9231-9234.
174. Haile JM, (1992), Molecular Dynamics Simulation. Wiley Interscience, New York.
175. Rapaport DC, (1995), The Art of Molecular Dynamics Simulation. Cambridge University Press, London.
176. Frenkel D and Smit, B., (1996), Understanding Molecular Simulation: From Algorithms to Applications. Academic Press, New York.
177. Hockney RW and Eastwood, J.W., (1989), Computer Simulation Using Particles. IOP Publishing Ltd. New York.
178. Li. SF and Liu WK, (2002), Mesh-free and particle methods, Appl. Mech. Rev. 55(1): 1-34.
179. Berendsen HJC and van Gunsteren W.F., (1986), Dynamics Simulation of Statistical Mechanical Systems, Ciccotti GPF, Hoover, W.G. (Eds.) Vol. 63. North Holland. Amsterdam. 493.
180. Verlet L, (1967), Computer experiments on classical fluids. I. Thermodynamical properties of Lennard-Jones molecules, Phys. Rev. 159(1): 98.
181. Gray SK, Noid DW, and Sumpter BG, (1994), Symplectic integrators for large-scale moleculardynamics simulations -a comparison of several explicit methods, J. Chem. Phys. 101(5): 4062-4072.
182. Allinger NL, (1977), Conformational-analysis.130. MM2 -hydrocarbon force-field utilizing V1 and V2 torsional terms, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 99(25): 8127-8134.
183. Allinger NL, Yuh YH, and Lii JH, (1989), Molecular mechanics -the MM3 force-field for hydrocarbons. 1, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 111(23): 8551-8566.
184. Mayo SL, Olafson BD, and Goddard WA, (1990), Dreiding -a generic force-field for molecular simulations, J. Phys. Chem. 94(26): 8897-8909.
185. Guo YJ, Karasawa N, and Goddard WA, (1991), Prediction of fullerene packing in c60 and c70 crystals, Nature. 351(6326): 464-467.
186. Tuzun RE, Noid DW, Sumpter BG, and Merkle RC, (1996), Dynamics of fluid flow inside carbon nanotubes, Nanotechnology. 7(3): 241-246.
187. Tuzun RE, Noid DW, Sumpter BG, and Merkle RC, (1997), Dynamics of he/c-60 flow inside carbon nanotubes, Nanotechnology. 8(3): 112-118.
188. Abell GC, (1985), Empirical chemical pseudopotential theory of molecular and metallic bonding, Phys. Rev. B. 31(10): 6184-6196.
189. Brenner DW, (2000), The art and science of an analytic potential, Physica Status Solidi B -Basic Res. 217(1): 23-40.
190. Nordlund K, Keinonen J, and Mattila T, (1996), Formation of ion irradiation induced small-scale defects on graphite surfaces, Phys. Rev. Lett. 77(4): 699-702.
191. Brenner DW, Harrison JA, White CT, and Colton RJ, (1991), Molecular-dynamics simulations of the nanometer-scale mechanical properties of compressed buckminsterfullerene, Thin Solid Films. 206(1-2): 220-223.
192. Robertson DH, Brenner DW, and White CT, (1992), On the way to fullerenes -moleculardynamics study of the curling and closure of graphitic ribbons, J. Phys. Chem. 96(15): 6133-6135.
193. Robertson DH, Brenner DW, and White CT, (1995), Temperature-dependent fusion of colliding c-60 fullerenes from molecular-dynamics simulations, J. Phys. Chem. 99(43): 15721-15724.
194. Sinnott SB, Colton RJ, White CT, and Brenner DW, (1994), Surface patterning by atomicallycontrolled chemical forces -molecular-dynamics simulations, Surf. Sci. 316(1-2): L1055-L1060.
195. Harrison JA, White CT, Colton RJ, and Brenner DW, (1992), Nanoscale investigation of indentation, adhesion and fracture of diamond (111) surfaces, Surf. Sci. 271(1-2): 57-67.
196. Harrison JA, White CT, Colton RJ, and Brenner DW, (1992), Molecular-dynamics simulations of atomic-scale friction of diamond surfaces, Phys. Rev. B. 46(15): 9700-9708.
197. Harrison JA, Colton RJ, White CT, and Brenner DW, (1993), Effect of atomic-scale surfaceroughness on friction -a molecular-dynamics study of diamond surfaces, Wear. 168(1-2): 127-133.
198. Harrison JA, White CT, Colton RJ, and Brenner DW, (1993), Effects of chemically-bound, flexible hydrocarbon species on the frictional properties of diamond surfaces, J. Phys. Chem. 97(25): 6573-6576.
199. Harrison JA, White CT, Colton RJ, and Brenner DW, (1993), Atomistic simulations of friction at sliding diamond interfaces, MRS Bull. 18(5): 50-53.
200. Harrison JA and Brenner DW, (1994), Simulated tribochemistry -an atomic-scale view of the wear of diamond, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 116(23): 10399-10402.
201. Harrison JA, White CT, Colton RJ, and Brenner DW, (1995), Investigation of the atomic-scale friction and energy -dissipation in diamond using molecular-dynamics, Thin Solid Films. 260(2): 205-211.
202. Tupper KJ and Brenner DW, (1993), Atomistic simulations of frictional wear in self-assembled monolayers, Abstr. Papers Am. Chem. Soc. 206: 172.
203. Tupper KJ and Brenner DW, (1993), Molecular-dynamics simulations of interfacial dynamics in self-assembled monolayers, Abstr. Papers Am. Chem. Soc. 206: 72.
204. Tupper KJ and Brenner DW, (1994), Molecular-dynamics simulations of friction in self-assembled monolayers, Thin Solid Films. 253(1-2): 185-189.
205. Brenner DW, (2001), Unpublished.
206. Pettifor DG and Oleinik II, (1999), Analytic bond-order potentials beyond Tersoff-Brenner. Ii. Application to the hydrocarbons, Phys. Rev. B. 59(13): 8500.
207. Pettifor DG and Oleinik II, (2000), Bounded analytic bond-order potentials for sigma and pi bonds, Phys. Rev. Lett. 84(18): 4124-4127.
208. Jones JE, (1924), On the determination of molecular fields-I. From the variation of the viscosity of a gas with temperature, Proc. R. Soc. 106: 441.
209. Jones JE, (1924), On the determination of molecular fields-II. From the equation of state of a gas, Proc. R. Soc. 106: 463.
210. Girifalco LA and Lad RA, (1956), Energy of cohesion, compressibility and the potential energy functions of the graphite system, J. Chem. Phys. 25(4): 693-697.
211. Girifalco LA, (1992), Molecular-properties of c-60 in the gas and solid-phases, J. Phys. Chem. 96(2): 858-861.
212. Wang Y, Tomanek D, and Bertsch GF, (1991), Stiffness of a solid composed of c60 clusters, Phys. Rev. B. 44(12): 6562-6565.
213. Qian D, Liu WK, and Ruoff RS, (2001), Mechanics of c60 in nanotubes, J. Phys. Chem. B. 105: 10753-10758.
214. Zhao YX and Spain IL, (1989), X-ray-diffraction data for graphite to 20 gpa, Phys. Rev. B. 40(2): 993-997.
215. Hanfland M, Beister H, and Syassen K, (1989), Graphite under pressure -equation of state and first-order Raman modes, Phys. Rev. B. 39(17): 12598-12603.
216. Boettger JC, (1997), All-electron full-potential calculation of the electronic band structure, elastic constants, and equation of state for graphite, Phys. Rev. B. 55(17): 11202-11211.
217. Girifalco LA, Hodak M, and Lee RS, (2000), Carbon nanotubes, buckyballs, ropes, and a universal graphitic potential, Phys. Rev. B. 62(19): 13104-13110.
218. Falvo MR, Clary G, Helser A, Paulson S, Taylor RM, Chi V, Brooks FP, Washburn S, and Superfine R, (1998), Nanomanipulation experiments exploring frictional and mechanical properties of carbon nanotubes, Microsc. Microanal. 4(5): 504-512.
219. Falvo MR, Taylor RM, Helser A, Chi V, Brooks FP, Washburn S, and Superfine R, (1999), Nanometre-scale rolling and sliding of carbon nanotubes, Nature. 397(6716): 236-238.
220. Falvo MR, Steele J, Taylor RM, and Superfine R, (2000), Evidence of commensurate contact and rolling motion: AFM manipulation studies of carbon nanotubes on hopg, Tribol, Lett. 9(1-2): 73-76.
221. Falvo MR, Steele J, Taylor RM, and Superfine R, (2000), Gearlike rolling motion mediated by commensurate contact: carbon nanotubes on hopg, Phys. Rev. B. 62(16): R10665-R10667.
222. Schall JD and Brenner DW, (2000), Molecular dynamics simulations of carbon nanotube rolling and sliding on graphite, Molecular Simulation. 25(1-2): 73-79.
223. Buldum A and Lu JP, (1999), Atomic scale sliding and rolling of carbon nanotubes, Phys. Rev. Lett. 83(24): 5050-5053.
224. Kolmogorov AN and Crespi VH, (2000), Smoothest bearings: Interlayer sliding in multi-walled carbon nanotubes, Phys. Rev. Lett. 85(22): 4727-4730.
225. Shenoy VB, Miller R, Tadmor EB, Phillips R, and Ortiz M, (1998), Quasicontinuum models of interfacial structure and deformation, Phys. Rev. Lett. 80(4): 742-745.
226. Miller R, Ortiz M, Phillips R, Shenoy V, and Tadmor EB, (1998), Quasicontinuum models of fracture and plasticity, Eng, Fracture Mech. 61(3-4): 427-444.
227. Miller R, Tadmor EB, Phillips R, and Ortiz M, (1998), Quasicontinuum simulation of fracture at the atomic scale, Modelling Sim. Mater. Sci. Eng. 6(5): 607-638.
228. Shenoy VB, Miller R, Tadmor EB, Rodney D, Phillips R, and Ortiz M, (1999), An adaptive finite element approach to atomic-scale mechanics -the quasicontinuum method, J. Mech. Phys. Solids. 47(3): 611-642.
229. Tadmor EB, Miller R, Phillips R, and Ortiz M, (1999), Nanoindentation and incipient plasticity, J. Mater. Res. 14(6): 2233-2250.
230. Rodney D and Phillips R, (1999), Structure and strength of dislocation junctions: An atomic level analysis, Phys. Rev. Lett. 82(8): 1704-1707.
231. Smith GS, Tadmor EB, and Kaxiras E, (2000), Multiscale simulation of loading and electrical resistance in silicon nanoindentation, Phys. Rev. Lett. 84(6): 1260-1263.
232. Knap J and Ortiz M, (2001), An analysis of the quasicontinuum method, J. Mech Phys. Solids. 49(9): 1899-1923.
233. Shin CS, Fivel MC, Rodney D, Phillips R, Shenoy VB, and Dupuy L, (2001), Formation and strength of dislocation junctions in fcc metals: a study by dislocation dynamics and atomistic simulations, J. Physique Iv. 11(PR5): 19-26.
234. Shenoy V, Shenoy V, and Phillips R, (1999), Finite temperature quasicontinuum methods, in Multiscale Modelling of Materials, Ghoniem N (Ed.), Materials Research Society, Warrendale, PA, 465-471.
235. Arroyo M and Belytschko T, (2002), An atomistic-based membrane for crystalline films one atom thick J. Mech. Phys. Solids. 50: 1941-1977.
236. Liu WK and Chen YJ, (1995), Wavelet and multiple scale reproducing kernel methods, Intl. J. Numerical Meth. Fluids. 21(10): 901-931.
237. Liu WK, Jun S, and Zhang YF, (1995), Reproducing kernel particle methods, Intl. J. Numerical Meth. Fluids. 20(8-9): 1081-1106.
238. Liu WK, Jun S, Li SF, Adee J, and Belytschko T, (1995), Reproducing kernel particle methods for structural dynamics, Intl. J. Numerical Meth. Eng. 38(10): 1655-1679.
239. Liu WK, Chen YJ, Uras RA, and Chang CT, (1996), Generalized multiple scale reproducing kernel particle methods, Computer Meth. Appl. Mech. Eng. 139(1-4): 91-157.
240. Liu WK, Chen Y, Chang CT, and Belytschko T, (1996), Advances in multiple scale kernel particle methods, Computational Mech. 18(2): 73-111.
241. Liu WK, Jun S, Sihling DT, Chen YJ, and Hao W, (1997), Multiresolution reproducing kernel particle method for computational fluid dynamics, Intl. J. Numerical Meth. Fluids. 24(12): 1391-1415.
242. Liu WK, Li SF, and Belytschko T, (1997), Moving least-square reproducing kernel methods. 1. Methodology and convergence, Computer Meth. Appl. Mech. Eng. 143(1-2): 113-154.
243. Liu WK, Belytscho T, and Oden JT. (Eds.), (1996), Computer Meth. Appl. Mech. Eng. Vol. 139.
244. Chen JS and Liu WK (Eds.), (2000), Computational Mech. Vol. 25.
245. Odegard GM, Gates TS, Nicholson LM, and Wise KE, (2001), Equivalent-Continuum Modeling of Nano-Structured Materials. NASA Langley Research Center, NASA-2001-TM 210863.
246. Odegard GM, Harik VM, Wise KE, and Gates TS, (2001), Constitutive Modeling of Nanotube-Reinforced Polymer Composite Systems. NASA Langley Research Center, NASA-2001-TM 211044.
247. Abraham FF, Broughton JQ, Bernstein N, and Kaxiras E, (1998), Spanning the continuum to quantum length scales in a dynamic simulation of brittle fracture, Europhys. Lett. 44(6): 783-787.
248. Broughton JQ, Abraham FF, Bernstein N, and Kaxiras E, (1999), Concurrent coupling of length scales: methodology and application, Phys. Rev. B. 60(4): 2391-2403.
249. Nakano A, Bachlechner ME, Kalia RK, Lidorikis E, Vashishta P, Voyiadjis GZ, Campbell TJ, Ogata S, and Shimojo F, (2001), Multiscale simulation of nanosystems, Computing Sci. Eng. 3(4): 56-66.
250. Rafii-Tabar H, Hua L, and Cross M, (1998), Multiscale numerical modelling of crack propagation in two-dimensional metal plate, Mater. Sci. Tech. 14(6): 544-548.
251. Rafii-Tabar H, Hua L, and Cross M, (1998), A multi-scale atomistic-continuum modelling of crack propagation in a two-dimensional macroscopic plate, J. Phys. Condensed Matter. 10(11): 2375-2387.
252. Rudd RE and Broughton JQ, (1998), Coarse-grained molecular dynamics and the atomic limit of finite elements, Phys. Rev. B. 58(10): R5893-R5896.
253. Rudd RE and Broughton JQ, (2000), Concurrent coupling of length scales in solid state systems, Physica Status Solidi B-Basic Research. 217(1): 251-291.
254. Liu WK, Zhang Y, and Ramirez MR, (1991), Multiple scale finite-element methods, Intl. J. Numerical Meth. Eng. 32(5): 969-990.
255. Liu WK, Uras RA, and Chen Y, (1997), Enrichment of the finite element method with the reproducing kernel particle method, J. Appl. Mech. Trans. ASME. 64(4): 861-870.
256. Hao S, Liu WK, and Qian D, (2000), Localization-induced band and cohesive model, J. Appl. Mech. Trans. ASME. 67(4): 803-812.
257. Wagner GJ, Moes N, Liu WK, and Belytschko T, (2001), The extended finite element method for rigid particles in stokes flow, Intl. J. Numerical Meth. Eng. 51(3): 293-313.
258. Wagner GJ and Liu WK, (2001), Hierarchical enrichment for bridging scales and mesh-free boundary conditions, Intl. J. Numerical Meth. Eng. 50(3): 507-524.
259. Wagner GJ and Liu WK, (2002), Coupling of atomistic and continuum simulations (in preparation).
260. Costello GA, (1978), Analytical investigation of wire rope, Appl. Mech. Rev. ASME. 31: 897-900.
261. Costello GA, (1997), Theory of Wire Rope. 2nd ed. Springer. New York.
262. Qian D, Liu WK, and Ruoff RS, (2002), Load transfer mechanism in nano-ropes, Computational Mechanics Laboratory Research Report (02-03) Dept. of Mech. Eng., Northwestern University.
263. Ruoff RS, Qian D, Liu WK, Ding WQ, Chen XQ, and Dikin D (Eds.), (2002), What kind of carbon nanofiber is ideal for structural applications? 43rd AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS Struct. Struct. Dynamics Mater. Conf. Denver, CO.
264. Pipes BR and Hubert P, (2001), Helical carbon nanotube arrays: mechanical properties (submitted).
265. Yu MF, Dyer MJ, Skidmore GD, Rohrs HW, Lu XK, Ausman KD, Von Ehr JR, and Ruoff RS, (1999), Three-dimensional manipulation of carbon nanotubes under a scanning electron microscope, Nanotechnology. 10(3): 244-252.
266. Ruoff RS, Lorents DC, Chan B, Malhotra R, and Subramoney S, (1993), Single-crystal metals encapsulated in carbon nanoparticles, Science. 259(5093): 346-348.
267. Tomita M, Saito Y, and Hayashi T, (1993), Lac2 encapsulated in graphite nano-particle, Jpn. J. App. Phys. Part 2-Lett. 32(2B): L280-L282.
268. Seraphin S, Zhou D, Jiao J, Withers JC, and Loutfy R, (1993), Selective encapsulation of the carbides of yttrium and titanium into carbon nanoclusters, Appl. Phys. Lett. 63(15): 2073-2075.
269. Seraphin S, Zhou D, Jiao J, Withers JC, and Loutfy R, (1993), Yttrium carbide in nanotubes, Nature. 362(6420): 503-503.
270. Seraphin S, Zhou D, and Jiao J, (1996), Filling the carbon nanocages, J. Appl. Phys. 80(4): 2097-2104.
271. Saito Y, Yoshikawa T, Okuda M, Ohkohchi M, Ando Y, Kasuya A, and Nishina Y, (1993), Synthesis and electron-beam incision of carbon nanocapsules encaging yc2, Chem. Phys. Lett. 209(1-2): 72-76.
272. Saito Y, Yoshikawa T, Okuda M, Fujimoto N, Sumiyama K, Suzuki K, Kasuya A, and Nishina Y, (1993), Carbon nanocapsules encaging metals and carbides, J. Phys. Chem. Solids. 54(12): 1849-1860.
273. Saito Y and Yoshikawa T, (1993), Bamboo-shaped carbon tube filled partially with nickel, J. Crystal Growth. 134(1-2): 154-156.
274. Saito Y, Okuda M, and Koyama T, (1996), Carbon nanocapsules and single-wall nanotubes formed by arc evaporation, Surf. Rev. Lett. 3(1): 863-867.
275. Saito Y, Nishikubo K, Kawabata K, and Matsumoto T, (1996), Carbon nanocapsules and singlelayered nanotubes produced with platinum-group metals (Ru, Rh, Pd, Os, Ir, Pt) by arc discharge, J. Appl. Phys. 80(5): 3062-3067.
276. Saito Y, (1996), Carbon cages with nanospace inside: fullerenes to nanocapsules, Surf. Rev. Lett. 3(1): 819-825.
277. Saito Y, (1995), Nanoparticles and filled nanocapsules, Carbon. 33(7): 979-988.
278. McHenry ME, Majetich SA, Artman JO, Degraef M, and Staley SW, (1994), Superparamagnetism in carbon-coated Co particles produced by the kratschmer carbon-arc process, Phys. Rev. B. 49(16): 11358-11363.
279. Majetich SA, Artman JO, McHenry ME, Nuhfer NT, and Staley SW, (1993), Preparation and properties of carbon-coated magnetic nanocrystallites, Phys. Rev. B. 48(22): 16845-16848.
280. Jiao J, Seraphin S, Wang XK, and Withers JC, (1996), Preparation and properties of ferromagnetic carbon-coated Fe, Co, and Ni nanoparticles, J. Appl. Phys. 80(1): 103-108.
281. Diggs B, Zhou A, Silva C, Kirkpatrick S, Nuhfer NT, McHenry ME, Petasis D, Majetich SA, Brunett B, Artman JO, and Staley SW, (1994), Magnetic properties of carbon-coated rare-earth carbide nanocrystallites produced by a carbon-arc method, J. Appl. Phys. 75(10): 5879-5881.
282. Brunsman EM, Sutton R, Bortz E, Kirkpatrick S, Midelfort K, Williams J, Smith P, McHenry ME, Majetich SA, Artman JO, Degraef M, and Staley SW, (1994), Magnetic-properties of carbon-coated, ferromagnetic nanoparticles produced by a carbon-arc method, J. Appl. Phys. 75(10): 5882-5884.
283. Funasaka H, Sugiyama K, Yamamoto K, and Takahashi T, (1995), Synthesis of actinide carbides encapsulated within carbon nanoparticles, J. Appl. Phys. 78(9): 5320-5324.
284. Kikuchi K, Kobayashi K, Sueki K, Suzuki S, Nakahara H, Achiba Y, Tomura K, and Katada M, (1994), Encapsulation of radioactive gd-159 and tb-161 atoms in fullerene cages, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 116(21): 9775-9776.
285. Burch WM, Sullivan PJ, and McLaren CJ, (1986), Technegas -a new ventilation agent for lungscanning, Nucl. Med. Commn. 7(12): 865.
286. Senden TJ, Moock KH, Gerald JF, Burch WM, Browitt RJ, Ling CD, and Heath GA, (1997), The physical and chemical nature of technegas, J. Nucl. Med. 38(8): 1327-1333.
287. Ajayan PM and Iijima S, (1993), Capillarity-induced filling of carbon nanotubes, Nature. 361(6410): 333-334.
288. Ajayan PM, Ebbesen TW, Ichihashi T, Iijima S, Tanigaki K, and Hiura H, (1993), Opening carbon nanotubes with oxygen and implications for filling, Nature. 362(6420): 522-525.
289. Tsang SC, Harris PJF, and Green MLH, (1993), Thinning and opening of carbon nanotubes by oxidation using carbon-dioxide, Nature. 362(6420): 520-522.
290. Xu CG, Sloan J, Brown G, Bailey S, Williams VC, Friedrichs S, Coleman KS, Flahaut E, Hutchison JL, Dunin-Borkowski RE, and Green MLH, (2000), 1d lanthanide halide crystals inserted into single-walled carbon nanotubes, Chem. Commn. (24): 2427-2428.
291. Tsang SC, Chen YK, Harris PJF, and Green MLH, (1994), A simple chemical method of opening and filling carbon nanotubes, Nature. 372(6502): 159-162.
292. Sloan J, Hammer J, Zwiefka-Sibley M, and Green MLH, (1998), The opening and filling of single walled carbon nanotubes (swts), Chem. Commn. (3): 347-348.
293. Hiura H, Ebbesen TW, and Tanigaki K, (1995), Opening and purification of carbon nanotubes in high yields, Adv. Mater. 7(3): 275-276.
294. Hwang KC, (1995), Efficient cleavage of carbon graphene layers by oxidants, J. Chem. Soc. -Chem. Commn. (2): 173-174.
295. Ajayan PM, Colliex C, Lambert JM, Bernier P, Barbedette L, Tence M, and Stephan O, (1994), Growth of manganese filled carbon nanofibers in the vapor-phase, Phys. Rev. Lett. 72(11): 1722-1725.
296. Subramoney S, Ruoff RS, Lorents DC, Chan B, Malhotra R, Dyer MJ, and Parvin K, (1994), Magnetic separation of gdc2 encapsulated in carbon nanoparticles, Carbon. 32(3): 507-513.
297. Tsang SC, Davis JJ, Green MLH, Allen H, Hill O, Leung YC, and Sadler PJ, (1995), Immobilization of small proteins in carbon nanotubes -high-resolution transmission electron-microscopy study and catalytic activity, J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commn. (17): 1803-1804.
298. Tsang SC, Guo ZJ, Chen YK, Green MLH, Hill HAO, Hambley TW, and Sadler PJ, (1997), Immobilization of platinated and iodinated oligonucleotides on carbon nanotubes, Angewandte Chemie. 36(20): 2198-2200. International Edition in English.
299. Dillon AC, Jones KM, Bekkedahl TA, Kiang CH, Bethune DS, and Heben MJ, (1997), Storage of hydrogen in single-walled carbon nanotubes, Nature. 386(6623): 377-379.
300. Gadd GE, Blackford M, Moricca S, Webb N, Evans PJ, Smith AN, Jacobsen G, Leung S, Day A, and Hua Q, (1997), The world’s smallest gas cylinders? Science. 277(5328): 933-936.
301. Sloan J, Wright DM, Woo HG, Bailey S, Brown G, York APE, Coleman KS, Hutchison JL, and Green MLH, (1999), Capillarity and silver nanowire formation observed in single walled carbon nanotubes, Chem. Commn. (8): 699-700.
302. Smith BW and Luzzi DE, (2000), Formation mechanism of fullerene peapods and coaxial tubes: A path to large scale synthesis, Chem. Phys. Lett. 321(1-2): 169-174.
303. Smith BW, Monthioux M, and Luzzi DE, (1998), Encapsulated c-60 in carbon nanotubes, Nature. 396(6709): 323-324.
304. Smith BW, Monthioux M, and Luzzi DE, (1999), Carbon nanotube encapsulated fullerenes: a unique class of hybrid materials, Chem. Phys. Lett. 315(1-2): 31-36.
305. Burteaux B, Claye A, Smith BW, Monthioux M, Luzzi DE, and Fischer JE, (1999), Abundance of encapsulated c-60 in single-wall carbon nanotubes, Chem. Phys. Lett. 310(1-2): 21-24.
306. Sloan J, Dunin-Borkowski RE, Hutchison JL, Coleman KS, Williams VC, Claridge JB, York APE, Xu CG, Bailey SR, Brown G, Friedrichs S, and Green MLH, (2000), The size distribution, imaging and obstructing properties of c-60 and higher fullerenes formed within arc-grown single walled carbon nanotubes, Chem. Phys. Lett. 316(3-4): 191-198.
307. Zhang Y, Iijima S, Shi Z, and Gu Z, (1999), Defects in arc-discharge-produced single-walled carbon nanotubes, Philos. Mag. Lett. 79(7): 473-479.
308. Pederson MR and Broughton JQ, (1992), Nanocapillarity in fullerene tubules, Phys. Rev. Lett. 69(18): 2689-2692.
309. Prasad R and Lele S, (1994), Stabilization of the amorphous phase inside carbon nanotubes -solidification in a constrained geometry, Philos. Mag. Lett. 70(6): 357-361.
310. Berber S, Kwon YK, and Tomanek D, (2001), Unpublished.
311. Stan G and Cole MW, (1998), Hydrogen adsorption in nanotubes, J. Low Temp. Phys. 110(1-2): 539-544.
312. Mao ZG, Garg A, and Sinnott SB, (1999), Molecular dynamics simulations of the filling and decorating of carbon nanotubules, Nanotechnology. 10(3): 273-277.
313. Stan G, Gatica SM, Boninsegni M, Curtarolo S, and Cole MW, (1999), Atoms in nanotubes: small dimensions and variable dimensionality, Am. J. Phys. 67(12): 1170-1176.
314. Liu J, Casavant MJ, Cox M, Walters DA, Boul P, Lu W, Rimberg AJ, Smith KA, Colbert DT, and Smalley RE, (1999), Controlled deposition of individual single-walled carbon nanotubes on chemically functionalized templates, Chem. Phys. Lett. 303(1-2): 125-129.
315. Chung J, Lee JH, Ruoff RS, and Liu WK, (2001), Nanoscale gap fabrication and integration of carbon nanotubes by micromachining (in preparation).
316. Ren Y and Price DL, (2001), Neutron scattering study of h-2 adsorption in single-walled carbon nanotubes, Appl. Phys. Lett. 79(22): 3684-3686.
317. Zhang YG, Chang AL, Cao J, Wang Q, Kim W, Li YM, Morris N, Yenilmez E, Kong J, and Dai HJ, (2001), Electric-field-directed growth of aligned single-walled carbon nanotubes, Appl. Phys. Lett. 79(19): 3155-3157.
318. Collins PG, Bradley K, Ishigami M, and Zettl A, (2000), Extreme oxygen sensitivity of electronic properties of carbon nanotubes, Science. 287(5459): 1801-1804.
319. Kong J, Franklin NR, Zhou CW, Chapline MG, Peng S, Cho KJ, and Dai HJ, (2000), Nanotube molecular wires as chemical sensors, Science. 287(5453): 622-625.
320. Yamamoto K, Akita S, and Nakayama Y, (1998), Orientation and purification of carbon nanotubes using ac electrophoresis, J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 31(8): L34-L36.
321. Tombler TW, Zhou CW, Alexseyev L, Kong J, Dai HJ, Lei L, Jayanthi CS, Tang MJ, and Wu SY, (2000), Reversible electromechanical characteristics of carbon nanotubes under local-probe manipulation, Nature. 405(6788): 769-772.
322. Maiti A, (2001), Application of carbon nanotubes as electromechanical sensors -results from firstprinciples simulations, Physica Status Solidi B-Basic Research. 226(1): 87-93.
323. Maiti A, Andzelm J, Tanpipat N, and von Allmen P, (2001), Carbon nanotubes as field emission device and electromechanical sensor: results from first-principles dft simulations, Abstr. Papers Am. Chem. Soc. 222: 204.
324. Kong J, Chapline MG, and Dai HJ, (2001), Functionalized carbon nanotubes for molecular hydrogen sensors, Adv. Mater. 13(18): 1384-1386.
325. Peng S and Cho KJ, (2000), Chemical control of nanotube electronics, Nanotechnology. 11(2): 57-60.
326. Wood JR, Frogley MD, Meurs ER, Prins AD, Peijs T, Dunstan DJ, and Wagner HD, (1999), Mechanical response of carbon nanotubes under molecular and macroscopic pressures, J. Phys. Chem. B. 103(47): 10388-10392.
327. Wood JR and Wagner HD, (2000), Single-wall carbon nanotubes as molecular pressure sensors, Appl. Phys. Lett. 76(20): 2883-2885.
328. Wood JR, Zhao Q, Frogley MD, Meurs ER, Prins AD, Peijs T, Dunstan DJ, and Wagner HD, (2000), Carbon nanotubes: From molecular to macroscopic sensors, Phys. Rev. B. 62(11): 7571-7575.
329. Zhao Q, Wood JR, and Wagner HD, (2001), Using carbon nanotubes to detect polymer transitions, J. Polymer Sci. Part B-Polymer Phys. 39(13): 1492-1495.
330. Zhao Q, Wood JR, and Wagner HD, (2001), Stress fields around defects and fibers in a polymer using carbon nanotubes as sensors, Appl. Phys. Lett. 78(12): 1748-1750.
331. Ilic B, Czaplewski D, Craighead HG, Neuzil P, Campagnolo C, and Batt C, (2000), Mechanical resonant immunospecific biological detector, Appl. Phys. Lett. 77(3): 450-452.
332. Carr DW, Evoy S, Sekaric L, Craighead HG, and Parpia JM, (1999), Measurement of mechanical resonance and losses in nanometer scale silicon wires, App. Phys. Lett. 75(7): 920-922.
333. Yu MF, Wagner GJ, Ruoff RS, and Dyer MJ, (2002), Realization of parametric resonances in a nanowire mechanical system with nanomanipulation inside a scanning electron microscope, Phys. Rev. B, in press.
334. Turner KL, Miller SA, Hartwell PG, MacDonald NC, Strogatz SH, and Adams SG, (1998), Five parametric resonances in a microelectromechanical system, Nature. 396(6707): 149-152.
335. Sandler J, Shaffer MSP, Prasse T, Bauhofer W, Schulte K, and Windle AH, (1999), Development of a dispersion process for carbon nanotubes in an epoxy matrix and the resulting electrical properties, Polymer. 40(21): 5967-5971.
336. Schadler LS, Giannaris SC, and Ajayan PM, (1998), Load transfer in carbon nanotube epoxy composites, Appl. Phys. Lett. 73(26): 3842-3844.
337. Qian D, Dickey EC, Andrews R, and Rantell T, (2000), Load transfer and deformation mechanisms in carbon nanotube-polystyrene composites, Appl. Phys. Lett. 76(20): 2868-2870.
338. Ajayan PM, Schadler LS, Giannaris C, and Rubio A, (2000), Single-walled carbon nanotubepolymer composites: strength and weakness, Adv. Mater. 12(10): 750-753.
339. Thostenson ET, Ren ZF, and Chou TW, (2001), Advances in the science and technology of carbon nanotubes and their composites: a review, Composites Sci. Technol. 61(13): 1899-1912.
340. Jin L, Bower C, and Zhou O, (1998), Alignment of carbon nanotubes in a polymer matrix by mechanical stretching, Appl. Phys. Lett. 73(9): 1197-1199.
341. Haggenmueller R, Gommans HH, Rinzler AG, Fischer JE, and Winey KI, (2000), Aligned singlewall carbon nanotubes in composites by melt processing methods, Chem. Phys. Lett. 330(3-4): 219-225.
342. Barrera EV, (2000), Key methods for developing single-wall nanotube composites, Jom-J. Minerals Metals Mater. Soc. 52(11): A38-A42.
343. Fischer JE, (2002) Nanomechanics and the viscoelastic behavior of carbon nanotube-reinforced polymers. Ph.D. thesis. Northwestern University, Evanston.
344. Fisher FT, Bradshaw RD, and Brinson LC, (2001), Effects of nanotube waviness on the mechanical properties of nanoreinforced polymers, Appl. Phys. Lett. 80(24): 4647-4649.
345. Shaffer MSP and Windle AH, (1999), Fabrication and characterization of carbon nanotube/poly(vinyl alcohol) composites, Adv. Mater. 11(11): 937-941.
346. Gong XY, Liu J, Baskaran S, Voise RD, and Young JS, (2000), Surfactant-assisted processing of carbon nanotube/polymer composites, Chem. Mater. 12(4): 1049-1052.
347. Lozano K, Bonilla-Rios J, and Barrera EV, (2001), A study on nanofiber-reinforced thermoplastic composites (II): Investigation of the mixing rheology and conduction properties, J. Appl. Polymer Sci. 80(8): 1162-1172.
348. Qian D and Liu WK, (2002), In preparation.
349. Mitsubishi chemical to mass-produce nanotech substance, (2001), in Kyodo News.