Neuronal damage and protection in the pathophysiology and treatment of psychiatric illness: Stress and depression

Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience

Volumn 11, Issue 3, 2009, Pages 239-255

  Duman, Ronald S ^a  

^a YALE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Antidepressant; Gene expression; Neurogenesis; Signal transduction; Synapse

Indexed keywords

ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; BRAIN DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR; GLUTAMIC ACID; INDOLEAMINE 2,3 DIOXYGENASE; INTERLEUKIN 1BETA; NERVE GROWTH FACTOR; SOMATOMEDIN C; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA; VASCULOTROPIN;

APOPTOSIS; BEHAVIOR; BRAIN DAMAGE; CELL PROLIFERATION; CELL STRUCTURE; DEPRESSION; DNA POLYMORPHISM; GLIA CELL; HIPPOCAMPUS; HUMAN; IMMUNE RESPONSE; LIFE STRESS; MENTAL DISEASE; NERVE CELL; NEUROPROTECTION; NONHUMAN; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

ANIMALS; BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR; DEPRESSION; DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL; HUMANS; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; NEURONAL PLASTICITY; NEURONS; NEUROPROTECTIVE AGENTS; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; STRESS, PSYCHOLOGICAL;

EID: 70350168994     PISSN: 12948322     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (186)

1. Duman R, Monteggia LM. A neurotrophic model for stress-related mood disorders. Biol Psychiatry. 2006;59:1116-1127. (Pubitemid 43912554)
2. Krishnan V, Nestler EJ. The molecular neurobiology of depression. Nature. 2008;455:894-902.
3. McEwen B. Sex, stress and the hippocampus: allostatic load and the aging process. Neurobiol Aging. 2002;23:921-939. (Pubitemid 35217717)
4. Sahay A, Hen R. Adult hippocampal neurogenesis in depression. Nat Neurosci. 2007;10:1110-1115.
5. Campbell S, MacQueen G. An update on regional brain volume differences associated with mood disorders. Curr Opin Psych. 2006;19:25-33. (Pubitemid 44406141)
6. Drevets W. Neuroimaging studies of mood disorders. Biol Psychiatry. 2000;48:813-829.
7. Manji H, Quiroz JA Sporn J, et al. Enhancing neuronal plasticity and cellular resilience to develop novel, improved therapeutics for difficult-to-treat depression. Biol Psychiatry. 2003;53:707-742. (Pubitemid 39658487)
8. Tanis K, Newton SS, Duman RS. Targeting neurotrophic growth factor expression and signaling for antidepressant drug development. CNS Neurol Disorders. 2007;6:151-160. (Pubitemid 46681775)
9. Bremner JD, Vermetten E, Mazure CM. Development and preliminary psychometric properties of an instrument for the measurement of childhood trauma: the Early Trauma Inventory. Depression Anxiety. 2000;12:1-12. (Pubitemid 30679698)
10. Mervaala E, Fohr J, Kononen M, et al. Quantitative MRI of the hippocampus and amygdala in severe depression. Psychol Med. 2000;30:117-125. (Pubitemid 30099124)
11. Sheline Y, Wany P, Gado MH, Csernansky JG, Vannier MW. Hippocampal atrophy in recurrent major depression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996;93:3908-3913. (Pubitemid 26144221)
12. Sheline Y, Sanghavi M, Mintun MA, Gado MH. Depression duration but not age predicts hippocampal volume loss in medically healthy wormen with recurrent major depression. J Neurosci. 1999;19:5034-5043. (Pubitemid 29270138)
13. Campbell S, Marriott M, Nahmias C, MacQueen GM. Lower hippocampal volume in patients suffering from depression: a meta-analysis. Am J Psychiatry. 2004;161:598-607. (Pubitemid 38445502)
14. Videbech P, Ravnkilde B. Hippocampal volume and depression: a meta-analysis of MRI studies. Am J Psychiatry. 2004;161:1957-1966. (Pubitemid 39441394)
15. Sheline Y, Gado MH, Kraemer HC. Untreated depression and hippocampal volume loss. Am J Psychiatry. 2003;160:1516-1518. (Pubitemid 41070930)
16. Bremner JD, Randall, P, Scott TM, et al. MRI-based measurement of hippocampal volume in patients with combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 1995;152:973-981.
17. Gurvits T, Shenton ME, Hokama H, et al. Magnetic resonoance imaging study of hippocampal volume in chronic, combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 1996;40:1091-1099. (Pubitemid 26400873)
18. Heckers S. Neuroimaging studies of the hippocampus in schizophrenia. Hippocampus. 2001;11:520-528. (Pubitemid 33100373)
19. Bremner J, Vythilingam M, Vermetten E, et al. Reduced volume of orbitofrontal cortex in major depression. Biol Psychiatry. 2002;51:273-279. (Pubitemid 34214992)
20. Drevets WC, Price, JL, Simpson, JR, et al. Subgenual prefrontal cortex abnormalities in mood disorders. Nature. 1997;386:824-827.
21. Stockmeier C, Mahajan GJ, Konick LC, et al. Cellular changes in the postmortem hippocampus in major depression. Biol Psychiatry. 2004;56:640-650. (Pubitemid 39446845)
22. Muller M, Lucassen PJ, Yassouridis A, Hoogendijk JG, Holsboer F, Swabb DF. Neither major depression nor glucocorticoid treatment affects the cellular integrity of the human hippocampus. Eur J Neurosci. 2001;14:1603-1612. (Pubitemid 35478029)
23. Cotter D, Pariante CM, Everall IP. Glial cell abnormalities in major psychiatric disorders: the evidence and implications. Br Res Bull. 2001;55:585-595. (Pubitemid 32888377)
24. Rajkowska G, Miguel-Hidalgo JJ, Wei J, et al. Morphometric evidence for neuronal and glial prefrontal cell pathology in major depression. Biol Psychiatry. 1999;45:1085-1098. (Pubitemid 29236550)
25. Ongur D, Drevets WC, Price JL. Glial reduction in the subgenual prefrontal cortex in mood disorders. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998;95:13290-13295. (Pubitemid 28509564)
26. Si X, Miguel-Hidalgo JJ, O'Dwyer G, Stockmeier CA, Rajkowska G. Age-dependent reductions in the level of glial fibrillary acidic protein in the prefrontal cortex in major depression. Neuropsychopharmacol. 2004;29:2088-2096. (Pubitemid 39486561)
27. Hamidi M, Drevets WC, Price JL. Glial reduction in amygdala in major depressive disorder is due to oligodendrocytes. Biol Psychiatry. 2004;55:563-569. (Pubitemid 38315029)
28. Uranova N, Vostrikov VM, Orlovskaya DD, Rachmanova VI. Oligodendroglial density in the prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia and mood disorders: a study for the Stanley Neuropathology Consortium. Schizophr Res. 2004;67:269-275. (Pubitemid 38251458)
29. McEwen B. Stress and hippocampal plasticity. Curr Opin Neurobiol. 1999;5:205-216.
30. Watanabe Y, Gould E, Daniels DC, Cameron H, McEwen BS. Tianeptine attenuates stress-induced morphological changes in the hippocampus. Eur J Pharmacol. 1992;222:157-162.
31. Radley J, Sisti HM, Hao J, et al. Chronic behavioral stress induces apical dendritic reorganization in pyramidal neurons of the medial prefrontal cortex. Neurosci. 2004;125:1-6. (Pubitemid 38402153)
32. Magarinos AM, McEwen, BS, Flugge G, Fuchs, E. Chronic psychosocial stress causes apical dendritic atrophy of hippocampal CA3 pyramidal neurons in subordinate tree shrews. J Neurosci. 1996;16:3534-3540. (Pubitemid 26142382)
33. Wellman C. Dendritic reorganization in pyramidal neurons in medial prefrontal cortex after chronic corticosterone administration. J Neurobiol. 2001;49:245-253. (Pubitemid 33000770)
34. Radley J, Rocher AB, Miller M, et al. Repeated stress induces dendrtic spine loss in the rat medial prefrontal cortex. Cereb Cortex. 2006;16:313-320. (Pubitemid 43209205)
35. Gage F. Mammalian neural stem cells. Science. 2000;287:1433-1438.
36. Gould E, Tanapat P. Stress and hippocampal neurogenesis. Biol Psychiatry. 1999;46:1472-1479.
37. Warner-Schmidt J, Duman RS. Hippocampal neurogenesis: opposing effects of stress and antidepressant treatment. Hippocampus. 2006;16:239-249.
38. Banasr M, Valentine GW, Li XY, Gourley S, Taylor J, Duman RS. Chronic stress decreases cell proliferation in adult cerebral cortex of rat: reversal by antidepressant treatment. Biol Psychiatry. 2007;62:496-504. (Pubitemid 47284039)
39. Alonso G. Prolonged corticosterone treatment of adult rats inhibits the proliferation of oligodendrocyte progenitors present throughout white and gray matter regions of the brain. Glia. 2000;31:219-231. (Pubitemid 30689294)
40. Czeh B, Simon M, Schmelting B, Hiemke C, Fuchs E. Astroglial plasticity in the hippocampus is sffected by chronic psychosocial stress and concomitant fluoxetine treatment. Neuropsychopharmacol. 2006;31:1616-1626. (Pubitemid 44106693)
41. Malberg J, Eisch AJ, Nestler EJ, Duman RS. Chronic antidepressant treatment increases neurogenesis in adult hippocampus. J Neurosci. 2000;20:9104-9110. (Pubitemid 32042912)
42. Santarelli L, Saxe M, Gross C, et al. Requirement of hippocampal neurogenesis for the behavioral effects of antidepressants. Science. 2003;301:805-809. (Pubitemid 36962615)
43. Kodama M, Fujioka T, Duman RS. Chronic olanzapine or fluoxetine treatment increases cell proliferation in rat hippocampus and frontal cortex. J Biol Psych. 2004;56:570-580. (Pubitemid 39336404)
44. Madsen T, Newton SS, Eaton ME, Russell DS Duman RS. Chronic electroconvulsive seizure up-regulates b-catenin expression in rat hippocampus: role in adult neurogenesis. Biol Psychiatry. 2003;54:1006-1014. (Pubitemid 37415035)
45. Airan R, Meltzer LA, Roy M, Gong Y, Chen H, Deisseroth K. High-speed imaging reveals neurophysiological links to behavior in an animal model of depression. Science. 2007;317:757-758. (Pubitemid 47257922)
46. Jiang X, Xu K, Hoberman J, Tian F, et al. BDNF variation and mood disorders: a novel functional promoter polymorphism and Val66Met are associated with anxiety but have opposing effects. Neuropsychopharmacol. 2005;30:1353-1361. (Pubitemid 40848089)
47. Bessa J, Ferreira D, Melo I, et al. Hippocampal neurogenesis induced by antidepressant drugs: an epiphenomenon in their mood-improving actions. Mol Psych. 2009;14:739.
48. David D, Klemenhagen KC, Holick KA, et al. Efficacy of the MCHR1 antagonist N-{3-(1-{[4-(3,4- difluorophenoxy) phenyl]methyl}(4-piperidyl))- 4methylphenyl]-2-methylproanamide (SNAP 94847) in mouse models of anxiety and depression following acute and chronic administration is independent of hippocampal neurogenesis. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2007;321:237-248. (Pubitemid 46456989)
49. Banasr M, Duman RS. Glial loss in prefrontal cortex is sufficient to induce depressive-like behaviors in rodent models. Biol Psychiatry. 2008;64:863-870.
50. Liston C, Miller MM, Goldwater DS, et al. Stress-induced alterations in prefrontal cortical dendritic morphology predict selective impairments in perceptual attentional set-shifting. J Neurosci. 2006;26:7870-7874. (Pubitemid 44315156)
51. Lupien S, McEwen BS, Gunnar MR, Heim C. Effects of stress throughout the lifespan on the brain, behaviour and cognition. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2009;10:434-445.
52. Caspi A, Sugden K, Moffitt TE, et al. Influence of life stress on depression: moderation by a polymorphism in the 5-HTT gene. Science. 2003;301:386-389. (Pubitemid 36877077)
53. Risch N, herrell R, Lehner T, et al. Interaction between the serotonin transporter gene (5-HTTLPR), stressful like events, risk of depression: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 2009;301:2462-2471.
54. Feder A Nestler EJ, Charney DS. Psychobiology and molecular genetics of resilience. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2009;10:446-457.
55. McEwen B. Central effects of stress hormones in health and disease: understanding the protective and damaging effects of stress and stress mediators. Eur J Pharmacol. 2008;583:174-185.
56. McAllister A. Spatially restricted actions of BDNF. Neuron. 2002;36:549-550.
57. Smith MA, Makino S, Kvetnansky R, Post RM. Stress alters the express of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and neurotrophin-3 mRNAs in the hippocampus. J Neurosci. 1995a;15:1768-1777.
58. Xu H, Chen Z, He J, Haimanot S, Li X, Dyck L, Li XM. Synergetic effects of quetiapine and venlafaxine in preventing the chronic restraint stress-induced decrease in cell proliferation and BDNF expression in rat hippocampus. Hippocampus. 2006;16:551-559. (Pubitemid 43942103)
59. Chen B, Dowlatshahi D, MacQueen GM, Wang J-F, Young LT. Increased hippocampal BDNF immunoreactivity in subjects treated with antidepressant medication. Biol Psychiatry. 2001;50:260-265. (Pubitemid 32778442)
60. Dwivedi Y, Rizavi HS, Conley RR, Tamminga CA, Pandey GN. Altered gene expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and receptor tyrosine kinase B in postmortem brain of suicide subjects. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2003b;60:804-815. (Pubitemid 36960912)
61. Karege F, Bondolfi G, Gervasoni N, Schwald M, Aubry JM, Bertschy G. Low brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels in serum of depressed patients probably results from lowered platelet BDNF release unrelated to platelet reactivity. Biol Psychiatry. 2005;57:1068-1072. (Pubitemid 40613035)
62. Metsis M, Timmusk T, Arenas E, Persson H. Differential usage of multiple BDNF promoters in the rat brain following neuronal activation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993;90:8802. (Pubitemid 23306398)
63. Barrientos R, Sprunger DB, Campeau S, et al. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor mRNA downregulation induced by social isolation is blocked by intrahippocampal interleukin-1 receptor anatagonist. Neurosci. 2003;121:847-853. (Pubitemid 37324583)
64. Tsankova N, Berton O, Renthal W, Kumar A, Neve R, Nestler EJ. Sustained hippocampal chromatin regulation in a mouse model of depression and antidepressant action. Nat Neurosci. 2006;9:465-466.
65. Egan M, Kojima M, Callicott JH, et al. The BDNF val66met polymorphism affects activity-dependent secretion of BDNF and human memory and hippocampal function. Cell. 2003;112:257-269. (Pubitemid 36144114)
66. Frodl T, Schule C, Schmitt G, et al Association of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor Val66Met polymorphism with reduced hippocampal volumes in major depressio. Arch Gen Psych. 2007;64:410-416. (Pubitemid 46556460)
67. Hariri A, Goldberg TE, Mattay VS, et al. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor val66 met polymorphism affects human memory-related hippocampal activity and predicts memory performance. J Neurosci. 2003;23:669094. (Pubitemid 36951196)
68. Matsuo K, Walss-Bass C, Nery FG, et al. Neuronal correlates of brain-derived neurotrophic factor Val66Met polymorphism and morphometric abnormalities in bipolar disorder. Neuropsychopharmacol. 2009;34:1904-1913.
69. Gatt J, Nemeroff CB, Dobson-Stone C, et al. Interactions between BDNF Val66Met polymorphism and early life stress predict brain and arousal pathways to syndromal depression and anxiety. Mol Psych. 2009;14:681-695.
70. Kaufman J, Yang BZ, Douglas-Palumberi H, et al. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor-5-HTTLPR gene interactions and environmental modifiers of depression in children. Biol Psychiatry. 2006;59:673-680.
71. Kim J, Stewart R, Kim SW, et al. Interactions between life stressors and susceptibility genes (5-HTTLPR and BDNF) on depression in Korean elders. Biol Psych. 2007;62:423-428. (Pubitemid 47284032)
72. Lee Y, Duman RS, Marek GJ. The mGlu2/3 receptor agonist LY354740 suppresses immobilization stress-induced increase in rat prefrontal cortical BDNF mRNA expression. Neurosci Lett. 2006;398:328-332. (Pubitemid 43673693)
73. Liu R-J, Aghajanian GK. Stress blunts serotonin- and hypocretin-evoked EPSCs in prefrontal cortex: role of corticosterone-mediated apical dendritic atrophy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008;105:359-364.
74. Chen H, Pandey GN, Dwivedi Y. Hippocampal cell proliferation regulation by repeated stress and antidepressants. Neuroreport. 2006;17:863-867. (Pubitemid 43869948)
75. Monteggia L, Barrot M, Powell CM, et al. Essential role of brain-derived neuroprophic factor in adult hippocampal function. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.. 2004;101:10827-10832. (Pubitemid 38955827)
76. Monteggia L, Luikart B, Barrot M, et al. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor conditional knockouts show gender differences in depression-related behaviors. Biol Psych. 2007;61:187-197. (Pubitemid 46072778)
77. Saarelainen T, Hendolin P, Lucas G, et al. Activation of the trkB neurotrophin receptor is induced by antidepressant drugs and is required for antidepressant-induced behavioral effects. J Neurosci. 2003;23:349-357. (Pubitemid 36050437)
78. Duman C, Schlesinger L, Kodama M, Russell DS, Duman RS. A role for MAPK signaling in behavioral models of depression and antidepressant treatment. Biol Psych. 2007;61:661-670. (Pubitemid 46328865)
79. Berton O, McClung CA, Dileone RJ, et al. Essential role of BDNF in the misolimbic dopamine pathway in social defeat stress. Science. 2006;311:868-878. (Pubitemid 43228853)
80. Castren E, Voikar V, Rantamaki T. Role of neurotrophic factors in depression. Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2007;7:18-21.
81. Nestler E, Barrot M, DiLeone RJ, Eisch AJ. Gold SJ. Monteggia LM. Neurobiology of Depression. Neuron. 2002;34:13-25.
82. Nibuya M, Morinobu S, Duman, RS. Regulation of BDNF and trkB mRNA in rat brain by chronic electroconvulsive seizure and antidepressant drug treatments. J Neurosci. 1995;15:7539-7547.
83. Groves J. Is it time to reassess the BDNF hypothesis of depression? Mol Psychiatry. 2007;12:1079-1088.
84. Nestler E, Terwilliger, RZ, Duman RS. Chronic antidepressant administration alters the subcellular distribution of cAMP-dependent protein kinase in rat frontal cortex. J Neurochem. 1989;53:1644-1647. (Pubitemid 19267038)
85. Perez J, Tinelli D, Brunello N, Racagni G. cAMP-dependent phosphorylation of soluble and crude microtubule fractions of rat cerebral cortex after prolonged desmethylimipramine treatment. Eur J Pharmacol. 1989;172:305-316. (Pubitemid 19230210)
86. Tiraboschi E, Tardito D, Kasahara J, et al. Selective phosphorylation of nuclear CREB by fluoxetine is linked to activation of CaM kinase IV and MAP kinase cascades. Neuropsychopharm. 2004;29:1831-1840. (Pubitemid 39336795)
87. Destot-Wong K, Liang K, Gupta SK, et al. The AMPA receptor positive allosteric modulator, S18986, is neuroprotctive against neonatal excitotoxic and inflammatory brain damage through BDNF synthesis. Neuropharmacol. 2009;51:277-286.
88. Han B, Holtzman DM. BDNF protects the neonatal brain from hypoxic-ischemic injury in vivo via the ERK pathway. J Neurosci. 2000;20:5775-5781. (Pubitemid 30636906)
89. Miyata K, Miyata N, Omori H, et al. Involvement of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor/TrkB pathway in neuroprotective effect of cyclosporing A in forebrain. Neurosci. 2001;105:571-578. (Pubitemid 32769823)
90. Sun X, Zhou H, Luo X, Li S, Yu D, Hua J, Mu D, Mao M. Neuroprotection of brain-derived neurotropic factor against hypoxic injury in vitro requires activation of wxtracellular signal-regulated kinase and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. Int J Dev Neurosci. 2008;26:363-370.
91. Walton M, Walton B, Connor P, et al. Neuronal death and survival in two models of hypoxic-ischemic brain damage. Brain Res Rev. 1999;29:137-168. (Pubitemid 29191337)
92. Arancio O, Chao MV. Neurotrophins, synaptic plasticity and dementia. Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2007;17:325-330.
93. Hennigan A, O'Callaghan RM, Kelly AM. Neurotrophins and their receptors: roles in plasticity, neurodegeneratin and neuroprotection. Biochen Soc Trans. 2007;35(Pt 2):424-427. (Pubitemid 46596521)
94. Pencea V, Bingaman, KD, Wiegand SJ, Luskin MB. Infusion of brain-derived neurotrophic factor into the lateral ventricle of the adult rat leads to new neurons in the parenchyma of the striatum, septum, thalamus, and hypothalamus. J Neurosci. 2001;21:6706-6717. (Pubitemid 32781115)
95. Scharfman H, MacLusky NJ. Similarities between actions of estrogen and BDNF in the hippocampus: coincidence or clue? Trends Neurosci. 2005;28:79-85.
96. Sairanen M, Lucas G, Ernfors P, Castren M, Casren E. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor and antidepressant drugs have different but coordinated effects on neuronal turnover, proliferation, and survival in the adult dentate gyrus. J Neurosci. 2005;25:1089-1094. (Pubitemid 40268949)
97. Li Y, Luikart BW, Birnbaum S, et al. TrkB regulates hippocampal neurogenesis and governs sensitivity to antidepressive treatment. Neuron. 2008;59:399-412.
98. Hoshaw B, Malberg JE, Lucki I. Central administration of IGF-I and BDNF leads to long-lasting antidepressant-like effects. Brain Res. 2005;1037:204-208. (Pubitemid 40362398)
99. Shirayama Y, Chen, A C-H, Nakagawa S, Russell RS, Duman RS. Brain derived neurotrophic factor produces antidepressant effects in behavioral models of depression. J Neurosci. 2002;22:3251-3261. (Pubitemid 35379212)
100. Siuciak JA, Lewis DR, Wiegand, SJ, Lindsay, R. Antidepressant-like effect of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Pharmacol Biochem Beh. 1997;56:131-137. (Pubitemid 27016116)
101. Ferrara N, Gerber HP, LeCouter J. The biology of VEGF and its receptors. Nat Med. 2003;9:669-676. (Pubitemid 36749215)
102. Heine V, Zareno J, Maslam S, Joels M, Lucassen PJ. Chronic stress in the adult dentate gyrus reduces cell proliferation near the vasculature and VEGF and Flk-1 protein expression. Eur J Neurosci. 2005;21:1304-1314. (Pubitemid 40516629)
103. Palmer T, Willhoite AR, Gage FH. Vascular niche for adult hippocampal neurogenesis. J Comp Neurol. 2000;425:479-494. (Pubitemid 30683570)
104. Warner-Schmidt J, Duman RS. VEGF is an essential mediator of neurogenic and behavioral actions of antidepressants. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007;104:4647-4652. (Pubitemid 47186279)
105. Evans S, Choudary PV, Neal CR, et al. Dysregulation of the fibroblast growth factor system in major depression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004;101:15506-15511. (Pubitemid 39441571)
106. Turner C, Gula EL, Taylor LP, Watson SJ, Akil H. Antidepressant-like effects of intracerebroventrivular FGF2 in rats. Brain Res. 2008;1224:63-68.
107. Mallei A, Shi B, Mocchetti I. Antidepressant treatments induce the expression of basic fibroblast growth factor in cortical and hippocampal neurons. Mol Pharmacol. 2002;61:1017-1024. (Pubitemid 34441766)
108. Maragnoli M, Fumagalli F, Gennarelli M, Racagni G, Riva MA. Fluoxetine and olanzapine have synergistic effects in the modulation of fibroblast growth factor 2 expression within the rat brain. Biol Psych. 2004;55:1095-1102. (Pubitemid 38680562)
109. Turner C, Calvo N, Frost DO, Akil H, Watson SJ. The fibroblast growth factor system is downregulated following social defeat. Neurosci Lett. 2008;430:147-150.
110. Khawaja X, Xu J, Liang J-J, Barrett JE. Proteomic analysis of protein changes developing in rat hippocampus after chronic antidepressant treatment: Impliations for depressive disorders and future therapies. J Neurosci. 2004;75:451-460. (Pubitemid 38160706)
111. Trejo J, Carro E, Torres-Aleman I. Circulating insulin-like growth factor I mediates exercise-induced increases in the number of new neurons in the adult hippocampus. J Neurosci. 2001;21:1628-1634. (Pubitemid 32182203)
112. Duman C, Schlesinger L, Russell DR, Duman RS. Peripheral IGF-1 produces antidepressant-like behavior and is required for the effect of exercise. Behav Br Res. 2009;198:366-371.
113. Malberg J, Platt B, Rizzo SJS, et al. Increasing the levels of insulin-like growth factor-1 by an IGF binding inhibitor produces anxiolytic and antidepressant-like effects. Neuropsychopharmacol. 2007;32:2360-2368. (Pubitemid 47587671)
114. Fabel K, Fabel K, Tam B, et al. VEGF is necessary for exercise-induced adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Eur J Neurosci. 2003;18:2803-2812. (Pubitemid 37542133)
115. Gomez-Pinilla F, Dao L, Vannarith S. Physical exercise induces FGF-2 and its mRNA in the hippocampus. Brain Res. 1997;764:1-8. (Pubitemid 27380634)
116. Hunsberger J, Newton SS, Bennett AH, et al. Antidepressant actions of the exercise-regulated gene VGF. Nat Med. 2007;13:1476-1482. (Pubitemid 350224242)
117. Russo-Neustadt A, Beard RC, Cotman CW. Exercise, antidepressant medications, and enhanced brain derived neurotrophic factor expression. Neuropsychopharmacol. 1999;21:679-682. (Pubitemid 29486636)
118. Carro E, Trejo JL, Busiguina S, Torres-Aleman I. Circulating insulin-like growth factor I mediates the protective effects of physical exercise against brain insults of different etiology and anatomy. J Neurosci. 2001;21:5678-5684. (Pubitemid 32692166)
119. Cotman C, Berchtold NC, Christie LA. Exercise builds brain health: key roles of growth factor cascades and inflammation. Trends Neurosci. 2007;30:464-472. (Pubitemid 47374831)
120. Dong X, Wang Y, Qin ZH. Molecular mechansms of excitotoxicity and their relevance to pathogenisis of neurodegenerative diseases. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2009;30:379-387.
121. Kalia L, Kalia SK, Salter MW. NMDA receptors in clinical neurology: excitatory times ahead. Lancet Neurol. 2008;7:742-755. (Pubitemid 351957932)
122. Amiel J, Mathew SJ. Glutamate and anxiety disorders. Curr Psych Rep. 2007;9:278-283.
123. Sanacora G, Zarate CA, Krystal JH, Manji HK. Targeting the glutamatergic system to develop novel, improved therapeutics for mood disorders. Nat Rev Drig Discov. 2008;7:426-437. (Pubitemid 351619114)
124. Sodhi M, Wood KH, Meador-Woodruff J. Role of glutamate in schizophrenia: integrating excitatory avenues of research. Exp Rev Neurother. 2008;8:1389-1406.
125. Sanacora G, Gueorguieva R, Epperson CN, et al. Subtype-specific alterations of y-aminobutyric acid and glutamate in patients with major depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2004b;61:705-713. (Pubitemid 38890805)
126. Lowry M, Wittenberg L, Yamamoto B. Effect of acute stress on hippocampal glutamate levels and spectrin proteolysis in young and aged rats. J Neurochem. 1995;65:268-274.
127. Moghaddam B. Stress preferentially increases extraneuronal levles of excitatory amino acids in the prefrontal cortex: comparison to hippocampus and basal ganglia. J Neurochem. 1993;60:1650-1657. (Pubitemid 23127567)
128. Sapolsky R. Glucocorticoids and atrophy of the human hippocampus. Science. 1996;273:749-750.
129. Sapolsky R. The possibility of neurotoxicity in the hippocampus in major depression: a primer on neuron death. Biol Psychiatry. 2000;48:755-765. (Pubitemid 30813461)
130. McEwen B. Estrogens effects on the brain: multiple sites and molecular mechanisms. J Appl Physiol. 2001;91:2785-2801. (Pubitemid 33108046)
131. Roy M, Sapolsky RM. The exacerbation of hippocampal excitotoxicity by glucocorticoids is not mediated by apoptosis. Neuroendocrinol. 2003;77:24-31. (Pubitemid 36302419)
132. Banasr M, Chowdhury GM, Newton SS, et al. Glial pathology in an animal model of depression: Reversal of stress-induced cellular, metabolic and behavioral deficits by the glutamate modulating drug riluzole. Mol Psychol. In press.
133. Valentine G, Sanacora G. Targeting glial physiology and glutamate cycling in the treatment of depression. Biochem Pharmacol. 2009;78:431-439.
134. Pittenger C, Duman RS. Stress, depression, and neuroplasticity: A convergence of mechanisms. Neuropsychopharmacol. 2008;33:88-109. (Pubitemid 350191319)
135. McKernan D, Dinan TG, Cryan JF. "Killing the Blues:" A role for cellular suicide (apoptosis) in depression and the antidepressant response? Prog Neurobiol. 2009;88:246-263.
136. Conn P, Jones CK. Promise of mGluR2/3 activators in psychiatry. Neuropsychopharmacol. 2009;34:248-249.
137. Lipton S. Pathologically-activated therapeutics for neuroprotection: mechanism of NMDA receptor block by memantine and S-nitrosylation. Curr Drug Targets. 2007;8:621-632. (Pubitemid 46785060)
138. Mineur Y, Somenzi O, Picciotto MR. Cytosine, a partial agonist of high affinity nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, has antidepressant-like properties in male C57BL/6J mice. Neuropharmacol. 2007;52:1256-1262. (Pubitemid 46527701)
139. Berman R, Cappiello A, Anand A, et al. Antidepressant effects of ketamine in depressed patients. Biol Psychiatry. 2000;47:351-354. (Pubitemid 30109248)
140. Zarate C, Singh J, Manji HK. Cellular plasticity cascades: targets for the development of novel therapeutics for bipolar disorder. Biol Psych. 2006;59:1006-1020. (Pubitemid 43849653)
141. Preskom S, Baker B, Omo K, Kolluri S, Menniti FS, Landen JW. A placebo-controlled trial of the NR2B subunit specific NMDA antagonist CP-101,606 plus paroxetine for treatment resistant depression (TRD). Paper presented at: APA, 2007.
142. Castren E, da Pennha Berzaghi M, Lindholm D, Thoenen H. Differential effects of MK-801 on brain-derived neurotrophic factor mRNA levels in different regions of the rat brain. Exp Neurol. 1993;122:244-252. (Pubitemid 23290406)
143. Takahashi M, Kakita A, Futamura T, et al. Sustained brain-derived neurotrophic factor up-regulation and sensorimotor gating abnormality induced by postnatal exposure to phencyclidine: comparison with adult treatment. J Neurochem. 2006;99:770-780. (Pubitemid 44583436)
144. Maeng S, Zarate CA, Du J, et al. Cellular mechanisms underlying the antidepressant effects of ketamine: Role of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5- methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid receptors. Biol Psych. 2007;63:349-352.
145. Patil S, Zhang L, Martenyi F, et al. Activation of mGlu2/3 receptors as a new approach to treat schizophrenia: a randomized Phase 2 clinical trial. Nat Med. 2007;13:1102-1107. (Pubitemid 47517511)
146. Su X, Li X-Y, Banasr M, Koo JW, Shahid M, Henry B, Duman RS. Chronic treatment with AMPA receptor potentiator Org 16576 increases neuronal cell proliferation and survival in adult rodent hippocampus. Psychopharmacol. 2009. In press.
147. Cory S, Adams JM. The Bcl2 family: regulators of the cellular life-or-death switch. Nat Rev Cancer. 2002;2:647-656. (Pubitemid 37328916)
148. Lucassen P, Muller MB, Holsboer F, et al. Hippocampal apoptosis in major depression is a minor event and absent from sub-areas at risk for glucocorticoid overexposure. Am J Pathology. 2001;158:453-468. (Pubitemid 32158608)
149. Lucassen P, Vollmann-Honsdorf GK, Gleisberg M, Czéh B, De Kloet ER, Fuchs E. Chronic psychosocial stress differentially affects apoptosis in hippocampal subregions and cortex of the adult tree shrew. Eur J Neurosci. 2001;14:161-166. (Pubitemid 32738485)
150. Bachis A, Mallei A, Cruz MMI, Wellstein A, Mocchetti I. Chronic antidepressant treatments increase basic fibroblast growth factor and fibroblast growth factor-binding protein in neurons. Neuropharmacol. 2008;55:1114-1120.
151. Lee J, Duan W, Mattson MP. Evidence that brain-derived neurotrophic factor is required for basal neurogenesis and mediates, in part, the enhancement of neurogenesis by dietary restriction in the hippocampus of adult mice. J Neurochem. 2002;82:1367-1375.
152. Harlan J, Chen Y, Gubbins E, Mueller R, et al. Variants in Apaf-1 segregating with major depression promote apoptosome function. Mol Psych. 2006;11:76-85. (Pubitemid 43251090)
153. Kosten T, Galloway MP, Duman RS, Russell DS, D'Sa C. Repeated unpredictable stress and antidepressants differentially regulate expression of the Bcl-2 family of apoptotic genes in rat cortical, hippocampal, and limbic brain structures. Neuropsychopharmacol. 2008;33:1545-1558. (Pubitemid 351684697)
154. Du J, Wang Y, Hunter R, Wei Y, et al. Dynamic regulation of mitochondrial function by glucocorticoids. PNAS. 2009;106:3543-3548.
155. Murray F, Hutson PH. Hippocampal Bcl-2 expression is selectively increased following chronic but not acute treatment with antidepressants, 5-HT(1A0 or 5-HT(2C/2B0 receptor antagonists. Eur J Pharmacol. 2007;569:41-47.
156. Xu B, Goulding EH, Zang K, et al. Brain-derived neurotropohic factor regulates energy balance downstream of melanocortin-4 receptor. Nat Neurosci. 2003;6:736-742. (Pubitemid 36792889)
157. Chen R, Chuang DM. Long term lithium treatment suppresses p53 and Bax expression but increases Bcl-2 expression. A prominent role in neuroprotection against excitotoxicity. J Biol Chem. 1999;274:6039-6042. (Pubitemid 29111005)
158. Bielecka A, Obuchowicz E. Antiapoptotic action of lithium and valproate. Pharmacol Rep. 2008;60:771-782.
159. Chuang D. The antiapoptotic actions of mood stabilizers: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic potentials. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2005;1053:195-204. (Pubitemid 43031098)
160. Chuang D, Manji HK. In search of the Holy Grail for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders: has a simple cation been overlooked? Biol Psych. 2007;62:4-6.
161. Coyle J, Duman, RS. Finding the intracellular signaling pathways affected by mood disorder treatments. Neuron. 2003;38:157-160. (Pubitemid 36555643)
162. Jonas E, Hoit D, Hickman JA, et al. Modulation of synaptic transmission by the BCL-2 family protein BCL-xL. J Neurosci. 2003;23:8423-8431. (Pubitemid 37129660)
163. Bachman R, Wang Y, Yuan P, et al. Common effects of lithium and valproate on mitochondrial functions: protection against methamphetamine-induced mitochondrial damage. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2009;12:805-822.
164. Anisman H. Cascading effects of stressors and inflammatory immune system activation: implications for major depressive disorder. J Psych Neurosci. 2009;34:4-20.
165. Grippo A, Johnson AK. Stress, depression and cardiovascular dysregulation: a review of neurobiological mechanisms and the integration of research from preclinical disease models. Stress. 2009;12:1-12.
166. Khairova R, machado-Vieira R, Du J, Manji HK. A potential role for pro-inflammatory cytokines in regulating synaptic plasticity in major depressive disorder. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2009;12:561-578.
167. Miller A, Maletic V, Raison CL. Inflammation and its discontents: the role of cytokines in the pathophysiology of major depression. Biol Psych. 2009;65:732-741.
168. Anisman H, Merali Z. Cytokines, stress and depressive illness. Brain Behav Immun. 2002;16:513-524.
169. Levine J, Barak Y, Chengappa KN, Rapoport A, Rebey M, Barak V. Cerebrospinal cytokine levels in patients with acute depression. Neuropsychobiology. 1999;40:171-176. (Pubitemid 29515729)
170. Anisman H, Hayley S, Turrin N, Merali Z. Cytokines as a stressor: implications for depressive illness. Int J Neuropharmacol. 2002;5:357-373. (Pubitemid 35470356)
171. Tyring S, Gottlieb A, Papp K, et al. Etanercept and clinical outcomes, fatique, and depression in psoriasis: double-blind placebo-controlled randomized phase III trial. Lancet. 2006;367:29-35. (Pubitemid 43038667)
172. Reynolds J, Ignatowski TA, Sud R, Spengler RN. An antidepressant mechanism of desipramine is to decrease tumor necrosis factor-alpha production culminating in increases in noradrenergic neurotransmission. Neurosci. 2005;133:519-531. (Pubitemid 40726218)
173. Simen B, Duman CH, Simen AA, Duman RS. TNF alpha signaling in depression and anxiety: behavioral consequences of individual receptor targeting. Biol Psychiatry. 2006;59:775-785.
174. Koo J, Duman RS. IL-1B is an essential mediator of the anti-neurogenic and anhedonic effects of sress. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008;105:751-756.
175. Koo J, Duman RS. IL-1 receptor null mice show decreased anxiety and enhanced fear memory. Neurosci Lett. 2009. In press.
176. Lanquillon S, Krieg JC, Bening-Abu-Shach U, Vedder H. Cytokine production and treatment response in major depressive disorder. Neuropsychopharm. 2000;22:370-379. (Pubitemid 30105765)
177. Maes M, Meltzer HY, Bosmans E, Bergmans R, Vandoolaeghe E, Ranjan R. Increased plasma concentrations of interleukin-6, soluble interleukin-6, soluble interleukin-2 and transferrin receptor in major depression. J Affect Dis. 1995;34:301-309.
178. Mikova O, Yakimova R, Bosmans E, Kenis G, Maes M. Increased serum tumor necrosis factor alpha concentrations in major depression and multiple sclerosis. Eur Neuropsychopharm. 2001;11:203-208. (Pubitemid 32611587)
179. Sluzewska A, Rybakowski JK, Laciak M, Mackiewicz A, Sobieska M, Wiktorowicz K. Interleukin-6 serum levels in depressed patients before and after treatment with fluoxetine. Annals NY Acad Sci. 1995;762:474-476.
180. Tuglu C, Kara SH, Caliyurt O, Vardar E, Abay E. Increased serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels and treatment response in major depressive disorder. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2003;170:429-433. (Pubitemid 38010515)
181. Connor T, Leonard BE. Depression, stress and immunological activation: the role of cytokines in depressive disorders. Life Sci. 1998;62:583-606. (Pubitemid 28045567)
182. Maier S, Watkins LR. Intracerebroventrivular interleukin-1 receptor antagonist blocks the enhancement of fear conditioning and interference with escape produced by inescapable shock. Brain Res. 1995;695:279-282.
183. Merali Z, Brennan K, Brau P, Anisman H. Dissociating anorexia and anhedonia elicited by interleukin-1 beta: antidepressant and gender effects on responding for "free chow" and "earned" sucrose intake. Psychopharm. 2003;165:413-418.
184. Koo J, Duman RS. IL-1B is an essential mediator of the anti-neurogenic and anhedonic effects of sress. Soc Neurosci Abst. 2008;105:751-756.
185. O'Connor J, Lawson MA, Andre C, et al. Induction of IDO by bacille Calmette-Guerin is responsible for development of murine depressive-like behavior. J Immunol. 2009;182:3202-3212.
186. O'Connor J, Lawson MA, Andre C, et al. Interferon-gamma and tumor necrosis factor-alpha mediate the upregulation of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase and the induction of depressive-like behavior in mice in response to bacillus Calmette-Guerin. J Neurosci. 2009;29:4200-4209.