Insulin acts through FOXO3a to activate transcription of plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1

Molecular Endocrinology

Volumn 23, Issue 10, 2009, Pages 1587-1602

  Jag, Ushma R ^a   Zavadil, Jiri ^a   Stanley, Frederick M ^a,b  

^a NEW YORK UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^b NEW YORK UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

INSULIN; LEXA PROTEIN; PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR INHIBITOR 1; SMALL INTERFERING RNA; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR FKHRL1; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR FOXC1;

ARTICLE; CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION; CYTOPLASM; EMBRYO; GENE DELETION; GENE EXPRESSION; HUMAN; HUMAN CELL; INSULIN TREATMENT; PHOSPHORYLATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROMOTER REGION; PROTEIN BLOOD LEVEL; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; TRANSCRIPTION INITIATION; UPREGULATION;

ANIMALS; CATTLE; CELL COMPARTMENTATION; CELL LINE, TUMOR; CELL NUCLEUS; FORKHEAD TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION; GENE KNOCKDOWN TECHNIQUES; HUMANS; INSULIN; LUCIFERASES; PHOSPHORYLATION; PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR INHIBITOR 1; PROMOTER REGIONS, GENETIC; RNA, MESSENGER; RNA, SMALL INTERFERING; TRANSCRIPTION, GENETIC; TRANSFECTION;

EID: 70349758326     PISSN: 08888809     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1210/me.2008-0421     Document Type: Article

References (85)

1. Samad F, Loskutoff DJ 1996 Tissue distribution and regulation of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in obese mice. Mol Med 2:568-582 (Pubitemid 26353106)
2. Agrenius V, Chmielewska J, Widström O, Blombäck M 1989 Pleural fibrinolytic activity is decreased in inflammation as demonstrated in quinacrine pleurodesis treatment of malignant pleural effusion. Am Rev Respir Dis 140:1381-1385 (Pubitemid 19276227)
3. Marutsuka K, Woodcock-Mitchell J, Sakamoto T, Sobel BE, Fujii S 1998 Pathogenetic implications of hyaluronan-induced modification of vascular smooth muscle cell fibrinolysis in diabetes. Coron Artery Dis 9:177-184 (Pubitemid 28279489)
4. Padró T, Emeis JJ, Steins M, Schmid KW, Kienast J 1995 Quantification of plasminogen activators and their inhibitors in the aortic vessel wall in relation to the presence and severity of atherosclerotic disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 15:893-902
5. Lau HK 1999 Regulation of proteolytic enzymes and inhibitors in two smooth muscle cell phenotypes. Cardiovasc Res 43:1049-1059
6. Sato Y, Tsuboi R, Lyons R, Moses H, Rifkin DB 1990 Characterization of the activation of latent TGF-β by co-cultures of endothelial cells and pericytes or smooth muscle cells: a self-regulating system. J Cell Biol 111:757-763 (Pubitemid 20239886)
7. Brown NJ, Kim KS, Chen YQ, Blevins LS, Nadeau JH, Meranze SG, Vaughan DE 2000 Synergistic effect of adrenal steroids and angiotensin II on plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 production. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85:336-344 (Pubitemid 32268835)
8. Samad F, Yamamoto K, Loskutoff DJ 1996 Distribution and regulation of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in murine adipose tissue in vivo. Induction by tumor necrosis factor-α and lipopolysaccharide. J Clin Invest 97:37-46 (Pubitemid 26021692)
9. Cockell KA, Ren S, Sun J, Angel A, Shen GX 1995 Effect of thrombin on release of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 from cultured primate arterial smooth muscle cells. Thromb Res 77:119-131
10. Dichtl W, Stiko A, Eriksson P, Goncalves I, Calara F, Banfi C, Ares MP, Hamsten A, Nilsson J 1999 Oxidized LDL and lysophosphatidylcholine stimulate plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 expression in vascular smooth muscle cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 19:3025-3032 (Pubitemid 30029833)
11. Gallicchio M, Hufnagl P, Wojta J, Tipping P 1996 IFN-gamma inhibits thrombin- and endotoxin-induced plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 in human endothelial cells. J Immunol 157:2610-2617 (Pubitemid 126450476)
12. Sobel BE, Woodcock-Mitchell J, Schneider DJ, Holt RE, Marutsuka K, Gold H 1998 Increased plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 in coronary artery atherectomy specimens from type 2 diabetic compared with nondiabetic patients. A potential factor predisposing to thrombosis and its persistence. Circulation 97:2213-2221
13. Samad F, Pandey M, Bell PA, Loskutoff DJ 2000 Insulin continues to induce plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 gene expresssion in insulin-resistant mice and adipocytes. Mol Med 6:680-692
14. Nordt TK, Sawa H, Fuji S, Sobel BE 1995 Induction of plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 (PAI-1) by proinsulin and insulin in vivo. Circulation 91:764-770
15. Carmassi F, Morale M, Ferrini L, Dell'Omo G, Ferdeghini M, Pedrinelli R, De Negri F 1999 Local insulin infusion stimulates expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and tissue-type plasminogen activator in normal subjects. Am J Med 107:344-350 (Pubitemid 29465812)
16. Nordt TK, Sawa H, Fujii S, Bode C, Sobel BE 1998 Augmentation of arterial endothelial cell expression of the plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 (PAI-1) gene by proinsulin and insulin in vivo. J Mol Cell Cardiol 30:1535-1543 (Pubitemid 28418644)
17. Nordt TK, Schneider DJ, Sobel BE 1994 Augmentation of the synthesis of plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 by precursors of insulin. A potential risk factor for vascular disease. Circulation 89:321-330
18. Grenett HE, Benza RL, Fless GM, Li XN, Davis GC, Booyse FM 1998 Genotype-specific transcriptional regulation of PAI-1 gene by insulin, hypertriglyceridemic VLDL, and Lp(a) in transected, cultured human endothelial cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 18: 1803-1809
19. Grenett HE, Benza RL, Li XN, Akens ML, Grammer JR, Brown SL, Booyse FM 1999 Expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 in genotyped human endothelial cell cultures: genotype-specific regulation by insulin. Thromb Haemost 82:1504-1509
20. Chen YQ, Su M, Walia RR, Hao Q, Covington JW, Vaughan DE 1998 Sp1 sites mediate activation of the plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 promoter by glucose in vascular smooth muscle cells. J Biol Chem 273:8225-8231 (Pubitemid 28168879)
21. Motojima M, Ando T, Yoshioka T 2000 Sp1-like activity mediates angiotensin-II-induced plasminogen-activator inhibitor type-1 (PAI-1) gene expression in mesangial cells. Biochem J 349:435-441 (Pubitemid 30465778)
22. Olman MA, Hagood JS, Simmons WL, Fuller GM, Vinson C, White KE 1999 Fibrin fragment induction of plasminogen activator inhibitor transcription is mediated by activator protein-1 through a highly conserved element. Blood 94:2029-2038 (Pubitemid 29430419)
23. Arts J, Grimbergen J, Toet K, Kooistra T 1999 On the role of c-Jun in the induction of PAI-1 gene expression by phorbol ester, serum, and IL-1α in HepG2 cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 19:39-46 (Pubitemid 29031910)
24. Knudsen H, Olesen T, Riccio A, Ungaro P, Christensen L, Andreasen PA 1994 A common response element mediates differential effects of phorbol esters and forskolin on type-1 plasminogen activator inhibitor gene expression in human breast carcinoma cells. Eur J Biochem 220:63-74 (Pubitemid 24067554)
25. Song CZ, Siok TE, Gelehrter TD 1998 Smad4/DPC4 and Smad3 mediate transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling through direct binding to a novel TGF-β-responsive element in the human plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 promoter. J Biol Chem 273:29287-29290
26. Hua X, Liu X, Ansari DO, Lodish HF 1998 Synergistic cooperation of TFE3 and smad proteins in TGF-β-induced transcription of the plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 gene. Genes Dev 12:3084-3095 (Pubitemid 28469309)
27. Bruzdzinski CJ, Johnson MR, Goble CA, Winograd SS, Gelehrter TD 1993 Mechanism of glucocorticoid induction of the rat plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 gene in HTC rat hepatoma cells: identification of cis-acting regulatory elements. Mol Endocrinol 7:1169-1177 (Pubitemid 23285276)
28. Kietzmann T, Roth U, Jungermann K 1999 Induction of the plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 gene expression by mild hypoxia via a hypoxia response element binding the hypoxia-inducible factor-1 in rat hepatocytes. Blood 94:4177-4185
29. Vulin AI, Stanley FM 2002 A forkhead/winged helix-related transcription factor mediates insulin-increased plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 gene transcription. J Biol Chem 277:20169-20176
30. Fujita H, Kang M, Eren M, Gleaves LA, Vaughan DE, Kume T 2006 Foxc2 is a common mediator of insulin and transforming growth factor β signaling to regulate plasminogen activator inhibitor type I gene expression. Circ Res 98:626-634 (Pubitemid 43755281)
31. Accili D 2004 Lilly lecture 2003: the struggle for mastery in insulin action: from triumvirate to republic. Diabetes 53:1633-1642 (Pubitemid 38857019)
32. Altomonte J, Cong L, Harbaran S, Richter A, Xu J, Meseck M, Dong HH 2004 Foxo1 mediates insulin action on apoC-III and triglyceride metabolism. J Clin Invest 114:1493-1503 (Pubitemid 40385579)
33. Kamei Y, Miura S, Suzuki M, Kai Y, Mizukami J, Taniguchi T, Mochida K, Hata T, Matsuda J, Aburatani H, Nishino I, Ezaki O 2004 Skeletal muscle FOXO1 (FKHR) transgenic mice have less skeletal muscle mass, down-regulated Type I (slow twitch/red muscle) fiber genes, and impaired glycemic control. J Biol Chem 279: 41114-41123 (Pubitemid 39287713)
34. Kitamura T, Nakae J, Kitamura Y, Kido Y, Biggs III WH, Wright CV, White MF, Arden KC, Accili D 2002 The forkhead transcription factor Foxo1 links insulin signaling to Pdx1 regulation of pancreatic β cell growth. J Clin Invest 110:1839-1847 (Pubitemid 36076491)
35. Nakae J, Kitamura T, Kitamura Y, Biggs 3rd WH, Arden KC, Accili D 2003 The forkhead transcription factor Foxo1 regulates adipocyte differentiation. Dev Cell 4:119-129 (Pubitemid 36105338)
36. Wolfrum C, Asilmaz E, Luca E, Friedman JM, Stoffel M 2004 Foxa2 regulates lipid metabolism and ketogenesis in the liver during fasting and in diabetes. Nature 432:1027-1032 (Pubitemid 40052233)
37. Lee CS, Sund NJ, Vatamaniuk MZ, Matschinsky FM, Stoffers DA, Kaestner KH 2002 Foxa2 controls Pdx1 gene expression in pancreatic β-cells in vivo. Diabetes 51:2546-2551 (Pubitemid 34827405)
38. Lantz KA, Vatamaniuk MZ, Brestelli JE, Friedman JR, Matschinsky FM, Kaestner KH 2004 Foxa2 regulates multiple pathways of insulin secretion. J Clin Invest 114:512-520 (Pubitemid 39572101)
39. Yildirim-Toruner C, Subramanian K, El Manjra L, Chen E, Goldstein S, Vitale E 2004 A novel frameshift mutation of FOXC2 gene in a family with hereditary lymphedema-distichiasis syndrome associated with renal disease and diabetes mellitus. Am J Med Genet 131A:281-286
40. Carlsson E, Almgren P, Hoffstedt J, Groop L, Ridderstråle M 2004 The FOXC2 C-512T polymorphism is associated with obesity and dyslipidemia. Obes Res 12:1738-1743 (Pubitemid 41133021)
41. Carlsson E, Groop L, Ridderstrale M 2005 Role of the FOXC2- 512C>T polymorphism in type 2 diabetes: possible association with the dysmetabolic syndrome. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 29:268-274 (Pubitemid 40333224)
42. Wildin RS, Ramsdell F, Peake J, Faravelli F, Casanova JL, Buist N, Levy-Lahad E, Mazzella M, Goulet O, Perroni L, Bricarelli FD, Byrne G, McEuen M, Proll S, Appleby M, Brunkow ME 2001 X-linked neonatal diabetes mellitus, enteropathy and endocrinopathy syndrome is the human equivalent of mouse scurfy. Nat Genet 27:18-20 (Pubitemid 32044512)
43. Brunkow ME, Jeffery EW, Hjerrild KA, Paeper B, Clark LB, Yasayko SA, Wilkinson JE, Galas D, Ziegler SF, Ramsdell F 2001 Disruption of a new forkhead/winged-helix protein, scurfin, results in the fatal lymphoproliferative disorder of the scurfy mouse. Nat Genet 27:68-73 (Pubitemid 32044521)
44. Banerjee-Basu S, Baxevanis AD 2004 Structural analysis of disease-causing mutations in the P-subfamily of forkhead transcription factors. Proteins 54:639-647 (Pubitemid 38298783)
45. Bassuny WM, Ihara K, Sasaki Y, Kuromaru R, Kohno H, Matsuura N, Hara T 2003 A functional polymorphism in the promoter/enhancer region of the FOXP3/Scurfin gene associated with type 1 diabetes. Immunogenetics 55:149-156 (Pubitemid 36819361)
46. Gambineri E, Torgerson TR, Ochs HD 2003 Immune dysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, and X-linked inheritance (IPEX), a syndrome of systemic autoimmunity caused by mutations of FOXP3, a critical regulator of T-cell homeostasis. Curr Opin Rheumatol 15:430-435 (Pubitemid 36774255)
47. Guo S, Rena G, Cichy S, He X, Cohen P, Unterman T 1999 Phosphorylation of serine 256 by protein kinase B disrupts transactivation by FKHR and mediates effects of insulin on insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-1 promoter activity through a conserved insulin response sequence. J Biol Chem 274:17184-17192 (Pubitemid 129519053)
48. Cichy SB, Uddin S, Danilkovich A, Guo S, Klippel A, Unterman TG 1998 Protein kinase B/Akt mediates effects of insulin on hepatic insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-1 gene expression through a conserved insulin response sequence. J Biol Chem 273: 6482-6487 (Pubitemid 28144744)
49. Dahle MK, Grønning LM, Cederberg A, Blomhoff HK, Miura N, Enerbäck S, Taskén KA, Taskén K 2002 Mechanisms of FOXC2- and FOXD1-mediated regulation of the RI α subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase include release of transcriptional repression and activation by protein kinase B α and cAMP. J Biol Chem 277:22902-22908 (Pubitemid 34967273)
50. Grønning LM, Cederberg A, Miura N, Enerbäck S, Taskén K 2002 Insulin and TNF α induce expression of the forkhead transcription factor gene Foxc2 in 3T3-L1 adipocytes via PI3K and ERK 1/2- dependent pathways. Mol Endocrinol 16:873-883 (Pubitemid 34297754)
51. Cederberg A, Grønning LM, Ahrén B, Taskén K, Carlsson P, Enerbäck S 2001 FOXC2 is a winged helix gene that counteracts obesity, hypertriglyceridemia, and diet-induced insulin resistance. Cell 106:563-573 (Pubitemid 32879318)
52. Dimova EY, Kietzmann T 2006 The MAPK pathway and HIF-1 are involved in the induction of the human PAI-1 gene expression by insulin in the human hepatoma cell line HepG2. Ann NY Acad Sci 1090:355-367 (Pubitemid 47092141)
53. Marais R, Wynne J, Treisman R 1993 The SRF accessory protein Elk-1 contains a growth factor-regulated transcriptional activation domain. Cell 73:381-393 (Pubitemid 23123315)
54. Beaulieu LM, Whitley BR, Wiesner TF, Rehault SM, Palmieri D, Elkahloun AG, Church FC 2007 Breast cancer and metabolic syndrome linked through the plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 cycle. Bioessays 29:1029-1038 (Pubitemid 47522843)
55. Rena G, Prescott AR, Guo S, Cohen P, Unterman TG 2001 Roles of the forkhead in rhabdomyosarcoma (FKHR) phosphorylation sites in regulating 14-3-3 binding, transactivation and nuclear targetting. Biochem J 354:605-612 (Pubitemid 32269724)
56. Brunet A, Kanai F, Stehn J, Xu J, Sarbassova D, Frangioni JV, Dalal SN, DeCaprio JA, Greenberg ME, Yaffe MB 2002 14-3-3 transits to the nucleus and participates in dynamic nucleocytoplasmic transport. J Cell Biol 156:817-828 (Pubitemid 34839865)
57. Perrot V, Rechler MM 2003 Characterization of insulin inhibition of transactivation by a C-terminal fragment of the forkhead transcription factor Foxo1 in rat hepatoma cells. J Biol Chem 278: 26111-26119 (Pubitemid 36835380)
58. Tsai WC, Bhattacharyya N, Han LY, Hanover JA, Rechler MM 2003 Insulin inhibition of transcription stimulated by the forkhead protein Foxo1 is not solely due to nuclear exclusion. Endocrinology 144:5615-5622 (Pubitemid 37479310)
59. Tang E, Nuñez G, Barr FG, Guan KL 1999 Negative regulation of the forkhead transcription factor FKHR by Akt. J Biol Chem 274: 16741-16746 (Pubitemid 129518993)
60. Rozen S, Skaletsky HJ 2000 Primer3 on the WWW for general users and for biologist programmers. In: Krawetz S, Misener S, eds. Bioinformatics methods and protocols: methods in molecular biology. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press; 365-386
61. Nakae J, Park BC, Acilli D 1999 Insulin stimulated phosphorylation of the forkhead transcription factor FKHR on serine 253 through a Wortmannin-sensitive pathway. J Biol Chem 274:15982-15985 (Pubitemid 129526339)
62. Jin GS, Kondo E, Miyake T, Shibata M, Takashima T, Liu YX, Hayashi K, Akagi T, Yoshino T 2004 Expression and intracellular localization of FKHRL1 in mammary gland neoplasms. Acta Med Okayama 58:197-205 (Pubitemid 39277936)
63. Brunet A, Park J, Tran H, Hu LS, Hemmings BA, Greenberg ME 2001 Protein kinase SGK mediates survival signals by phosphorylating the forkhead transcription factor FKHRL1 (FOXO3a). Mol Cell Biol 21:952-965 (Pubitemid 32104742)
64. Asada S, Daitoku H, Matsuzaki H, Saito T, Sudo T, Mukai H, Iwashita S, Kako K, Kishi T, Kasuya Y, Fukamizu A 2007 Mitogen-activated protein kinases, Erk and p38, phosphorylate and regulate Foxo1. Cell Signal 19:519-527 (Pubitemid 46107803)
65. Woods YL, Rena G, Morrice N, Barthel A, Becker W, Guo S, Unterman TG, Cohen P 2001 The kinase DYRK1A phosphorylates the transcription factor FKHR at Ser329 in vitro, a novel in vivo phosphorylation site. Biochem J 355:597-607 (Pubitemid 32434075)
66. Greer EL, Oskoui PR, Banko MR, Maniar JM, Gygi MP, Gygi SP, Brunet A 2007 The energy sensor AMP-activated protein kinase directly regulates the mammalian FOXO3 transcription factor. J Biol Chem 282:30107-30119 (Pubitemid 350035296)
67. Huang H, Regan KM, Lou Z, Chen J, Tindall DJ 2006 CDK2- dependent phosphorylation of FOXO1 as an apoptotic response to DNA damage. Science 314:294-297 (Pubitemid 44571973)
68. Hu MC, Hung MC 2005 Role of IκB kinase in tumorigenesis. Future Oncol 1:67-78
69. Dixit M, Bess E, Fisslthaler B, Hä rtel FV, Noll T, Busse R, Fleming I 2008 Shear stress-induced activation of the AMP-activated protein kinase regulates FoxO1a and angiopoietin-2 in endothelial cells. Cardiovasc Res 77:160-168 (Pubitemid 351195147)
70. Daitoku H, Hatta M, Matsuzaki H, Aratani S, Ohshima T, Miyagishi M, Nakajima T, Fukamizu A 2004 Silent information regulator 2 potentiates Foxo1-mediated transcription through its deacetylase activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101:10042-10047 (Pubitemid 38891191)
71. Brunet A, Sweeney LB, Sturgill JF, Chua KF, Greer PL, Lin Y, Tran H, Ross SE, Mostoslavsky R, Cohen HY, Hu LS, Cheng HL, Jedrychowski MP, Gygi SP, Sinclair DA, Alt FW, Greenberg ME 2004 Stress-dependent regulation of FOXO transcription factors by the SIRT1 deacetylase. Science 303:2011-2015 (Pubitemid 38393275)
72. Seo S, Fujita H, Nakano A, Kang M, Duarte A, Kume T 2006 The forkhead transcription factors, Foxc1 and Foxc2, are required for arterial specification and lymphatic sprouting during vascular development. Dev Biol 294:458-470 (Pubitemid 43884821)
73. Berdichevsky A, Guarente L 2006 A stress response pathway involving sirtuins, forkheads and 14-3-3 proteins. Cell Cycle 5:2588-2591 (Pubitemid 44785802)
74. Vulin AI, Stanley FM 2004 Oxidative stress activates the plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1) promoter through an AP-1 response element and cooperates with insulin for additive effects on PAI-1 transcription. J Biol Chem 279:25172-25178
75. Nakamura K, Moore R, Negishi M, Sueyoshi T 2007 Nuclear pregnane X receptor cross-talk with FoxA2 to mediate drug-induced regulation of lipid metabolism in fasting mouse liver. J Biol Chem 282:9768-9776
76. Fan W, Imamura T, Sonoda N, Sears DD, Patsouris D, Kim JJ, Olefsky JM 2009 FOXO1 transrepresses peroxisome proliferator- activated receptor γ transactivation, coordinating an insulin-induced feed-forward response in adipocytes. J Biol Chem 284: 12188-12197
77. Descheemaeker KA, Wyns S, Nelles L, Auwerx J, Ny T, Collen D 1992 Interaction of AP-1-, AP-2-, and Sp1-like proteins with two distinct sites in the upstream regulatory region of the plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 gene mediates the phorbol 12-myristate 13- acetate response. J Biol Chem 267:15086-15091
78. Banfi C, Eriksson P, Giandomenico G, Mussoni L, Sironi L, Hamsten A, Tremoli E 2001 Transcriptional regulation of plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 gene by insulin: insights into the signaling pathway. Diabetes 50:1522-1530 (Pubitemid 33639591)
79. Kaneko T, Fujii S, Matsumoto A, Goto D, Ishimori N, Watano K, Furumoto T, Sugawara T, Sobel BE, Kitabatake A 2002 Induction of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in endothelial cells by basic fibroblast growth factor and its modulation by fibric acid. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 22:855-860 (Pubitemid 34517801)
80. Abe M, Harpel JG, Metz CN, Nunes I, Loskutoff DJ, Rifkin DB 1994 An assay for transforming growth factor-β using cells transfected with a plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 promoter-luciferase construct. Anal Biochem 216:276-284 (Pubitemid 24076008)
81. Rena G, Guo S, Cichy SC, Unterman TG, Cohen P 1999 Phosphorylation of the transcription factor forkhead family member FKHR by protein kinase B. J Biol Chem 274:17179-17183 (Pubitemid 129519052)
82. Jacob KK, Stanley FM 2001 Elk-1, C/EBPa, and Pit-1 confer an insulin responsive phenotype on prolactin promoter expression in Chinese hamster ovary cells and define factors required for insulin-increased transcription. J Biol Chem 276:24931-24936 (Pubitemid 37412966)
83. Stanley FM 1989 Transcriptional regulation of prolactin gene expression by thyroid hormone: alternate suppression and stimulation in different GH cell lines. Mol Endocrinol 3:1627-1633
84. Flug F, Copp RP, Casanova J, Horowitz ZD, Janocko L, Plotnick M, Samuels HH 1987 cis-Acting elements of the rat growth hormone gene which mediate basal and regulated expression by thyroid hormone. J Biol Chem 262:6372-6382
85. Ren B, Dynlacht BD 2004 Use of chromatin immunoprecipitation assays in genome-wide location analysis of mammalian transcription factors. Methods Enzymol 376:304-315 (Pubitemid 38200187)