Austrian guidance for the pharmacological treatment of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women - Update 2009;Österreichischer Leitfaden zur medikamentösen Therapie der postmenopausalen Osteoporose - Update 2009

Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift

Volumn 159, Issue SUPPL. 122, 2009, Pages 1-34

  Dimai, Hans Peter ^a   Pietschmann, Peter ^b,c   Resch, Heinrich ^d   Preisinger, Elisabeth ^e   Fahrleitner Pammer, Astrid ^a   Dobnig, Harald ^a   Klaushofer, Klaus ^c,f  

^a INNSBRUCK MEDICAL UNIVERSITY   (Austria)

^b MEDICAL UNIVERSITY OF VIENNA   (Austria)

^c LUDWIG BOLTZMANN INSTITUTE FOR LUNG VASCULAR RESEARCH   (Austria)

^d Krankenhaus der Barmherzigen Schwestern Wien Betriebsgesellschaft   (Austria)

^e Krankenhaus Hietzing   (Austria)

^f HANUSCH HOSPITAL   (Austria)

Author keywords

Guidance; Pharmacological therapy; Postmenopausal osteoporosis

Indexed keywords

ALENDRONIC ACID; ALFACALCIDOL; BISPHOSPHONIC ACID DERIVATIVE; CALCIFEDIOL; CALCITRIOL; CALCIUM; CLODRONIC ACID; COLECALCIFEROL; DENOSUMAB; ETIDRONIC ACID; FLUORIDE; FLUOROPHOSPHATE; IBANDRONIC ACID; LIVIEL; NANDROLONE DECANOATE; NERIDRONIC ACID; PARATHYROID HORMONE; PARATHYROID HORMONE[1-34]; PYRIDOXINE; RALOXIFENE; RECOMBINANT PARATHYROID HORMONE; RISEDRONIC ACID; SALCATONIN; SODIUM; STRONTIUM RANELATE; TIBOLONE; TILUDRONIC ACID; UCECAL; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; ZOLEDRONIC ACID; BONE DENSITY CONSERVATION AGENT;

AUSTRIA; DUAL ENERGY X RAY ABSORPTIOMETRY; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; FRACTURE; HUMAN; POSTMENOPAUSE OSTEOPOROSIS; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; ARTICLE; BONE DENSITY; COMPARATIVE STUDY; DRUG EFFECT; FEMALE; HIP FRACTURE; PATHOLOGIC FRACTURE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; SPINE FRACTURE;

AUSTRIA; BONE DENSITY; BONE DENSITY CONSERVATION AGENTS; EVIDENCE-BASED MEDICINE; FEMALE; FRACTURES, SPONTANEOUS; HIP FRACTURES; HUMANS; OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC; SPINAL FRACTURES;

EID: 70149094790     PISSN: 00435341     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10354-009-0656-x     Document Type: Review

References (383)

1. Consensus development conference: diagnosis, prophylaxis, and treatment of osteoporosis. Am J Med, 94(6): 646-650, 1993
2. Keine Autoren angegeben: Consensus development conference: prophylaxis and treatment of osteoporosis. Am J Med, 90(1): 107-110, 1991
3. JA Kanis LJ Melton 3rd C Christiansen 1994 The diagnosis of osteoporosis J Bone Miner Res 9 8 1137 1141 (Pubitemid 24985932)
4. DB Burr 2002 Osteoporosis and fracture risk: bone matrix quality J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact 2 6 525 526 (Pubitemid 36157592)
5. CM Lofthus EK Osnes HE Meyer 2006 Young patients with hip fracture: a population-based study of bone mass and risk factors for osteoporosis Osteoporos Int 17 11 1666 1672 (Pubitemid 44477628)
6. LG Raisz 2005 Pathogenesis of osteoporosis: concepts, conflicts, and prospects J Clin Invest 115 12 3318 3325 (Pubitemid 43121814)
7. E Seeman PD Delmas 2006 Bone quality - the material and structural basis of bone strength and fragility N Engl J Med 354 21 2250 2261
8. JA Kanis N Burlet C Cooper 2008 European guidance for the diagnosis and management of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women Osteoporos Int 19 4 399 428
9. Keine Autoren angegeben. Osteoporosis prevention, diagnosis, and therapy. JAMA, 285(6): 785-795, 2001
10. JA Kanis P Geusens C Christiansen 1991 Guidelines for clinical trials in osteoporosis. A position paper of the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and Bone Disease Osteoporos Int 1 3 182 188
11. JA Kanis CC Gluer 2000 An update on the diagnosis and assessment of osteoporosis with densitometry. Committee of Scientific Advisors, International Osteoporosis Foundation Osteoporos Int 11 3 192 202
12. LJ Melton 3rd 1995 How many women have osteoporosis now? J Bone Miner Res 10 2 175 177
13. PD Miller ES Siris E Barrett-Connor 2002 Prediction of fracture risk in postmenopausal white women with peripheral bone densitometry: evidence from the National Osteoporosis Risk Assessment J Bone Miner Res 17 12 2222 2230 (Pubitemid 35416756)
14. E Barrett-Connor ES Siris LE Wehren 2005 Osteoporosis and fracture risk in women of different ethnic groups J Bone Miner Res 20 2 185 194
15. CY Wang ND Nguyen NA Morrison 2006 Beta3-adrenergic receptor gene, body mass index, bone mineral density and fracture risk in elderly men and women: the Dubbo Osteoporosis Epidemiology Study (DOES) BMC Med Genet 7 57
16. ES Siris SK Brenneman E Barrett-Connor 2006 The effect of age and bone mineral density on the absolute, excess, and relative risk of fracture in postmenopausal women aged 50-99: results from the National Osteoporosis Risk Assessment (NORA) Osteoporos Int 17 4 565 574
17. S Boonen G Crepaldi 2007 Reducing fracture risk in the oldest old: aging and the effect of pharmaceutical interventions in osteoporosis Aging Clin Exp Res 19 1 1 3 (Pubitemid 46534214)
18. JA Kanis P Delmas P Burckhardt 1997 Guidelines for diagnosis and management of osteoporosis. The European Foundation for Osteoporosis and Bone Disease Osteoporos Int 7 4 390 406
19. ND Nguyen HG Ahlborg JR Center 2007 Residual lifetime risk of fractures in women and men J Bone Miner Res 22 6 781 788
20. F Vescini CM Francucci A Buffa 2005 Does bone mineral density predict fractures comparably in women and men? J Endocrinol Invest 28 10 Suppl 48 51
21. K Lippuner M Golder R Greiner 2005 Epidemiology and direct medical costs of osteoporotic fractures in men and women in Switzerland Osteoporos Int 16 Suppl 2 S8 S17
22. SA Khan C de Geus B Holroyd 2001 Osteoporosis follow-up after wrist fractures following minor trauma Arch Intern Med 161 10 1309 1312 (Pubitemid 32679581)
23. JA Kanis A Oden O Johnell 2003 The components of excess mortality after hip fracture Bone 32 5 468 473 (Pubitemid 39665705)
24. JR Center TV Nguyen D Schneider 1999 Mortality after all major types of osteoporotic fracture in men and women: an observational study Lancet 353 9156 878 882 (Pubitemid 29126875)
25. DL Sackett 1989 Rules of evidence and clinical recommendations on the use of antithrombotic agents Chest 95 2 Suppl 2S 4S (Pubitemid 19045150)
26. Philips B. Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine Levels of Evidence. [cited, 15. 7. 2007]; Erhältlich unter: http://www.cebm.net/?o=1023, 2007
27. R Harbour J Miller 2001 A new system for grading recommendations in evidence based guidelines BMJ 323 7308 334 336 (Pubitemid 32744465)
28. HP Dimai P Pietschmann H Resch 2002 Guidelines for drug therapy of postmenopausal osteoporosis Wien Med Wochenschr 152 23-24 596 612
29. JA Kanis WHO Study Group 1994 Assessment of fracture risk and its application to screening for postmenopausal osteoporosis: synopsis of a WHO report Osteoporos Int 4 6 368 381
30. SL Greenspan E von Stetten SK Emond 2001 Instant vertebral assessment: a noninvasive dual X-ray absorptiometry technique to avoid misclassification and clinical mismanagement of osteoporosis J Clin Densitom 4 4 373 380 (Pubitemid 34073205)
31. JA Kanis F Borgstrom C De Laet 2005 Assessment of fracture risk Osteoporos Int 16 6 581 589 (Pubitemid 40897454)
32. JA Kanis O Johnell A Oden 2008 FRAX and the assessment of fracture probability in men and women from the UK Osteoporos Int 19 4 385 397
33. R Marcus M Wong H Heath 3rd 2002 Antiresorptive treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis: comparison of study designs and outcomes in large clinical trials with fracture as an endpoint Endocr Rev 23 1 16 37 (Pubitemid 34185305)
34. AK Oglesby ME Minshall W Shen 2003 The impact of incident vertebral and non-vertebral fragility fractures on health-related quality of life in established postmenopausal osteoporosis: results from the teriparatide randomized, placebo-controlled trial in postmenopausal women J Rheumatol 30 7 1579 1583 (Pubitemid 36835460)
35. JD Adachi G Ioannidis WP Olszynski 2002 The impact of incident vertebral and non-vertebral fractures on health related quality of life in postmenopausal women BMC Musculoskelet Disord 3 11
36. JD Adachi G Ioannidis L Pickard 2003 The association between osteoporotic fractures and health-related quality of life as measured by the Health Utilities Index in the Canadian Multicentre Osteoporosis Study (CaMos) Osteoporos Int 14 11 895 904 (Pubitemid 38009529)
37. SK Brenneman E Barrett-Connor S Sajjan 2006 Impact of recent fracture on health-related quality of life in postmenopausal women J Bone Miner Res 21 6 809 816 (Pubitemid 43787987)
38. W Cockerill M Lunt AJ Silman 2004 Health-related quality of life and radiographic vertebral fracture Osteoporos Int 15 2 113 119 (Pubitemid 38252424)
39. J Fechtenbaum C Cropet S Kolta 2005 The severity of vertebral fractures and health-related quality of life in osteoporotic postmenopausal women Osteoporos Int 16 12 2175 2179 (Pubitemid 41790941)
40. I Hallberg AM Rosenqvist L Kartous 2004 Health-related quality of life after osteoporotic fractures Osteoporos Int 15 10 834 841 (Pubitemid 39361955)
41. AM Oleksik S Ewing W Shen 2005 Impact of incident vertebral fractures on health related quality of life (HRQOL) in postmenopausal women with prevalent vertebral fractures Osteoporos Int 16 8 861 870 (Pubitemid 41127094)
42. F Salaffi MA Cimmino N Malavolta 2007 The burden of prevalent fractures on health-related quality of life in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: the IMOF study J Rheumatol 34 7 1551 1560 (Pubitemid 47067994)
43. SR Cummings LJ Melton 2002 Epidemiology and outcomes of osteoporotic fractures Lancet 359 9319 1761 1767
44. JL Mallows 2006 Clinical outcomes after acute osteoporotic vertebral fractures Med J Aust 184 11 589 author reply -90 (Pubitemid 43950035)
45. LJ Melton 3rd 2003 Adverse outcomes of osteoporotic fractures in the general population J Bone Miner Res 18 6 1139 1141
46. CM Klotzbuecher PD Ross PB Landsman 2000 Patients with prior fractures have an increased risk of future fractures: a summary of the literature and statistical synthesis J Bone Miner Res 15 4 721 739 (Pubitemid 30174026)
47. JA Kanis H Johansson A Oden 2004 A family history of fracture and fracture risk: a meta-analysis Bone 35 5 1029 1037 (Pubitemid 39487348)
48. JA Kanis O Johnell C De Laet 2004 A meta-analysis of previous fracture and subsequent fracture risk Bone 35 2 375 382 (Pubitemid 38953182)
49. O Johnell JA Kanis A Oden 2004 Fracture risk following an osteoporotic fracture Osteoporos Int 15 3 175 179 (Pubitemid 38391531)
50. JR Center D Bliuc TV Nguyen 2007 Risk of subsequent fracture after low-trauma fracture in men and women JAMA 297 4 387 394 (Pubitemid 46155800)
51. F Formiga A Rivera JM Nolla 2005 Failure to treat osteoporosis and the risk of subsequent fractures in elderly patients with previous hip fracture: a five-year retrospective study Aging Clin Exp Res 17 2 96 99 (Pubitemid 41558116)
52. S Epstein 2005 The roles of bone mineral density, bone turnover, and other properties in reducing fracture risk during antiresorptive therapy Mayo Clin Proc 80 3 379 388 (Pubitemid 40316301)
53. S Sarkar JY Reginster GG Crans 2004 Relationship between changes in biochemical markers of bone turnover and BMD to predict vertebral fracture risk J Bone Miner Res 19 3 394 401 (Pubitemid 38787394)
54. MR de Boer SM Pluijm P Lips 2004 Different aspects of visual impairment as risk factors for falls and fractures in older men and women J Bone Miner Res 19 9 1539 1547 (Pubitemid 41094357)
55. P Dargent-Molina CL Benhamou B Cortet 2007 Devising global strategies for fracture-risk evaluation Joint Bone Spine 74 3 240 244 (Pubitemid 46720036)
56. P Garnero E Hausherr MC Chapuy 1996 Markers of bone resorption predict hip fracture in elderly women: the EPIDOS Prospective Study J Bone Miner Res 11 10 1531 1538 (Pubitemid 26331009)
57. D Weycker D Macarios J Edelsberg 2007 Compliance with osteoporosis drug therapy and risk of fracture Osteoporos Int 18 3 271 277 (Pubitemid 46233172)
58. M Lunt TW O'Neill D Felsenberg 2003 Characteristics of a prevalent vertebral deformity predict subsequent vertebral fracture: results from the European Prospective Osteoporosis Study (EPOS) Bone 33 4 505 513 (Pubitemid 37222376)
59. ND Nguyen C Pongchaiyakul JR Center 2005 Abdominal fat and hip fracture risk in the elderly: the Dubbo Osteoporosis Epidemiology Study BMC Musculoskelet Disord 6 11
60. JA Kanis O Johnell A Oden 2005 Smoking and fracture risk: a meta-analysis Osteoporos Int 16 2 155 162 (Pubitemid 40193202)
61. P Vestergaard L Mosekilde 2003 Fracture risk associated with smoking: a meta-analysis J Intern Med 254 6 572 583 (Pubitemid 37521854)
62. F de Vries S Pouwels JW Lammers 2007 Use of inhaled and oral glucocorticoids, severity of inflammatory disease and risk of hip/femur fracture: a population-based case-control study J Intern Med 261 2 170 177 (Pubitemid 46090325)
63. TP van Staa P Geusens HA Pols 2005 A simple score for estimating the long-term risk of fracture in patients using oral glucocorticoids QJM 98 3 191 198 (Pubitemid 40361316)
64. SR Lord 2006 Visual risk factors for falls in older people Age Ageing 35 Suppl 2 ii42 ii45
65. E Aizen N Dranker R Swartzman 2003 Risk factors and characteristics of falls resulting in hip fracture in the elderly Isr Med Assoc J 5 5 333 336 (Pubitemid 36681861)
66. T Komatsu KJ Kim T Kaminai 2006 Clinical factors as predictors of the risk of falls and subsequent bone fractures due to osteoporosis in postmenopausal women J Bone Miner Metab 24 5 419 424 (Pubitemid 44306180)
67. AC Kooijman FW Cornelissen 2005 Better lighting to reduce falls and fracture? A comment on de Boer et al. (2004) Different aspects of visual impairment as risk factors for falls and fractures in older men and women J Bone Miner Res 20 11 2061 2062 author reply 3
68. A Shumway-Cook MA Ciol W Gruber 2005 Incidence of and risk factors for falls following hip fracture in community-dwelling older adults Phys Ther 85 7 648 655 (Pubitemid 40911516)
69. T Liu-Ambrose JJ Eng KM Khan 2003 Older women with osteoporosis have increased postural sway and weaker quadriceps strength than counterparts with normal bone mass: overlooked determinants of fracture risk? J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 58 9 M862 M866
70. P Garnero PD Delmas 2004 Contribution of bone mineral density and bone turnover markers to the estimation of risk of osteoporotic fracture in postmenopausal women J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact 4 1 50 63 (Pubitemid 38714795)
71. PD Miller 2005 Bone density and markers of bone turnover in predicting fracture risk and how changes in these measures predict fracture risk reduction Curr Osteoporos Rep 3 3 103 110
72. DM Reid 2007 Can high bone turnover markers identify osteopenic postmenopausal women at risk of future fracture? Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab 3 8 570 571 (Pubitemid 47094560)
73. HM Frost 2001 Should future risk-of-fracture analyses include another major risk factor? The case for falls J Clin Densitom 4 4 381 383 (Pubitemid 34073206)
74. A Valtola R Honkanen H Kroger 2002 Lifestyle and other factors predict ankle fractures in perimenopausal women: a population-based prospective cohort study Bone 30 1 238 242 (Pubitemid 34044322)
75. JA Kanis A Oden O Johnell 2007 The use of clinical risk factors enhances the performance of BMD in the prediction of hip and osteoporotic fractures in men and women Osteoporos Int 18 8 1033 1046 (Pubitemid 47020000)
76. SM Weisman V Matkovic 2005 Potential use of biochemical markers of bone turnover for assessing the effect of calcium supplementation and predicting fracture risk Clin Ther 27 3 299 308 (Pubitemid 40692748)
77. ES Siris SK Brenneman PD Miller 2004 : Predictive value of low BMD for 1-year fracture outcomes is similar for postmenopausal women ages 50-64 and 65 and older: results from the National Osteoporosis Risk Assessment (NORA) J Bone Miner Res 19 8 1215 1220 (Pubitemid 41094361)
78. HG Ahlborg O Johnell CH Turner 2003 Bone loss and bone size after menopause N Engl J Med 349 4 327 334 (Pubitemid 36886238)
79. P Fratzl P Roschger J Eschberger 1994 Abnormal bone mineralization after fluoride treatment in osteoporosis: a small-angle X-ray-scattering study J Bone Miner Res 9 10 1541 1549 (Pubitemid 24300103)
80. SR Cummings 2001 The paradox of small changes in bone density and reductions in risk of fracture with raloxifene Ann N Y Acad Sci 949 198 201 (Pubitemid 34059979)
81. SR Cummings DB Karpf F Harris 2002 Improvement in spine bone density and reduction in risk of vertebral fractures during treatment with antiresorptive drugs Am J Med 112 4 281 289 (Pubitemid 34219441)
82. MC Hochberg PD Ross D Black 1999 Larger increases in bone mineral density during alendronate therapy are associated with a lower risk of new vertebral fractures in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis. Fracture Intervention Trial Research Group Arthritis Rheum 42 6 1246 1254 (Pubitemid 29268962)
83. RD Wasnich PD Miller 2000 Antifracture efficacy of antiresorptive agents are related to changes in bone density J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85 1 231 236 (Pubitemid 32268819)
84. RM Neer CD Arnaud JR Zanchetta 2001 Effect of parathyroid hormone (1-34) on fractures and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis N Engl J Med 344 19 1434 1441 (Pubitemid 32402100)
85. G Divittorio KL Jackson VL Chindalore 2006 Examining the relationship between bone mineral density and fracture risk reduction during pharmacologic treatment of osteoporosis Pharmacotherapy 26 1 104 114 (Pubitemid 43082931)
86. MG Martens 2003 Risk of fracture and treatment to prevent osteoporosis-related fracture in postmenopausal women. A review J Reprod Med 48 6 425 434 (Pubitemid 36741571)
87. MC Hochberg S Greenspan RD Wasnich 2002 Changes in bone density and turnover explain the reductions in incidence of nonvertebral fractures that occur during treatment with antiresorptive agents J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87 4 1586 1592 (Pubitemid 34615244)
88. NB Watts P Geusens IP Barton 2005 Relationship between changes in BMD and nonvertebral fracture incidence associated with risedronate: reduction in risk of nonvertebral fracture is not related to change in BMD J Bone Miner Res 20 12 2097 2104 (Pubitemid 41698773)
89. JC van der Linden H Weinans 2007 Effects of microarchitecture on bone strength Curr Osteoporos Rep 5 2 56 61 (Pubitemid 46954742)
90. CJ Hernandez A Gupta TM Keaveny 2006 A biomechanical analysis of the effects of resorption cavities on cancellous bone strength J Bone Miner Res 21 8 1248 1255 (Pubitemid 44128338)
91. CA Cefalu 2004 Is bone mineral density predictive of fracture risk reduction? Curr Med Res Opin 20 3 341 349 (Pubitemid 38339174)
92. S Sarkar BH Mitlak M Wong 2002 Relationships between bone mineral density and incident vertebral fracture risk with raloxifene therapy J Bone Miner Res 17 1 1 10 (Pubitemid 33150990)
93. JY Reginster S Sarkar B Zegels 2004 Reduction in PINP, a marker of bone metabolism, with raloxifene treatment and its relationship with vertebral fracture risk Bone 34 2 344 351 (Pubitemid 38177616)
94. P Chen JH Satterwhite AA Licata 2005 Early changes in biochemical markers of bone formation predict BMD response to teriparatide in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis J Bone Miner Res 20 6 962 970 (Pubitemid 40712820)
95. GP Lyritis GV Ioannidis T Karachalios 1999 Analgesic effect of salmon calcitonin suppositories in patients with acute pain due to recent osteoporotic vertebral crush fractures: a prospective double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical study Clin J Pain 15 4 284 289 (Pubitemid 30004887)
96. M Yoshimura 2000 Analgesic mechanism of calcitonin J Bone Miner Metab 18 4 230 233 (Pubitemid 30431787)
97. M Munoz-Torres G Alonso MP Raya 2004 Calcitonin therapy in osteoporosis Treat Endocrinol 3 2 117 132 (Pubitemid 38337562)
98. JA Knopp BM Diner M Blitz 2005 Calcitonin for treating acute pain of osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures: a systematic review of randomized, controlled trials Osteoporos Int 16 10 1281 1290 (Pubitemid 41396958)
99. G Rovetta P Monteforte V Balestra 2000 Intravenous clodronate for acute pain induced by osteoporotic vertebral fracture Drugs Exp Clin Res 26 1 25 30 (Pubitemid 30162676)
100. F [tmp] McKiernan T Faciszewski R Jensen 2004 Quality of life following vertebroplasty J Bone Joint Surg Am 86-A 12 2600 2606 (Pubitemid 39628359)
101. L Serra FM Kermani K Panagiotopoulos 2007 Vertebroplasty in the treatment of osteoporotic vertebral fractures: results and functional outcome in a series of 175 consecutive patients Minim Invasive Neurosurg 50 1 12 17 (Pubitemid 47194595)
102. IA Grafe K Da Fonseca J Hillmeier 2005 Reduction of pain and fracture incidence after kyphoplasty: 1-year outcomes of a prospective controlled trial of patients with primary osteoporosis Osteoporos Int 16 12 2005 2012 (Pubitemid 41790920)
103. JB Gill M Kuper PC Chin 2007 Comparing pain reduction following kyphoplasty and vertebroplasty for osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures Pain Physician 10 4 583 590 (Pubitemid 47248444)
104. GR Mundy TA Guise 1999 Hormonal control of calcium homeostasis Clin Chem 45 8 Pt 2 1347 1352 (Pubitemid 29422074)
105. RP Heaney RR Recker PD Saville 1978 Menopausal changes in calcium balance performance J Lab Clin Med 92 6 953 963 (Pubitemid 9090266)
106. B Dawson-Hughes P Jacques C Shipp 1987 Dietary calcium intake and bone loss from the spine in healthy postmenopausal women Am J Clin Nutr 46 4 685 687 (Pubitemid 18005735)
107. MA Rodriguez-Martinez EC Garcia-Cohen 2002 Role of Ca(2+) and vitamin D in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis Pharmacol Ther 93 1 37 49 (Pubitemid 34246440)
108. RM Angus NA Pocock JA Eisman 1988 Nutritional intake of pre- and postmenopausal Australian women with special reference to calcium Eur J Clin Nutr 42 7 617 625 (Pubitemid 18192700)
109. M Cifuentes CS Riedt RE Brolin 2004 Weight loss and calcium intake influence calcium absorption in overweight postmenopausal women Am J Clin Nutr 80 1 123 130 (Pubitemid 41115565)
110. CS Riedt M Cifuentes T Stahl 2005 Overweight postmenopausal women lose bone with moderate weight reduction and 1 g/day calcium intake J Bone Miner Res 20 3 455 463 (Pubitemid 40293494)
111. B Dawson-Hughes GE Dallal EA Krall 1990 A controlled trial of the effect of calcium supplementation on bone density in postmenopausal women N Engl J Med 323 13 878 883 (Pubitemid 20341558)
112. HJ Heller LG Greer SD Haynes 2000 Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic comparison of two calcium supplements in postmenopausal women J Clin Pharmacol 40 11 1237 1244
113. RR Recker 1985 Calcium absorption and achlorhydria N Engl J Med 313 2 70 73 (Pubitemid 15068699)
114. MS Sheikh CA Santa Ana MJ Nicar 1987 Gastrointestinal absorption of calcium from milk and calcium salts N Engl J Med 317 9 532 536 (Pubitemid 17123269)
115. JD Cook SA Dassenko P Whittaker 1991 Calcium supplementation: effect on iron absorption Am J Clin Nutr 53 1 106 111 (Pubitemid 21917617)
116. RR Recker S Hinders KM Davies 1996 Correcting calcium nutritional deficiency prevents spine fractures in elderly women J Bone Miner Res 11 12 1961 1966 (Pubitemid 26425690)
117. IR Reid RW Ames MC Evans 1995 Long-term effects of calcium supplementation on bone loss and fractures in postmenopausal women: a randomized controlled trial Am J Med 98 4 331 335
118. IR Reid B Mason A Horne 2006 Randomized controlled trial of calcium in healthy older women Am J Med 119 9 777 785 (Pubitemid 44291631)
119. IR Reid RW Ames MC Evans 1993 Effect of calcium supplementation on bone loss in postmenopausal women N Engl J Med 328 7 460 464 (Pubitemid 23056435)
120. BM Tang GD Eslick C Nowson 2007 Use of calcium or calcium in combination with vitamin D supplementation to prevent fractures and bone loss in people aged 50 years and older: a meta-analysis Lancet 370 9588 657 666 (Pubitemid 47285316)
121. JA Kanis 1999 The use of calcium in the management of osteoporosis Bone 24 4 279 290 (Pubitemid 29134965)
122. D Mackerras T Lumley 1997 First- and second-year effects in trials of calcium supplementation on the loss of bone density in postmenopausal women Bone 21 6 527 533 (Pubitemid 28029696)
123. TJ Key PN Appleby EA Spencer 2007 Calcium, diet and fracture risk: a prospective study of 1898 incident fractures among 34 696 British women and men Public Health Nutr 10 1314 1320 (Pubitemid 47622974)
124. B Shea G Wells A Cranney 2002 Meta-analyses of therapies for postmenopausal osteoporosis. VII. Meta-analysis of calcium supplementation for the prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis Endocr Rev 23 4 552 559
125. ER Larsen L Mosekilde A Foldspang 2004 Vitamin D and calcium supplementation prevents osteoporotic fractures in elderly community dwelling residents: a pragmatic population-based 3-year intervention study J Bone Miner Res 19 3 370 378 (Pubitemid 38787391)
126. B Dawson-Hughes SS Harris EA Krall 1997 Effect of calcium and vitamin D supplementation on bone density in men and women 65 years of age or older N Engl J Med 337 10 670 676 (Pubitemid 27375473)
127. MC Chapuy ME Arlot F Duboeuf 1992 Vitamin D3 and calcium to prevent hip fractures in the elderly women N Engl J Med 327 23 1637 1642
128. RG Cumming MC Nevitt 1997 Calcium for prevention of osteoporotic fractures in postmenopausal women J Bone Miner Res 12 9 1321 1329 (Pubitemid 27375374)
129. RL Prince A Devine SS Dhaliwal 2006 Effects of calcium supplementation on clinical fracture and bone structure: results of a 5-year, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in elderly women Arch Intern Med 166 8 869 875
130. AM Grant A Avenell MK Campbell 2005 Oral vitamin D3 and calcium for secondary prevention of low-trauma fractures in elderly people (Randomised Evaluation of Calcium or vitamin D, RECORD): a randomised placebo-controlled trial Lancet 365 9471 1621 1628 (Pubitemid 40693411)
131. J Porthouse S Cockayne C King 2005 Randomised controlled trial of calcium and supplementation with cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) for prevention of fractures in primary care BMJ 330 7498 1003
132. Shea B, Wells G, Cranney A, et al. Calcium supplementation on bone loss in postmenopausal women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, (1): CD004526, 2004
133. IR Reid 1998 The roles of calcium and vitamin D in the prevention of osteoporosis Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 27 2 389 398 (Pubitemid 28285870)
134. RG Cumming SR Cummings MC Nevitt 1997 Calcium intake and fracture risk: results from the study of osteoporotic fractures Am J Epidemiol 145 10 926 934 (Pubitemid 27200779)
135. Keine Autoren angegeben: The role of calcium in peri- and postmenopausal women: consensus opinion of The North American Menopause Society. Menopause, 8(2): 84-95, 2001
136. SJ Whiting RJ Wood 1997 Adverse effects of high-calcium diets in humans Nutr Rev 55 1 Pt 1 1 9 (Pubitemid 27220096)
137. RD Jackson AZ LaCroix M Gass 2006 Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and the risk of fractures N Engl J Med 354 7 669 683 (Pubitemid 43247138)
138. GC Curhan WC Willett FE Speizer 1997 Comparison of dietary calcium with supplemental calcium and other nutrients as factors affecting the risk for kidney stones in women Ann Intern Med 126 7 497 504 (Pubitemid 27143627)
139. MJ Bolland PA Barber RN Doughty 2008 Vascular events in healthy older women receiving calcium supplementation: randomised controlled trial BMJ 336 7638 262 266
140. Eisman JA. Vitamin D metabolism. In: Mundy GR, Martin, TJ, (eds) Physiology and pharmacology of bone. Springer Verlag, New York-Berlin- Heidelberg, 333-375, 1993
141. AW Norman 1998 Receptors for 1alpha,25(OH)2D3: past, present, and future J Bone Miner Res 13 9 1360 1369
142. P Lips 2001 Vitamin D deficiency and secondary hyperparathyroidism in the elderly: consequences for bone loss and fractures and therapeutic implications Endocr Rev 22 4 477 501 (Pubitemid 32762324)
143. MJ [tmp] McKenna R Freaney 1998 Secondary hyperparathyroidism in the elderly: means to defining hypovitaminosis D Osteoporos Int 8 Suppl 2 S3 S6
144. S Kudlacek B Schneider M Peterlik 2003 Assessment of vitamin D and calcium status in healthy adult Austrians Eur J Clin Invest 33 4 323 331 (Pubitemid 36461482)
145. C Jackson S Gaugris SS Sen 2007 The effect of cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) on the risk of fall and fracture: a meta-analysis QJM 100 4 185 192 (Pubitemid 47061686)
146. Avenell A, Gillespie WJ, Gillespie LD, et al. Vitamin D and vitamin D analogues for preventing fractures associated with involutional and post-menopausal osteoporosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, (3): CD000227, 2005
147. MS LeBoff L Kohlmeier S Hurwitz 1999 Occult vitamin D deficiency in postmenopausal US women with acute hip fracture JAMA 281 16 1505 1511 (Pubitemid 29200934)
148. Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes FaNB, Institute of Medicine: Dietary Reference Intakes: Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride. National Academy Press, Washington DC, p 448, 1997
149. Keine Autoren angegeben, Management of postmenopausal osteoporosis: position statement of the North American Menopause Society. Menopause, 9(2): 84-101, 2002
150. HA Bischoff-Ferrari WC Willett JB Wong 2005 Fracture prevention with vitamin D supplementation: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials JAMA 293 18 2257 2264 (Pubitemid 40629192)
151. B Dawson-Hughes SS Harris EA Krall 1995 Rates of bone loss in postmenopausal women randomly assigned to one of two dosages of vitamin D Am J Clin Nutr 61 5 1140 1145
152. S Boonen P Lips R Bouillon 2007 Need for additional calcium to reduce the risk of hip fracture with vitamin d supplementation: evidence from a comparative metaanalysis of randomized controlled trials J Clin Endocrinol Metab 92 4 1415 1423 (Pubitemid 46556419)
153. HA Bischoff-Ferrari T Dietrich EJ Orav 2004 Positive association between 25-hydroxy vitamin D levels and bone mineral density: a population-based study of younger and older adults Am J Med 116 9 634 639 (Pubitemid 38490539)
154. DT Villareal R Civitelli A Chines 1991 Subclinical vitamin D deficiency in postmenopausal women with low vertebral bone mass J Clin Endocrinol Metab 72 3 628 634
155. B Dawson-Hughes GE Dallal EA Krall 1991 Effect of vitamin D supplementation on wintertime and overall bone loss in healthy postmenopausal women Ann Intern Med 115 7 505 512
156. HC Janssen MM Samson HJ Verhaar 2002 Vitamin D deficiency, muscle function, and falls in elderly people Am J Clin Nutr 75 4 611 615 (Pubitemid 34250675)
157. M Pfeifer B Begerow HW Minne 2002 Vitamin D and muscle function Osteoporos Int 13 3 187 194 (Pubitemid 34408183)
158. M Pfeifer B Begerow HW Minne 2000 Effects of a short-term vitamin D and calcium supplementation on body sway and secondary hyperparathyroidism in elderly women J Bone Miner Res 15 6 1113 1118 (Pubitemid 30350073)
159. P Lips WC Graafmans ME Ooms 1996 Vitamin D supplementation and fracture incidence in elderly persons. A randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial Ann Intern Med 124 4 400 406 (Pubitemid 26065071)
160. DP Trivedi R Doll KT Khaw 2003 Effect of four monthly oral vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) supplementation on fractures and mortality in men and women living in the community: randomised double blind controlled trial BMJ 326 7387 469
161. JS Adams G Lee 1997 Gains in bone mineral density with resolution of vitamin D intoxication Ann Intern Med 127 3 203 206 (Pubitemid 27332538)
162. MS Schwartzman WA Franck 1987 Vitamin D toxicity complicating the treatment of senile, postmenopausal, and glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. Four case reports and a critical commentary on the use of vitamin D in these disorders Am J Med 82 2 224 230 (Pubitemid 18131100)
163. C Galesanu C Ciubotariu G Melnic 2006 Postmenopausal osteoporosis. Digital Rx radiogrammetry in the diagnosis and follow-up of treatment with alfacalcidol Rev Med Chir Soc Med Nat Iasi 110 4 833 841
164. J Iwamoto T Takeda S Ichimura 2003 Effects of cyclical etidronate with alfacalcidol on lumbar bone mineral density, bone resorption, and back pain in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis J Orthop Sci 8 4 532 537 (Pubitemid 37012065)
165. J Iwamoto T Takeda S Ichimura 2002 Effects of 5-year treatment with elcatonin and alfacalcidol on lumbar bone mineral density and the incidence of vertebral fractures in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: a retrospective study J Orthop Sci 7 6 637 643
166. H Mizunuma M Shiraki M Shintani 2006 Randomized trial comparing low-dose hormone replacement therapy and HRT plus 1alpha-OH-vitamin D3 (alfacalcidol) for treatment of postmenopausal bone loss J Bone Miner Metab 24 1 11 15 (Pubitemid 41821497)
167. R Nuti G Bianchi ML Brandi 2006 Superiority of alfacalcidol compared to vitamin D plus calcium in lumbar bone mineral density in postmenopausal osteoporosis Rheumatol Int 26 5 445 453 (Pubitemid 43318326)
168. Ringe JD, Farahmand P, Schacht E, et al. Superiority of a combined treatment of Alendronate and Alfacalcidol compared to the combination of Alendronate and plain vitamin D or Alfacalcidol alone in established postmenopausal or male osteoporosis (AAC-Trial). Rheumatol Int, 2007
169. M Shikari K Kushida K Yamazaki 1996 Effects of 2 years' treatment of osteoporosis with 1 alpha-hydroxy vitamin D3 on bone mineral density and incidence of fracture: a placebo-controlled, double-blind prospective study Endocr J 43 2 211 220
170. F Richy O Ethgen O Bruyere 2004 Efficacy of alphacalcidol and calcitriol in primary and corticosteroid-induced osteoporosis: a meta-analysis of their effects on bone mineral density and fracture rate Osteoporos Int 15 4 301 310 (Pubitemid 38543949)
171. F Richy R Deroisy MP Lecart 2005 D-hormone analog alfacalcidol: an update on its role in post-menopausal osteoporosis and rheumatoid arthritis management Aging Clin Exp Res 17 2 133 142 (Pubitemid 41558122)
172. E Schacht F Richy JY Reginster 2005 The therapeutic effects of alfacalcidol on bone strength, muscle metabolism and prevention of falls and fractures J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact 5 3 273 284 (Pubitemid 41684176)
173. RJ Heikinheimo JA Inkovaara EJ Harju 1992 Annual injection of vitamin D and fractures of aged bones Calcif Tissue Int 51 2 105 110
174. SR Mastaglia CA Mautalen MS Parisi 2006 Vitamin D2 dose required to rapidly increase 25OHD levels in osteoporotic women Eur J Clin Nutr 60 5 681 687 (Pubitemid 43922889)
175. RM Francis IT Boyle C Moniz 1996 A comparison of the effects of alfacalcidol treatment and vitamin D2 supplementation on calcium absorption in elderly women with vertebral fractures Osteoporos Int 6 4 284 290 (Pubitemid 26280821)
176. RA Lyons A Johansen S Brophy 2007 Preventing fractures among older people living in institutional care: a pragmatic randomised double blind placebo controlled trial of vitamin D supplementation Osteoporos Int 18 6 811 818 (Pubitemid 46684786)
177. JF Aloia SH Cohn A Vaswani 1985 Risk factors for postmenopausal osteoporosis Am J Med 78 1 95 100 (Pubitemid 15159625)
178. B Lund OH Sorensen E Agner 1982 Serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in normal subjects and in patients with postmenopausal osteopenia. Influence of age, renal function and oestrogen therapy Horm Metab Res 14 5 271 274
179. BL Riggs KI Nelson 1985 Effect of long term treatment with calcitriol on calcium absorption and mineral metabolism in postmenopausal osteoporosis J Clin Endocrinol Metab 61 3 457 461 (Pubitemid 15243955)
180. JE Zerwekh K Sakhaee CY Pak 1985 Short-term 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 administration raises serum osteocalcin in patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis J Clin Endocrinol Metab 60 3 615 617 (Pubitemid 15133870)
181. JC Gallagher BL Riggs J Eisman 1979 Intestinal calcium absorption and serum vitamin D metabolites in normal subjects and osteoporotic patients: effect of age and dietary calcium J Clin Invest 64 3 729 736 (Pubitemid 10223749)
182. JC Gallagher CM Jerpbak WS Jee 1982 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3: short- and long-term effects on bone and calcium metabolism in patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 79 10 3325 3329
183. JC Gallagher D Goldgar 1990 Treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis with high doses of synthetic calcitriol. A randomized controlled study Ann Intern Med 113 9 649 655 (Pubitemid 20363636)
184. JF Aloia A Vaswani JK Yeh 1988 Calcitriol in the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis Am J Med 84 3 Pt 1 401 408
185. GF Jensen C Christiansen I Transbol 1982 Treatment of post menopausal osteoporosis. A controlled therapeutic trial comparing oestrogen/gestagen, 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D3 and calcium Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 16 5 515 524
186. JC Gallagher SE Fowler JR Detter 2001 Combination treatment with estrogen and calcitriol in the prevention of age-related bone loss J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86 8 3618 3628 (Pubitemid 32755952)
187. MW Tilyard GF Spears J Thomson 1992 Treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis with calcitriol or calcium N Engl J Med 326 6 357 362
188. SM Ott CH Chesnut 3rd 1989 Calcitriol treatment is not effective in postmenopausal osteoporosis Ann Intern Med 110 4 267 274 (Pubitemid 19062154)
189. MC Chapuy ME Arlot PD Delmas 1994 Effect of calcium and cholecalciferol treatment for three years on hip fractures in elderly women BMJ 308 6936 1081 1082 (Pubitemid 24124866)
190. MC Chapuy R Pamphile E Paris 2002 Combined calcium and vitamin D3 supplementation in elderly women: confirmation of reversal of secondary hyperparathyroidism and hip fracture risk: the Decalyos II study Osteoporos Int 13 3 257 264 (Pubitemid 34408194)
191. RG Russell MJ Rogers 1999 Bisphosphonates: from the laboratory to the clinic and back again Bone 25 1 97 106 (Pubitemid 29322070)
192. Fleisch H. Bisphosphonate bei Knochenerkrankungen. Bern-Göttingen- Toronto: Verlag Hans Huber, 1998
193. Bartl R. Bisphosphonate. In: Bartl R, Dietzfelbinger H (eds) Multiples myelom. Tumorzentrum München, München, pp 146-158, 2002
194. JE Fisher MJ Rogers JM Halasy 1999 Alendronate mechanism of action: geranylgeraniol, an intermediate in the mevalonate pathway, prevents inhibition of osteoclast formation, bone resorption, and kinase activation in vitro Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96 1 133 138 (Pubitemid 29036065)
195. AJ Claxton J Cramer C Pierce 2001 A systematic review of the associations between dose regimens and medication compliance Clin Ther 23 8 1296 1310 (Pubitemid 32804122)
196. JE Blumel C Castelo-Branco G de la Cuadra 2003 Alendronate daily, weekly in conventional tablets and weekly in enteric tablets: preliminary study on the effects in bone turnover markers and incidence of side effects J Obstet Gynaecol 23 3 278 281 (Pubitemid 36735070)
197. JP Devogelaer H Broll R Correa-Rotter 1996 Oral alendronate induces progressive increases in bone mass of the spine, hip, and total body over 3 years in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis Bone 18 2 141 150 (Pubitemid 26092594)
198. D Felsenberg F Alenfeld O Bock 1998 Placebo-controlled multicenter study of oral alendronate in postmenopausal osteoporotic women. FOSIT-Study-Group. Fosamax International Trial Maturitas 31 1 35 44
199. D Hosking CE Chilvers C Christiansen 1998 Prevention of bone loss with alendronate in postmenopausal women under 60 years of age. Early Postmenopausal Intervention Cohort Study Group N Engl J Med 338 8 485 492
200. UA Liberman SR Weiss J Broll 1995 Effect of oral alendronate on bone mineral density and the incidence of fractures in postmenopausal osteoporosis. The Alendronate Phase III Osteoporosis Treatment Study Group N Engl J Med 333 22 1437 1443
201. HA Pols D Felsenberg DA Hanley 1999 Multinational, placebo-controlled, randomized trial of the effects of alendronate on bone density and fracture risk in postmenopausal women with low bone mass: results of the FOSIT study. Fosamax International Trial Study Group Osteoporos Int 9 5 461 468 (Pubitemid 29231740)
202. CH Chesnut 3rd MR [tmp] McClung KE Ensrud 1995 Alendronate treatment of the postmenopausal osteoporotic woman: effect of multiple dosages on bone mass and bone remodeling Am J Med 99 2 144 152
203. A Cranney G Wells A Willan 2002 Meta-analyses of therapies for postmenopausal osteoporosis. II. Meta-analysis of alendronate for the treatment of postmenopausal women Endocr Rev 23 4 508 516
204. UA Liberman MC Hochberg P Geusens 2006 Hip and non-spine fracture risk reductions differ among antiresorptive agents: evidence from randomised controlled trials Int J Clin Pract 60 11 1394 1400 (Pubitemid 44560336)
205. RP Tonino PJ Meunier R Emkey 2000 Skeletal benefits of alendronate: 7-year treatment of postmenopausal osteoporotic women. Phase III Osteoporosis Treatment Study Group J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85 9 3109 3115
206. HG Bone D Hosking JP Devogelaer 2004 Ten years' experience with alendronate for osteoporosis in postmenopausal women N Engl J Med 350 12 1189 1199 (Pubitemid 38339363)
207. YZ Bagger LB Tanko P Alexandersen 2003 Alendronate has a residual effect on bone mass in postmenopausal Danish women up to 7 years after treatment withdrawal Bone 33 3 301 307 (Pubitemid 37103246)
208. R Rizzoli SL Greenspan G Bone 3rd 2002 Two-year results of once-weekly administration of alendronate 70 mg for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis J Bone Miner Res 17 11 1988 1996 (Pubitemid 35239200)
209. T Schnitzer HG Bone G Crepaldi 2000 Therapeutic equivalence of alendronate 70 mg once-weekly and alendronate 10 mg daily in the treatment of osteoporosis. Alendronate Once-Weekly Study Group Aging (Milano) 12 1 1 12 (Pubitemid 30136655)
210. DM Black SR Cummings DB Karpf 1996 Randomised trial of effect of alendronate on risk of fracture in women with existing vertebral fractures. Fracture Intervention Trial Research Group Lancet 348 9041 1535 1541
211. DM Black DE Thompson DC Bauer 2000 Fracture risk reduction with alendronate in women with osteoporosis: the Fracture Intervention Trial. FIT Research Group J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85 11 4118 4124 (Pubitemid 32055362)
212. SR Cummings DM Black DE Thompson 1998 Effect of alendronate on risk of fracture in women with low bone density but without vertebral fractures: results from the Fracture Intervention Trial JAMA 280 24 2077 2082 (Pubitemid 29014065)
213. KE Ensrud DM Black L Palermo 1997 Treatment with alendronate prevents fractures in women at highest risk: results from the Fracture Intervention Trial Arch Intern Med 157 22 2617 2624 (Pubitemid 27519982)
214. DB Karpf DR Shapiro E Seeman 1997 Prevention of nonvertebral fractures by alendronate. A meta-analysis. Alendronate Osteoporosis Treatment Study Groups JAMA 277 14 1159 1164
215. CE Lowe WT Depew SJ Vanner 2000 Upper gastrointestinal toxicity of alendronate Am J Gastroenterol 95 3 634 640 (Pubitemid 30123895)
216. DE Baker 2002 Alendronate and risedronate: what you need to know about their upper gastrointestinal tract toxicity Rev Gastroenterol Disord 2 1 20 33 (Pubitemid 34467666)
217. P Ravn SR Weiss JA Rodriguez-Portales 2000 Alendronate in early postmenopausal women: effects on bone mass during long-term treatment and after withdrawal. Alendronate Osteoporosis Prevention Study Group J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85 4 1492 1497
218. JL Stock NH Bell CH Chesnut 3rd 1997 Increments in bone mineral density of the lumbar spine and hip and suppression of bone turnover are maintained after discontinuation of alendronate in postmenopausal women Am J Med 103 4 291 297 (Pubitemid 27459255)
219. DM Black AV Schwartz KE Ensrud 2006 Effects of continuing or stopping alendronate after 5 years of treatment: the Fracture Intervention Trial Long-term Extension (FLEX): a randomized trial JAMA 296 24 2927 2938 (Pubitemid 46021497)
220. M Api 2005 Are we treating women with postmenopausal osteoporosis for their low BMD or high fracture risk? J Bone Miner Res 20 8 1480 1481 (Pubitemid 41033533)
221. JM Halasy-Nagy GA Rodan AA Reszka 2001 Inhibition of bone resorption by alendronate and risedronate does not require osteoclast apoptosis Bone 29 6 553 559 (Pubitemid 33124298)
222. JP Brown DL Kendler MR [tmp] McClung 2002 The efficacy and tolerability of risedronate once a week for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis Calcif Tissue Int 71 2 103 111 (Pubitemid 36935474)
223. ST Harris NB Watts Z Li 2004 Two-year efficacy and tolerability of risedronate once a week for the treatment of women with postmenopausal osteoporosis Curr Med Res Opin 20 5 757 764 (Pubitemid 38685022)
224. A Cranney P Tugwell J Adachi 2002 Meta-analyses of therapies for postmenopausal osteoporosis. III. Meta-analysis of risedronate for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis Endocr Rev 23 4 517 523
225. RP Heaney TM Zizic I Fogelman 2002 Risedronate reduces the risk of first vertebral fracture in osteoporotic women Osteoporos Int 13 6 501 505 (Pubitemid 34742210)
226. L Mortensen P Charles PJ Bekker 1998 Risedronate increases bone mass in an early postmenopausal population: two years of treatment plus one year of follow-up J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83 2 396 402 (Pubitemid 28496512)
227. I Fogelman C Ribot R Smith 2000 Risedronate reverses bone loss in postmenopausal women with low bone mass: results from a multinational, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. BMD-MN Study Group J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85 5 1895 1900 (Pubitemid 32269295)
228. ST Harris NB Watts HK Genant 1999 Effects of risedronate treatment on vertebral and nonvertebral fractures in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis: a randomized controlled trial. Vertebral Efficacy With Risedronate Therapy (VERT) Study Group JAMA 282 14 1344 1352
229. J Reginster HW Minne OH Sorensen 2000 Randomized trial of the effects of risedronate on vertebral fractures in women with established postmenopausal osteoporosis. Vertebral Efficacy with Risedronate Therapy (VERT) Study Group Osteoporos Int 11 1 83 91
230. JD Adachi R Rizzoli S Boonen 2005 Vertebral fracture risk reduction with risedronate in post-menopausal women with osteoporosis: a meta-analysis of individual patient data Aging Clin Exp Res 17 2 150 156 (Pubitemid 41558124)
231. OH Sorensen GM Crawford H Mulder 2003 Long-term efficacy of risedronate: a 5-year placebo-controlled clinical experience Bone 32 2 120 126 (Pubitemid 36299139)
232. MR [tmp] McClung P Geusens PD Miller 2001 Effect of risedronate on the risk of hip fracture in elderly women. Hip Intervention Program Study Group N Engl J Med 344 5 333 340
233. H Taggart MA Bolognese R Lindsay 2002 Upper gastrointestinal tract safety of risedronate: a pooled analysis of 9 clinical trials Mayo Clin Proc 77 3 262 270 (Pubitemid 34177602)
234. DD Mellstrom OH Sorensen S Goemaere 2004 Seven years of treatment with risedronate in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis Calcif Tissue Int 75 6 462 468 (Pubitemid 40174503)
235. CJ Rosen MC Hochberg SL Bonnick 2005 Treatment with once-weekly alendronate 70 mg compared with once-weekly risedronate 35 mg in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis: a randomized double-blind study J Bone Miner Res 20 1 141 151 (Pubitemid 41716229)
236. S Bonnick KG Saag DP Kiel 2006 Comparison of weekly treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis with alendronate versus risedronate over two years J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91 7 2631 2637 (Pubitemid 44024629)
237. SL Silverman NB Watts PD Delmas 2007 Effectiveness of bisphosphonates on nonvertebral and hip fractures in the first year of therapy: the risedronate and alendronate (REAL) cohort study Osteoporos Int 18 1 25 34 (Pubitemid 44885493)
238. FL Lanza RH Hunt AB Thomson 2000 Endoscopic comparison of esophageal and gastroduodenal effects of risedronate and alendronate in postmenopausal women Gastroenterology 119 3 631 638
239. AB Thomson JK Marshall RH Hunt 2002 14 day endoscopy study comparing risedronate and alendronate in postmenopausal women stratified by Helicobacter pylori status J Rheumatol 29 9 1965 1974 (Pubitemid 34988708)
240. F Lanza H Schwartz B Sahba 2000 An endoscopic comparison of the effects of alendronate and risedronate on upper gastrointestinal mucosae Am J Gastroenterol 95 11 3112 3117
241. S Adami N Zamberlan 1996 Adverse effects of bisphosphonates. A comparative review Drug Saf 14 3 158 170
242. CJ Gibbs JE Aaron M Peacock 1986 Osteomalacia in Paget's disease treated with short term, high dose sodium etidronate Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 292 6530 1227 1229 (Pubitemid 16118132)
243. T Fujita H Orimo T Inoue 2007 Clinical effect of bisphosphonate and vitamin D on osteoporosis: reappraisal of a multicenter double-blind clinical trial comparing etidronate and alfacalcidol J Bone Miner Metab 25 2 130 137 (Pubitemid 46328669)
244. A Cranney G Guyatt N Krolicki 2001 A meta-analysis of etidronate for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis Osteoporos Int 12 2 140 151 (Pubitemid 32244668)
245. Cranney A, Welch V, Adachi JD, et al. Etidronate for treating and preventing postmenopausal osteoporosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, (4): CD003376, 2001
246. ST Harris NB Watts RD Jackson 1993 Four-year study of intermittent cyclic etidronate treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis: three years of blinded therapy followed by one year of open therapy Am J Med 95 6 557 567 (Pubitemid 24002373)
247. T Storm G Kollerup G Thamsborg 1996 Five years of clinical experience with intermittent cyclical etidronate for postmenopausal osteoporosis J Rheumatol 23 9 1560 1564 (Pubitemid 26290583)
248. T Storm G Thamsborg T Steiniche 1990 Effect of intermittent cyclical etidronate therapy on bone mass and fracture rate in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis N Engl J Med 322 18 1265 1271 (Pubitemid 20152489)
249. NB Watts ST Harris HK Genant 1990 Intermittent cyclical etidronate treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis N Engl J Med 323 2 73 79 (Pubitemid 20221642)
250. Y Ishida S Kawai 2004 Comparative efficacy of hormone replacement therapy, etidronate, calcitonin, alfacalcidol, and vitamin K in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: The Yamaguchi Osteoporosis Prevention Study Am J Med 117 8 549 555 (Pubitemid 39304204)
251. JD Ringe A Dorst H Faber 2005 Efficacy of etidronate and sequential monofluorophosphate in severe postmenopausal osteoporosis: a pilot study Rheumatol Int 25 4 296 300 (Pubitemid 40767836)
252. PD Delmas RR Recker CH Chesnut 3rd 2004 Daily and intermittent oral ibandronate normalize bone turnover and provide significant reduction in vertebral fracture risk: results from the BONE study Osteoporos Int 15 10 792 798 (Pubitemid 39361949)
253. IC Chesnut A Skag C Christiansen 2004 Effects of oral ibandronate administered daily or intermittently on fracture risk in postmenopausal osteoporosis J Bone Miner Res 19 8 1241 1249 (Pubitemid 41094364)
254. CH Chesnut MP Ettinger PD Miller 2005 Ibandronate produces significant, similar antifracture efficacy in North American and European women: new clinical findings from BONE Curr Med Res Opin 21 3 391 401
255. JY Reginster S Adami P Lakatos 2006 Efficacy and tolerability of once-monthly oral ibandronate in postmenopausal osteoporosis: 2 year results from the MOBILE study Ann Rheum Dis 65 5 654 661
256. JA Eisman R Civitelli S Adami 2008 Efficacy and tolerability of intravenous ibandronate injections in postmenopausal osteoporosis: 2-year results from the DIVA study J Rheumatol 35 3 488 497
257. ST Harris WA Blumentals PD Miller 2008 Ibandronate and the risk of non-vertebral and clinical fractures in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis: results of a meta-analysis of phase III studies Curr Med Res Opin 24 1 237 245
258. R Recker JA Stakkestad CH Chesnut 3rd 2004 Insufficiently dosed intravenous ibandronate injections are associated with suboptimal antifracture efficacy in postmenopausal osteoporosis Bone 34 5 890 899 (Pubitemid 38581135)
259. PD Delmas S Adami C Strugala 2006 Intravenous ibandronate injections in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: one-year results from the dosing intravenous administration study Arthritis Rheum 54 6 1838 1846 (Pubitemid 43877933)
260. IR Reid JP Brown P Burckhardt 2002 Intravenous zoledronic acid in postmenopausal women with low bone mineral density N Engl J Med 346 9 653 661 (Pubitemid 34815869)
261. DM Black PD Delmas R Eastell 2007 Once-yearly zoledronic acid for treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis N Engl J Med 356 18 1809 1822 (Pubitemid 46698462)
262. KW Lyles CS Colon-Emeric JS Magaziner 2007 Zoledronic acid and clinical fractures and mortality after hip fracture N Engl J Med 357 18 1799 1809 (Pubitemid 350044800)
263. SR Cummings AV Schwartz DM Black 2007 Alendronate and atrial fibrillation N Engl J Med 356 18 1895 1896 (Pubitemid 46698498)
264. HT Sorensen S Christensen F Mehnert 2008 Use of bisphosphonates among women and risk of atrial fibrillation and flutter: population based case-control study BMJ 336 7648 813 816
265. Marx RE, Stern D. Oral and maxillofacial pathology: a rationale for treatment. Quintessence Publishing, 2002
266. R Rizzoli N Burlet D Cahall 2008 Osteonecrosis of the jaw and bisphosphonate treatment for osteoporosis Bone 42 5 841 847
267. BH Mitlak FJ Cohen 1999 Selective estrogen receptor modulators: a look ahead Drugs 57 5 653 663 (Pubitemid 29231884)
268. W Khovidhunkit DM Shoback 1999 Clinical effects of raloxifene hydrochloride in women Ann Intern Med 130 5 431 439 (Pubitemid 29111226)
269. F Cosman R Lindsay 1999 Selective estrogen receptor modulators: clinical spectrum Endocr Rev 20 3 418 434 (Pubitemid 30649813)
270. BL Riggs LC Hartmann 2003 Selective estrogen-receptor modulators - mechanisms of action and application to clinical practice N Engl J Med 348 7 618 629 (Pubitemid 36210865)
271. PD Delmas NH Bjarnason BH Mitlak 1997 Effects of raloxifene on bone mineral density, serum cholesterol concentrations, and uterine endometrium in postmenopausal women N Engl J Med 337 23 1641 1647 (Pubitemid 27510100)
272. CC Johnston Jr NH Bjarnason FJ Cohen 2000 Long-term effects of raloxifene on bone mineral density, bone turnover, and serum lipid levels in early postmenopausal women: three-year data from 2 double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trials Arch Intern Med 160 22 3444 3450
273. ES Siris ST Harris R Eastell 2005 Skeletal effects of raloxifene after 8 years: results from the continuing outcomes relevant to Evista (CORE) study J Bone Miner Res 20 9 1514 1524 (Pubitemid 41243540)
274. SR Cummings S Eckert KA Krueger 1999 The effect of raloxifene on risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women: results from the MORE randomized trial. Multiple Outcomes of Raloxifene Evaluation JAMA 281 23 2189 2197
275. B Ettinger DM Black BH Mitlak 1999 Reduction of vertebral fracture risk in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis treated with raloxifene: results from a 3-year randomized clinical trial. Multiple Outcomes of Raloxifene Evaluation (MORE) Investigators JAMA 282 7 637 645
276. PD Delmas KE Ensrud JD Adachi 2002 Efficacy of raloxifene on vertebral fracture risk reduction in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: four-year results from a randomized clinical trial J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87 8 3609 3617 (Pubitemid 34879503)
277. M Maricic JD Adachi S Sarkar 2002 Early effects of raloxifene on clinical vertebral fractures at 12 months in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis Arch Intern Med 162 10 1140 1143 (Pubitemid 34522401)
278. Keine Autoren angegeben. SERM for early osteoporosis therapy. Risk for first spinal fracture reduced to half. MMW Fortschr Med, 145(22): 57, 2003
279. JA Kanis O Johnell DM Black 2003 Effect of raloxifene on the risk of new vertebral fracture in postmenopausal women with osteopenia or osteoporosis: a reanalysis of the Multiple Outcomes of Raloxifene Evaluation trial Bone 33 3 293 300 (Pubitemid 37107463)
280. O Johnell JA Kanis DM Black 2004 Associations between baseline risk factors and vertebral fracture risk in the Multiple Outcomes of Raloxifene Evaluation (MORE) Study J Bone Miner Res 19 5 764 772 (Pubitemid 41094388)
281. PD Delmas HK Genant GG Crans 2003 Severity of prevalent vertebral fractures and the risk of subsequent vertebral and nonvertebral fractures: results from the MORE trial Bone 33 4 522 532 (Pubitemid 37222378)
282. E Barrett-Connor D Grady A Sashegyi 2002 Raloxifene and cardiovascular events in osteoporotic postmenopausal women: four-year results from the MORE (Multiple Outcomes of Raloxifene Evaluation) randomized trial JAMA 287 7 847 857 (Pubitemid 34252031)
283. RS Blumenthal B Baranowski SA Dowsett 2004 Cardiovascular effects of raloxifene: the arterial and venous systems Am Heart J 147 5 783 789 (Pubitemid 38880982)
284. V Mijatovic MJ van der Mooren P Kenemans 1999 Raloxifene lowers serum lipoprotein(A) in healthy postmenopausal women: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled comparison with conjugated equine estrogens Menopause 6 2 134 137 (Pubitemid 29266672)
285. BW Walsh LH Kuller RA Wild 1998 Effects of raloxifene on serum lipids and coagulation factors in healthy postmenopausal women JAMA 279 18 1445 1451
286. BW Walsh S Paul RA Wild 2000 The effects of hormone replacement therapy and raloxifene on C-reactive protein and homocysteine in healthy postmenopausal women: a randomized, controlled trial J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85 1 214 218 (Pubitemid 32268816)
287. E Barrett-Connor L Mosca P Collins 2006 Effects of raloxifene on cardiovascular events and breast cancer in postmenopausal women N Engl J Med 355 2 125 137 (Pubitemid 44050394)
288. SJ Neele R Evertz G De Valk-De Roo 2002 Effect of 1 year of discontinuation of raloxifene or estrogen therapy on bone mineral density after 5 years of treatment in healthy postmenopausal women Bone 30 4 599 603 (Pubitemid 34270498)
289. H Dobnig RT Turner 1995 Evidence that intermittent treatment with parathyroid hormone increases bone formation in adult rats by activation of bone lining cells Endocrinology 136 8 3632 3638
290. IU Schmidt H Dobnig RT Turner 1995 Intermittent parathyroid hormone treatment increases osteoblast number, steady state messenger ribonucleic acid levels for osteocalcin, and bone formation in tibial metaphysis of hypophysectomized female rats Endocrinology 136 11 5127 5134
291. CP Jerome DB Burr T Van Bibber 2001 Treatment with human parathyroid hormone (1-34) for 18 months increases cancellous bone volume and improves trabecular architecture in ovariectomized cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) Bone 28 2 150 159 (Pubitemid 32140971)
292. R Lindsay H Zhou F Cosman 2007 Effects of a one-month treatment with PTH(1-34) on bone formation on cancellous, endocortical, and periosteal surfaces of the human ilium J Bone Miner Res 22 4 495 502 (Pubitemid 47457425)
293. AM Parfitt 2002 Parathyroid hormone and periosteal bone expansion J Bone Miner Res 17 10 1741 1743
294. JR Zanchetta CE Bogado JL Ferretti 2003 Effects of teriparatide [recombinant human parathyroid hormone (1-34)] on cortical bone in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis J Bone Miner Res 18 3 539 543 (Pubitemid 36241071)
295. AB Hodsman DC Bauer DW Dempster 2005 Parathyroid hormone and teriparatide for the treatment of osteoporosis: a review of the evidence and suggested guidelines for its use Endocr Rev 26 5 688 703 (Pubitemid 41127277)
296. P Chen PD Miller PD Delmas 2006 Change in lumbar spine BMD and vertebral fracture risk reduction in teriparatide-treated postmenopausal women with osteoporosis J Bone Miner Res 21 11 1785 1790 (Pubitemid 46141234)
297. R Marcus O Wang J Satterwhite 2003 The skeletal response to teriparatide is largely independent of age, initial bone mineral density, and prevalent vertebral fractures in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis J Bone Miner Res 18 1 18 23 (Pubitemid 36008335)
298. JJ Body GA Gaich WH Scheele 2002 A randomized double-blind trial to compare the efficacy of teriparatide [recombinant human parathyroid hormone (1-34)] with alendronate in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87 10 4528 4535 (Pubitemid 35247036)
299. R Lindsay WH Scheele R Neer 2004 Sustained vertebral fracture risk reduction after withdrawal of teriparatide in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis Arch Intern Med 164 18 2024 2030 (Pubitemid 39390560)
300. R Prince A Sipos A Hossain 2005 Sustained nonvertebral fragility fracture risk reduction after discontinuation of teriparatide treatment J Bone Miner Res 20 9 1507 1513 (Pubitemid 41243539)
301. DM Black JP Bilezikian KE Ensrud 2005 One year of alendronate after one year of parathyroid hormone (1-84) for osteoporosis N Engl J Med 353 6 555 565 (Pubitemid 41138937)
302. SL Greenspan HG Bone MP Ettinger 2007 Effect of recombinant human parathyroid hormone (1-84) on vertebral fracture and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: a randomized trial Ann Intern Med 146 5 326 339
303. AB Hodsman DA Hanley MP Ettinger 2003 Efficacy and safety of human parathyroid hormone-(1-84) in increasing bone mineral density in postmenopausal osteoporosis J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88 11 5212 5220 (Pubitemid 37452718)
304. RS Rittmaster M Bolognese MP Ettinger 2000 Enhancement of bone mass in osteoporotic women with parathyroid hormone followed by alendronate J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85 6 2129 2134 (Pubitemid 32269232)
305. E Shorr AC Carter 1952 The usefulness of strontium as an adjuvant to Kalzium in the remineralization of the skeleton in man Bull Hosp Jt Dis Orthop Inst 13 59 66
306. HP Dimai 2005 Strontium ranelate: a novel concept for the treatment of osteoporosis Wien Klin Wochenschr 117 21-22 728 738 (Pubitemid 41806784)
307. SC Skoryna 1981 Effects of oral supplementation with stable strontium Can Med Assoc J 125 7 703 712 (Pubitemid 12232029)
308. JY Reginster R Deroisy I Jupsin 2003 Strontium ranelate: a new paradigm in the treatment of osteoporosis Drugs Today (Barc) 39 2 89 101 (Pubitemid 36514361)
309. PJ Meunier C Roux E Seeman 2004 The effects of strontium ranelate on the risk of vertebral fracture in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis N Engl J Med 350 5 459 468 (Pubitemid 38133766)
310. JY Reginster E Seeman MC De Vernejoul 2005 Strontium ranelate reduces the risk of nonvertebral fractures in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: Treatment of Peripheral Osteoporosis (TROPOS) study J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90 5 2816 2822 (Pubitemid 40686329)
311. PJ Meunier DO Slosman PD Delmas 2002 Strontium ranelate: dose-dependent effects in established postmenopausal vertebral osteoporosis - a 2-year randomized placebo controlled trial J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87 5 2060 2066 (Pubitemid 34521489)
312. C Roux JY Reginster J Fechtenbaum 2006 Vertebral fracture risk reduction with strontium ranelate in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis is independent of baseline risk factors J Bone Miner Res 21 4 536 542
313. S O'Donnell A Cranney GA Wells 2006 Strontium ranelate for preventing and treating postmenopausal osteoporosis Cochrane Database Syst Rev 3 CD005326
314. M Stevenson S Davis M Lloyd-Jones 2007 The clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of strontium ranelate for the prevention of osteoporotic fragility fractures in postmenopausal women Health Technol Assess 11 4 1 134
315. JY Reginster D Felsenberg S Boonen 2008 Effects of long-term strontium ranelate treatment on the risk of nonvertebral and vertebral fractures in postmenopausal osteoporosis: Results of a five-year, randomized, placebo-controlled trial Arthritis Rheum 58 6 1687 1695
316. TJ Chambers CJ Magnus 1982 Calcitonin alters behaviour of isolated osteoclasts J Pathol 136 1 27 39 (Pubitemid 12213616)
317. J Farley HP Dimai B Stilt-Coffing 2000 Calcitonin increases the concentration of insulin-like growth factors in serum-free cultures of human osteoblast-line cells Calcif Tissue Int 67 3 247 254 (Pubitemid 30643862)
318. K Overgaard BJ Riis C Christiansen 1989 Effect of salcatonin given intranasally on early postmenopausal bone loss BMJ 299 6697 477 479 (Pubitemid 19204921)
319. JY Reginster L Meurmans R Deroisy 1994 A 5-year controlled randomized study of prevention of postmenopausal trabecular bone loss with nasal salmon calcitonin and calcium Eur J Clin Invest 24 8 565 569 (Pubitemid 24251585)
320. C Gennari D Agnusdei M Montagnani 1992 An effective regimen of intranasal salmon calcitonin in early postmenopausal bone loss Calcif Tissue Int 50 4 381 383
321. JH Carstens Jr JD Feinblatt 1991 Feinblatt JD Future horizons for calcitonin: a U.S. perspective Calcif Tissue Int 49 Suppl 2 S2 S6
322. CH Chesnut 3rd S Silverman K Andriano 2000 A randomized trial of nasal spray salmon calcitonin in postmenopausal women with established osteoporosis: the prevent recurrence of osteoporotic fractures study. PROOF Study Group Am J Med 109 4 267 276
323. I Tekeoglu B Adak M Budancamanak 2005 Comparison of cyclic and continuous calcitonin regimens in the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis Rheumatol Int 26 2 157 161 (Pubitemid 41779826)
324. K Overgaard MA Hansen SB Jensen 1992 Effect of salcatonin given intranasally on bone mass and fracture rates in established osteoporosis: a dose-response study BMJ 305 6853 556 561
325. H Rico M Revilla ER Hernandez 1995 Total and regional bone mineral content and fracture rate in postmenopausal osteoporosis treated with salmon calcitonin: a prospective study Calcif Tissue Int 56 3 181 185
326. C Gennari D Agnusdei A Camporeale 1991 Use of calcitonin in the treatment of bone pain associated with osteoporosis Calcif Tissue Int 49 Suppl 2 S9 S13
327. GP Lyritis I Paspati T Karachalios 1997 Pain relief from nasal salmon calcitonin in osteoporotic vertebral crush fractures. A double blind, placebo-controlled clinical study Acta Orthop Scand Suppl 275 112 114 (Pubitemid 27485184)
328. A Grauer HH Reinel S Lunghall 1993 Formation of neutralizing antibodies after treatment with human calcitonin Am J Med 95 4 439 442 (Pubitemid 23303075)
329. A Grauer R Ziegler F Raue 1995 Clinical significance of antibodies against calcitonin Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 103 6 345 351
330. JR Farley JE Wergedal DJ Baylink 1983 Fluoride directly stimulates proliferation and alkaline phosphatase activity of bone-forming cells Science 222 4621 330 332
331. M Kleerekoper 19896 Fluoride and the skeleton Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 33 2 139 161 (Pubitemid 26154765)
332. DJ Baylink DS Bernstein 1967 The effects of fluoride therapy on metabolic bone disease. A histologic study Clin Orthop Relat Res 55 51 85
333. M Kleerekoper 1995 Osteoporosis and the primary care physician: time to bone up Ann Intern Med 123 6 466 467
334. BA Dure-Smith ME Kraenzlin SM Farley 1991 Fluoride therapy for osteoporosis: a review of dose response, duration of treatment, and skeletal sites of action Calcif Tissue Int 49 Suppl S64 S72
335. E Eanes 1979 The effect of fluoride on bone mineral apatite Metab Bone Dis Relat Res 2 3 10
336. JE Rossouw GL Anderson RL Prentice 2002 Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results From the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial JAMA 288 3 321 333 (Pubitemid 34761611)
337. K Modelska S Cummings 2002 Tibolone for postmenopausal women: systematic review of randomized trials J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87 1 16 23 (Pubitemid 34084663)
338. HJ Kloosterboer 2001 Tibolone: a steroid with a tissue-specific mode of action J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 76 1-5 231 238 (Pubitemid 32510685)
339. B Berning CV Kuijk JW Kuiper 1996 Effects of two doses of tibolone on trabecular and cortical bone loss in early postmenopausal women: a two-year randomized, placebo-controlled study Bone 19 4 395 399 (Pubitemid 26370842)
340. NH Bjarnason K Bjarnason J Haarbo 1996 Tibolone: prevention of bone loss in late postmenopausal women J Clin Endocrinol Metab 81 7 2419 2422 (Pubitemid 26240254)
341. JC Gallagher DJ Baylink R Freeman 2001 Prevention of bone loss with tibolone in postmenopausal women: results of two randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-finding studies J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86 10 4717 4726 (Pubitemid 33020511)
342. M Gambacciani M Ciaponi B Cappagli 2004 A longitudinal evaluation of the effect of two doses of tibolone on bone density and metabolism in early postmenopausal women Gynecol Endocrinol 18 1 9 16 (Pubitemid 38134758)
343. NH Bjarnason K Bjarnason C Hassager 1997 The response in spinal bone mass to tibolone treatment is related to bone turnover in elderly women Bone 20 2 151 155 (Pubitemid 27087004)
344. M Doren JA Nilsson O Johnell 2003 Effects of specific post-menopausal hormone therapies on bone mineral density in post-menopausal women: a meta-analysis Hum Reprod 18 8 1737 1746 (Pubitemid 36958061)
345. SR Cummings 2006 LIFT study is discontinued BMJ 332 7542 667 (Pubitemid 44365738)
346. AG Need TC Durbridge BE Nordin 1993 Anabolic steroids in postmenopausal osteoporosis Wien Med Wochenschr 143 14-15 392 395 (Pubitemid 23329438)
347. P Geusens 1995 Nandrolone decanoate: pharmacological properties and therapeutic use in osteoporosis Clin Rheumatol 14 Suppl 3 32 39
348. P Geusens J Dequeker 1986 Long-term effect of nandrolone decanoate, 1 alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 or intermittent calcium infusion therapy on bone mineral content, bone remodeling and fracture rate in symptomatic osteoporosis: a double-blind controlled study Bone Miner 1 4 347 357 (Pubitemid 16015695)
349. GP Lyritis C Androulakis B Magiasis 1994 Effect of nandrolone decanoate and 1-alpha-hydroxy-calciferol on patients with vertebral osteoporotic collapse. A double-blind clinical trial Bone Miner 27 3 209 217
350. M Passeri M Pedrazzoni G Pioli 1993 Effects of nandrolone decanoate on bone mass in established osteoporosis Maturitas 17 3 211 219
351. DB Burr MR Forwood DP Fyhrie 1997 Bone microdamage and skeletal fragility in osteoporotic and stress fractures J Bone Miner Res 12 1 6 15 (Pubitemid 27053606)
352. T Mashiba T Hirano CH Turner 2000 Suppressed bone turnover by bisphosphonates increases microdamage accumulation and reduces some biomechanical properties in dog rib J Bone Miner Res 15 4 613 620 (Pubitemid 30174014)
353. F Cosman J Nieves L Woelfert 2001 Parathyroid hormone added to established hormone therapy: effects on vertebral fracture and maintenance of bone mass after parathyroid hormone withdrawal J Bone Miner Res 16 5 925 931 (Pubitemid 32332303)
354. HG Bone SL Greenspan C [tmp] McKeever 2000 Alendronate and estrogen effects in postmenopausal women with low bone mineral density. Alendronate/Estrogen Study Group J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85 2 720 726
355. SL Greenspan NM Resnick RA Parker 2003 Combination therapy with hormone replacement and alendronate for prevention of bone loss in elderly women: a randomized controlled trial JAMA 289 19 2525 2533 (Pubitemid 37430154)
356. S Evio A Tiitinen K Laitinen 2004 Effects of alendronate and hormone replacement therapy, alone and in combination, on bone mass and markers of bone turnover in elderly women with osteoporosis J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89 2 626 631 (Pubitemid 38269869)
357. SJ Wimalawansa 1998 A four-year randomized controlled trial of hormone replacement and bisphosphonate, alone or in combination, in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis Am J Med 104 3 219 226 (Pubitemid 28163165)
358. M Meschia M Brincat P Barbacini 1993 A clinical trial on the effects of a combination of elcatonin (carbocalcitonin) and conjugated estrogens on vertebral bone mass in early postmenopausal women Calcif Tissue Int 53 1 17 20 (Pubitemid 23187326)
359. NB Watts M Notelovitz MC Timmons 1995 Comparison of oral estrogens and estrogens plus androgen on bone mineral density, menopausal symptoms, and lipid-lipoprotein profiles in surgical menopause Obstet Gynecol 85 4 529 537
360. R Lindsay J Nieves C Formica 1997 Randomised controlled study of effect of parathyroid hormone on vertebral-bone mass and fracture incidence among postmenopausal women on oestrogen with osteoporosis Lancet 350 9077 550 555 (Pubitemid 27348431)
361. O Johnell WH Scheele Y Lu 2002 Additive effects of raloxifene and alendronate on bone density and biochemical markers of bone remodeling in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87 3 985 992 (Pubitemid 36121052)
362. DM Black SL Greenspan KE Ensrud 2003 The effects of parathyroid hormone and alendronate alone or in combination in postmenopausal osteoporosis N Engl J Med 349 13 1207 1215 (Pubitemid 37152030)
363. JS Finkelstein A Hayes JL Hunzelman 2003 The effects of parathyroid hormone, alendronate, or both in men with osteoporosis N Engl J Med 349 13 1216 1226 (Pubitemid 37152031)
364. JY Reginster D Felsenberg I Pavo 2003 Effect of raloxifene combined with monofluorophosphate as compared with monofluorophosphate alone in postmenopausal women with low bone mass: a randomized, controlled trial Osteoporos Int 14 9 741 449
365. C Deal M Omizo EN Schwartz 2005 Combination teriparatide and raloxifene therapy for postmenopausal osteoporosis: results from a 6-month double-blind placebo-controlled trial J Bone Miner Res 20 11 1905 1911 (Pubitemid 41532775)
366. E Kaskani GP Lyritis C Kosmidis 2005 Effect of intermittent administration of 200 IU intranasal salmon calcitonin and low doses of 1alpha(OH) vitamin D3 on bone mineral density of the lumbar spine and hip region and biochemical bone markers in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis: a pilot study Clin Rheumatol 24 3 232 238 (Pubitemid 40867945)
367. N Morabito A Gaudio A Lasco 2003 Three-year effectiveness of intravenous pamidronate versus pamidronate plus slow-release sodium fluoride for postmenopausal osteoporosis Osteoporos Int 14 6 500 506 (Pubitemid 36919211)
368. MR [tmp] McClung EM Lewiecki SB Cohen 2006 Denosumab in postmenopausal women with low bone mineral density N Engl J Med 354 8 821-831 (Pubitemid 43290920)
369. BJ Arey R Seethala Z Ma 2005 A novel calcium-sensing receptor antagonist transiently stimulates parathyroid hormone secretion in vivo Endocrinology 146 4 2015 2022 (Pubitemid 40396912)
370. T Bellido 2006 Downregulation of SOST/sclerostin by PTH: a novel mechanism of hormonal control of bone formation mediated by osteocytes J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact 6 4 358 359 (Pubitemid 46099716)
371. N Kusu J Laurikkala M Imanishi 2003 Sclerostin is a novel secreted osteoclast-derived bone morphogenetic protein antagonist with unique ligand specificity J Biol Chem 278 26 24113 24117 (Pubitemid 36830246)
372. CW Lowik RL van Bezooijen 2006 Wnt signaling is involved in the inhibitory action of sclerostin on BMP-stimulated bone formation J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact 6 4 357 (Pubitemid 46099715)
373. AG Robling T Bellido CH Turner 2006 Mechanical stimulation in vivo reduces osteocyte expression of sclerostin J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact 6 4 354 (Pubitemid 46099713)
374. MG Murphy K Cerchio SA Stoch 2005 Effect of L-000845704, an alphaVbeta3 integrin antagonist, on markers of bone turnover and bone mineral density in postmenopausal osteoporotic women J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90 4 2022 2028 (Pubitemid 40586234)
375. FX Tavares V Boncek DN Deaton 2004 Design of potent, selective, and orally bioavailable inhibitors of cysteine protease cathepsin k J Med Chem 47 3 588 599 (Pubitemid 38129717)
376. D Miao B He Y Jiang 2005 Osteoblast-derived PTHrP is a potent endogenous bone anabolic agent that modifies the therapeutic efficacy of administered PTH 1-34 J Clin Invest 115 9 2402 2411 (Pubitemid 41266202)
377. MJ Horwitz MB Tedesco C Gundberg 2003 Short-term, high-dose parathyroid hormone-related protein as a skeletal anabolic agent for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88 2 569 575 (Pubitemid 36207792)
378. P Svejda 2006 Statins and osteoporosis Vnitr Lek 52 12 1190 1193 (Pubitemid 44955330)
379. JA Pasco MA Kotowicz MJ Henry 2002 Statin use, bone mineral density, and fracture risk: Geelong Osteoporosis Study Arch Intern Med 162 5 537 540 (Pubitemid 34193540)
380. RG Schlienger CR Meier 2003 HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors in osteoporosis: do they reduce the risk of fracture? Drugs Aging 20 5 321 336 (Pubitemid 36520955)
381. SB Jadhav GK Jain 2006 Statins and osteoporosis: new role for old drugs J Pharm Pharmacol 58 1 3 18 (Pubitemid 43041991)
382. K Landin-Wilhelmsen A Nilsson I Bosaeus 2003 Growth hormone increases bone mineral content in postmenopausal osteoporosis: a randomized placebo-controlled trial J Bone Miner Res 18 3 393 405 (Pubitemid 36244918)
383. D Agnusdei R Gentilella 2005 GH and IGF-I as therapeutic agents for osteoporosis J Endocrinol Invest 28 8 Suppl 32 36