Bioactivities and potential mechanisms of action for conjugated fatty acids

Food Science and Biotechnology

Volumn 18, Issue 3, 2009, Pages 586-593

  Park, Yeonhwa ^a   Pariza, Michael W ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN   (United States)

Author keywords

Bone; Cancer; Cardiovascular diseases; Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA); Conjugated trans fatty acid; Obesity

Indexed keywords

RODENTIA;

EID: 69349103396     PISSN: 12267708     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (119)

1. Willett WC, Stampfer MJ, Manson JE, Colditz GA, Speizer FE, Rosner BA, Sampson LA, Hennekens CH. Intake of trans fatty acids and risk of coronary heart disease among women. Lancet 341: 581-585 (1993)
2. Lichtenstein AH, Ausman LM, Jalbert SM, Schaefer EJ. Effects of different forms of dietary hydrogenated fats on serum lipoprotein cholesterol levels. New Engl. J. Med. 340: 1933-1940 (1999)
3. Pariza MW, Hargraves WA. A beef-derived mutagenesis modulator inhibits initiation of mouse epidermal tumors by 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene. Carcinogenesis 6: 591-593 (1985)
4. Ha YL, Grimm NK, Pariza MW. Anticarcinogens from fried ground beef: Heat-altered derivatives of linoleic acid. Carcinogenesis 8: 1881-1887 (1987)
5. Park Y, Pariza MW. Mechanisms of body fat modulation by conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). Food Res. Int. 40: 311-323 (2007)
6. Chin SF, Storkson JM, Ha YL, Pariza MW. Dietary sources of conjugated dienoic isomers of linoleic acid. J. Food Compos. Anal. 5: 185-197 (1992)
7. Kepler CR, Hirons KP, McNeill JJ, Tove SB. Intermediates and products of the biohydrogenation of linoleic acid by Butyrinvibrio fibrisolvens. J. Biol. Chem. 241: 1350-1354 (1966)
8. Kay JK, Mackle TR, Auldist MJ, Thomson NA, Bauman DE. Endogenous synthesis of cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid in dairy cows fed fresh pasture. J. Dairy Sci. 87: 369-378 (2004)
9. Corl BA, Barbano DM, Bauman DE, Ip C. Cis-9, trans-11 CLA derived endogenously from trans-11 18:1 reduces cancer risk in rats. J. Nutr. 133: 2893-2900 (2003)
10. Park Y, Pariza MW. Evidence that commercial calf and horse sera can contain substantial amounts of trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid. Lipids 33: 817-819 (1998)
11. Dhiman TR, Zaman S, Olson KC, Bingham HR, Ure AL, Pariza MW. Influence of feeding soybean oil on conjugated linoleic acid content in beef. J. Agr. Food Chem. 53: 684-689 (2005)
12. Parodi PW. Conjugated linoleic acid in food. Vol. 2, pp. 101-122. In: Advances in Conjugated Linoleic Acid Research. Sebedio J-, Christie WW, Adlof R (eds). AOCS Press, Champaign, IL, USA (2003)
13. Kramer JK, Sehat N, Dugan ME, Mossoba MM, Yurawecz MP, Roach JA, Eulitz K, Aalhus JL, Schaefer AL, Ku Y. Distributions of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers in tissue lipid classes of pigs fed a commercial CLA mixture determined by gas chromatography and silver ion-high-performance liquid chromatography. Lipids 33: 549-558 (1998)
14. Li G, Barnes D, Butz D, Bjorling D, Cook ME. 10t,12c-Conjugated linoleic acid inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced cyclooxygenase expression in vitro and in vivo. J. Lipid Res. 46: 2134-2142 (2005)
15. Al-Madaney MM, Kramer JK, Deng Z, Vanderhoek JY. Effects of lipid-esterified conjugated linoleic acid isomers on platelet function: Evidence for stimulation of platelet phospholipase activity. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1635: 75-82 (2003)
16. Lai C, Yin J, Li D, Zhao L, Chen X. Effects of dietary conjugated linoleic acid supplementation on performance and immune function of weaned pigs. Arch. Anim. Nutr. 59: 41-51 (2005)
17. Bissonauth V, Chouinard PY, Marin J, Leblanc N, Richard D, Jacques H. Altered lipid response in hamsters fed cis-9, trans-11+trans-8, cis-10 conjugated linoleic acid mixture. Lipids 43: 251-258 (2008)
18. Lee KW, Lee HJ, Cho HY, Kim YJ. Role of the conjugated linoleic acid in the prevention of cancer. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. 45: 135-144 (2005)
19. Kelley NS, Hubbard NE, Erickson KL. Conjugated linoleic acid isomers and cancer. J. Nutr. 137: 2599-2607 (2007)
20. Bhattacharya A, Banu J, Rahman M, Causey J, Fernandes G. Biological effects of conjugated linoleic acids in health and disease. J. Nutr. Biochem. 17: 789-810 (2006)
21. Lee HS, Kim EJ, Cho JS, Cho HJ, Lee SK, Jung KC, Park JHY. Conjugated linoleic acid decreases phosphorylated Akt levels in Mat-LyLu (MLL) rat prostate cancer cells. Food Sci. Biotechnol. 13: 353-357 (2004)
22. Lee SH, Yamaguchi K, Kim JS, Eling TE, Safe S, Park Y, Baek SJ. Conjugated linoleic acid stimulates an anti-tumorigenic protein NAG-1 in an isomer specific manner. Carcinogenesis 27: 972-981 (2006)
23. Sikorski AM, Hebert N, Swain RA. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) inhibits new vessel growth in the mammalian brain. Brain Res. 1213: 35-40 (2008)
24. Ip C, Dong Y, Ip MM, Banni S, Carta G, Angioni E, Murru E, Spada S, Melis MP, Saebo A. Conjugated linoleic acid isomers and mammary cancer prevention. Nutr. Cancer 43: 52-58 (2002)
25. Masso-Welch PA, Zangani D, Ip C, Vaughan MM, Shoemaker SF, McGee SO, Ip MM. Isomers of conjugated linoleic acid differ in their effects on angiogenesis and survival of mouse mammary adipose vasculature. J. Nutr. 134: 299-307 (2004)
26. Masso-Welch PA, Zangani D, Ip C, Vaughan MM, Shoemaker S, Ramirez RA, Ip MM. Inhibition of angiogenesis by the cancer chemopreventive agent conjugated linoleic acid. Cancer Res. 62: 4383-4389 (2002)
27. Ip MM, McGee SO, Masso-Welch PA, Ip C, Meng X, Ou L, Shoemaker SF. The t10, c12 isomer of conjugated linoleic acid stimulates mammary tumorigenesis in transgenic mice over-expressing erbB2 in the mammary epithelium. Carcinogenesis 28: 1269-1276 (2007)
28. Lee KN, Pariza MW, Ntambi JM. Conjugated linoleic acid decreases hepatic stearoyl-CoA desaturase mRNA expression. Biochem. Bioph. Res. Co. 248: 817-821 (1998)
29. Nicolosi RJ, Rogers EJ, Kritchevsky D, Scimeca JA, Huth PJ. Dietary conjugated linoleic acid reduces plasma lipoproteins and early aortic atherosclerosis in hypercholesterolemic hamsters. Artery 22: 266-277 (1997)
30. Kritchevsky D, Tepper SA, Wright S, Czarnecki SK, Wilson TA, Nicolosi RJ. Conjugated linoleic acid isomer effects in atherosclerosis: Growth and regression of lesions. Lipids 39: 611-616 (2004)
31. McLeod RS, LeBlanc AM, Langille MA, Mitchell PL, Currie DL. Conjugated linoleic acids, atherosclerosis, and hepatic very-low-density lipoprotein metabolism. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 79: 1169S-1174S (2004)
32. Kritchevsky D. Antimutagenic and some other effects of conjugated linoleic acid. Brit. J. Nutr. 83: 459-465 (2000)
33. Nagao K, Inoue N, Wang YM, Hirata J, Shimada Y, Nagao T, Matsui T, Yanagita T. The 10trans,12cis isomer of conjugated linoleic acid suppresses the development of hypertension in Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima fatty rats. Biochem. Bioph. Res. Co. 306: 134-138 (2003)
34. Choi Y, Park Y, Pariza MW, Ntambi JM. Regulation of stearoyl-CoA desaturase activity by the trans-10, cis-12 isomer of conjugated linoleic acid in HepG2 cells. Biochem. Bioph. Res. Co. 284: 689-693 (2001)
35. Peterson DG, Matitashvili EA, Bauman DE. The inhibitory effect of trans-10, cis-12 CLA on lipid synthesis in bovine mammary epithelial cells involves reduced proteolytic activation of the transcription factor SREBP-1. J. Nutr. 134: 2523-2527 (2004)
36. Ringseis R, Wen G, Saal D, Eder K. Conjugated linoleic acid isomers reduce cholesterol accumulation in acetylated LDL-induced mouse RAW264.7 macrophage-derived foam cells. Lipids 43: 913-923 (2008)
37. Navarro V, Macarulla MT, Fernandez-Quintela A, Rodriguez VM, Simon E, Portillo MP. Effects of trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid on cholesterol metabolism in hypercholesterolaemic hamsters. Eur. J. Nutr. 46: 213-219 (2007)
38. Arbones-Mainar JM, Navarro MA, Acin S, Guzman MA, Arnal C, Surra JC, Carnicer R, Roche HM, Osada J. Trans-10, cis-12- and cis-9, trans-11-conjugated linoleic acid isomers selectively modify HDL-apolipoprotein composition in apolipoprotein E knockout mice. J. Nutr. 136: 353-359 (2006)
39. Storkson JM, Park Y, Cook ME, Pariza MW. Effects of trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and cognates on apolipoprotein B secretion in HepG2 cells. Nutr. Res. 25: 387-399 (2005)
40. Park Y, Storkson JM, Albright KJ, Liu W, Pariza MW. Evidence that the trans-10, cis-12 isomer of conjugated linoleic acid induces body composition changes in mice. Lipids 34: 235-241 (1999)
41. Lasa A, Churruca I, Simon E, Fernandez-Quintela A, Rodriguez VM, Portillo MP. Trans-10, cis-12-conjugated linoleic acid does not increase body fat loss induced by energy restriction. Brit. J. Nutr. 100: 1245-1250 (2008)
42. Park Y, Albright KJ, Storkson JM, Liu W, Pariza MW. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) prevents body fat accumulation and weight gain in an animal model. J. Food Sci. 72: S612-S617 (2007)
43. Yu Y, Correll PH, Vanden Heuvel JP. Conjugated linoleic acid decreases production of pro-inflammatory products in macrophages: Evidence for a PPAR gamma-dependent mechanism. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1581: 89-99 (2002)
44. Garcia C, Boyce BF, Gilles J, Dallas M, Qiao M, Mundy GR, Bonewald LF. Leukotriene B4 stimulates osteoclastic bone resorption both in vitro and in vivo. J. Bone Miner. Res. 11: 1619-1627 (1996)
45. Bassaganya-Riera J, Hontecillas R, Beitz DC. Colonic anti-inflammatory mechanisms of conjugated linoleic acid. Clin. Nutr. 21: 451-459 (2002)
46. Belury MA, Kempa-Steczko A. Conjugated linoleic acid modulates hepatic lipid composition in mice. Lipids 32: 199-204 (1997)
47. Changhua L, Jindong Y, Defa L, Lidan Z, Shiyan Q, Jianjun X. Conjugated linoleic acid attenuates the production and gene expression of proinflammatory cytokines in weaned pigs challenged with lipopolysaccharide. J. Nutr. 135: 239-244 (2005)
48. Whigham LD, Cook EB, Stahl JL, Saban R, Bjorling DE, Pariza MW, Cook ME. CLA reduces antigen-induced histamine and PGE(2) release from sensitized guinea pig tracheae. Am. J. Physiol. 280: R908-R912 (2001)
49. Bassaganya-Riera J, Pogranichniy RM, Jobgen SC, Halbur PG, Yoon KJ, O'Shea M, Mohede I, Hontecillas R. Conjugated linoleic acid ameliorates viral infectivity in a pig model of virally induced immunosuppression. J. Nutr. 133: 3204-3214 (2003)
50. Yang M, Cook ME. Dietary conjugated linoleic acid decreased cachexia, macrophage tumor necrosis factor-alpha production, and modifies splenocyte cytokines production. Exp. Biol. Med. 228: 51-58 (2003)
51. Cook ME, Miller CC, Park Y, Pariza M. Immune modulation by altered nutrient metabolism - nutritional control of immune-induced growth depression. Poultry Sci. 72: 1301-1305 (1993)
52. Luongo D, Bergamo P, Rossi M. Effects of conjugated linoleic acid on growth and cytokine expression in Jurkat T cells. Immunol. Lett. 90: 195-201 (2003)
53. Poirier H, Shapiro JS, Kim RJ, Lazar MA. Nutritional supplementation with trans-10, cis-12-conjugated linoleic acid induces inflammation of white adipose tissue. Diabetes 55: 1634-1641 (2006)
54. Thiel-Cooper RL, Parrish FC Jr, Sparks JC, Wiegand BR, Ewan RC. Conjugated linoleic acid changes swine performance and carcass composition. J. Anim. Sci. 79: 1821-1828 (2001)
55. Demaree SR, Gilbert CD, Mersmann HJ, Smith SB. Conjugated linoleic acid differentially modifies fatty acid composition in subcellular fractions of muscle and adipose tissue but not adiposity of postweaning pigs. J. Nutr. 132: 3272-3279 (2002)
56. Ostrowska E, Suster D, Muralitharan M, Cross RF, Leury BJ, Bauman DE, Dunshea FR. Conjugated linoleic acid decreases fat accretion in pigs: Evaluation by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Brit. J. Nutr. 89: 219-229 (2003)
57. Li Y, Seifert MF, Ney DM, Grahn M, Grant AL, Allen KG, Watkins BA. Dietary conjugated linoleic acids alter serum IGF-I and IGF binding protein concentrations and reduce bone formation in rats fed (n-6) or (n-3) fatty acids. J. Bone Miner. Res. 14: 1153-1162 (1999)
58. Li Y, Watkins BA. Conjugated linoleic acids alter bone fatty acid composition and reduce ex vivo prostaglandin E2 biosynthesis in rats fed n-6 or n-3 fatty acids. Lipids 33: 417-425 (1998)
59. Kelly O, Cusack S, Jewell C, Cashman KD. The effect of polyunsaturated fatty acids, including conjugated linoleic acid, on calcium absorption and bone metabolism and composition in young growing rats. Brit. J. Nutr. 90: 743-750 (2003)
60. Kelly O, Cashman KD. The effect of conjugated linoleic acid on calcium absorption and bone metabolism and composition in adult ovariectomised rats. Prostag. Leukotr. Ess. 71: 295-301 (2004)
61. Turek JJ, Li Y, Schoenlein IA, Allen KGD, Watkins BA. Modulation of macrophage cytokine production by conjugated linoleic acids is influenced by the dietary n-6: n-3 fatty acid ratio. J. Nutr. Biochem. 9: 258-266 (1998)
62. Weiler H, Austin S, Fitzpatrick-Wong S, Nitschmann E, Bankovic-Calic N, Mollard R, Aukema H, Ogborn M. Conjugated linoleic acid reduces parathyroid hormone in health and in polycystic kidney disease in rats. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 79: 1186S-1189S (2004)
63. Burr LL, Taylor CG, Weiler HA. Dietary conjugated linoleic acid does not adversely affect bone mass in obese fa/fa or lean Zucker rats. Exp. Biol. Med. 231: 1602-1609 (2006)
64. Banu J, Bhattacharya A, Rahman M, O'Shea M, Fernandes G. Effects of conjugated linoleic acid and exercise on bone mass in young male Balb/C mice. Lipids Health Dis. 5: 7 (2006)
65. Park Y, Albright KJ, Liu W, Storkson JM, Cook ME, Pariza MW. Effect of conjugated linoleic acid on body composition in mice. Lipids 32: 853-858 (1997)
66. Berge GM, Ruyter B, Asgard T. Conjugated linoleic acid in diets for juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar); effects on fish performance, proximate composition, fatty acid, and mineral content. Aquaculture 237: 365-380 (2004)
67. Watkins BA, Shen CL, McMurtry JP, Xu H, Bain SD, Allen KG, Seifert MF. Dietary lipids modulate bone prostaglandin E2 production, insulin-like growth factor-I concentration and formation rate in chicks. J. Nutr. 127: 1084-1091 (1997)
68. Park Y, Pariza MW, Park Y. Co-supplementation of dietary calcium and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) improves bone mass in mice. J. Food Sci. 73: C556-C560 (2008)
69. Jewell C, Cusack S, Cashman KD. The effect of conjugated linoleic acid on transepithelial calcium transport and mediators of paracellular permeability in human intestinal-like Caco-2 cells. Prostag. Leukotr. Ess. 72: 163-171 (2005)
70. Jewell C, Cashman KD. The effect of conjugated linoleic acid and medium-chain fatty acids on transepithelial calcium transport in human intestinal-like Caco-2 cells. Brit. J. Nutr. 89: 639-647 (2003)
71. Murphy EF, Jewell C, Hooiveld GJ, Muller M, Cashman KD. Conjugated linoleic acid enhances transepithelial calcium transport in human intestinal-like Caco-2 cells: An insight into molecular changes. Prostag. Leukotr. Ess. 74: 295-301 (2006)
72. Rahman MM, Bhattacharya A, Fernandes G. Conjugated linoleic acid inhibits osteoclast differentiation of RAW264.7 cells by modulating RANKL signaling. J. Lipid Res. 47: 1739-1748 (2006)
73. Rahman MM, Bhattacharya A, Banu J, Fernandes G. Conjugated linoleic acid protects against age-associated bone loss in C57BL/6 female mice. J. Nutr. Biochem. 18: 467-474 (2007)
74. Park Y, Storkson JM, Ntambi JM, Cook ME, Sih CJ, Pariza MW. Inhibition of hepatic stearoyl-CoA desaturase activity by trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid and its derivatives. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1486: 285-292 (2000)
75. Valeille K, Gripois D, Blouquit MF, Souidi M, Riottot M, Bouthegourd JC, Serougne C, Martin JC. Lipid atherogenic risk markers can be more favourably influenced by the cis-9, trans-11-octadecadienoate isomer than a conjugated linoleic acid mixture or fish oil in hamsters. Brit. J. Nutr. 91: 191-199 (2004)
76. Riserus U, Arner P, Brismar K, Vessby B. Treatment with dietary trans10, cis12 conjugated linoleic acid causes isomer-specific insulin resistance in obese men with the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Care 25: 1516-1521 (2002)
77. Pariza MW, Park Y, Xu X, Ntambi J, Kang K. Speculation on the mechanisms of action of conjugated linoleic acid. Vol. 2, pp. 251-258. In: Advances in Conjugated Linoleic Acid Research. Sebedio J-, Christie WW, Adlof R (eds). AOCS Press, Champaign, IL, USA (2003)
78. Pariza MW. Perspective on the safety and effectiveness of conjugated linoleic acid. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 79: 1132S-1136S (2004)
79. Clement L, Poirier H, Niot I, Bocher V, Guerre-Millo M, Krief S, Staels B, Besnard P. Dietary trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid induces hyperinsulinemia and fatty liver in the mouse. J. Lipid Res. 43: 1400-1409 (2002)
80. Poirier H, Niot I, Clement L, Guerre-Millo M, Besnard P. Development of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA)-mediated lipoatrophic syndrome in the mouse. Biochimie 87: 73-79 (2005)
81. Tsuboyama-Kasaoka N, Takahashi M, Tanemura K, Kim HJ, Tange T, Okuyama H, Kasai M, Ikemoto S, Ezaki O. Conjugated linoleic acid supplementation reduces adipose tissue by apoptosis and develops lipodystrophy in mice. Diabetes 49: 1534-1542 (2000)
82. Yanagita T, Wang YM, Nagao K, Ujino Y, Inoue N. Conjugated linoleic acid-induced fatty liver can be attenuated by combination with docosahexaenoic acid in C57BL/6N mice. J. Agr. Food Chem. 53: 9629-9633 (2005)
83. Moya-Camarena SY, Vanden Heuvel JP, Blanchard SG, Leesnitzer LA, Belury MA. Conjugated linoleic acid is a potent naturally occurring ligand and activator of PPARalpha. J. Lipid Res. 40: 1426-1433 (1999)
84. Park Y, Albright KJ, Pariza MW. Effects of conjugated linoleic acid on long term feeding in Fischer 344 rats. Food Chem. Toxicol. 43: 1273-1279 (2005)
85. O'Hagan S, Menzel A. A subchronic 90-day oral rat toxicity study and in vitro genotoxicity studies with a conjugated linoleic acid product. Food Chem. Toxicol. 41: 1749-1760 (2003)
86. Malpuech-Brugere C, Verboeket-van de Venne WP, Mensink RP, Arnal MA, Morio B, Brandolini M, Saebo A, Lassel TS, Chardigny JM, Sebedio JL, Beaufrere B. Effects of two conjugated linoleic acid isomers on body fat mass in overweight humans. Obes. Res. 12: 591-598 (2004)
87. Ramos R, Mascarenhas J, Duarte P, Vicente C, Casteleiro C. Conjugated linoleic acid-induced toxic hepatitis: First case report. Digest Dis. Sci. 54: 1141-1143 (2009)
88. Naumann E, Carpentier YA, Saebo A, Lassel TS, Chardigny JM, Sebedio JL, Mensink RP, FunCLA Study Group. Cis-9, trans-11 and trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) do not affect the plasma lipoprotein profile in moderately overweight subjects with LDL phenotype B. Atherosclerosis 188: 167-174 (2006)
89. Houseknecht KL, Vanden Heuvel JP, Moya-Camarena SY, Portocarrero CP, Peck LW, Nickel KP, Belury MA. Dietary conjugated linoleic acid normalizes impaired glucose tolerance in the Zucker diabetic fatty fa/fa rat. Biochem. Bioph. Res. Co. 244: 678-682 (1998)
90. Ryder JW, Portocarrero CP, Song XM, Cui L, Yu M, Combatsiaris T, Galuska D, Bauman DE, Barbano DM, Charron MJ, Zierath JR, Houseknecht KL. Isomer-specific antidiabetic properties of conjugated linoleic acid. Improved glucose tolerance, skeletal muscle insulin action, and UCP-2 gene expression. Diabetes 50: 1149-1157 (2001)
91. Nagao K, Inoue N, Wang YM, Yanagita T. Conjugated linoleic acid enhances plasma adiponectin level and alleviates hyperinsulinemia and hypertension in Zucker diabetic fatty (fa/fa) rats. Biochem. Bioph. Res. Co. 310: 562-566 (2003)
92. Belury MA. Conjugated linoleic acids in Type 2 diabetes mellitus: Implications and potential mechanisms. Vol. 2, pp. 302-315. In: Advances in Conjugated Linoleic Acid Research. Sebedio J-, Christie WW, Adlof R (eds). AOCS, Champaign, IL, USA (2003)
93. Noto A, Zahradka P, Yurkova N, Xie X, Truong H, Nitschmann E, Ogborn MR, Taylor CG. Dietary conjugated linoleic acid decreases adipocyte size and favorably modifies adipokine status and insulin sensitivity in obese, insulin-resistant rats. Metabolism 56: 1601-1611 (2007)
94. Park Y, Yang MD, Storkson JM, Albright KJ, Liu W, Cook ME, Pariza MW. Effects of conjugated linoleic acid isomers on serum tumor necrosis factor-a concentration in mice. J. Food Biochem. 31: 252-265 (2007)
95. Pariza MW, Park Y, Cook ME. Mechanisms of action of conjugated linoleic acid: Evidence and speculation. P. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 223: 8-13 (2000)
96. Akahoshi A, Goto Y, Murao K, Miyazaki T, Yamasaki M, Nonaka M, Yamada K, Sugano M. Conjugated linoleic acid reduces body fats and cytokine levels of mice. Biosci. Biotech. Bioch. 66: 916-920 (2002)
97. Bhattacharya A, Rahman MM, Sun D, Lawrence R, Mejia W, McCarter R, O'Shea M, Fernandes G. The combination of dietary conjugated linoleic acid and treadmill exercise lowers gain in body fat mass and enhances lean body mass in high fat-fed male Balb/C mice. J. Nutr. 135: 1124-1130 (2005)
98. Sugano M, Akahoshi A, Koba K, Tanaka K, Okumura T, Matsuyama H, Goto Y, Miyazaki T, Murao K, Yamasaki M, Nonaka M, Yamada K. Dietary manipulations of body fat-reducing potential of conjugated linoleic acid in rats. Biosci. Biotech. Bioch. 65: 2535-2541 (2001)
99. Wendel AA, Purushotham A, Liu LF, Belury MA. Conjugated linoleic acid fails to worsen insulin resistance but induces hepatic steatosis in the presence of leptin in ob/ob mice. J. Lipid Res. 49: 98-106 (2008)
100. Wargent E, Sennitt MV, Stocker C, Mayes AE, Brown L, O'dowd J, Wang S, Einerhand AW, Mohede I, Arch JR, Cawthorne MA. Prolonged treatment of genetically obese mice with conjugated linoleic acid improves glucose tolerance and lowers plasma insulin concentration: Possible involvement of PPAR activation. Lipids Health Dis. 4: 3 (2005)
101. Poirier H, Rouault C, Clement L, Niot I, Monnot MC, Guerre-Millo M, Besnard P. Hyperinsulinaemia triggered by dietary conjugated linoleic acid is associated with a decrease in leptin and adiponectin plasma levels and pancreatic beta cell hyperplasia in the mouse. Diabetologia 48: 1059-1065 (2005)
102. Brown JM, McIntosh MK. Conjugated linoleic acid in humans: Regulation of adiposity and insulin sensitivity. J. Nutr. 133: 3041-3046 (2003)
103. Whigham LD, Watras AC, Schoeller DA. Efficacy of conjugated linoleic acid for reducing fat mass: A meta-analysis in humans. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 85: 1203-1211 (2007)
104. Wang Y, Jones PJ. Dietary conjugated linoleic acid and body composition. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 79: 1153S-1158S (2004)
105. Terpstra AH. Effect of conjugated linoleic acid on body composition and plasma lipids in humans: An overview of the literature. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 79: 352-361 (2004)
106. Terpstra AH. Differences between humans and mice in efficacy of the body fat lowering effect of conjugated linoleic acid: Role of metabolic rate. J. Nutr. 131: 2067-2068 (2001)
107. Pariza MW, Park Y, Cook ME. The biologically active isomers of conjugated linoleic acid. Prog. Lipid Res. 40: 283-298 (2001)
108. Park Y, Storkson JM, Albright KJ, Liu W, Pariza MW. Biological activities of conjugated fatty acids: Conjugated eicosadienoic (conj. 20:2Δc11,t13/t12,c14), eicosatrienoic (conj. 20:3Δc8,t12,c14), and heneicosadienoic (conj. 21:2Δc12,t14/c13,t15) acids, and other metabolites of conjugated linoleic acid. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1687: 120-129 (2005)
109. Park Y, Pariza MW. The effects of dietary conjugated nonadecadienoic acid on body composition in mice. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1533: 171-174 (2001)
110. Sebedio JL, Angioni E, Chardigny JM, Gregoire S, Juaneda P, Berdeaux O. The effect of conjugated linoleic acid isomers on fatty acid profiles of liver and adipose tissues and their conversion to isomers of 16:2 and 18:3 conjugated fatty acids in rats. Lipids 36: 575-582 (2001)
111. Sebedio J-. Conjugated linoleic acid metabolites in rats. Vol. 1, pp. 319-326. In: Advances in Conjugated Linoleic Acid Research. Yurawecz MP, Mossoba MM, Kramer JKG, Pariza MW, Nelson GJ (eds). AOCS Press, Champaign, IL, USA (1999)
112. Nie L, Ren Y, Janakiraman A, Smith S, Schulz H. A novel paradigm of fatty acid beta-oxidation exemplified by the thioesterase-dependent partial degradation of conjugated linoleic acid that fully supports growth of Escherichia coli. Biochemistry 47: 9618-9626 (2008)
113. Banni S. Conjugated linoleic acid metabolism. Curr. Opin. Lipidol. 13: 261-266 (2002)
114. Banni S, Petroni A, Blasevich M, Carta G, Angioni E, Murru E, Day BW, Melis MP, Spada S, Ip C. Detection of conjugated C16 PUFAs in rat tissues as possible partial beta-oxidation products of naturally occurring conjugated linoleic acid and its metabolites. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1682: 120-127 (2004)
115. Park Y, Storkson JM, Liu W, Albright KJ, Cook ME, Pariza MW. Structure-activity relationship of conjugated linoleic acid and its cognates in inhibiting heparin-releasable lipoprotein lipase and glycerol release from fully differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes. J. Nutr. Biochem. 15: 561-568 (2004)
116. Ntambi JM, Miyazaki M. Regulation of stearoyl-CoA desaturases and role in metabolism. P. Lipid Res. 43: 91-104 (2004)
117. Ntambi JM, Miyazaki M, Stoehr JP, Lan H, Kendziorski CM, Yandell BS, Song Y, Cohen P, Friedman JM, Attie AD. Loss of stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 function protects mice against adiposity. P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99: 11482-11486 (2002)
118. Kang K, Miyazaki M, Ntambi JM, Pariza MW. Evidence that the anti-obesity effect of conjugated linoleic acid is independent of effects on stearoyl-CoA desaturase1 expression and enzyme activity. Biochem. Bioph. Res. Co. 315: 532-537 (2004)
119. Park Y, Park YH, Rhee S. Conjugated nonadecadienoic acid (CNA) shares similar molecular mechanisms with conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). FASEB J. 22: 700.37 (meeting abstract) (2008)