Epigenetic profiling in schizophrenia and major mental disorders

Neuropsychobiology

Volumn 60, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 5-11

  Iwamoto, Kazuya ^a   Kato, Tadafumi ^a  

^a RIKEN BRAIN SCIENCE INSTITUTE   (Japan)

Author keywords

Epigenetic profiling; Major mental disorders; Schizophrenia

Indexed keywords

4 AMINOBUTYRIC ACID RECEPTOR; CATECHOL METHYLTRANSFERASE; DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE; HISTONE; METHIONINE;

CPG ISLAND; DNA METHYLATION; DNA MICROARRAY; ENZYME ACTIVITY; EPIGENETICS; GENE EXPRESSION; HUMAN; MENTAL DISEASE; METABOLISM; MITOSIS RATE; NERVE CELL; NEUROSCIENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SCHIZOPHRENIA;

DNA METHYLATION; EPIGENESIS, GENETIC; HUMANS; MENTAL DISORDERS; METHIONINE; SCHIZOPHRENIA;

EID: 68549111206     PISSN: 0302282X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1159/000234811     Document Type: Review

References (97)

1. The Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium: Genome-wide association study of 14,000 cases of seven common diseases and 3,000 shared controls. Nature 2007; 447: 661-678.
2. Baum AE, Akula N, Cabanero M, Cardona I, Corona W, Klemens B, Schulze TG, Cichon S, Rietschel M, Nothen MM, Georgi A, Schumacher J, Schwarz M, Abou Jamra R, Hofels S, Propping P, Satagopan J, Detera- Wadleigh SD, Hardy J, McMahon FJ: A genome- wide association study implicates diacylglycerol kinase eta (DGKH) and several other genes in the etiology of bipolar disorder. Mol Psychiatry 2008; 13: 197-207.
3. Ferreira MA, O'Donovan MC, Meng YA, Jones IR, Ruderfer DM, Jones L, Fan J, Kirov G, Perlis RH, Green EK, Smoller JW, Grozeva D, Stone J, Nikolov I, Chambert K, Hamshere ML, Nimgaonkar VL, Moskvina V, Thase ME, Caesar S, Sachs GS, Franklin J, Gordon-Smith K, Ardlie KG, Gabriel SB, Fraser C, Blumenstiel B, Defelice M, Breen G, Gill M, Morris DW, Elkin A, Muir WJ, McGhee KA, Williamson R, Macintyre DJ, Maclean AW, St Clair D, Robinson M, Van Beck M, Pereira AC, Kandaswamy R, Mc- Quillin A, Collier DA, Bass NJ, Young AH, Lawrence J, Nicol Ferrier I, Anjorin A, Farmer A, Curtis D, Scolnick EM, McGuffin P, Daly MJ, Corvin AP, Holmans PA, Blackwood DH, Gurling HM, Owen MJ, Purcell SM, Sklar P, Craddock N: Collaborative genome- wide association analysis supports a role for ANK3 and CACNA1C in bipolar disorder. Nat Genet 2008, Epub ahead of print.
4. Sklar P, Smoller JW, Fan J, Ferreira MA, Perlis RH, Chambert K, Nimgaonkar VL, Mc- Queen MB, Faraone SV, Kirby A, de Bakker PI, Ogdie MN, Thase ME, Sachs GS, Todd- Brown K, Gabriel SB, Sougnez C, Gates C, Blumenstiel B, Defelice M, Ardlie KG, Franklin J, Muir WJ, McGhee KA, MacIntyre DJ, McLean A, VanBeck M, McQuillin A, Bass NJ, Robinson M, Lawrence J, Anjorin A, Curtis D, Scolnick EM, Daly MJ, Blackwood DH, Gurling HM, Purcell SM: Whole-genome association study of bipolar disorder. Mol Psychiatry 2008; 13: 558-569.
5. O'Donovan MC, Craddock N, Norton N, Williams H, Peirce T, Moskvina V, Nikolov I, Hamshere M, Carroll L, Georgieva L, Dwyer S, Holmans P, Marchini JL, Spencer CC, Howie B, Leung HT, Hartmann AM, Moller HJ, Morris DW, Shi Y, Feng G, Hoffmann P, Propping P, Vasilescu C, Maier W, Rietschel M, Zammit S, Schumacher J, Quinn EM, Schulze TG, Williams NM, Giegling I, Iwata N, Ikeda M, Darvasi A, Shifman S, He L, Duan J, Sanders AR, Levinson DF, Gejman PV, Buccola NG, Mowry BJ, Freedman R, Amin F, Black DW, Silverman JM, Byerley WF, Cloninger CR, Cichon S, Nothen MM, Gill M, Corvin A, Rujescu D, Kirov G, Owen MJ: Identification of loci associated with schizophrenia by genome-wide association and follow-up. Nat Genet 2008, Epub ahead of print.
6. Shifman S, Johannesson M, Bronstein M, Chen SX, Collier DA, Craddock NJ, Kendler KS, Li T, O'Donovan M, O'Neill FA, Owen MJ, Walsh D, Weinberger DR, Sun C, Flint J, Darvasi A: Genome-wide association identifies a common variant in the reelin gene that increases the risk of schizophrenia only in women. PLoS Genet 2008; 4:e28.
7. Redon R, Ishikawa S, Fitch KR, Feuk L, Perry GH, Andrews TD, Fiegler H, Shapero MH, Carson AR, Chen W, Cho EK, Dallaire S, Freeman JL, Gonzalez JR, Gratacos M, Huang J, Kalaitzopoulos D, Komura D, Mac- Donald JR, Marshall CR, Mei R, Montgomery L, Nishimura K, Okamura K, Shen F, Somerville MJ, Tchinda J, Valsesia A, Woodwark C, Yang F, Zhang J, Zerjal T, Armengol L, Conrad DF, Estivill X, Tyler-Smith C, Carter NP, Aburatani H, Lee C, Jones KW, Scherer SW, Hurles ME: Global variation in copy number in the human genome. Nature 2006; 444: 444-454. (Pubitemid 44809057)
8. International Schizophrenia Consortium: Rare chromosomal deletions and duplications increase risk of schizophrenia. Nature 2008; 455: 237-241.
9. Stefansson H, Rujescu D, Cichon S, Pietilainen OP, Ingason A, Steinberg S, Fossdal R, Sigurdsson E, Sigmundsson T, Buizer-Voskamp JE, Hansen T, Jakobsen KD, Muglia P, Francks C, Matthews PM, Gylfason A, Halldorsson BV, Gudbjartsson D, Thorgeirsson TE, Sigurdsson A, Jonasdottir A, Bjornsson A, Mattiasdottir S, Blondal T, Haraldsson M, Magnusdottir BB, Giegling I, Moller HJ, Hartmann A, Shianna KV, Ge D, Need AC, Crombie C, Fraser G, Walker N, Lonnqvist J, Suvisaari J, Tuulio-Henriksson A, Paunio T, Toulopoulou T, Bramon E, Di Forti M, Murray R, Ruggeri M, Vassos E, Tosato S, Walshe M, Li T, Vasilescu C, Muhleisen TW, Wang AG, Ullum H, Djurovic S, Melle I, Olesen J, Kiemeney LA, Franke B, Sabatti C, Freimer NB, Gulcher JR, Thorsteinsdottir U, Kong A, Andreassen OA, Ophoff RA, Georgi A, Rietschel M, Werge T, Petursson H, Goldstein DB, Nothen MM, Peltonen L, Collier DA, St Clair D, Stefansson K, Kahn RS, Linszen DH, van Os J, Wiersma D, Bruggeman R, Cahn W, de Haan L, Krabbendam L, Myin-Germeys I: Large recurrent microdeletions associated with schizophrenia. Nature 2008; 455: 232-236.
10. Xu B, Roos JL, Levy S, van Rensburg EJ, Gogos JA, Karayiorgou M: Strong association of de novo copy number mutations with sporadic schizophrenia. Nat Genet 2008; 40: 880-885.
11. Walsh T, McClellan JM, McCarthy SE, Addington AM, Pierce SB, Cooper GM, Nord AS, Kusenda M, Malhotra D, Bhandari A, Stray SM, Rippey CF, Roccanova P, Makarov V, Lakshmi B, Findling RL, Sikich L, Stromberg T, Merriman B, Gogtay N, Butler P, Eckstrand K, Noory L, Gochman P, Long R, Chen Z, Davis S, Baker C, Eichler EE, Meltzer PS, Nelson SF, Singleton AB, Lee MK, Rapoport JL, King MC, Sebat J: Rare structural variants disrupt multiple genes in neurodevelopmental pathways in schizophrenia. Science 2008; 320: 539-543.
12. Gershon ES, Liu C, Badner JA: Genome-wide association in bipolar. Mol Psychiatry 2008; 13: 1-2.
13. Bird A: DNA methylation patterns and epigenetic memory. Genes Dev 2002; 16: 6-21.
14. Gottesman I: Schizophrenia genesis: The origins of madness. New York, WH Freeman, 1991.
15. Abdolmaleky HM, Smith CL, Faraone SV, Shafa R, Stone W, Glatt SJ, Tsuang MT: Methylomics in psychiatry: Modulation of gene-environment interactions may be through DNA methylation. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2004; 127: 51-59.
16. Kato T, Iwamoto K, Kakiuchi C, Kuratomi G, Okazaki Y: Genetic or epigenetic difference causing discordance between monozygotic twins as a clue to molecular basis of mental disorders. Mol Psychiatry 2005; 10: 622-630.
17. Petronis A: The origin of schizophrenia: genetic thesis, epigenetic antithesis, and resolving synthesis. Biol Psychiatry 2004; 55: 965-970.
18. Tsankova N, Renthal W, Kumar A, Nestler EJ: Epigenetic regulation in psychiatric disorders. Nat Rev Neurosci 2007; 8: 355-367.
19. Mill J, Petronis A: Molecular studies of major depressive disorder: The epigenetic perspective. Mol Psychiatry 2007; 12: 799-814.
20. Hsieh CL: Dynamics of DNA methylation pattern. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2000; 10: 224-228.
21. Li E, Bestor TH, Jaenisch R: Targeted mutation of the DNA methyltransferase gene results in embryonic lethality. Cell 1992; 69: 915-926.
22. Feinberg AP: Phenotypic plasticity and the epigenetics of human disease. Nature 2007; 447: 433-440.
23. Kangaspeska S, Stride B, Metivier R, Polycarpou- Schwarz M, Ibberson D, Carmouche RP, Benes V, Gannon F, Reid G: Transient cyclical methylation of promoter DNA. Nature 2008; 452: 112-115.
24. Metivier R, Gallais R, Tiffoche C, Le Peron C, Jurkowska RZ, Carmouche RP, Ibberson D, Barath P, Demay F, Reid G, Benes V, Jeltsch A, Gannon F, Salbert G: Cyclical DNA methylation of a transcriptionally active promoter. Nature 2008; 452: 45-50.
25. Takizawa T, Nakashima K, Namihira M, Ochiai W, Uemura A, Yanagisawa M, Fujita N, Nakao M, Taga T: DNA methylation is a critical cell-intrinsic determinant of astrocyte differentiation in the fetal brain. Dev Cell 2001; 1: 749-758.
26. Zhao X, Ueba T, Christie BR, Barkho B, Mc- Connell MJ, Nakashima K, Lein ES, Eadie BD, Willhoite AR, Muotri AR, Summers RG, Chun J, Lee KF, Gage FH: Mice lacking methyl-CpG binding protein 1 have deficits in adult neurogenesis and hippocampal function. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2003; 100: 6777-6782.
27. Chahrour M, Zoghbi HY: The story of Rett syndrome: from clinic to neurobiology. Neuron 2007; 56: 422-437.
28. Hansen RS, Wijmenga C, Luo P, Stanek AM, Canfield TK, Weemaes CM, Gartler SM: The DNMT3B DNA methyltransferase gene is mutated in the ICF immunodeficiency syndrome. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999; 96: 14412-14417.
29. Wilkinson LS, Davies W, Isles AR: Genomic imprinting effects on brain development and function. Nat Rev Neurosci 2007; 8: 832-843.
30. Ladd-Acosta C, Pevsner J, Sabunciyan S, Yolken RH, Webster MJ, Dinkins T, Callinan PA, Fan JB, Potash JB, Feinberg AP: DNA methylation signatures within the human brain. Am J Hum Genet 2007; 81: 1304-1315.
31. Brown SE, Weaver IC, Meaney MJ, Szyf M: Regional-specific global cytosine methylation and DNA methyltransferase expression in the adult rat hippocampus. Neurosci Lett 2008; 440: 49-53.
32. Levenson JM, Roth TL, Lubin FD, Miller CA, Huang IC, Desai P, Malone LM, Sweatt JD: Evidence that DNA (cytosine-5) methyltransferase regulates synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus. J Biol Chem 2006; 281: 15763-15773.
33. Nelson ED, Kavalali ET, Monteggia LM: Activity- dependent suppression of miniature neurotransmission through the regulation of DNA methylation. J Neurosci 2008; 28: 395-406.
34. Martinowich K, Hattori D, Wu H, Fouse S, He F, Hu Y, Fan G, Sun YE: DNA methylation- related chromatin remodeling in activity- dependent BDNF gene regulation. Science 2003; 302: 890-893.
35. Chen WG, Chang Q, Lin Y, Meissner A, West AE, Griffith EC, Jaenisch R, Greenberg ME: Derepression of BDNF transcription involves calcium-dependent phosphorylation of MeCP2. Science 2003; 302: 885-889.
36. Miller CA, Sweatt JD: Covalent modification of DNA regulates memory formation. Neuron 2007; 53: 857-869.
37. Weaver IC, Cervoni N, Champagne FA, D'Alessio AC, Sharma S, Seckl JR, Dymov S, Szyf M, Meaney MJ: Epigenetic programming by maternal behavior. Nat Neurosci 2004; 7: 847-854.
38. Meaney MJ, Szyf M: Maternal care as a model for experience-dependent chromatin plasticity? Trends Neurosci 2005; 28: 456-463.
39. Szyf M, McGowan P, Meaney MJ: The social environment and the epigenome. Environ Mol Mutagen 2008; 49: 46-60.
40. Bock C, Walter J, Paulsen M, Lengauer T: Inter- individual variation of DNA methylation and its implications for large-scale epigenome mapping. Nucleic Acids Res 2008; 36: E55.
41. Wilson VL, Jones PA: DNA methylation decreases in aging but not in immortal cells. Science 1983; 220: 1055-1057.
42. Fuke C, Shimabukuro M, Petronis A, Sugimoto J, Oda T, Miura K, Miyazaki T, Ogura C, Okazaki Y, Jinno Y: Age related changes in 5- methylcytosine content in human peripheral leukocytes and placentas: An HPLC-based study. Ann Hum Genet 2004; 68: 196-204.
43. Bjornsson HT, Sigurdsson MI, Fallin MD, Irizarry RA, Aspelund T, Cui H, Yu W, Rongione MA, Ekstrom TJ, Harris TB, Launer LJ, Eiriksdottir G, Leppert MF, Sapienza C, Gudnason V, Feinberg AP: Intra-individual change over time in DNA methylation with familial clustering. JAMA 2008; 299: 2877-2883.
44. Fraga MF, Ballestar E, Paz MF, Ropero S, Setien F, Ballestar ML, Heine-Suner D, Cigudosa JC, Urioste M, Benitez J, Boix-Chornet M, Sanchez-Aguilera A, Ling C, Carlsson E, Poulsen P, Vaag A, Stephan Z, Spector TD, Wu YZ, Plass C, Esteller M: Epigenetic differences arise during the lifetime of monozygotic twins. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2005; 102: 10604-10609.
45. Flanagan JM, Popendikyte V, Pozdniakovaite N, Sobolev M, Assadzadeh A, Schumacher A, Zangeneh M, Lau L, Virtanen C, Wang SC, Petronis A: Intra- and interindividual epigenetic variation in human germ cells. Am J Hum Genet 2006; 79: 67-84.
46. Siegmund KD, Connor CM, Campan M, Long TI, Weisenberger DJ, Biniszkiewicz D, Jaenisch R, Laird PW, Akbarian S: DNA methylation in the human cerebral cortex is dynamically regulated throughout the life span and involves differentiated neurons. PLoS ONE 2007; 2:e895.
47. Shimabukuro M, Sasaki T, Imamura A, Tsujita T, Fuke C, Umekage T, Tochigi M, Hiramatsu K, Miyazaki T, Oda T, Sugimoto J, Jinno Y, Okazaki Y: Global hypomethylation of peripheral leukocyte DNA in male patients with schizophrenia: A potential link between epigenetics and schizophrenia. J Psychiatr Res 2007; 41: 1042-1046.
48. Frans EM, Sandin S, Reichenberg A, Lichtenstein P, Langstrom N, Hultman CM: Advancing paternal age and bipolar disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2008; 65: 1034-1040.
49. Byrne M, Agerbo E, Ewald H, Eaton WW, Mortensen PB: Parental age and risk of schizophrenia: A case-control study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2003; 60: 673-678.
50. Malaspina D, Harlap S, Fennig S, Heiman D, Nahon D, Feldman D, Susser ES: Advancing paternal age and the risk of schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2001; 58: 361-367.
51. Hoffman DR, Marion DW, Cornatzer WE, Duerre JA: S -Adenosylmethionine and S -adenosylhomocystein metabolism in isolated rat liver. Effects of L -methionine, L -homocystein, and adenosine. J Biol Chem 1980; 255: 10822-10827.
52. Cohen SM, Nichols A, Wyatt R, Pollin W: The administration of methionine to chronic schizophrenic patients: A review of ten studies. Biol Psychiatry 1974; 8: 209-225.
53. Muntjewerff JW, Kahn RS, Blom HJ, den Heijer M: Homocysteine, methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase and risk of schizophrenia: A meta-analysis. Mol Psychiatry 2006; 11: 143-149.
54. Tremolizzo L, Carboni G, Ruzicka WB, Mitchell CP, Sugaya I, Tueting P, Sharma R, Grayson DR, Costa E, Guidotti A: An epigenetic mouse model for molecular and behavioral neuropathologies related to schizophrenia vulnerability. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2002; 99: 17095-17100.
55. Tremolizzo L, Doueiri MS, Dong E, Grayson DR, Davis J, Pinna G, Tueting P, Rodriguez- Menendez V, Costa E, Guidotti A: Valproate corrects the schizophrenia-like epigenetic behavioral modifications induced by methionine in mice. Biol Psychiatry 2005; 57: 500-509.
56. Adler Nevo G, Meged S, Sela BA, Hanoch- Levi A, Hershko R, Weizman A: Homocysteine levels in adolescent schizophrenia patients. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2006; 16: 588-591.
57. Regland B, Johansson BV, Grenfeldt B, Hjelmgren LT, Medhus M: Homocysteinemia is a common feature of schizophrenia. J Neural Transm Gen Sect 1995; 100: 165-169.
58. Levine J, Sela BA, Osher Y, Belmaker RH: High homocysteine serum levels in young male schizophrenia and bipolar patients and in an animal model. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2005; 29: 1181-1191.
59. Lerner V, Miodownik C, Kaptsan A, Vishne T, Sela BA, Levine J: High serum homocysteine levels in young male schizophrenic and schizoaffective patients with tardive parkinsonism and/or tardive dyskinesia. J Clin Psychiatry 2005; 66: 1558-1563.
60. Brown AS, Bottiglieri T, Schaefer CA, Quesenberry CP Jr, Liu L, Bresnahan M, Susser ES: Elevated prenatal homocysteine levels as a risk factor for schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2007; 64: 31-39.
61. Bromberg A, Levine J, Nemetz B, Belmaker RH, Agam G: No association between global leukocyte DNA methylation and homocysteine levels in schizophrenia patients. Schizophr Res 2008; 101: 50-57.
62. Seshadri S: Elevated plasma homocysteine levels: Risk factor or risk marker for the development of dementia and Alzheimer's disease? J Alzheimers Dis 2006; 9: 393-398.
63. Lipton SA, Kim WK, Choi YB, Kumar S, D'Emilia DM, Rayudu PV, Arnelle DR, Stamler JS: Neurotoxicity associated with dual actions of homocysteine at the N-methyl- D -aspartate receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997; 94: 5923-5928.
64. Hashimoto T, Arion D, Unger T, Maldonado- Aviles JG, Morris HM, Volk DW, Mirnics K, Lewis DA: Alterations in GABA-related transcriptome in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of subjects with schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry 2008; 13: 147-161.
65. Lewis DA, Hashimoto T, Volk DW: Cortical inhibitory neurons and schizophrenia. Nat Rev Neurosci 2005; 6: 312-324.
66. Ruzicka WB, Zhubi A, Veldic M, Grayson DR, Costa E, Guidotti A: Selective epigenetic alteration of layer I GABAergic neurons isolated from prefrontal cortex of schizophrenia patients using laser-assisted microdissection. Mol Psychiatry 2007; 12: 385-397.
67. Grayson DR, Jia X, Chen Y, Sharma RP, Mitchell CP, Guidotti A, Costa E: Reelin promoter hypermethylation in schizophrenia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2005; 102: 9341-9346.
68. Abdolmaleky HM, Cheng KH, Russo A, Smith CL, Faraone SV, Wilcox M, Shafa R, Glatt SJ, Nguyen G, Ponte JF, Thiagalingam S, Tsuang MT: Hypermethylation of the reelin (RELN) promoter in the brain of schizophrenic patients: A preliminary report. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2005; 134: 60-66.
69. Mill J, Tang T, Kaminsky Z, Khare T, Yazdanpanah S, Bouchard L, Jia P, Assadzadeh A, Flanagan J, Schumacher A, Wang SC, Petronis A: Epigenomic profiling reveals DNAmethylation changes associated with major psychosis. Am J Hum Genet 2008; 82: 696-711.
70. Tamura Y, Kunugi H, Ohashi J, Hohjoh H: Epigenetic aberration of the human reelin gene in psychiatric disorders. Mol Psychiatry 2007; 12: 519, 593-600.
71. Tochigi M, Iwamoto K, Bundo M, Komori A, Sasaki T, Kato N, Kato T: Methylation status of the reelin promoter region in the brain of schizophrenic patients. Biol Psychiatry 2008; 63: 530-533.
72. Huang HS, Akbarian S: GAD1 mRNA expression and DNA methylation in prefrontal cortex of subjects with schizophrenia. PLoS ONE 2007; 2:e809.
73. Huang HS, Matevossian A, Whittle C, Kim SY, Schumacher A, Baker SP, Akbarian S: Prefrontal dysfunction in schizophrenia involves mixed-lineage leukemia 1-regulated histone methylation at GABAergic gene promoters. J Neurosci 2007; 27: 11254-11262.
74. Bassett AS, Chow EW: Schizophrenia and 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2008; 10: 148-157.
75. Abdolmaleky HM, Cheng KH, Faraone SV, Wilcox M, Glatt SJ, Gao F, Smith CL, Shafa R, Aeali B, Carnevale J, Pan H, Papageorgis P, Ponte JF, Sivaraman V, Tsuang MT, Thiagalingam S: Hypomethylation of MB-COMT promoter is a major risk factor for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Hum Mol Genet 2006; 15: 3132-3145.
76. Murphy BC, O'Reilly RL, Singh SM: Sitespecific cytosine methylation in S-COMT promoter in 31 brain regions with implications for studies involving schizophrenia. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2005; 133: 37-42.
77. Dempster EL, Mill J, Craig IW, Collier DA: The quantification of COMT mRNA in post mortem cerebellum tissue: Diagnosis, genotype, methylation and expression. BMC Med Genet 2006; 7: 10.
78. Deb-Rinker P, O'Reilly RL, Torrey EF, Singh SM: Molecular characterization of a 2.7-kb, 12q13-specific, retroviral-related sequence isolated by RDA from monozygotic twin pairs discordant for schizophrenia. Genome 2002; 45: 381-390.
79. Petronis A, Gottesman II, Kan P, Kennedy JL, Basile VS, Paterson AD, Popendikyte V: Monozygotic twins exhibit numerous epigenetic differences: Clues to twin discordance? Schizophr Bull 2003; 29: 169-178.
80. Kuratomi G, Iwamoto K, Bundo M, Kusumi I, Kato N, Iwata N, Ozaki N, Kato T: Aberrant DNA methylation associated with bipolar disorder identified from discordant monozygotic twins. Mol Psychiatry 2008; 13: 429-441.
81. Zhang AP, Yu J, Liu JX, Zhang HY, Du YY, Zhu JD, He G, Li XW, Gu NF, Feng GY, He L: The DNA methylation profile within the 5- - regulatory region of DRD2 in discordant sib pairs with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2007; 90: 97-103.
82. Rosa A, Picchioni MM, Kalidindi S, Loat CS, Knight J, Toulopoulou T, Vonk R, van der Schot AC, Nolen W, Kahn RS, McGuffin P, Murray RM, Craig IW: Differential methylation of the X-chromosome is a possible source of discordance for bipolar disorder female monozygotic twins. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2008; 147B:459-462.
83. Bruder CE, Piotrowski A, Gijsbers AA, Andersson R, Erickson S, de Stahl TD, Menzel U, Sandgren J, von Tell D, Poplawski A, Crowley M, Crasto C, Partridge EC, Tiwari H, Allison DB, Komorowski J, van Ommen GJ, Boomsma DI, Pedersen NL, den Dunnen JT, Wirdefeldt K, Dumanski JP: Phenotypically concordant and discordant monozygotic twins display different DNA copynumber- variation profiles. Am J Hum Genet 2008; 82: 763-771.
84. Poulter MO, Du L, Weaver IC, Palkovits M, Faludi G, Merali Z, Szyf M, Anisman H: GABA(A) receptor promoter hypermethylation in suicide brain: Implications for the involvement of epigenetic processes. Biol Psychiatry 2008; 64: 645-652.
85. McGowan PO, Sasaki A, Huang TC, Unterberger A, Suderman M, Ernst C, Meaney MJ, Turecki G, Szyf M: Promoter-wide hypermethylation of the ribosomal RNA gene promoter in the suicide brain. PLoS ONE 2008; 3:e2085.
86. Mirnics K, Middleton FA, Lewis DA, Levitt P: Analysis of complex brain disorders with gene expression microarrays: Schizophrenia as a disease of the synapse. Trends Neurosci 2001; 24: 479-486.
87. Iwamoto K, Kato T: Gene expression profiling in schizophrenia and related mental disorders. Neuroscientist 2006; 12: 349-361.
88. Segal D, Koschnick JR, Slegers LH, Hof PR: Oligodendrocyte pathophysiology: A new view of schizophrenia. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2007; 10: 503-511.
89. Stewart DG, Davis KL: Possible contributions of myelin and oligodendrocyte dysfunction to schizophrenia. Int Rev Neurobiol 2004; 59: 381-424.
90. Karoutzou G, Emrich HM, Dietrich DE: The myelin-pathogenesis puzzle in schizophrenia: A literature review. Mol Psychiatry 2008; 13: 245-260.
91. Iwamoto K, Bundo M, Yamada K, Takao H, Iwayama-Shigeno Y, Yoshikawa T, Kato T: DNA methylation status of SOX10 correlates with its downregulation and oligodendrocyte dysfunction in schizophrenia. J Neurosci 2005; 25: 5376-5381.
92. Iwamoto K, Bundo M, Yamada K, Takao H, Iwayama Y, Yoshikawa T, Kato T: A familybased and case-control association study of SOX10 in schizophrenia. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2006; 141B:477-481.
93. Feinberg AP, Tycko B: The history of cancer epigenetics. Nat Rev Cancer 2004; 4: 143-153.
94. Connor CM, Akbarian S: DNA methylation changes in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Epigenetics 2008; 3: 55-58.
95. Novikova SI, He F, Bai J, Cutrufello NJ, Lidow MS, Undieh AS: Maternal cocaine administration in mice alters DNA methylation and gene expression in hippocampal neurons of neonatal and prepubertal offspring. PLoS ONE 2008; 3:e1919.
96. Rehen SK, Yung YC, McCreight MP, Kaushal D, Yang AH, Almeida BS, Kingsbury MA, Cabral KM, McConnell MJ, Anliker B, Fontanoz M, Chun J: Constitutional aneuploidy in the normal human brain. J Neurosci 2005; 25: 2176-2180.
97. Spalding KL, Bhardwaj RD, Buchholz BA, Druid H, Frisen J: Retrospective birth dating of cells in humans. Cell 2005; 122: 133-143.