Review paper: Cancer chemopreventive compounds and canine cancer

Veterinary Pathology

Volumn 46, Issue 4, 2009, Pages 576-588

  Baek, S J ^a   McEntee, M F ^a   Legendre, A M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TENNESSEE   (United States)

Author keywords

Chemoprevention; NSAIDs; Phytochemicals; PPARgamma ligands

Indexed keywords

CYCLOOXYGENASE 1; CYCLOOXYGENASE 2; EARLY GROWTH RESPONSE FACTOR 1; LIGAND; NONSTEROID ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR ACTIVATED RECEPTOR GAMMA;

ANIMAL; ANIMAL DISEASE; CHEMICAL STRUCTURE; CHEMOPROPHYLAXIS; DIET SUPPLEMENTATION; DOG; DOG DISEASE; DRUG EFFECT; METABOLISM; METHODOLOGY; NEOPLASM; PHYSIOLOGY; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

ANIMALS; ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS, NON-STEROIDAL; CHEMOPREVENTION; CYCLOOXYGENASE 1; CYCLOOXYGENASE 2; DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS; DOG DISEASES; DOGS; EARLY GROWTH RESPONSE PROTEIN 1; LIGANDS; MOLECULAR STRUCTURE; NEOPLASMS; PPAR GAMMA; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

CANIS FAMILIARIS;

EID: 67650873426     PISSN: 03009858     EISSN: 15442217     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1354/vp.08-VP-0238-B-REV     Document Type: Review

References (121)

1. Albertoni M, Shaw PH, Nozaki M, Godard S, Tenan M, Hamou MF, Fairlie DW, Breit SN, Paralkar VM, de Tribolet N, Van Meir EG, Hegi ME: Anoxia induces macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1 (MIC-1) in glioblastoma cells independently of p53 and HIF-1. Oncogene 21:4212-4219, 2002
2. Baek SJ, Eling TE: Changes in gene expression contribute to cancer prevention by COX inhibitors. Prog Lipid Res 45:1-16, 2006
3. Baek SJ, Kim JS, Jackson FR, Eling TE, McEntee MF, Lee SH: Epicatechin gallate-induced expression of NAG-1 is associated with growth inhibition and apoptosis in colon cancer cells. Carcinogenesis 25:2425-2432, 2004
4. Baek SJ, Kim JS, Moore SM, Lee SH, Martinez J, Eling TE: Cyclooxygenase inhibitors induce the expression of the tumor suppressor gene EGR-1, which results in the up-regulation of NAG-1, an antitumorigenic protein. Mol Pharmacol 67: 356-364, 2005
5. Baek SJ, Kim KS, Nixon JB, Wilson LC, Eling TE: Cyclooxygenase inhibitors regulate the expression of a TGF-beta superfamily member that has proapoptotic and antitumorigenic activities. Mol Pharmacol 59:901-908, 2001
6. Baek SJ, Wilson LC, Eling TE: Resveratrol enhances the expression of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug-activated gene (NAG-1) by increasing the expression of p53. Carcinogenesis 23:425-432, 2002
7. Baek SJ, Wilson LC, Lee CH, Eling TE: Dual function of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs): inhibition of cyclooxygenase and induction of NSAID-activated gene. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 301:1126-1131, 2002
8. Bartges JW, Osborne CA, Felice LJ, Koehler LA, Ulrich LK, Bird KA, Chen M: Influence of two diets on pharmacokinetic parameters of allopurinol and oxypurinol in healthy beagles. Am J Vet Res 58:511-515, 1997
9. Bootcov MR, Bauskin AR, Valenzuela SM, Moore AG, Bansal M, He XY, Zhang HP, Donnellan M, Mahler S, Pryor K, Walsh BJ, Nicholson RC, Fairlie WD, Por SB, Robbins JM, Breit SN: MIC-1, a novel macrophage inhibitory cytokine, is a divergent member of the TGF-beta superfamily. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 94:11514- 11519, 1997
10. Borzacchiello G, Paciello O, Papparella S: Expression of cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 in canine nasal carcinomas. J Comp Pathol 131:70-76, 2004
11. Bottone FG Jr, Moon Y, Kim JS, Alston-Mills B, Ishibashi M, Eling TE: The anti-invasive activity of cyclooxygenase inhibitors is regulated by the transcription factor ATF3 (activating transcription factor 3). Mol Cancer Ther 4:693-703, 2005
12. Breau JL, Morere JF, Israel L: Regression and slowing of the growth of human pulmonary metastases induced by piroxicam, an inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis. Bull Cancer 76:321-328, 1989 [In French]
13. Breyer RM: Prostaglandin EP(1) receptor subtype selectivity takes shape. Mol Pharmacol 59:1357- 1359, 2001
14. Brunelle M, Sartin EA, Wolfe LG, Sirois J, Dore M: Cyclooxygenase-2 expression in normal and neoplastic canine mammary cell lines. Vet Pathol 43:656-666, 2006
15. Castellone MD, Teramoto H, Gutkind JS: Cyclooxygenase-2 and colorectal cancer chemoprevention: the beta-catenin connection. Cancer Res 66:11085-11088, 2006
16. Chang SH, Ai Y, Breyer RM, Lane TF, Hla T: The prostaglandin E2 receptor EP2 is required for cyclooxygenase 2-mediated mammary hyperplasia. Cancer Res 65:4496-4499, 2005
17. Chang TH, Szabo E: Induction of differentiation and apoptosis by ligands of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma in non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Res 60:1129-1138, 2000
18. Chun KS, Keum YS, Han SS, Song YS, Kim SH, Surh YJ: Curcumin inhibits phorbol ester-induced expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in mouse skin through suppression of extracellular signal-regulated kinase activity and NF-kappaB activation. Carcinogenesis 24:1515-1524, 2003
19. Daikoku T, Tranguch S, Chakrabarty A, Wang D, Khabele D, Orsulic S, Morrow JD, DuBois RN, Dey SK: Extracellular signal-regulated kinase is a target of cyclooxygenase-1-peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-delta signaling in epithelial ovarian cancer. Cancer Res 67:5285-5292, 2007
20. Dalvie D, Cosker T, Boyden T, Zhou S, Schroeder C, Potchoiba MJ: Metabolism distribution and excretion of a matrix metalloproteinase-13 inhibitor, 4-[4-(4-fluorophenoxy)-benzenesulfonylamino]tetrahydropyran-4- carboxylic acid hydroxyamide (CP-544439), in rats and dogs: assessment of the metabolic profile of CP-544439 in plasma and urine of humans. Drug Metab Dispos 36:1869-1883, 2008
21. Davis CD: Vitamin D and cancer: current dilemmas and future research needs. Am J Clin Nutr 88:565S-569S, 2008
22. Detmer K, Steele TA, Shoop MA, Dannawi H: Lineage-restricted expression of bone morphogenetic protein genes in human hematopoietic cell lines. Blood Cells Mol Dis 25:310-323, 1999
23. Dünker N, Krieglstein K: Targeted mutations of transforming growth factor-B2; genes reveal important roles in mouse development and adult homeostasis. Eur J Biochem 267:6982-6988, 2000
24. Eling TE, Baek SJ, Shim M, Lee CH: NSAID activated gene (NAG-1), a modulator of tumorigenesis. J Biochem Mol Biol 39:649-655, 2006
25. Frigo DE, Duong BN, Melnik LI, Schief LS, Collins-Burow BM, Pace DK, McLachlan JA, Burow ME: Flavonoid phytochemicals regulate activator protein-1 signal transduction pathways in endometrial and kidney stable cell lines. J Nutr 132:1848-1853, 2002
26. Giardiello FM: NSAID-induced polyp regression in familial adenomatous polyposis patients. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 25:349-362, 1996
27. Giardiello FM, Hamilton SR, Krush AJ, Pianta-dosi S, Hylind LM, Celano P, Booker SV, Robinson CR, Offerhaus GJA: Treatment of colonic and rectal adenomas with sulindac in familial adenomatous polyposis. N Engl J Med 328:1313-1316, 1993
28. Giovannucci E: Strengths and limitations of current epidemiologic studies: vitamin D as a modifier of colon and prostate cancer risk. Nutr Rev 65: S77-S79, 2007
29. Glickman LT, Schofer FS, McKee LJ, Reif JS, Goldschmidt MH: Epidemiologic study of insecticide exposures, obesity, and risk of bladder cancer in household dogs. J Toxicol Environ Health 28:407-414, 1989
30. Gupta S, Ahmad N, Nieminen AL, Mukhtar H: Growth inhibition, cell-cycle dysregulation, and induction of apoptosis by green tea constituent (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate in androgen-sensitive and androgen-insensitive human prostate carcinoma cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 164:82-90, 2000
31. Ha YL, Grimm NK, Pariza MW: Anticarcinogens from fried ground beef: heat-altered derivatives of linoleic acid. Carcinogenesis 8:1881-1887, 1987
32. Heaney AP, Fernando M, Yong WH, Melmed S: Functional PPAR-gamma receptor is a novel therapeutic target for ACTH-secreting pituitary adenomas. Nat Med 8:1281-1287, 2002
33. Holt PR: Studies of calcium in food supplements in humans. Ann N Y Acad Sci 889:128-137, 1999
34. Hong J, Lambert JD, Lee SH, Sinko PJ, Yang CS: Involvement of multidrug resistance-associated proteins in regulating cellular levels of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate and its methyl metabolites. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 310:222-227, 2003
35. Hsi LC, Baek SJ, Eling TE: Lack of cyclooxygen-ase-2 activity in HT-29 human colorectal carcinoma cells. Exp Cell Res 256:563-570, 2000
36. Huang RP, Fan Y, de Belle I, Niemeyer C, Gottardis MM, Mercola D, Adamson ED: Decreased Egr-1 expression in human, mouse and rat mammary cells and tissues correlates with tumor formation. Int J Cancer 72:102-109, 1997
37. Husain SS, Szabo IL, Tamawski AS: NSAID inhibition of GI cancer growth: clinical implications and molecular mechanisms of action. Am J Gastroenterol 97:542-553, 2002
38. Impellizeri JA, Esplin DG: Expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in canine nasal carcinomas. Vet J 176:408-410, 2008
39. Ishibashi M, Bottone JFG, Taniura S, Kamitani H, Watanabe T, Eling TE: The cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin modulates gene expression and represses the extracellular matrix protein laminin [gamma]1 in human glioblastoma cells. Exp Cell Res 302:244-252, 2005
40. Jankowski J, Hunt R: Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors in colorectal cancer prevention: counterpoint. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 17:1858-1861, 2008
41. Jemnitz K, Levai F, Monostory K, Szatmari I, Vereczkey L: The in vitro biosynthesis and stability measurement with agyl-glycuronide isoformes of the main metabolite of ipriflavone. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 25:153-160, 2000
42. Jiang C, Ting AT, Seed B: PPAR-gamma agonists inhibit production of monocyte inflammatory cytokines. Nature 391:82-86, 1998
43. Jump DB, Clarke SD: Regulation of gene expression by dietary fat. Annu Rev Nutr 19:63-90, 1999
44. Kaewsakhorn T, Kisseberth WC, Capen CC, Hayes KA, Calverley MJ, Inpanbutr N: Effects of calcitriol, seocalcitol, and medium-chain triglyceride on a canine transitional cell carcinoma cell line. Anticancer Res 25:2689-2696, 2005
45. Karan D, Chen SJ, Johansson SL, Singh AP, Paralkar VM, Lin MF, Batra SK: Dysregulated expression of MIC-1/PDF in human prostate tumor cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 305:598-604, 2003
46. Kim KS, Baek SJ, Flake GP, Loftin CD, Calvo BF, Eling TE: Expression and regulation of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-activated gene (NAG-1) in human and mouse tissue. Gastroenterology 122:1388-1398, 2002
47. Klaunig JE, Babich MA, Baetcke KP, Cook JC, Corton JC, David RM, DeLuca JG, Lai DY, McKee RH, Peters JM, Roberts RA, Fenner-Crisp PA: PPARalpha agonist-induced rodent tumors: modes of action and human relevance. Crit Rev Toxicol 33:655-780, 2003
48. Kubota T, Koshizuka K, Williamson EA, Asou H, Said JW, Holden S, Miyoshi I, Koeffler HP: Ligand for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (troglitazone) has potent antitumor effect against human prostate cancer both in vitro and in vivo. Cancer Res 58:3344-3352, 1998
49. Kunakornsawat S, Rosol TJ, Capen CC, Middle-ton RP, Hannah SS, Inpanbutr N: Effects of 1,25(OH)2D3, EB1089, and analog V on PTHrP production, PTHrP mRNA expression and cell growth in SCC 2/88. Anticancer Res 21:3355-3363, 2001
50. Kunakornsawat S, Rosol TJ, Capen CC, Omdahl JL, Leroy BE, Inpanbutr N: Effects of 1,25(OH)2D3, 25OHD3, and EB1089 on cell growth and vitamin D receptor mRNA and 1alpha-hydroxylase mRNA expression in primary cultures of the canine prostate. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 89-90:409-412, 2004
51. Kunakornsawat S, Rosol TJ, Capen CC, Reddy GS, Binderup L, Inpanbutr N: Effects of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3] and its analogues (EB1089 and analog V) on canine adenocarcinoma (CAC-8) in nude mice. Biol Pharm Bull 25:642-647, 2002
52. Lawler DF, Larson BT, Ballam JM, Smith GK, Biery DN, Evans RH, Greeley EH, Segre M, Stowe HD, Kealy RD: Diet restriction and ageing in the dog: major observations over two decades. Br J Nutr 99:793-805, 2008
53. Lee JY, Tanabe S, Shimohira H, Kobayashi Y, Oomachi T, Azuma S, Ogihara K, Inokuma H: Expression of cyclooxygenase-2, P-glycoprotein and multi-drug resistance-associated protein in canine transitional cell carcinoma. Res Vet Sci 83:210-216, 2007
54. Lee SH, Cekanova M, Baek SJ: Multiple mechanisms are involved in 6-gingerol-induced cell growth arrest and apoptosis in human colorectal cancer cells. Mol Carcinog 47:197-208, 2008
55. Lee SH, Kim JS, Yamaguchi K, Eling TE, Baek SJ: Indole-3-carbinol and 3,3′-diindolylmethane induce expression of NAG-1 in a p53-independent manner. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 328:63-69, 2005
56. Lee SH, Yamaguchi K, Kim JS, Eling TE, Safe S, Park Y, Baek SJ: Conjugated linoleic acid stimulates an anti-tumorigenic protein NAG-1 in an isomer specific manner. Carcinogenesis 27:972-981, 2006
57. L'Eplattenier HF, Lai CL, van den Ham R, Mol J, van Sluijs F, Teske E: Regulation of COX-2 expression in canine prostate carcinoma: increased COX-2 expression is not related to inflammation. J Vet Intern Med 21:776-782, 2007
58. Loo G: Redox-sensitive mechanisms of phytochemical-mediated inhibition of cancer cell proliferation (review). J Nutr Biochem 14:64-73, 2003
59. Majumder B, Wahle KW, Moir S, Schofield A, Choe SN, Farquharson A, Grant I, Heys SD: Conjugated linoleic acids (CLAs) regulate the expression of key apoptotic genes in human breast cancer cells. FASEB J 16:1447-1449, 2002
60. Manach C, Williamson G, Morand C, Scalbert A, Remesy C: Bioavailability and bioefficacy of polyphenols in humans. I. Review of 97 bioavailability studies. Am J Clin Nutr 81:230S-242S, 2005
61. Marx N, Duez H, Fruchart JC, Staels B: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors and atherogenesis: regulators of gene expression in vascular cells. Circ Res 94:1168-1178, 2004
62. McEntee MF, Brenneman KA: Dysregulation of beta-catenin is common in canine sporadic colorectal tumors. Vet Pathol 36:228-236, 1999
63. McEntee MF, Cates JM, Neilsen N: Cyclooxygenase-2 expression in spontaneous intestinal neoplasia of domestic dogs. Vet Pathol 39:428-436, 2002
64. McEntee MF, Whelan J: Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids and colorectal neoplasia. Biomed Pharmacother 56:380-387, 2002
65. Mohammed SI, Bennett PF, Craig BA, Glickman NW, Mutsaers AJ, Snyder PW, Widmer WR, DeGortari AE, Bonney PL, Knapp DW: Effects of the cyclooxygenase inhibitor, piroxicam, on tumor response, apoptosis, and angiogenesis in a canine model of human invasive urinary bladder cancer. Cancer Res 62:356-358, 2002
66. Mohammed SI, Khan KN, Sellers RS, Hayek MG, DeNicola DB, Wu L, Bonney PL, Knapp DW: Expression of cyclooxygenase-1 and 2 in naturally-occurring canine cancer. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 70:479-483, 2004
67. Moon Y, Bottone FG Jr, McEntee MF, Eling TE: Suppression of tumor cell invasion by cyclooxygenase inhibitors is mediated by thrombospondin-1 via the early growth response gene Egr-1. Mol Cancer Ther 4:1551-1558, 2005
68. Moreau M, Lussier B, Doucet M, Vincent G, Martel-Pelletier J, Pelletier JP: Efficacy of licofelone in dogs with clinical osteoarthritis. Vet Rec 160:584-588, 2007
69. Mueller E, Sarraf P, Tontonoz P, Evans RM, Martin KJ, Zhang M, Fletcher C, Singer S, Spiegelman BM: Terminal differentiation of human breast cancer through PPAR gamma. Mol Cell 1:465-470, 1998
70. Murillo G, Matusiak D, Benya RV, Mehta RG: Chemopreventive efficacy of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 in colon cancer. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 103:763-767, 2007
71. Murphy GJ, Holder JC: PPAR-gamma agonists: therapeutic role in diabetes, inflammation and cancer. Trends Pharmacol Sci 21:469-474, 2000
72. Mutsaers AJ, Mohammed SI, DeNicola DB, Snyder PW, Glickman NW, Bennett PF, de Gortari AE, Bonney PL, Knapp DW: Pretreatment tumor prostaglandin E2 concentration and cyclooxygenase-2 expression are not associated with the response of canine naturally occurring invasive urinary bladder cancer to cyclooxygenase inhibitor therapy. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 72:181-186, 2005
73. Nagasawa M, Ide T, Suzuki M, Tsunoda M, Akasaka Y, Okazaki T, Mochizuki T, Murakami K: Pharmacological characterization of a human-specific peroxisome proliferater-activated receptor [alpha] (PPAR[alpha]) agonist in dogs. Biochem Pharmacol 67:2057-2069, 2004
74. Nakanishi M, Montrose DC, Clark P, Nambiar PR, Belinsky GS, Claffey KP, Xu D, Rosenberg DW: Genetic deletion of mPGES-1 suppresses intestinal tumorigenesis. Cancer Res 68:3251- 3259, 2008
75. Newman D, Sakaue M, Koo JS, Kim KS, Baek SJ, Eling T, Jetten AM: Differential regulation of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-activated gene in normal human tracheobronchial epithelial and lung carcinoma cells by retinoids. Mol Pharmacol 63:557-564, 2003
76. Nishii N, Takasu M, Soe OK, Maeda S, Ohba Y, Inoue-Murayama M, Kitagawa H: Cloning, expression and investigation for polymorphisms of canine peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 147:690-697, 2007
77. Nolan JJ, Ludvik B, Beerdsen P, Joyce M, Olefsky J: Improvement in glucose tolerance and insulin resistance in obese subjects treated with troglitazone. N Engl J Med 331:1188-1193, 1994
78. Ochoa JJ, Farquharson AJ, Grant I, Moffat LE, Heys SD, Wahle KW: Conjugated linoleic acids (CLA's) decrease prostate cancer cell proliferation: different molecular mechanisms for cis-9, trans-11 and trans-10, cis-12 isomers. Carcinogenesis 25: 1185-1191, 2004
79. Paciello O, Borzacchiello G, Varricchio E, Papparella S: Expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) in canine nasal carcinomas. J Vet Med A Physiol Pathol Clin Med 54:406-410, 2007
80. Paoloni M, Khanna C: Translation of new cancer treatments from pet dogs to humans. Nat Rev Cancer 8:147-156, 2008
81. Pestili de Almeida EM, Piche C, Sirois J, Dore M: Expression of cyclo-oxygenase-2 in naturally occurring squamous cell carcinomas in dogs. J Histochem Cytochem 49:867-875, 2001
82. Pignatelli M, Luna-Medina R, Perez-Rendon A, Santos A, Perez-Castillo A: The transcription factor early growth response factor-1 (EGR-1) promotes apoptosis of neuroblastoma cells. Biochem J 373:739-746, 2003
83. Power KA, Chen JM, Saarinen NM, Thompson LU: Changes in biomarkers of estrogen receptor and growth factor signaling pathways in MCF-7 tumors after short- and long-term treatment with soy and flaxseed. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 112:13-19, 2008
84. Queiroga FL, Alves A, Pires I, Lopes C: Expression of Cox-1 and Cox-2 in canine mammary tumours. J Comp Pathol 136:177-185, 2007
85. Quinones A, Dobberstein KU, Rainov NG: The egr-1 gene is induced by DNA-damaging agents and non-genotoxic drugs in both normal and neoplastic human cells. Life Sci 72:2975-2992, 2003
86. Ranney RE, Oppermann JA, Muldoon E, McMahon FG: Comparative metabolism of aspartame in experimental animals and humans. J Toxicol Environ Health 2:441-451, 1976
87. Reddy MV, Storer RD, Laws GM, Armstrong MJ, Barnum JE, Gara JP, McKnight CG, Skopek TR, Sina JF, DeLuca JG, Galloway SM: Genotoxicity of naturally occurring indole compounds: correlation between covalent DNA binding and other genotoxicity tests. Environ Mol Mutagen 40:1-17, 2002
88. Ricote M, Li AC, Willson TM, Kelly CJ, Glass CK: The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma is a negative regulator of macrophage activation. Nature 391:79-82, 1998
89. Roberts-Thomson SJ: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors in tumorigenesis: targets of tumour promotion and treatment. Immunol Cell Biol 78:436-441, 2000
90. Rohan T: Epidemiological studies of vitamin D and breast cancer. Nutr Rev 65:S80-S83, 2007
91. Roudebush P, Davenport DJ, Novotny BJ: The use of nutraceuticals in cancer therapy. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 34:249-269, viii, 2004
92. Sarraf P, Mueller E, Jones D, King FJ, DeAngelo DJ, Partridge JB, Holden SA, Chen LB, Singer S, Fletcher C, Spiegelman BM: Differentiation and reversal of malignant changes in colon cancer through PPARgamma. Nat Med 4:1046-1052, 1998
93. Sarraf P, Mueller E, Smith WM, Wright HM, Kum JB, Aaltonen LA, de la Chapelle A, Spiegelman BM, Eng C: Loss-of-function mutations in PPAR gamma associated with human colon cancer. Mol Cell 3:799-804, 1999
94. Schoonjans K, Martin G, Staels B, Auwerx J: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, orphans with ligands and functions. Curr Opin Lipidol 8:159-166, 1997
95. Singh RP, Tyagi AK, Dhanalakshmi S, Agarwal R, Agarwal C: Grape seed extract inhibits advanced human prostate tumor growth and angiogenesis and upregulates insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3. Int J Cancer 108:733-740, 2004
96. Sonnenschein EG, Glickman LT, Goldschmidt MH, McKee LJ: Body conformation, diet, and risk of breast cancer in pet dogs: a case-control study. Am J Epidemiol 133:694-703, 1991
97. Spugnini EP, Porrello A, Citro G, Baldi A: COX-2 overexpression in canine tumors: potential therapeutic targets in oncology. Histol Histopathol 20:1309-1312, 2005
98. Steinbach G, Lynch PM, Phillips RKS, Wallace MH, Hawk E, Gordon GB, Wakabayashi N, Saunders B, Shen Y, Fujimura T, Su LK, Levin B, Godio L, Patterson S, Rodriguez-Bigas MA, Jester SL, King KL, Schumacher M, Abbruzzese J, DuBois RN, Hittelman WN, Zimmerman S, Sherman JW, Kelloff G: The effect of celecoxib, a cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, in familial adenoma-tous polyposis. N Engl J Med 342:1946-1952, 2000
99. Streppa HK, Jones CJ, Budsberg SC: Cyclooxygenase selectivity of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in canine blood. Am J Vet Res 63:91-94, 2002
100. Sugimoto Y, Narumiya S: Prostaglandin E receptors. J Biol Chem 282:11613-11617, 2007
101. Sukhthankar M, Yamaguchi K, Lee SH, McEntee MF, Eling TE, Hara Y, Baek SJ: A green tea component suppresses posttranslational expression of basic fibroblast growth factor in colorectal cancer. Gastroenterology 134:1972-1980, 2008
102. Surh YJ: Cancer chemoprevention with dietary phytochemicals. Nat Rev Cancer 3:768-780, 2003
103. Takeda H, Sonoshita M, Oshima H, Sugihara K, Chulada PC, Langenbach R, Oshima M, Taketo MM: Cooperation of cyclooxygenase 1 and cyclooxygenase 2 in intestinal polyposis. Cancer Res 63:4872-4877, 2003
104. TanM,WangY,GuanK,SunY:PTGF-beta,atype beta transforming growth factor (TGF-beta) super-family member, is a p53 target gene that inhibits tumor cell growth via TGF-beta signaling pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 97:109-114, 2000
105. Tangpricha V, Spina C, Yao M, Chen TC, Wolfe MM, Holick MF: Vitamin D deficiency enhances the growth of MC-26 colon cancer xenografts in Balb/c mice. J Nutr 135:2350-2354, 2005
106. Tavolari S, BonafeM,Marini M, Ferreri C,Bartolini G, Brighenti E, Manara S, Tomasi V, Laufer S, Guarnieri T: Licofelone, a dual COX/5-LOX inhibitor, induces apoptosis in HCA-7 colon cancer cells through the mitochondrial pathway independently from its ability to affect the arachidonic acid cascade. Carcinogenesis 29:371-380, 2008
107. Thomas R, True LD, Lange PH, Vessella RL: Placental bone morphogenetic protein (PLAB) gene expression in normal, pre-malignant and malignant human prostate: relation to tumor development and progression. Int J Cancer 93:47-52, 2001
108. Thun MJ: NSAID use and decreased risk of gastrointestinal cancers. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 25:333-348, 1996
109. Thun MJ, Henley SJ, Patrono C: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs as anticancer agents: mechanistic, pharmacologic, and clinical issues. J Natl Cancer Inst 94:252-266, 2002
110. Tiano HF, Loftin CD, Akunda J, Lee CA, Spalding J, Sessoms A, Dunson DB, Rogan EG, Morham SG, Smart RC, Langenbach R: Deficiency of either cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 or COX-2 alters epidermal differentiation and reduces mouse skin tumorigenesis. Cancer Res 62:3395-3401, 2002
111. Tober KL, Thomas-Ahner JM, Maruyama T, Oberyszyn TM: Possible cross-regulation of the E prostanoid receptors. Mol Carcinog 46:711-715, 2007
112. Tontonoz P, Singer S, Forman BM, Sarraf P, Fletcher JA, Fletcher CD, Brun RP, Mueller E, Altiok S, Oppenheim H, Evans RM, Spiegelman BM: Terminal differentiation of human liposarcoma cells induced by ligands for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma and the retinoid X receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 94:237-241, 1997
113. Ursin VM: Modification of plant lipids for human health: development of functional land-based omega-3 fatty acids. J Nutr 133:4271-4274, 2003
114. Wang LS, Huang YW, Liu S, Chang HL, Ye W, Shu S, Sugimoto Y, Funk JA, Smeaks DD, Hill LN, Lin YC: Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) modulates prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) signaling in canine mammary cells. Anticancer Res 26:889-898, 2006
115. Wenzel U, Kuntz S, Brendel MD, Daniel H: Dietary flavone is a potent apoptosis inducer in human colon carcinoma cells. Cancer Res 60:3823-3831, 2000
116. Wilson LC, Baek SJ, Call A, Eling TE: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-activated gene (NAG-1) is induced by genistein through the expression of p53 in colorectal cancer cells. Int J Cancer 105:747-753, 2003
117. Xu L, Han C, Lim K, Wu T: Cross-talk between peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta and cytosolic phospholipase A(2)alpha/cyclooxygenase-2/prostaglandin E(2) signaling pathways in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Cancer Res 66:11859-11868, 2006
118. Yamaguchi K, Lee SH, Eling TE, Baek SJ: A novel peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma ligand, MCC-555, induces apoptosis via posttranscriptional regulation of NAG-1 in colorectal cancer cells. Mol Cancer Ther 5:1352-1361, 2006
119. Yamaguchi K, Whitlock NC, Liggett JL, Legendre AM, Fry MM, Baek SJ: Molecular characterisation of canine nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-activated gene (NAG-1). Vet J 175:89-95, 2008
120. Yoshizawa K, Cioca DP, Kawa S, Tanaka E, Kiyosawa K: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma ligand troglitazone induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines. Cancer 95:2243-2251, 2002
121. Zhou JR, Gugger ET, Tanaka T, Guo Y, Blackburn GL, Clinton SK: Soybean phytochemicals inhibit the growth of transplantable human prostate carcinoma and tumor angiogenesis in mice. J Nutr 129:1628-1635, 1999