Alternative Treatments in Pediatric Bipolar Disorder

Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America

Volumn 18, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 483-514

  Potter, Mona ^a   Moses, Alana ^a   Wozniak, Janet ^a  

^a MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL   (United States)

Author keywords

Acupuncture; Complementary and alternative treatments; Inositol; Melatonin; Omega 3 fatty acid; Pediatric bipolar disorder; SAMe; St. John's wort

Indexed keywords

ALPRAZOLAM; ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; ARACHIDONIC ACID; CARBAMAZEPINE; CLOMIPRAMINE; DESIPRAMINE; DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACID; HYPERICUM PERFORATUM EXTRACT; ICOSAPENTAENOIC ACID; INOSITOL; LAMOTRIGINE; LINOLENIC ACID; LITHIUM; MELATONIN; OMEGA 3 FATTY ACID; PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINE; PLACEBO; RISPERIDONE; S ADENOSYLMETHIONINE; SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITOR; THIORIDAZINE; VALPROIC ACID;

ABDOMINAL CRAMP; ACUPUNCTURE; ALERTNESS; ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE; ANOREXIA; ANORGASMIA; ANXIETY; ANXIETY DISORDER; ATTENTION DISTURBANCE; BIPOLAR DISORDER; BULIMIA; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONFUSION; CONSTIPATION; DEPRESSION; DIZZINESS; DROWSINESS; DRUG DOSE COMPARISON; DRUG DOSE INCREASE; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG INHIBITION; DRUG MONITORING; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; FATIGUE; FLATULENCE; GASTROINTESTINAL SYMPTOM; HEADACHE; HUMAN; HYPERICUM PERFORATUM; HYPOTENSION; INCREASED APPETITE; INFLUENZA; INSOMNIA; IRRITABILITY; LOOSE FECES; MANIA; MEDICAL INFORMATION; NAUSEA; NIGHTMARE; OBSESSIVE COMPULSIVE DISORDER; PANIC; PATIENT COMPLIANCE; PATIENT SAFETY; PEDIATRICS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RESTLESSNESS; REVIEW; SALIVATION; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SEDATION; SIDE EFFECT; SWEATING; SWELLING; TREMOR; URINARY FREQUENCY; VOMITING; XEROSTOMIA;

ACUPUNCTURE; ANTICONVULSANTS; ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS; BIPOLAR DISORDER; CHILD; HUMANS; HYPERICUM; INOSITOL; LECITHINS; LITHIUM CARBONATE; MELATONIN; S-ADENOSYLMETHIONINE; VALPROIC ACID;

EID: 61349162489     PISSN: 10564993     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.chc.2008.11.001     Document Type: Review

References (176)

1. Biederman J., Mick E., Bostic J., et al. The naturalistic course of pharmacologic treatment of children with maniclike symptoms: a systematic chart review. J Clin Psychiatry 59 11 (1998) 628-637 quiz 638
2. Kowatch R.A., Suppes T., Carmody T.J., et al. Effect size of lithium, divalproex sodium, and carbamazepine in children and adolescents with bipolar disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 39 6 (2000) 713-720
3. Geller B., Cooper T., Zmermn B., et al. Lithium for prepubertal depressed children with family history predictors of future bipolarity: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Affect Disord 51 2 (1998) 165-175
4. Wagner K.D. Management of bipolar disorder in children and adolescents. Psychopharmacol Bull 36 4 (2002) 151-159
5. Frazier J.A., Biederman J., Tohen M., et al. A prospective open-label treatment trial of olanzapine monotherapy in children and adolescents with bipolar disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 11 3 (2001) 239-250
6. Frazier J.A., Meyer M.C., Biederman J., et al. Risperidone treatment for juvenile bipolar disorder: a retrospective chart review. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 38 8 (1999) 960-965
7. Delbello M.P., Schwiers M.L., Rosenberg H.L., et al. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of quetiapine as adjunctive treatment for adolescent mania. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 41 10 (2002) 1216-1223
8. Biederman J. Comparative efficacy of atypical antipsychotics for pediatric bipolar disorder. In 158th Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association. Atlanta (GA): American Psychiatric Association; May 21-26, 2005.
9. Findling R.L., McNamara N.K., Gracious B.L., et al. Combination lithium and divalproex sodium in pediatric bipolarity. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 42 8 (2003) 895-901
10. Findling R.L., McNamara N.K., Stansbrey R., et al. Combination lithium and divalproex sodium in pediatric bipolar symptom re-stabilization. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 45 2 (2006) 142-148
11. Findling R.L., McNamara N.K., Youngstrom E.A., et al. Double-blind 18-month trial of lithium versus divalproex maintenance treatment in pediatric bipolar disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 44 5 (2005) 409-417
12. Kowatch R.A., Fristad M., Birmaher B., et al. Treatment guidelines for children and adolescents with bipolar disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 44 3 (2005) 213-235
13. Hibbeln J.R. Fish consumption and major depression. Lancet 351 9110 (1998) 1213
14. Kris-Etherton P.M., Taylor D.S., Yu-Poth S., et al. Polyunsaturated fatty acids in the food chain in the United States. Am J Clin Nutr 71 (2000) 179S-188S
15. Simopoulos A.P. Evolutionary aspects of omega-3 fatty acids in the food supply. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 60 6 (1999) 421-429
16. Tanskanen A., Hibbeln J.R., Tuomilehto J., et al. Fish consumption and depressive symptoms in the general population in Finland. Psychiatr Serv 52 (2001) 529-531
17. Noaghiul S., and Hibbeln J.R. Cross-national comparisons of seafood consumption and rates of bipolar disorders. Am J Psychiatry 160 12 (2003) 2222-2227
18. Peet M., Murphy B., Shay J., et al. Depletion of omega-3 fatty acid levels in red blood cell membranes of depressive patients. Biol Psychiatry 43 5 (1998) 315-319
19. Edwards R., Peet M., Shay J., et al. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid levels in the diet and in red blood cell membranes of depressed patients. J Affect Disord 48 2-3 (1998) 149-155
20. Maes M., Smith R., Christophe A., et al. Fatty acid composition in major depression: decreased omega 3 fractions in cholesteryl esters and increased C20: 4 omega 6/C20:5 omega 3 ratio in cholesteryl esters and phospholipids. J Affect Disord 38 1 (1996) 35-46
21. Hansen J.B., Grimsgaard S., Nilsen H., et al. Effects of highly purified eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid on fatty acid absorption, incorporation into serum phospholipids and postprandial triglyceridemia. Lipids 33 2 (1998) 131-138
22. Sato M., Katsuki Y., Fukuhara K., et al. Effects of highly purified ethyl all-cis-5,8,11,14,17-icosapentaenoate (EPA-E) on rabbit platelets. Biol Pharm Bull 16 4 (1993) 362-367
23. Terano T., Hirai A., Hamazaki T., et al. Effect of oral administration of highly purified eicosapentaenoic acid on platelet function, blood viscosity and red cell deformability in healthy human subjects. Atherosclerosis 46 3 (1983) 321-331
24. Nobukata H., Ishikawa T., Obata M., et al. Long-term administration of highly purified eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester prevents diabetes and abnormalities of blood coagulation in male WBN/Kob rats. Metamedicine 49 7 (2000) 912-919
25. von Schacky C., and Weber P.C. Metabolism and effects on platelet function of the purified eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids in humans. J Clin Invest 76 6 (1985) 2446-2450
26. von Schacky C., Angerer P., Kothny W., et al. The effect of dietary omega-3 fatty acids on coronary atherosclerosis. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 130 7 (1999) 554-562
27. Harper C.R., and Jacobson T.A. The fats of life: the role of omega-3 fatty acids in the prevention of coronary heart disease. Arch Intern Med 161 18 (2001) 2185-2192
28. Stoll A., Severus E., Freeman M., et al. Omega 3 fatty acids in bipolar disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 56 (1999) 407-412
29. Peet M., Laugharne J., Rangarajan N., et al. Depleted red cell membrane essential fatty acids in drug-treated schizophrenic patients. J Psychiatr Res 29 3 (1995) 227-232
30. Peet M., Brind J., Ramchand C.N., et al. Two double-blind placebo-controlled pilot studies of eicosapentaenoic acid in the treatment of schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 49 3 (2001) 243-251
31. Horrobin D.F., Glen A.I., and Vaddadi K. The membrane hypothesis of schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 13 3 (1994) 195-207
32. Horrobin D.F. The membrane phospholipid hypothesis as a biochemical basis for the neurodevelopmental concept of schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 30 3 (1998) 193-208
33. Horrobin D.F., and Bennett C.N. Depression and bipolar disorder: relationships to impaired fatty acid and phospholipid metabolism and to diabetes, cardiovascular disease, immunological abnormalities, cancer, ageing and osteoporosis. Possible candidate genes. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 60 4 (1999) 217-234
34. Horrobin D.F., and Bennett C.N. The membrane phospholipid concept of schizophrenia. In: Hafner H., Gattaz W.F., and Janzarik W. (Eds). Search for the causes of schizophrenia (1999), Springer Verlag, Berlin; New York 1-17
35. Adams P.B., Lawson S., Sanigorski A., et al. Arachidonic acid to eicosapentaenoic acid ratio in blood correlates positively with clinical symptoms of depression. Lipids 31 Suppl (1996) S157-S161
36. Mahadik S.P., Mukherjee S., Correnti E.E., et al. Plasma membrane phospholipid and cholesterol distribution of skin fibroblasts from drug-naive patients at the onset of psychosis. Schizophr Res 13 3 (1994) 239-247
37. Yao J.K., Leonard S., and Reddy R.D. Membrane phospholipid abnormalities in postmortem brains from schizophrenic patients. Schizophr Res 42 1 (2000) 7-17
38. Prisco D., Filippini M., Francalanci I., et al. Effect of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid intake on phospholipid fatty acid composition in plasma and erythrocytes. Am J Clin Nutr 63 6 (1996) 925-932
39. Kupka R., Nolen L., Altshuler L., et al. The Stanley Foundation Bipolar Network. 2. Preliminary summary of demographics, course of illness and response to novel treatments. Br J Psychiatry Suppl 41 (2001) s177-s183
40. Post R.M., Leverich G.S., Nolen W.A., et al. A re-evaluation of the role of antidepressants in the treatment of bipolar depression: data from the Stanley Foundation Bipolar Network. Bipolar Disord 5 6 (2003) 396-406
41. Frangou S., Lewis M., and McCrone P. Efficacy of ethyl-eicosapentaenoic acid in bipolar depression: randomised double-blind placebo-controlled study. Br J Psychiatry 188 (2006) 46-50
42. Peet M., and Horrobin D.F. A dose-ranging study of the effects of ethyl-eicosapentaenoate in patients with ongoing depression despite apparently adequate treatment with standard drugs. Arch Gen Psychiatry 59 10 (2002) 913-919
43. Wozniak J., Biederman J., Mick E., et al. Omega-3 fatty acid monotherapy for pediatric bipolar disorder: a prospective open-label trial. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 17 6-7 (2007) 440-447
44. Willatts P. Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids improve cognitive development. J Fam Health Care 12 6 Suppl (2002) 5
45. Moore C.M.B., Janis L., Kukes Thellea J., et al. Effects of myo-inositol ingestion on human brain myo-inositol levels: a proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging study. Biol Psychiatry 45 (1999) 1197-1202
46. Moore G.J.B., Joseph M., Parrish J.K., et al. Temporal dissociation between lithium-induced changes in frontal lobe myo-inositol and clinical response in manic-depressive illness. Am J Psychiatry 156 12 (1999) 1902-1908
47. Clements R.S., and Darnell B. Myo-inositol content of common foods: development of a high-myo-inositol diet. Am J Clin Nutr 33 (1980) 1954-1967
48. Belmaker R.H., and Levine J. Inositol in the treatment of psychiatric disorders. In: Mischoulon D., and Rosenbaum J.F. (Eds). Natural medications for psychiatry: considering the alternatives (2008), Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia 111
49. Baraban J.M., Worley P.F., and Snyder S.H. Second messenger systems and psychoactive drug action: focus on the phosphoinositide system and lithium. Am J Psychiatry 146 10 (1989) 1251-1260
50. Barkai A.I.D., David L., Gross H.A., et al. Reduced myo-inositol levels in cerebrospinal fluid from patients with affective disorder. Biol Psychiatry 13 1 (1978) 65-72
51. Levine J.K.L., Rapoport A., Zimmerman J., et al. CSF inositol does not predict antidepressant response to inositol. J Neural Transm 103 (1996) 1457-1462
52. Atack J.R., Levine J., and Belmaker R.H. Cerebrospinal fluid inositol monophosphatase: elevated activity in depression and neuroleptic-treated schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 44 6 (1998) 433-437
53. Evins E.A., Demopulos C., Yovel I., et al. Inositol augmentation of lithium or valproate for bipolar depression. Bipolar Disord 8 (2006) 168-174
54. Shimon H., Agam G., Belmaker R.H., et al. Reduced frontal cortex inositol levels in postmortem brain of suicide victims and patients with bipolar disorder. Am J Psychiatry 154 8 (1997) 1148-1150
55. Silverstone P.H.W., Ren H., O'Donnell T., et al. Chronic treatment with both lithium and sodium valproate may normalize phosphoinositol cycle activity in bipolar patients. Hum Psychopharmacol 17 (2002) 321-327
56. Berridge M.J.D., Peter C., and Hanley M.R. Neural and developmental actions of lithium: a unifying hypothesis. Cellule 59 (1989) 411-419
57. Einat H.K., Karbovski H., Korik J., et al. Inositol reduces depressive-like behaviors in two different animal models of depression. Psychopharmacology 144 (1999) 158-162
58. Levine J. Controlled trials of inositol in psychiatry. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 7 2 (1997) 147-155
59. Belmaker R.H., Yuly B., Agam G., et al. How does lithium work on manic depression? Clinical and psychological correlates of the inositol theory. Annu Rev Med 47 (1996) 47-56
60. Agranoff B.W.F., and Stephen K. Inositol, lithium, and the brain. Psychopharmacol Bull 35 3 (2001) 5-18
61. Silverstone P.H.M., Brent M., and Kim H. Bipolar disorder and myo-inositol: a review of the magnetic resonance spectroscopy findings. Bipolar Disord 7 (2005) 1-10
62. Wolfson M., Bersudsky Y., Hertz E., et al. A model of inositol compartmentation in astrocytes based upon efflux kinetics and slow inositol depletion after uptake inhibition. Neurochem Res 25 7 (2000) 977-982
63. Wolfson M., Bersudsky Y., Zinger E., et al. Chronic treatment of human astrocytoma cells with lithium, carbamazepine or valproic acid decreases inositol uptake at high inositol concentrations but increases it at low inositol concentrations. Brain Res 855 1 (2000) 158-161
64. Wolfson M., Einat H., Bersudsky Y., et al. Nordidemnin potently inhibits inositol uptake in cultured astrocytes and dose-dependently augments lithium's proconvulsant effect in vivo. J Neurosci Res 60 1 (2000) 116-121
65. Kaya N.R., Resmi H., Ozerdem A., et al. Increased inositol-monophosphatase activity by lithium treatment in bipolar patients. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 28 3 (2004) 521-527
66. Davanzo P.T., Albert M., Yue K., et al. Decreased anterior cingulate myo-inositol/creatine spectroscopy resonance with lithium treatment in children with bipolar disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology 24 4 (2001) 359-369
67. Silverstone P.H., Hanstock C.C., Fabian J., et al. Chronic lithium does not alter human myo-inositol or phosphomonoester concentrations as measured by 1H and 31P MRS. Biol Psychiatry 40 4 (1996) 235-246
68. Davanzo P., Kenneth Y., Albert T.M., et al. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of bipolar disorder versus intermittent explosive disorder in children and adolescents. Am J Psychiatry 160 8 (2003) 1442-1452
69. Patel N.C., DelBello P., Cecil K.M., et al. Lithium treatment effects on myo-inositol in adolescents with bipolar depression. Biol Psychiatry 60 (2006) 998-1004
70. Friedman S., Dager S., Parow A., et al. Lithium and valproic acid treatment effects on brain chemistry in bipolar disorder. Biol Psychiatry 56 5 (2004) 340-348
71. Frey R., Metzler D., Fischer P., et al. Myo-inositol in depressive and healthy subjects determined by frontal H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy at 1.5 tesla. J Psychiatr Res 32 (1998) 411-420
72. Levine J., Yoram B., Gonzalves M., et al. Double-blind, controlled trial of inositol treatment of depression. Am J Psychiatry 152 5 (1995) 792-794
73. Levine J., Yoram B., and Kofman O. Follow-up and relapse analysis of an inositol study of depression. Isr J Psychiatry Relat Sci 32 1 (1995) 14-21
74. Levine J., Alex M., Susnosky M., et al. Combination of inositol and serotonin reuptake inhibitors in the treatment of depression. Biol Psychiatry 45 (1999) 270-273
75. Nemets B., Mishory A., Levine J., et al. Inositol addition does not improve depression in SSRI treatment failures. J Neural Transm 106 (1999) 795-798
76. Chengappa K.R., Joseph L., Gershon S., et al. Inositol as an add-on treatment for bipolar depression. Bipolar Disord 2 1 (2000) 47-55
77. Nierenberg A.A., Ostacher M.J., Calabrese J.R., et al. Treatment-resistant bipolar depression: a STEP-BD equipoise randomized effectiveness trial of antidepressant augmentation with lamotrigine, inositol, or risperidone. Am J Psychiatry 163 2 (2006) 210-216
78. Levine J., Rapaport A., Lev L., et al. Inositol treatment raises CSF inositol levels. Brain Res 627 (1993) 168-170
79. Findling R.L., McNamara N.K., O'Riordan M.A., et al. An open-label pilot study of St. John's wort in juvenile depression. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 42 8 (2003) 908-914
80. Butterweck V. Mechanism of action of St John's wort in depression. CNS Drugs 17 8 (2003) 539-562
81. Fegert J.M., Kolch M., Zito J.M., et al. Antidepressant use in children and adolescents in Germany. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 16 1-2 (2006) 197-206
82. Nierenberg A.A., Lund H.G., and Mischoulon D. St. John's wort: a critical evaluation of the evidence for antidepressant effects. In: Mischoulon D., and Rosenbaum J.F. (Eds). Natural medications for psychiatry: considering the alternatives (2008), Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia 27-29
83. Muller W.E., Singer A., Wonnemann M., et al. Hyperforin represents the neurotransmitter reuptake inhibiting constituent of hypericum extract. Pharmacopsychiatry 31 1 (1998) 16-21
84. Singer A., Wonnemann M., and Muller W.E. Hyperforin, a major antidepressant constituent of St. John's wort, inhibits serotonin uptake by elevating free intracellular Na. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 290 1363 (1999) 1-11
85. Hammerness P., Ethan B., Ulbricht C., et al. St. John's wort: a systematic review of adverse effects and drug interactions for the consultation psychiatrist. Psychosomatics 44 4 (2003) 271-282
86. Bennett D.A., Phun L., Pold J.F., et al. Neuropharmacology of St. John's wort (hypericum). Ann Pharmacother 32 (1998) 1201-1208
87. Linde K., and Knupel K. Large-scale observational studies of hypericum extracts in patients with depressive disorders - a systematic review. Phytomedicine 12 1-2 (2005) 148-157
88. Linde K., Mulrow C.D., Berner M., et al. St. John's wort for depression. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 18 2 (2005) 1-70
89. Simeon J., Nixon M.K., Milin R., et al. Open-label pilot study of St. John's wort in adolescent depression. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 15 2 (2005) 293-301
90. Hubner W.-D., and Tilman K. Experience with St. John's wort (hypericum perforatum) in children under 12 years with symptoms of depression and psychovegetative disturbances. Phytother Res 15 (2001) 367-370
91. Wurglics M., Westerhoff K., Kaunzinger A., et al. Comparison of German St. John's wort products according to hyperforin and total hypericin content. J Am Pharm Assoc (Wash) 41 4 (2001) 560-566
92. Knuppel L.L., and Linde K. Adverse effects of St. John's wort: a systematic review. J Clin Psychiatry 65 11 (2004) 1470-1479
93. Brockmoller J., Reum T., Bauer S., et al. Hypericin and pseudohypericin: pharmacokinetics and effects on photosensitivity in humans. Pharmacopsychiatry 30 2 (1997) 94-101
94. Fahmi M., Huang C., and Schweitzer I. A case of mania induced by hypericum. World J Biol Psychiatry 3 1 (2002) 58-59
95. Nierenberg A.A., Tal B., Matthews J., et al. Mania associated with St. John's wort. Biol Psychiatry 46 (1999) 1707-1708
96. Hauben M. The association of St. John's wort with elevated thyroid-stimulating hormone. Pharmacotherapy 22 5 (2002) 673-675
97. Ferko N.L., and Mitchell A.H. Evaluation of the association between St. John's wort and elevated thyroid-stimulating hormone. Pharmacotherapy 21 12 (2001) 1574-1578
98. Karalapillai D.C., and Bellomo R. Convulsions associated with an overdose of St. John's wort. Med J Aust 186 4 (2007) 213-214
99. Whitten D.L., Myers S.P., Hawrelak J.A., et al. The effect of St John's wort extracts on CYP3A: a systematic review of prospective clinical trials. Br J Clin Pharmacol 62 5 (2006) 512-526
100. Zhou S.F., and Lai X. An update on clinical drug interactions with the herbal antidepressant St. John's wort. Curr Drug Metab 9 5 (2008) 394-409
101. Markowitz J.S.D., Jennifer L., DeVane C., et al. Effect of St John's wort on drug metabolism by induction of cytochrome p450 3a4 enzyme. J Am Med Assoc 290 11 (2003) 1500-1504
102. Alpert J.E., Papakostas G.I., and Mischoulon D. One-carbon metabolism and the treatment of depression: roles of S-Adenosyl-L-Methionine and folate. In: Mischoulon D., and Rosenbaum J.F. (Eds). Natural medications for psychiatry: considering the alternatives (2008), Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia 69
103. Mischoulon D.F., and Fava M. Role of S-adenosyl-L-methionine in the treatment of depression: a review of the evidence. Am J Clin Nutr 76 (2002) 1158S-1161S
104. Saletu B., Peter A., di Padova C., et al. Gerda maria, electrophysiological neuroimaging of the central effects of S-adenosyl-L-methionine by mapping of electroencephalograms and event-related potentials and low-resolution brain electromagnetic tomography. Am J Clin Nutr 76 (2002) 1162S-1171S
105. Baldessarini R. Neuropharmacology of S-adenosyl-L-methionine. Am J Med 83 5A (1987) 95-103
106. Bottiglieri T., Godfrey P., Flynn T., et al. Cerebrospinal fluid S-adenosylmethionine in depression and dementia: effects of treatment with parental and oral S-adenosylmethionine. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr 53 (1990) 1096-1098
107. Bell K.M., Potkin S.G., Carreon D., et al. S-adenosylmethionine blood levels in major depression: changes with drug treatment. Acta Neurol Scand 154 (1994) 15-18
108. Williams A.-l., Christine G., Jui D., et al. S-Adenosylmethionine (SAMe) as treatment for depression: a systematic review. Clin Invest Med 28 3 (2005) 132-139
109. Hardy M, Coulter I, Morton SC, et al. S-adenosyl-L-methionine for treatment of depression, osteoarthritis, and liver disease. Complimentary and Alternative Medicine, 2002.
110. Schaller J., John T., and Bazzan Anthony J. SAMe use in children and adolescents. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 13 (2004) 332-334
111. Goren J.L., Stoll A.L., Damico K.E., et al. Bioavailability and lack of toxicity of S-Adenosyl-L-Methionine (SAMe) in humans. Pharmacotherapy 24 11 (2004) 1501-1507
112. Alpert J.E., George P., Mischoulon D., et al. S-Adenosyl-L-Methionine (SAMe) as an adjunct for resistant major depressive disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol 24 6 (2004) 661-664
113. Carney M.W., Chary T.K., Bottiglieri T., et al. The switch mechanism and the bipolar/unipolar dichotomy. Br J Psychiatry 154 (1989) 48-51
114. Iruela L.M., Minguez L., Merino J., et al. Toxic interaction of S-adenosylmethionine and clomipramine. Am J Psychiatry 150 3 (1993) 522
115. Thomas C.S., Bottiglieri T., Edeh J., et al. The influence of S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) on prolactin in depressed patients. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2 2 (1987) 97-102
116. Fava M.R., Jerrold F., MacLaughlin R., et al. Neuroendocrine effects of S-Adenosyl-L-Methionine, a novel putative antidepressant. J Psychiatr Res 24 2 (1990) 177-184
117. Zhdanova I.V. Melatonin as a hypnotic: pro. Sleep Med Rev 9 1 (2005) 51-65
118. Zhdanova I.V., and Friedman L. Therapeutic potential of melatonin in sleep and circadian disorders. In: Mischoulon D., and Rosenbaum J.F. (Eds). Natural medications for psychiatry: considering the alternatives (2008), Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia 144
119. Waldhauser F., Weiszenbacher G., Frisch H., et al. Fall in nocturnal serum melatonin during prepuberty and pubescence. Lancet 1 8373 (1984) 362-365
120. Commentz J.C., Uhlig H., Henke A., et al. Melatonin and 6-hydroxymelatonin sulfate excretion is inversely correlated with gonadal development in children. Horm Res 47 3 (1997) 97-101
121. Leibenluft E., Feldman- N.S., Turner E.H., et al. Effects of exogenous melatonin administration and withdrawal in five patients with rapid-cycling bipolar disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 58 (1997) 383-388
122. Lewy A.J., Nurnberger Jr. J.I., Wehr T.A., et al. Supersensitivity to light: possible trait marker for manic-depressive illness. Am J Psychiatry 142 6 (1985) 725-727
123. Nurnberger Jr. J.I., Wade B., Tamarkin L., et al. Supersensitivity to melatonin suppression by light in young people at high risk for affective disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology 1 3 (1988) 217-223
124. Nathan P.J., Burrows G.D., and Norman T.R. Melatonin sensitivity to dim white light in affective disorders. Neuropsychopharmacology 21 (1999) 408-413
125. Lam R.W., Alan L B., Berga Sarah L., et al. Melatonin suppression in bipolar and unipolar mood disorders. Psychiatry Res 33 (1990) 129-134
126. Whalley L.J., Tony P., Shering A., et al. Melatonin response to bright light in recovered, drug-free, bipolar patients. Psychiatry Res 38 (1991) 13-19
127. Bersani G., and Alessandra G. Melatonin add-on in manic patients with treatment resistant insomnia. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 24 (2000) 185-191
128. Robertson J.M., and Tanguay P.E. Case study: the use of melatonin in a boy with refractory bipolar disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 36 6 (1997) 822-825
129. Buscemi N., Vandermeer B., Hooton N., et al. The efficacy and safety of exogenous melatonin for primary sleep disorders. A meta-analysis. J Gen Intern Med 20 12 (2005) 1151-1158
130. Buscemi N., et al. Efficacy and safety of exogenous melatonin for secondary sleep disorders and sleep disorders accompanying sleep restriction: meta-analysis. BMJ 332 7538 (2006) 385-393
131. Available at: www.naturaldatabase.com. Accessed October 21, 2008.
132. Cavallo A. Melatonin and human puberty: current perspectives. J Pineal Res 15 3 (2007) 115-121
133. Sheldon S.H. Pro-convulsant effects of oral melatonin in neurologically disabled children. Lancet 351 (1998) 1254
134. Wood J.L., and Allison R.G. Effects of consumption of choline and lecithin on neurobiological and cardiovascular systems. Fed Proc 41 14 (1982) 3015-3021
135. Cooper A., and Odle T. Gale encyclopedia of alternative medicine (2005), The Gale Group Inc., Detroit, MI
136. Rosenberg G.S.D., and Kenneth L. The use of cholinergic precursors in neuropsychiatric diseases. Am J Clin Nutr 36 (1982) 709-720
137. Janowsky D.S., John M D., El-Yousef Khaled M., et al. A cholinergic-adrenergic hypothesis of mania and depression. Lancet 2 7778 (1972) 632-635
138. Cecil K.M., DelBello M.P., Morey R., et al. Frontal lobe differences in bipolar disorder as determined by proton MR spectroscopy. Bipolar Disord 4 (2002) 357-365
139. Wurtman R.L., H Madelyn J., and Growdon John H. Lecithin consumption rises serum-free choline levels. Lancet 2 (1977) 68-69
140. Cohen B.M., L Joseph F., and Altesman R.I. Lecithin in the treatment of mania: double-blind, placebo-controlled trials. Am J Psychiatry 139 9 (1982) 1162-1164
141. Cohen B.M., Miller A.L., Lipinski J.F., et al. Lecithin in mania: a preliminary report. Am J Psychiatry 137 2 (1980) 242-243
142. Schreier H.A. Mania responsive to lecithin in a 13-year-old girl. Am J Psychiatry 139 1 (1981) 108-110
143. Wang H., Hong Q., Wang B.-s., et al. Is acupuncture beneficial in depression? A meta-analysis of 8 randomized controlled trials. J Affect Disord 111 (2008) 1-10
144. Ahn AC. Acupuncture Up To Date Online 16.2, 2008 May. Accessed October 11, 2008.
145. Samuels N., Cornelius G., Singer Shepherd R., et al. Acupuncture for psychiatric illness: a literature review. Behav Med 34 (2008) 55-62
146. Medicine, N.C.f.C.a.A. Available at:. http://nccam.nih.gov/health/acupuncture/ Accessed October 9, 2008
147. Yeung A., Schnyer R.N., Yantao M., et al. Acupuncture for the treatment of psychiatric disorders. In: Mischoulon D., and Rosenbaum J.F. (Eds). Natural medications for psychiatry: considering the alternatives (2008), Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia 291
148. Hu J. Acupuncture treatment of manic psychosis. J Tradit Chin Med 16 3 (1996) 238-240
149. Ding D. Personal experience in acupuncture treatment of mental diseases. J Tradit Chin Med 21 4 (2001) 277-281
150. Suppes T, Bersntein I, Dennehy E, et al. The safety, acceptability, and effectiveness of acupuncture as adjunctive treatment for bipolar disorder, in review.
151. Leo R.J., and Ligot Jr. J.S. A systematic review of randomized controlled trials of acupuncture in the treatment of depression. J Affect Disord 97 (2007) 13-22
152. Kemper K.J., Rebecca S., Silver-Highfield E., et al. On pins and needles? Pediatric pain patients' experience with acupuncture. Pediatrics 105 4 (2000) 941-947
153. Ernst E.W., and Adrian R. Prospective studies of the safety of acupuncture: a systematic review. Am J Med 110 (2001) 481-485
154. Melchart D., Weidenhammer W., Streng A., et al. Prospective investigation of adverse effects of acupuncture in 97,733 patients. Arch Intern Med 164 (2004) 104-105
155. Guidelines on basic training and safety in acupuncture (1999), World Health Organization, Geneva p.1-31
156. Kemper K.J., and Scott S. Complementary and alternative medicine therapies to promote healthy moods. Pediatr Clin North Am 54 (2007) 901-926
157. Ortega F.B., Ruiz J.R., Castillo M.J., et al. Physical fitness in childhood and adolescence: a powerful marker of health. Int J Obes (Lond) 32 1 (2008) 1-11
158. Stathopoulou G., Powers M.B., Berry A.C., et al. Exercise interventions for mental health: a quantitative and qualitative review. Clin Psychol (New York) 13 (2006) 179-193
159. Lawlor D.A., and Hopker S.W. The effectiveness of exercise as an intervention in the management of depression: systematic review and meta-regression analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ 322 7289 (2001) 763-767
160. Kilbourne A.M., Rofey D.L., McCarthy J.F., et al. Nutrition and exercise behavior among patients with bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord 9 5 (2007) 443-452
161. Dunn A.L., Trivedi M.H., Kampert J.B., et al. Exercise treatment for depression: efficacy and dose response. Am J Prev Med 28 1 (2005) 1-8
162. Jones N.A., and Field T. Massage and music therapies attenuate frontal EEG asymmetry in depressed adolescents. Adolescence 34 135 (1999) 529-534
163. Field T., Morrow C., Valdeon C., et al. Massage reduces anxiety in child and adolescent psychiatric patients. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 31 1 (1992) 125-131
164. Khilnani S., Tiffany F., Hernandez-Reif M., et al. Massage therapy improves mood and behavior of students with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Adolescence 38 152 (2003) 623-638
165. von Knorring A.L., Soderberg A., Austin L., et al. Massage decreases aggression in preschool children: a long-term study. Acta Paediatr 97 9 (2008) 1265-1269
166. Coelho B.S., and Moyer C.A. Randomized control trials of pediatric massage: a review. eCAM 4 (2008) 23-34
167. Kaplan B.J., Crawford S.G., Field C.J., et al. Vitamins, minerals, and mood. Psychol Bull 133 5 (2007) 747-760
168. Naylor G.J., and Smith A.H. Vanadium: a possible aetiological factor in manic-depressive illness. Psychol Med 11 2 (1981) 249-256
169. Goggans F.C. A case of mania secondary to vitamin B12 deficiency. Am J Psychiatry 141 2 (1984) 300-301
170. Amann B.L., Mergl R., Vieta E., et al. A 2-year open-label pilot study of adjunctive chromium in patients with treatment-resistant rapid-cycling bipolar disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol 27 1 (2007) 104-106
171. Nechifor M. Interactions between magnesium and psychotropic drugs. Magnes Res 21 2 (2008) 97-100
172. Heiden A., Frey R., Presslich O., et al. Treatment of severe mania with intravenous magnesium sulphate as a supplementary therapy. Psychiatry Res 89 (1999) 239-246
173. Lakhan S.E., and Vieira K.F. Nutritional therapies for mental disorders. Nutr J 7 2 (2008)
174. Chouinard G. Tryptophan in the treatment of depression and mania. Recent Adv Biol Psychiatry 10 (1983) 46-66
175. Sabelli H.C., Fawcett J., Gusovsky F., et al. Clinical studies on the phenylethylamine hypothesis of affective disorder: urine and blood phenylacetic acid and phenylalanine dietary supplements. J Clin Psychiatry 47 2 (1986) 66-70
176. Kaplan B.J., Fisher J.E., Crawford S.G., et al. Case report: improved mood and behavior during treatment with a mineral-vitamin supplement: an open-label case series of children. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 14 1 (2004) 115-122