A dose-ranging study of the effects of ethyl-eicosapentaenoate in patients with ongoing depression despite apparently adequate treatment with standard drugs

Archives of General Psychiatry

Volumn 59, Issue 10, 2002, Pages 913-919

  Peet, Malcolm ^a   Horrobin, David F ^a  

^a Laxdale Ltd   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ICOSAPENTAENOIC ACID ETHYL ESTER; PLACEBO;

ADULT; ARTICLE; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED STUDY; DEPRESSION; DIARRHEA; DOSE RESPONSE; DOUBLE BLIND PROCEDURE; DRUG CAPSULE; DRUG EFFECT; DRUG INDUCED DISEASE; FEMALE; GASTROINTESTINAL TOXICITY; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MENTAL DISEASE; PSYCHOPHARMACOTHERAPY; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; RATING SCALE; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 0036790628     PISSN: 0003990X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1001/archpsyc.59.10.913     Document Type: Article

References (37)

1. Bech P, Cialdella P, Haugh MC, Birkett MA, Hours A, Boissel JP, Tollefson GD. Meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials of fluoxetine v. placebo and tricyclic antidepressants in the short-term treatment of major depression. Br J Psychiatry. 2000;176:421-428.
2. Geddes JR, Freemantle N, Mason J, Eccles MP, Boynton J. SSRIs versus other antidepressants for depressive disorder (Cochrane Review on CD-ROM). Oxford, England: Cochrane Library, Update Software; 2000;issue 2. CD001851.
3. Anderson IM. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors versus tricyclic antidepressants: a meta-analysis of efficacy and tolerability. J Affect Disord. 2000;58:19-36.
4. Barbui C, Hotopf M, Freemantle N, Boynton J, Churchill R, Eccles MP, Geddes JR, Hardy R, Lewis G, Mason JM. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors versus tricyclic and heterocyclic antidepressants: comparison of drug adherence (Cochrane Review on CD-ROM). Oxford, England: Cochrane Library, Update Software; 2000;issue 4. CD002791.
5. Horrobin DF, Bennett CN. New gene targets related to schizophrenia and other psychiatric disorders: enzymes, binding proteins and transport proteins involved in phospholipid and fatty acid metabolism. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 1999;60:141-167.
6. Horrobin DF, Bennett CN. Depression and bipolar disorder: relationships to impaired fatty acid and phospholipid metabolism and to diabetes, cardiovascular disease, immunological abnormalities, cancer, aging and osteoporosis: possible candidate genes. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 1999;60:217-234.
7. Horrobin DF, Glen Al, Vaddadi K. The membrane hypothesis of schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 1994;13:195-207.
8. Horrobin DF. The membrane phospholipid hypothesis as a biochemical basis for the neurodevelopmental concept of schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 1998;30:193-208.
9. Bennett CN, Horrobin DF. Gene targets related to phospholipid and fatty acid metabolism in schizophrenia and other psychiatric disorders: an update. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2000;63:47-59.
10. Adams PB, Lawson S, Sanigorski A, Sinclair AJ. Arachidonic acid to eicosapentaenoic acid ratio in blood correlates positively with clinical symptoms of depression. Lipids. 1996;31(suppl):S157-S161.
11. Peet M, Murphy B, Shay J, Horrobin D. Depletion of omega-3 fatty acid levels in red blood cell membranes of depressive patients. Biol Psychiatry, 1998;43:315-319.
12. Edwards R, Peet M, Shay J, Horrobin D. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid levels in the diet and in red blood cell membranes of depressed patients. J Affect Disord. 1998;48:149-155.
13. Maes M, Christophe A, Delanghe J, Altamura C, Neels H, Meltzer HY. Lowered ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in serum phospholipids and cholesteryl esters of depressed patients. Psychiatry Res. 1999;85:275-291.
14. Seko C. Relationship of fatty acid composition of plasma phospholipids to depressive symptoms among institutionalized elderly people. Jpn J Hygiene. 1999;54:731-800.
15. Maes M, Smith R, Christophe A, Cosyns P, Desnyder R, Meltzer H. Fatty acid composition in major depression: decreased ω 3 fractions in cholesteryl esters and increased C20:4 ω 6/C20:5 ω 3 ratio in cholesteryl esters and phosopholipids. J Affect Disord. 1996;38:35-46.
16. Hibbeln JR. Fish consumption and major depression [letter]. Lancet. 1998;351:1213.
17. Hibbeln JR. Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in depression and related conditions. In: Peet M, Glen I, Horrobin DF, eds. Phospholipid Spectrum Disorder in Psychiatry. Marius Press: Carnforth, England; 1999:195-210.
18. Stoll AL, Severus WE, Freeman MP, Rueter S, Zboyan HA, Diamond E, Cress KK, Marangell LB. Omega-3 fatty acids in bipolar disorder: a preliminary doubleblind, placebo-controlled trial. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1999;56:407-412.
19. Puri BK, Richardson AJ. Sustained remission of positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia following dietary supplementation with polyunsaturated fatty acids. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1998;55:188-189.
20. Peet M, Brind J, Ramchand CN, Shah S, Vankar GK. Two double-blind placebo-controlled pilot studies of eicosapentaenoic acid in the treatment of schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 2001;49:243-251.
21. Peet M, Horrobin DF, for the EPA Multicentre Trial Group. A dose-ranging study of the effects of ethyl-eicosapentaenoate in patients with persistent schizophrenic symptoms. J Psychiatr Res. 2002;36:7-18.
22. Hamilton M. A rating scale for depression. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1960;23:56-62.
23. Montgomery SA, Asberg M. A new depression scale designed to be sensitive to change. Br J Psychiatry. 1979;134:382-389.
24. Beck AT, Ward CH, Mendelson M, Mock J, Erbaugh J. An inventory for measuring depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1961;4:53-63.
25. Puri BK, Counsell SJ, Richardson AJ, Horrobin DF. Eicosapentaenoic acid in treatment-resistant depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2001;59:91-92.
26. Nemets B, Stahl Z, Belmaker RH. Omega-3 fatty acid treatment of depressive breakthrough during unipolar maintenance. Am J Psychiatry. 2002;159:477-479.
27. Marangell LB, Zboyan HA, Cress KK, Vogelson L, Puryear LJ, Jensen C, Arterburn L. A double blind, placebo-controlled study of docosahexaenoic acid in the treatment of depression [abstract]. Inform. 2000;11:S78.
28. 2 in depression. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 1983;10:361-367.
29. Calabrese JR, Skwerer RG, Barna B, Gulleddge D, Valenzuela R, Butkus A, Subichin S, Krupp NE. Depression, immunocompetence, and prostaglandins of the E series. Psychiatry Res. 1986;17:41-47.
30. 2 in patients with depression. Am J Med Sci. 1994;307:228-232.
31. Nishino S, Ueno R, Ohishi K, Sakai T, Hayaishi O. Salivary prostaglandin concentrations: possible state indicators for major depression. Am J Psychiatry. 1989;146:365-368.
32. Ohishi K, Ueno R, Nishino S, Sakai T, Hayaishi O. Increased level of salivary prostaglandins in patients with major depression. Biol Psychiatry. 1988;23:326-334.
33. 2 from human epidermis [abstract]. Biochem Soc Trans. 1991;19(suppl):91S.
34. Leaf A, Kang JX. Dietary n-3 fatty acids in the prevention of lethal cardiac arrhythmias. Curr Opin Lipidol. 1997;8:4-6.
35. Simopoulos AP. Evolutionary aspects of omega-3 fatty acids in the food supply. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 1999;60:421-429.
36. Burr ML, Fehily AM, Gilbert JF, Rogers S, Holliday RM, Sweetnam PM, Elwood PC, Deadman NM. Effects of changes in fat, fish, and fibre intakes on death and myocardial reinfarction: Diet and Reinfarction Trial (DART). Lancet. 1989;2:757-761.
37. Gruppo ltaliano per lo Studio della Streptochinasi nell'infarto Miocardico (GISSI). Dietary supplementation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin E after myocardial infarction: results of the GISSI-Prevenzione Trial. Lancet. 1999;354:447-455.