A target based therapeutic approach towards diabetes mellitus using medicinal plants

Current Diabetes Reviews

Volumn 4, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 291-308

  Prabhakar, Pranav K ^a   Doble, Mukesh ^a  

^a INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY MADRAS   (India)

Author keywords

Anti diabetic; Ayurveda; Diabetes mellitus; Hyperglycemia; Insulin

Indexed keywords

AEGLE MARMELOSE EXTRACT; ANDROGRAPHOLIDE; ANEMARRHENA ASPHODELOIDES EXTRACT; AURANTIIN; BALANITES ROXBURGHII EXTRACT; BERBERINE; CARBOHYDRATE; CATHARANTHINE; CHOLESTEROL; EPICATECHIN; EPIGALLOCATECHIN GALLATE; FERULIC ACID; GENISTEIN; GINGEROL; GLUCOSE; GLYCOGEN; GYMNEMA SYLVESTRE EXTRACT; GYMNEMIC ACID; HESPERIDIN; HEXOSE PHOSPHATE; INSULIN; ONION EXTRACT; PANAX NOTOGINSENG EXTRACT; PELARGONIDIN; PLANT EXTRACT; QUERCETIN; SITOSTEROL; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG; URTICA DIOICA EXTRACT; VINDOLINE; ANTIDIABETIC AGENT;

AEGLE MARMELOSE; ANEMARRHENA ASPHODELOIDES; BALANITES ROXBURGHII; CARBOHYDRATE ABSORPTION; CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM; CHOLESTEROL SYNTHESIS; CITRIC ACID CYCLE; DIET SUPPLEMENTATION; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG STRUCTURE; GLUCONEOGENESIS; GLUCOSE BLOOD LEVEL; GLYCOGEN SYNTHESIS; GLYCOLYSIS; GYMNEMA SYLVESTRE; HUMAN; INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; INSULIN RELEASE; INSULIN SYNTHESIS; MEDICINAL PLANT; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; NONHUMAN; ONION; PANAX NOTOGINSENG; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; URTICA DIOICA; ANIMAL; DIABETES MELLITUS; DISEASE MODEL; DRUG EFFECT; HERBAL MEDICINE; ISOLATION AND PURIFICATION; METABOLISM;

ANIMALS; BLOOD GLUCOSE; CITRIC ACID CYCLE; DIABETES MELLITUS; DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL; GLUCONEOGENESIS; GLUCOSE; GLYCOLYSIS; HERBAL MEDICINE; HUMANS; HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS; PLANT EXTRACTS; PLANTS, MEDICINAL;

EID: 59849103075     PISSN: 15733998     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/157339908786241124     Document Type: Review

References (124)

1. WHO, Traditional medicine strategy (2002-2005). WHO Publications 2002; 1-6.
2. ADA, Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Care 2004, 27: S5-S10.
3. International Diabetes Federation: What are the warning signs of diabetes. Available from www.idf.org/home/index.cfm?node=11. Accessed 9 March 2007.
4. Laffel L. Ketone bodies: a review of physiology, pathophysiology and application of monitoring to diabetes. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 1999; 15(6): 412-26.
5. Grover JK, Vats V. Shifting Paradigm "from conventional to alternate medicine." An introduction on traditional Indian medicine. Asia Pacific Biotechnol News 2001; 51: 28-32.
6. Alarcon-Aguilara FJ, Roman-Ramos R, Perez-Gutierrez S, Aguilar-Contreras A, Contreras-Weber C, Flores-Saenz JL. Study of the anti-hypoglycemic effect of plants used as anti-diabetics. J Ethnopharmacol 1998; 61 (2): 101-10.
7. Prabhakar PK, Doble M. Recent trends in medicinal plants volume 22, Mechanism of action of medicinal plants towards diabetes mellitus-A review. Studium press LLC, USA 2008; 181-204.
8. Grover JK, Vats V, Yadav S. Medicinal plants of India with antidiabetic properties. J Ethnopharmacol 2002; 81: 81-100.
9. Arulrayan N, Rangasamy S, James E, Pitchai D. A database for medicinal plants used in the treatment of diabetes and its secondary complications. Bioinformation 2007; 2(1): 22-3.
10. Berg JM, Tymoczko JL, Stryer L. Biochemistry, 5th ed. WH Freeman and Co. pp. 644-89.
11. Narendhirakannan RT, Subramanian S, Kandaswamy M. Biochemical evaluation of antidiabetogenic properties of some commonly used Indian plants on streptozotocin-induced diabetes in experimental rats. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2006; 33(12): 1150-7.
12. Singh SN, Vats P, Suri S. Effect of an antidiabetic extract of Catharanthus roseus on enzymic activities in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. J Ethnopharmacol 2001; 76: 269-77.
13. Yeung HW, Ng TB. Hypoglycemic constituents of Panax ginseng. Gen Pharmacol 1985; 16(6): 549-52.
14. Park SA, Myung-Sook C, Myung-Joo K, et al. Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic action of Du-zhong (Eucommia ulmoides Oliver) leaves water extract in C57BL/KsJ-db/db mice. J Ethnopharmacol 2006; 107(3): 412-7.
15. Ugochukwu NH, Babady NE. Antihyperglycemic effect of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Gongronema latifolium leaves on glucose and glycogen metabolism in livers of normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Life Sci 2003; 73(15): 1925-38.
16. Broadhurst CL, Polansky MM, Anderson RA. Insulin-like biological activity of culinary and medicinal plant aqueous extracts in-vitro. J Agric Food Chem 2000; 48(3): 849-52.
17. Prasad RC, Herzog B, Boone B, Sims L, Waltner-Law M. An extract of Syzygium aromaticum represses genes encoding hepatic gluconeogenic enzymes. J Ethnopharmacol 2005; 96: 295-01.
18. Waltner-Law ME, Wang XL, Law BK, et al. A Constituent of Green Tea, Represses Hepatic Glucose Production. J Biol Chem 2002; 277(38): 34933-40.
19. Prakasam A, Sethupathy S, Pugalendi KV. Influence of Casearia esculenta root extract on glycoprotein components in streptozotocin diabetic rats. Pharmazie 2005; 60(3): 229-32.
20. Ananthi J, Prakasam A, Pugalendi KV. Antihyperglycemic activity of Eclipta alba leaf on alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Yale J Biol Med 2003; 76(3): 97-102.
21. Santhakumari P, Prakasam A, Pugalendi KV. Antihyperglycemic activity of Piper betle leaf on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. J Med Food 2006; 9(1): 108-12.
22. Gupta D, Raju J, Baquer NJ. Modulation of some gluconeogenic enzyme activities in diabetic rat liver and kidney: effect of antidiabetic compounds. Indian J Exp Biol 1999; 37(2): 196-9.
23. Mukherjee K, Ghosh NC, Datta T. Coccinia indica Linn. as potential hypoglycemic agent. Indian J Exp Biol 1972; 10(5): 347-9.
24. Kar A, Choudhary BK, Bandyopadhyay NG. Comparative evaluation of hypoglycaemic activity of some Indian medicinal plants in alloxan diabetic rats. J Ethnopharmacol 2003; 84(1): 105-8.
25. Sheela CG, Augusti KT. Antidiabetic effects of S-allyl cysteine sulphoxide isolated from garlic Allium sativum Linn. Indian J Exp Biol 1992; 30: 523-6.
26. Sheela CG, Kumud K, Augusti KT. Anti-diabetic effects of onion and garlic sulfoxide amino acids in rats. Planta Med 1995; 61(4): 356-7.
27. Mathew PT, Augusti KT. Hypoglycaemic effects of onion, Allium cepa Linn. on diabetes mellitus - a preliminary report. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 1975; 19(4): 213-7.
28. Kumari K, Mathew BC, Augusti KT. Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of S-methyl cysteine sulfoxide isolated from Allium cepa Linn. Indian J Biochem Biophys 1995; 32: 49-54.
29. Punitha ISR, Rajendran K, Shirwaikar A, Shirwaikar A. Alcoholic stem extract of Coscinium fenestratum regulates carbohydrate metabolism and improves antioxidant status in streptozotocin-nicotinamide induced diabetic rats. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2005; 2(3): 375-81.
30. Babu PS, Stanely Mainzen Prince P. Antihyperglycaemic and antioxidant effect of hyponidd, an ayurvedic herbomineral formulation in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. J Pharm Pharmacol 2004; 56(11): 1435-42.
31. Khan BA, Abraham A, Leelamma S. Hypoglycemic action of Murraya koenigii (curry leaf) and Brassica juncea (mustard): mechanism of action. Indian J Biochem Biophys 1995; 32(2): 106-8.
32. Stanely P, Prince M, Menon VP. Hypoglycaemic and other related actions of Tinospora cordifolia roots in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. J Ethnopharmacol 2000; 70(1): 9-15.
33. Hikino H, Kobayashi M, Suzuki Y, Konno C. Mechanisms of hypoglycemic activity of aconitan A, a glycan from Aconitum carmichaeli roots. J Ethnopharmacol 1989; 25(3): 295-04.
34. Maroo J, Vasu VT, Gupta S. Dose dependent hypoglycemic effect of aqueous extract of Enicostemma littorale Blume in alloxan induced diabetic rats. Phytomedicine 2003; 10(2-3): 196-9.
35. Omoruyi FO, Grindley PB, Asemota HN, Morrison EY. Increased plasma and liver lipids in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats: Effects of yam ( Dioscorea cayenensis) or dasheen (Colocassia esculenta) extract supplements. Diabetol Croat 2001; 30(3): 87-92.
36. Dansi A, Mignouna HD, Zoundjihékpon J, Sangare A, Asiedu R, Ahoussou N. Using isozyme polymorphism to assess genetic variation within cultivated yams (Dioscorea cayenensis/Dioscorea rotundata complex) of the Republic of Benin. Genetic Resour Crop Evol 2000; 47(4): 371-83.
37. Panneerselvam R, Jaleel CA, Somasundaram R, Sridharan R, Gomathinayagam M. Carbohydrate metabolism in Dioscorea esculenta (Lour.) Burk. tubers and Curcuma longa L. rhizomes during two phases of dormancy. Colloids Surf B Biointerf 2007; 59: 59-66.
38. Chattopadhyay RR. Possible mechanism of antihyperglycemic effect of Azadirachta indica leaf extract, Part IV. Gen Pharmacol 1996; 27(3): 431-4.
39. Bhandari MR, Jong-Anurakkun N, Hong G, Kawabata J. α-Glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitory activities of Nepalese medicinal herb Pakhanbhed (Bergenia ciliata, Haw.). Food Chem 2008; 106(1): 247-52.
40. Anurakkun NJ, Bhandari MR, Kawabata J. α-Glucosidase inhibitors from Devil tree (Alstonia scholaris). Food Chem 2007; 103: 1319-23.
41. Jones PM, Persaud SJ. Protein Kinases, Protein Phosphorylation, and the Regulation of Insulin Secretion from Pancreatic β-Cells. Endocr Rev 1998; 19(4): 429-61.
42. Fernyhough ME, Okine E, Hausman G, Vierck JL, Dodson MV. PPARγ and GLUT-4 expression as developmental regulators/markers for preadipocyte differentiation into an adipocyte. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2007; 33(4): 367-78.
43. Anandharajan R, Jaiganesh S, Shankernarayanan NP, Viswakarma RA, Balakrishnan A. In vitro glucose uptake activity of Aegles marmelos and Syzygium cumini by activation of Glut-4, PI3 kinase and PPARgamma in L6 myotubes. Phytomedicine 2006; 13(6): 434-41.
44. Che-Yi C, Ching-Jang H. Bitter Gourd (Momordica charantia) Extract Activates Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors and upregulates the expression of the acyl CoA oxidase gene in H4IIEC3 hepatoma cells. J Biomed Sci 2003; 10: 782-91.
45. Chakrabarti R, Vikramadithyanm RK, Mullangi R, et al. Antidiabetic and hypolipidemic activity of Helicteres isora in animal models. J Ethnopharmacol 2002; 81(3): 343-9.
46. Mae T, Tsukagawa M, Kitahara M, et al. Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor ligands containing prenyl flavonoid, related substances, or plant extracts containing the same, and process for producing the same. PCT Int Appl 2003; 74.
47. Mimaki Y. New biologically active compounds from natural sources. J Jpn Cosmetic Sci Soc 2006; 30(4): 256-60.
48. Shishodia S, Sethi G, Aggarwal BB. Curcumin: getting back to the roots. Ann NY Acad Sci 2005; 1056: 206-17.
49. Kitamura T, Kitamura Y, Kuroda S, et al. Insulin-Induced Phosphorylation and Activation of Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterase 3B by the Serine-Threonine Kinase Akt. Mol Cell Biol 1999; 19(9): 6286-96.
50. +-ATPase. Fitoterapia 2006; 77(6): 481-3.
51. Dhanabal SP, Edwin JE, Kumar EP, Suresh EP. Hypoglycemic effects of Alcoholic extract of various species of Passiflora on alloxan induced diabetes mellitus in albino Rats. Nig J Nat Prod Med 2004; 8: 19-21.
52. Perez GR, Vargas SYD, Ortiz H. Wound healing properties of Hylocereus undatus on diabetic rats. Phytother Res 2005; 19(8): 665-8.
53. Minami Y. Chemical modifications of momordin-α and luffin-α, ribosome-inactivating proteins from the seeds of Momordica charantia and [i Luffa cylindrica i]: involvement of His140, Tyr165, and Lys231 in the protein-synthesis inhibitory activity. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 1998; 62(5): 959-64.
54. Purintrapiban J, Suttajit M, Forsberg NE. Differential activation of glucose transport in cultured muscle cells by polyphenolic compounds from Canna indica L. root. Biol Pharm Bull 2006; 29(10): 1995-8.
55. Klein G, Kim J, Himmeldirk K, Cao Y, Chen X. Antidiabetes and Anti-obesity Activity of Lagerstroemia speciosa. Evid Based Complement Altern Med 2007; doi: 10.1093/ecam/nem013.
56. Xu HQ, Hao HP. Effects of iridoid total glycoside from Cornus officinalis on prevention of glomerular overexpression of transforming growth factor beta 1 and matrixes in an experimental diabetes model. Biol Pharm Bull 2004; 27(7): 1014-8.
57. Muniyappa R, Montagnani M, Koh KK, Quon MJ. Cardiovascular Actions of Insulin. Endocr Rev 2007; 28 (5): 463-91.
58. Wang JC, Hu SH, Wang JT, Chen KS, Chia YC. Hypoglycemic effect of extract of Hericium erinaceus. J Sci Food Agric 2004; 85(4): 641-6.
59. Penumathsa SV, Thirunavukkarasu M, Zhan L, et al. Resveratrol enhances GLUT-4 translocation to the caveolar lipid raft fractions through AMPK/AKT/eNOS signaling pathway in diabetic myocardium. J Cell Mol Med. doi:10.1111/j.1582-4934.2008.00251.x.
60. Singh SS, Pandey SC, Srivastava S, Gupta VS, Patro B, Ghosh AC. Chemistry and medicinal properties of Tinospora cordifolia (Guduchi). Ind J Pharmacol 2003; 35: 83-91.
61. Chattopadhyay RR. A comparative evaluation of some blood sugar lowering agents of plant origin. J Ethnopharmacol 1999; 67: 367-72.
62. Mukherjee PK, Maiti K, Mukherjee K, Houghton PJ. Leads from Indian medicinal plants with hypoglycemic potentials. J Ethnopharmacol 2006; 106: 1-28.
63. Ng TB, Wong CM, Li WW, Yeung HW. Insulin-like molecules in Momordica charantia seeds. J Ethnopharmacol 1986; 15: 107-17.
64. Yu BC, Hung CR, Chen WC, Cheng JT. Antihyperglycemic effect of andrographolide in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Planta Med 2003; 69: 1075-9.
65. Sugihara Y, Nojima H, Matsuda H, Murakami T, Yoshikawa M, Kimura I. Antihyperglycemic effects of gymnemic acid IV, a compound derived from Gymnema sylvestre leaves in streptozotocin-diabetic mice. J Asian Nat Prod Res 2000; 2: 321-7.
66. Ohnishi M, Matuo T, Tsuno T, et al. Antioxidant activity and hypoglycemic effect of ferulic acid in STZ-induced diabetic mice and KK-Ay mice. Biofactors 2004; 21: 315-9.
67. Song Y, Manson JE, Buring JE, Howard D, Simin Liu S. Associations of Dietary Flavonoids with Risk of Type 2 Diabetes, and Markers of Insulin Resistance and Systemic Inflammation in Women: A Prospective Study and Cross-Sectional Analysis. J Am Coll Nutr 2005; 24(5): 376-84.
68. Vessal M, Hemmati M, Vasei M. Hypoglycemic effects of quercetin in streptozocin-induced diabetic rats. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2003; 135C: 357-64.
69. 2+ handling in rat islets of Langerhans. J Endocrinol 1985; 107: 1-8.
70. Mezei O, Banz WJ, Steger RW, Peluso MR, Winters TA, Shay N. Soy isoflavones exert hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects through the PPAR pathways in obese Zucker rats and murine RAW 264.7 cells. J Nutr 2003; 133: 1238-43.
71. Chakravarthy BK, Gupta S, Gambhir SS, Gode KD. The prophylactic action of (-)epicatechin against alloxan induced diabetes in rats. Life Sci 1981; 29: 2043-7.
72. Rizvi SI, Zaid MA. Insulin-like effect of (-)-epicatechin on erythrocyte membrane acetylcholinesterase activity in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2001; 28: 776-8.
73. Cherian S, Augusti KT. Antidiabetic effects of a glycoside of leucopelargonidin isolated from Ficus bengalensis Linn. Indian J Exp Biol 1993; 31(1): 26-9.
74. Hongwei G, Mirna M, Noel GM. Effects of the Imidazoline binding Site Ligands, Idazoxan and Efaroxan, on the Viability of Insulin-Secreting BRIN-BD11 cells. J Pancreas (Online) 2003; 4(3): 117-24.
75. Cooper EJ, Hudson AL, Parker CA, Morgan NG. Effects of the beta-carbolines, harmane and pinoline, on insulin secretion from isolated human islets of Langerhans. Eur J Pharmacol 2003; 482: 189-96.
76. Grover JK, Vats V, Rathi SS. Anti-hyperglycemic effect of Eugenia jambolana and Tinospora cordifolia in experimental diabetes and their effects on key metabolic enzymes involved in carbohydrate metabolism. J Ethnopharmacol 2000; 73(3): 461-70.
77. Rathi Ss, Grover JK, Vats V. The effect of Momordica charantia and Mucuna pruriens in experimental diabetes and their effect on key metabolic enzymes involved in carbohydrate metabolism. Phytother Res 2002; 16(3): 236-43.
78. Hannan JM, Marenah L, Ali L, Rokeya B, Flatt PR, Abdel-Wahab YH. Ocimum sanctum leaf extracts stimulate insulin secretion from perfused pancreas, isolated islets and clonal pancreatic β-cells. J Endocrinol 2006; 89(1): 127-136.
79. Vuksan V, Sievenpiper JL, Koo VY, et al. American ginseng ( Panax quinquefolius L) reduces postprandial glycemia in nondiabetic subjects and subjects with type2 diabetes mellitus. Arch Intern Med 2000; 160(7): 1009-13.
80. Olagunju JA, Jobi AA, Oyedapo OO. An investigation into the biochemical basis of the observed hyperglycaemia in rats treated with ethanol root extract of Plumbago zeylanica. Phytother Res 1999; 13(4): 346-8.
81. Vats V, Yadav SP, Grover JK. Effect of T. foenumgraecum on glycogen content of tissues and the key enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism. J Ethnopharmacol 2003; 85(2-3): 237-42.
82. Gad MZ, El-Sawalhi MM, Ismail MF, El-Tanbouly ND. Biochemical study of the anti-diabetic action of the Egyptian plants Fenugreek and Balanites. Mol Cell Biochem 2006; 281(1&2): 173-83.
83. Ichiki H, Takeda O, Sakakibara I, Terabayashi S, Takeda S, Sasaki H. Inhibitory effects of compounds from Anemarrhenae Rhizoma on α-glucosidase and aldose reductase and its contents by drying conditions. J Nat Med 2007; 61(2): 146-53.
84. Yasuda K, Kizu H, Yamashita T, et al. New sugar-mimic alkaloids from the pods of Angylocalyx pynaertii. J Nat Prod 2002; 65(2): 198-02.
85. Subramanian A, Pushpagandan P, Ragasekharan S, Evans DA, Latha PG, Valsaraj R. Effects of Artemisia pallens Wall on Blood Glucose Levels in Nomal and Alloxan-induced Diabetic Rats. J Ethnopharmacol 1996; 50: 13-7.
86. Lemus I, García R, Delvillar E, Knop G. Hypoglycemic activity of four plants used in Chilean popular medicine. Phytother Res 1999; 13(2): 91-4.
87. Fuentes O, Arancibia-Avila P, Alarcón J. Hypoglycemic activity of Bauhinia candicans in diabetic induced rabbits. Fitoterapia 2004; 75: 527-32.
88. Abesundara KJM, Mastui T, Matsumoto K. Glucosidase inhibitory activity of some Sri Lanka plant extracts, one of which, Cassia auriculata, exerts a strong antihyperglycemic effect in rats comparable to the therapeutic drug acarbose. J Agric Food Chem 2004; 52: 2541-5.
89. Sharma DK, Hall IH. Hypolipidemic, anti-inflammatory and antineoplastic activity and cytotoxicity of flavonolignans isolated from Hydnocarpus wightiana seeds. J Nat Prod 1991; 54(5): 1298-02.
90. Basnet P, Kadota S, Terashima S, Shimizu M, Namba T. Two new 2-arylbenzofuran derivatives from hypoglycemic activity-bearing fractions of Morus insignis. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 1993; 41(7): 1238-43.
91. Onal S, Timur S, Okutucu B, Zihnioglu F. Inhibition of alpha-glucosidase by aqueous extracts of some potent antidiabetic medicinal herbs. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2005; 35(1): 29-36.
92. Kimura T, Nakagawa K, Saito Y, et al. Simple and rapid determination of 1-deoxynojirimycin in mulberry leaves. BioFactors 2004; 22(1-4): 341-5.
93. Yoshikawa M, Shimoda H, Nishida N, et al. Antidiabetic principles of natural medicines. II. Aldose reductase and alpha-glucosidase inhibitors from Brazilian natural medicine, the leaves of Myrcia multiflora DC. (Myrtaceae): structures of myrciacitrins I and II and myrciaphenones A and B. Chem Pharm Bull 1998; 46(1): 113-9.
94. Yoshikawa M, Nishida N, Shimoda H, Takada M, Kawahara Y, Matsuda H. Polyphenol constituents from Salacia species: quantitative analysis of mangiferin with alpha-glucosidase and aldose reductase inhibitory activities. Yakugaku Zasshi 2001; 121(5): 371-8.
95. Liu I-M, Shorong-Shii L, Ting-Wei L, Feng-Lin H, Juei-Tang C. Myricetin as the active principle of Abelmoschus moschatus to lower plasma glucose in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Planta Med 2005; 71(7): 617-21.
96. Hussain Z, Waheed A, Qureshi RA, et al. The effect of medicinal plants of Islamabad and Murree region of Pakistan on insulin secretion from INS-1 cells. Phytother Res 2004; 18(1): 73-7.
97. Wadood A, Wadood N, Shah SA. Effects of Acacia arabica and Caralluma edulis on blood glucose levels of normal and alloxan diabetic rabbits. J Pak Med Assoc 1989; 39: 208-12.
98. Singh KN, Chandra V, Barthwal KC. Hypoglycemic activity of Acacia arabica, Acacia benthami and Acacia modesta leguminous seed diets in normal young albino rats. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 1975; 19: 167-8.
99. Akhtar MS, Iqbal J. Evaluation of the hypoglycaemic effect of Achyranthes aspera in normal and alloxan-diabetic rabbits. J Ethnopharmacol 1991; 31(1): 49-57.
100. Gray AM, Flatt PM. Insulin-releasing and insulin-like activity of Agaricus campestris (mushroom). J Endocrinol 1998; 157: 259-66.
101. Mathews JN, Flatt PR, Abdel-Wahab YH. Asparagus adscendens (Shweta musali) stimulates insulin secretion, insulin action and inhibits starch digestion. Br J Nutr 2006; 95(3): 576-81.
102. Fuentes NL, Sagua H, Morales G, et al. Experimental antihyperglycemic effect of diterpenoids of llareta Azorella compacta (Umbelliferae) Phil in rats. Phytother Res 2005; 19(8): 713-6.
103. de Sousa E, Zanatta L, Seifriz I, et al. Hypoglycemic effect and antioxidant potential of kaempferol-3,7-O-(alpha)-dirhamnoside from Bauhinia forficata leaves. J Nat Prod 2004; 67(5): 829-32.
104. Puri D, Baral N. Hypoglycemic effect of Biophytum sensitivum in the alloxan diabetic rabbits. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 1998; 42(3): 401-6.
105. Azevedo CR, Maciel FM, Silva LB, et al. Isolation and intracellular localization of insulin/like proteins from leaves of Bauhinia variegata. Braz J Med Biol Res 2006; 39(11): 1435-44.
106. Chakrabarti S, Biswas TK, Seal T, et al. Antidiabetic activity of Caesalpinia bonducella F. in chronic type 2 diabetic model in Long-Evans rats and evaluation of insulin secretagogue property of its fractions on isolated islets. J Ethnopharmacol 2005; 97(1): 117-22.
107. Verspohl EJ, Bauer K, Neddermann E. Antidiabetic effect of Cinnamomum cassia and Cinnamomum zeylanicum in vivo and in vitro. Phytother Res 2005; 19(3): 203-6.
108. Nmila R, Gross R, Rchid H, et al. Insulinotropic effect of Citrullus colocynthis fruit extracts. Planta Med 2000; 66(5): 418-23.
109. Gray AM, Flatt PM. Insulin-releasing and insulin-like activity of the traditional anti-diabetic plant Coriandrum sativum (coriander). Br J Nutr 1999; 81: 203-9.
110. Consolini AE, Baldini OAN, Amat AG. Pharmacological basis for the empirical use of Eugenia uniflora L. (Myrtaceae) as antihypertensive. J Ethnopharmacol 1999; 66: 33-9.
111. Wang HX, Ng TB. Natural products with hypoglycemic, hypotensive, hypocholesterolemic, antiatherosclerotic and antithrombotic activities. Life Sci 1999; 65(25): 2663-77.
112. Norberg A, Khanh N, Liepinsh HE, et al. A Novel Insulin-releasing Substance, Phanoside, from the Plant Gynostemma pentaphyllum. J Biol. Chem 2004; 279 (40): 41361-7.
113. Pari L, Maheswari JU. Hypoglycaemic effect of Musa sapientum L. in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. J Ethnopharmacol 1999; 68 (1-3): 321-5.
114. Herrera-Arellano A, Aguilar-Santamarý L, Garcý' a-Herna' nuez B, Nicasio-Torresa P, Tortorielloa J. Clinical trial of Cecropia obtusifolia and Marrubium vulgare leaf extracts on blood glucose and serum lipids in type 2 diabetics. Phytomedicine 2004; 11: 561-6.
115. Liu KZ, Li JB, Lu HL, Wen JK, Han M. Effects of Astragalus and saponins of Panax notoginseng on MMP-9 in patients with type 2 diabetic macroangiopathy. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2004; 29(3): 264-6.
116. Kimura M, Waki I, Chujo T, et al. Effects of hypoglycemic components in ginseng radix on blood insulin level in alloxan diabetic mice and on insulin release from perfused rat pancreas. J Pharmacobiodyn 1981; 4(6): 410-7.
117. Lathaa M, Paria L, Sitasawadb S, Bhondeb R. Insulin-secretagogue activity and cytoprotective role of the traditional antidiabetic plant Scoparia dulcis (Sweet Broom weed). Life Sci 2004; 75: 2003-14.
118. Joshi P, Dhawan V. Swertia chirayita-an overview. Curr Sci 2005; 89(4): 635-40.
119. Chen TH, Chen SC, Chan P, Chu YL, Yang HY, Cheng JT. Mechanism of the hypoglycemic effect of stevioside, a glycoside of Stevia rebaudiana. Planta Med 2005; 71(2): 108-13.
120. Gharaibeh MN, Elayan HH, Salhab AS. Hypoglycemic effects of Teucrium polium. J Ethnopharmacol 1988; 24(1): 93-9.
121. Noor H, Ashcroft SJH. Pharmacological characterisation of the antihyperglycaemic properties of Tinospora crispa extract. J Ethnopharmacol 1998; 62(1): 7-13.
122. Nojima H, Kimura I, Chen FJ, et al. Antihyperglycemic effects of N-containing sugars from Xanthocercis zambesiaca, Morus bombycis, Aglaonema treubii, and Castanospermum australe in streptozotocin-diabetic mice. J Nat Prod 1998; 61(3): 397-00.
123. Swanston-Flatt SK, Day C, Flatt PR, Gould BJ, Bailey CJ. Glycaemic effects of traditional European plant treatments for diabetes. Studies in normal and streptozotocin diabetic mice. Diabetes Res 1989; 10(2): 69-73.
124. Nyarko AK, Asare-Anane H, Ofosuhene M, Addy ME. Extract of Ocimum canum lowers blood glucose and facilitates insulin release by isolated pancreatic β-islet cells. Phytomedicine 2002; 9(4): 346-51.