Energy balance, physical activity, and cancer risk

Methods in Molecular Biology

Volumn 472, Issue , 2009, Pages 57-88

  Fair, Alecia Malin ^a   Montgomery, Kara ^b  

^a MEHARRY MEDICAL COLLEGE   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA   (United States)

Author keywords

Adenocarcinoma; Energy balance; Insulin like growth factor 1; Nutrition; Obesity; Physical activity

Indexed keywords

ANIMALIA;

ENERGY METABOLISM; HUMAN; MOTOR ACTIVITY; NEOPLASM; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR;

ENERGY METABOLISM; HUMANS; MOTOR ACTIVITY; NEOPLASMS; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 58149461562     PISSN: 10643745     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60327-492-0_3     Document Type: Review

References (300)

1. Mao, Y., Pan, S. Y., and Ugnat, A. M. (2006) Obesity as a cancer risk factor; Epidemiology. In Nutrition and Cancer Prevention (Awad, A. and Bradford, P., eds.), Taylor & Francis Group, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 541-564.
2. Rock, C. (2006) Energy balance and cancer prognosis: colon, prostate, and other cancers. In Cancer Prevention and Management Through Exercise and Weight Control (McTiernan, A., ed.), Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 437-446.
3. Thompson, H. J., Zhu, Z., and Jiang, W. (2003) Dietary energy restriction in breast cancer prevention. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia. 8, 133-142.
4. Wade, G. N., Schneider, J. E., and Li, H. Y. (1996) Control of fertility by metabolic cues. Am J Physiol. 270, E1-19.
5. World Health Organization. (2000) Obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic. Report of a WHO consultation. 894. Geneva, Switzerland, World Health Organization. WHO Technical Reports Series.
6. World Health Organization. (2003) World Cancer Report. Stewart, B. W. and Kleihues, P. Geneva, Switzerland, World Health Organization. IARC Nonserial Publication.
7. Power, C., Miller S.K., and Alpert, P. (2007) Promising new causal explanation for obesity and obesity-related diseases. Biol Res Nurs. 8, 223-233.
8. Calle, E. E. and Kaaks, R. (2004) Overweight, obesity and cancer: epidemiological evidence and proposed mechanisms. Nat Rev Cancer. 4, 579-591.
9. Calle, E. E., Rodriguez, C., Walker-Thurmond, K., and Thun, M. J. (2003) Overweight, obesity, and mortality from cancer in a prospectively studied cohort of U.S. adults. N Engl J Med. 348, 1625-1638.
10. McMillan, D. C., Sattar, N., and McArdle, C. S. (2006) ABC of obesity. Obesity and cancer. BMJ. 333, 1109-1111.
11. Mokdad, A. H., Bowman, B. A., Ford, E. S., Vinicor, F., Marks, J. S., and Koplan, J. P. (2001) The continuing epidemics of obesity and diabetes in the United States. JAMA. 286, 1195-1200.
12. Paeratakul, S., Popkin, B. M., Keyou, G., Adair, L. S., and Stevens, J. (1998) Changes in diet and physical activity affect the body mass index of Chinese adults. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 22, 424-431.
13. Go, V. L., Wong, D. A., and Butrum, R. (2001) Diet, nutrition and cancer prevention: where are we going from here? J Nutr. 131, 3121S-3126S.
14. International Agency for Research on Cancer. IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Cancer-Preventive Strategies. 2002. Lyon: France, IARC Press. IARC Handbooks of Cancer Prevention, vol 6. Weight Control and Physical Activity.
15. Michels, K. B. and Ekbom, A. (2004) Caloric restriction and incidence of breast cancer. JAMA. 291, 1226-1230.
16. Elias, S. G., Peeters, P. H., Grobbee, D. E., and van Noord, P. A. (2004) Breast cancer risk after caloric restriction during the 1944-1945 Dutch famine. J Natl Cancer Inst. 96, 539-546.
17. Tretli, S. and Gaard, M. (1996) Lifestyle changes during adolescence and risk of breast cancer: an ecologic study of the effect of World War II in Norway. Cancer Causes Control. 7, 507-512.
18. De Souza, M. J., Van Heest, J., Demers, L. M., and Lasley, B. L. (2003) Luteal phase deficiency in recreational runners: evidence for a hypometabolic state. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 88, 337-346.
19. Key, T. J., Allen, N. E., Verkasalo, P. K., and Banks, E. (2001) Energy balance and cancer: the role of sex hormones. Proc Nutr Soc. 60, 81-89.
20. Silvera, S. A., Jain, M., Howe, G. R., Miller, A. B., and Rohan, T. E. (2005) Energy balance and breast cancer risk: a prospective cohort study. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 1-10.
21. Malin, A., Matthews, C. E., Shu, X. O., Cai, H., Dai, Q., Jin, F., Gao, Y. T., and Zheng, W. (2005) Energy balance and breast cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 14, 1496-1501.
22. Slattery, M. L., Caan, B. J., Benson, J., and Murtaugh, M. (2003) Energy balance and rectal cancer: an evaluation of energy intake, energy expenditure, and body mass index. Nutr Cancer. 46, 166-171.
23. Stripp, C., Overvad, K., Christensen, J., Thomsen, B. L., Olsen, A., Moller, S., et al. (2003) Fish intake is positively associated with breast cancer incidence rate. J Nutr. 133, 3664-3669.
24. Park, Y., Hunter, D. J., Spiegelman, D., Bergkvist, L., Berrino, F., van den Brandt, P. A., et al. (2005). Dietary fiber intake and risk of colorectal cancer: a pooled analysis of prospective cohort studies. JAMA. 294, 2849-2857.
25. Holmes, M. D., Liu, S., Hankinson, S. E., Colditz, G. A., Hunter, D. J., and Willett, W. C. (2004). Dietary carbohydrates, fiber, and breast cancer risk. Am J Epidemiol. 159, 732-739.
26. McCann, S. E., Freudenheim, J. L., Marshall, J. R., and Graham, S. (2003). Risk of human ovarian cancer is related to dietary intake of selected nutrients, phytochemicals and food groups. J Nutr. 133, 1937-1942.
27. Willett, W. C. (2000) Diet and cancer. Oncologist. 5, 393-404.
28. Holick, C. N., De, V., I, Feskanich, D., Giovannucci, E., Stampfer, M., Michaud, D. S. (2005) Intake of fruits and vegetables, carotenoids, folate, and vitamins A, C, E and risk of bladder cancer among women (United States). Cancer Causes Control. 16, 1135-1145.
29. Fung, T. T., Hu, F. B., McCullough, M. L., Newby, P. K., Willett, W. C., Holmes, M. D. (2006) Diet quality is associated with the risk of estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer in postmenopausal women. J Nutr. 136, 466-472.
30. Pavia, M., Pileggi, C., Nobile, C. G., and Angelillo, I. F. (2006) Association between fruit and vegetable consumption and oral cancer: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Am J Clin Nutr. 83, 1126-1134.
31. Cotterchio, M., Boucher, B. A., Manno, M., Gallinger, S., Okey, A., Harper, P. (2006) Dietary phytoestrogen intake is associated with reduced colorectal cancer risk. J Nutr. 136, 3046-3053.
32. Leosdottir, M., Nilsson, P. M., Nilsson, J. A., Mansson, H., Berglund, G. (2005) Dietary fat intake and early mortality patterns - data from The Malmo Diet and Cancer Study. J Intern Med. 258, 153-165.
33. Stevens, V. L., Rodriguez, C., Pavluck, A. L., McCullough, M. L., Thun, M. J., Calle, E. E. (2006) Folate nutrition and prostate cancer incidence in a large cohort of US men. Am J Epidemiol. 163, 989-996.
34. Tworoger, S. S., Hecht, J. L., Giovannucci, E., and Hankinson, S. E. (2006) Intake of folate and related nutrients in relation to risk of epithelial ovarian cancer. Am J Epidemiol. 163, 1101-1111.
35. Kritchevsky, D. (2003) Diet and cancer: what's next? J Nutr. 133, 3827S-3829S.
36. Hursting, S. D., Lavigne, J. A., Berrigan, D., Perkins, S. N., and Barrett, J. C. (2003) Calorie restriction, aging, and cancer prevention: mechanisms of action and applicability to humans. Annu Rev Med. 54, 131-152.
37. Ravussin, E., Lillioja, S., Anderson, T. E., Christin, L., and Bogardus, C. (1986) Determinants of 24-hour energy expenditure in man. Methods and results using a respiratory chamber. J Clin Invest. 78, 1568-1578.
38. Matthews, C. E., Shu, X. O., Yang, G., Jin, F., Ainsworth, B. E., Liu, D., et al. (2003) Repro ducibility and validity of the Shanghai Women's Health Study physical activity questionnaire. Am J Epidemiol. 158, 1114-1122.
39. Slattery, M. L. (2006) Physical activity and colon cancer. In Cancer Prevention and Management Through Exercise and Weight Control (McTiernan, A., ed.), Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 75-87.
40. Thompson, H. J., Jiang, W., and Zhu, Z. (2006) Obesity as a cancer risk factor: potential mechanisms. In Nutrition and Cancer Prevention (Awad, A. and Bradford, P., eds.), Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 565-578.
41. Slattery, M. L. and Jacobs, D. R., Jr. (1995) Assessment of ability to recall physical activity of several years ago. Ann Epidemiol. 5, 292-296.
42. Slattery, M.L., Potter, J., Caan, B., Edwards, S., Coates, A., Ma, K.N., and Berry T. D. (1997) Energy balance and colon cancer - beyond physical activity. Cancer Res. 57, 75-80.
43. Kopelman, P. G. (2000). Obesity as a medical problem. Nature. 404, 635-643.
44. Giovannucci, E., Ascherio, A., Rimm, E. B., Colditz, G. A., Stampfer, M. J., and Willett, W. C. (1995) Physical activity, obesity, and risk for colon cancer and adenoma in men. Ann Intern Med. 122, 327-334.
45. MacInnis, R. J., English, D. R., Hopper, J. L., Haydon, A. M., Gertig, D. M., and Giles, G. G. (2004) Body size and composition and colon cancer risk in men. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 13, 553-559.
46. Terry, P. D., Miller, A. B., and Rohan, T. E. (2002) Obesity and colorectal cancer risk in women. Gut. 51, 191-194.
47. Martinez, M. E., Giovannucci, E., Spiegelman, D., Hunter, D. J., Willett, W. C., and Colditz, G. A. (1997) Leisure-time physical activity, body size, and colon cancer in women. Nurses? Health Study Research Group. J Natl Cancer Inst. 89, 948-955.
48. Le Marchand, L., Wilkens, L. R., Kolonel, L. N., Hankin, J. H., and Lyu, L. C. (1997) Associations of sedentary lifestyle, obesity, smoking, alcohol use, and diabetes with the risk of colorectal cancer. Cancer Res. 57, 4787-4794.
49. Calle, E. E., Mervis, C. A., Wingo, P. A., Thun, M. J., Rodriguez, C., and Heath, C. W., Jr. (1995) Spontaneous abortion and risk of fatal breast cancer in a prospective cohort of United States women. Cancer Causes Control. 6, 460-468.
50. Tchernof, A. and Despres, J. P. (2000). Sex steroid hormones, sex hormone-binding globulin, and obesity in men and women. Horm Metab Res. 32, 526-536.
51. Key, T. J., Allen, N. E., Verkasalo, P. K., and Banks, E. (2001) Energy balance and cancer: the role of sex hormones. Proc Nutr Soc. 60, 81-89.
52. Davidow, A. L., Neugut, A. I., Jacobson, J. S., Ahsan, H., Garbowski, G. C., Forde, et al. (1996) Recurrent adenomatous polyps and body mass index. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 5, 313-315.
53. Giovannucci, E., Colditz, G. A., Stampfer, M. J., and Willett, W. C. (1996) Physical activity, obesity, and risk of colorectal adenoma in women (United States). Cancer Causes Control. 7, 253-263.
54. Boutron-Ruault, M. C., Senesse, P., Meance, S., Belghiti, C., and Faivre, J. (2001) Energy intake, body mass index, physical activity, and the colorectal adenoma-carcinoma sequence. Nutr Cancer. 39, 50-57.
55. Honjo, S., Kono, S., Shinchi, K., Wakabayashi, K., Todoroki, I., Sakurai, Y. et al. (1995) The relation of smoking, alcohol use and obesity to risk of sigmoid colon and rectal adenomas. Jpn J Cancer Res. 86, 1019-1026.
56. Shinchi, K., Kono, S., Honjo, S., Todoroki, I., Sakurai, Y., Imanishi, K., et al. (1994) Obesity and adenomatous polyps of the sigmoid colon. Jpn J Cancer Res. 85, 479-484.
57. Kono, S., Handa, K., Hayabuchi, H., Kiyohara, C., Inoue, H., Marugame, T., et al. (1999) Obesity, weight gain and risk of colon adenomas in Japanese men. Jpn J Cancer Res. 90, 805-811.
58. Dietz, A. T., Newcomb, P. A., Marcus, P. M., and Storer, B. E. (1995) The association of body size and large bowel cancer risk in Wisconsin (United States) women. Cancer Causes Control. 6, 30-36.
59. Russo, A., Franceschi, S., La Vecchia, C., Dal Maso, L., Montella, M., Conti, E., et al. (1998) Body size and colorectal-cancer risk. Int J Cancer. 78, 161-165.
60. Graham, S., Dayal, H., Swanson, M., Mittelman, A., and Wilkinson, G. (1978) Diet in the epidemiology of cancer of the colon and rectum. J Natl Cancer Inst. 61, 709-714.
61. Terry, P., Giovannucci, E., Bergkvist, L., Holmberg, L., and Wolk, A. (2001) Body weight and colorectal cancer risk in a cohort of Swedish women: relation varies by age and cancer site. Br J Cancer. 85, 346-349.
62. Slattery, M. L., Caan, B. J., Benson, J., and Murtaugh, M. (2003). Energy balance and rectal cancer: an evaluation of energy intake, energy expenditure, and body mass index. Nutr Cancer. 46, 166-171.
63. de Waard, F. and Baanders-van Halewijn, E. A. (1974) A prospective study in general practice on breast-cancer risk in postmenopausal women. Int J Cancer. 14, 153-160.
64. Ballard-Barbash, R. (2006) Obesity, weight change, and breast cancer incidence. In Cancer Prevention and Management Through Exercise and Weight Control (McTiernan, A., ed.), Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 219-232.
65. Hayes, T. M., Underhill, C. R., Clarke, K., and Tattersall, M. H. (2003) Hormone replacement therapy after a diagnosis of breast cancer: cancer recurrence and mortality. Med J Aust. 178, 412-413.
66. Slattery, M. L. (2001) Does an apple a day keep breast cancer away? JAMA. 285, 799-801.
67. Bianchini, F., Kaaks, R., and Vainio, H. (2002) Overweight, obesity, and cancer risk. Lancet Oncol. 3, 565-574.
68. Bergstrom, A., Pisani, P., Tenet, V., Wolk, A., and Adami, H. O. (2001) Overweight as an avoidable cause of cancer in Europe. Int J Cancer. 91, 421-430.
69. Yoo, K., Tajima, K., Park, S., Kang, D., Kim, S., Hirose, K., et al. (2001) Postmenopausal obesity as a breast cancer risk factor according to estrogen and progesterone receptor status (Japan). Cancer Lett. 167, 57-63.
70. Hirose, K., Tajima, K., Hamajima, N., Takezaki, T., Inoue, M., Kuroishi, T., et al. (2001) Association of family history and other risk factors with breast cancer risk among Japanese premenopausal and postmenopausal women. Cancer Causes Control. 12, 349-358.
71. Shu, X. O., Jin, F., Dai, Q., Shi, J. R., Potter, J. D., Brinton, L. A., et al. (2001) Association of body size and fat distribution with risk of breast cancer among Chinese women. Int J Cancer. 94, 449-455.
72. Pan, S. Y., Johnson, K. C., Ugnat, A. M., Wen, S. W., and Mao, Y. (2004) Association of obesity and cancer risk in Canada. Am J Epidemiol. 159, 259-268.
73. Stephenson, G. D. and Rose, D. P. (2003) Breast cancer and obesity: an update. Nutr Cancer. 45, 1-16.
74. Jonsson, H., Tornberg, S., Nystrom, L., and Lenner, P. (2003) Service screening with mammography of women aged 70-74 years in Sweden. Effects on breast cancer mortality. Cancer Detect Prev. 27, 360-369.
75. Tornberg, S., Carstensen, J., Hakulinen, T., Lenner, P., Hatschek, T., and Lundgren, B. (1994) Evaluation of the effect on breast cancer mortality of population based mammography screening programmes. J Med Screen. 1, 184-187.
76. Lam, P. B., Vacek, P. M., Geller, B. M., and Muss, H. B. (2000) The association of increased weight, body mass index, and tissue density with the risk of breast carcinoma in Vermont. Cancer. 89, 369-375.
77. Potischman, N., Swanson, C. A., Siiteri, P., and Hoover, R. N. (1996) Reversal of relation between body mass and endogenous estrogen concentrations with menopausal status. J Natl Cancer Inst. 88, 756-758.
78. Huang, Z., Hankinson, S. E., Colditz, G. A., Stampfer, M., Hunter, D. J., Manson, J.E., et al. (1997) Dual effects of weight and weight gain on breast cancer risk. JAMA. 278, 1407-1411.
79. Ziegler, R. G., Hoover, R. N., Nomura, A. M., West, D. W., Wu, A. H., Pike, M. C., et al. (1996) Relative weight, weight change, height, and breast cancer risk in Asian-American women. J Natl Cancer Inst. 88, 650-660.
80. Mayberry, R. M. (1994) Age-specific patterns of association between breast cancer and risk factors in black women, ages 20 to 39 and 40 to 54. Ann Epidemiol. 4, 205-213.
81. Chu, K. C., Kramer, B. S., and Smart, C. R. (1991) Analysis of the role of cancer prevention and control measures in reducing cancer mortality. J Natl Cancer Inst. 83, 1636-1643.
82. Wenten, M., Gilliland, F. D., Baumgartner, K., and Samet, J. M. (2002) Associations of weight, weight change, and body mass with breast cancer risk in Hispanic and non-Hispanic white women. Ann Epidemiol. 12, 435-444.
83. Shu, X.-O., Jin, F., Dai, Q., Shi, J. R., Potter, J. D., Brinton, L. A., et al. (2001) Association of body size and fat distribution with risk of breast cancer among Chinese women. Int J Cancer. 94, 449-454.
84. Sonnenschein, E., Toniolo, P., Terry, M. B., Bruning, P. F., Kato, I., Koenig, K. L., et al. (1999) Body fat distribution and obesity in pre- and postmenopausal breast cancer. Int J Epidemiol. 28, 1026-1031.
85. Mannisto, S., Pietinen, P., Pyy, M., Palmgren, J., Eskelinen, M., and Uusitupa, M. (1996) Body-size indicators and risk of breast cancer according to menopause and estrogen-receptor status. Int J Cancer. 68, 8-13.
86. Swanson, C. A., Coates, R. J., Schoenberg, J. B., Malone, K. E., Gammon, M. D., Stanford, J. L., et al. (1996) Body size and breast cancer risk among women under age 45 years. Am J Epidemiol. 143, 698-706.
87. Franceschi, S., Favero, A., LaVecchia, C., Baron, A. E., Negri, E., Dal Maso, L., et al. (1996). Body size indices and breast cancer risk before and after menopause. Int J Cancer. 67, 181-186.
88. Bruning, P. F., Bonfrer, J. M., van Noord, P. A., Hart, A. A., Jong-Bakker, M., and Nooijen, W. J. (1992) Insulin resistance and breast-cancer risk. Int J Cancer. 52, 511-516.
89. Franceschi, S., Favero, A., La Vecchia, C., Baron, A. E., Negri, E., Dal Maso, L. et al. (1996) Body size indices and breast cancer risk before and after menopause. Int J Cancer. 67, 181-186.
90. Hirose, K., Tajima, K., Hamajima, N., Takezaki, T., Inoue, M., Kuroishi, T., et al. (1999) Effect of body size on breast-cancer risk among Japanese women. Int J Cancer. 80, 349-355.
91. Huang, Z., Hankinson, S. E., Colditz, G. A., Stampfer, M. J., Hunter, D. J., Manson, J. E., et al (1997) Dual effects of weight and weight gain on breast cancer risk. JAMA. 278, 1407-1411.
92. Coates, R. J., Uhler, R. J., Hall, H. I., Potischman, N., Brinton, L. A., Ballard-Barbash, R., et al. (1999) Risk of breast cancer in young women in relation to body size and weight gain in adolescence and early adulthood. Br J Cancer. 81, 167-174.
93. Peacock, S. L., White, E., Daling, J. R., Voigt, L. F., and Malone, K. E. (1999) Relation between obesity and breast cancer in young women. Am J Epidemiol. 149, 339-346.
94. Brinton, L. A. and Swanson, C. A. (1992) Height and weight at various ages and risk of breast cancer. Ann Epidemiol. 2, 597-609.
95. Ballard-Barbash, R. and Swanson, C. A. (1996) Body weight: estimation of risk for breast and endometrial cancers. Am J Clin Nutr. 63, 437S-441S.
96. Galanis, D. J., Kolonel, L. N., Lee, J., and Le Marchand, L. (1998) Anthropometric predictors of breast cancer incidence and survival in a multi-ethnic cohort of female residents of Hawaii, United States. Cancer Causes Control. 9, 217-224.
97. Trentham-Dietz, A., Newcomb, P. A., Storer, B. E., Longnecker, M. P., Baron, J. A., Greenberg, E. R., et al. (1997) Body size and risk of breast cancer. Am J Epidemiol. 145, 1011-1019.
98. Harvie, M., Hooper, L., and Howell, A. H. (2003) Central obesity and breast cancer risk: a systematic review. Obes Rev. 4, 157-173.
99. Choi, N. W., Howe, G. R., Miller, A. B., Matthews, V., Morgan, R. W., Munan, L., et al. (1978) An epidemiologic study of breast cancer. Am J Epidemiol. 107, 510-521.
100. Folsom, A. R., Kaye, S. A., Prineas, R. J., Potter, J. D., Gapstur, S. M., and Wallace, R. B. (1990) Increased incidence of carcinoma of the breast associated with abdominal adiposity in postmenopausal women. Am J Epidemiol. 131, 794-803.
101. Harris, R. E., Namboodiri, K. K., and Wynder, E. L. (1992) Breast cancer risk: effects of estrogen replacement therapy and body mass. J Natl Cancer Inst. 84, 1575-1582.
102. Hislop, T. G., Coldman, A. J., Elwood, J. M., Skippen, D. H., and Kan, L. (1986) Relationship between risk factors for breast cancer and hormonal status. Int J Epidemiol. 15, 469-476.
103. Le Marchand, L., Kolonel, L. N., Earle, M. E., and Mi, M.-P. (1988) Body size at different periods of life and breast cancer risk. Am J Epidemiol. 128, 137-152.
104. Paffenbarger, R. S., Jr., Kampert, J. B., Chang, H. G. (1980) Characteristics that predict risk of breast cancer before and after the menopause. Am J Epidemiol. 112, 258-268.
105. Sellers, T. A., Alberts, S. R., Vierkant, R. A., Grabrick, D. M., Cerhan, J. R., Vachon, C. M., et al. (2002) High-folate diets and breast cancer survival in a prospective cohort study. Nutr Cancer. 44, 139-144.
106. Magnusson, C., Colditz, G., Rosner, B., Bergstrom, R., and Persson, I. (1998) Association of family history and other risk factors with breast cancer risk (Sweden). Cancer Causes Control. 9, 259-267.
107. Enger, S. M., Ross, R. K., Paganini-Hill, A., Carpenter, C. L., and Bernstein, L. (2000) Body size, physical activity, and breast cancer hormone receptor status: results from two case-control studies. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 9, 681-687.
108. Wenten, M., Gilliland, F. D., Baumgartner, K., and Samet, J. M. (2002) Associations of weight, weight change, and body mass with breast cancer risk in Hispanic and non-Hispanic white women. Ann Epidemiol. 12, 435-444.
109. Morimoto, L. M., White, E., Chen, Z., Chlebowski, R. T., Hays, J., Kuller, L., et al. (2002) Obesity, body size, and risk of postmenopausal breast cancer: the Women's Health Initiative (United States). Cancer Causes Control. 13, 741-751.
110. Tretli, S. (1989) Height and weight in relation to breast cancer morbidity and mortality. A prospective study of 570,000 women in Norway. Int J Cancer. 44, 23-30.
111. Hall, I. J., Newman, B., Millikan, R. C., and Moorman, P. G. (2000) Body size and breast cancer risk in black women and white women: the Carolina Breast Cancer Study. Am J Epidemiol. 151, 754-764.
112. Friedenreich, C. M. and Orenstein, M. R. (2002) Physical activity and cancer prevention: etiologic evidence and biological mechanisms. J Nutr. 132, 3456S-3464S.
113. Kolonel, L. N., Nomura, A. M., Lee, J., and Hirohata, T. (1986). Anthropometric indicators of breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women in Hawaii. Nutr Cancer. 8, 247-256.
114. Negri, E., La Vecchia, C., Bruzzi, P., Dardanoni, G., Decarli, A., Palli, D., et al. (1988) Risk factors for breast cancer: pooled results from three Italian case-control studies. Am J Epidemiol. 128, 1207-1215.
115. Lubin, F., Ruder, A.M., Wax, Y., and Modan, B. (1985) Overweight and changes in weight throughout adult life in breast cancer etiology. Am J Epidemiol. 122, 579-588.
116. Yong, L. C., Brown, C. C., Schatzkin, A., and Schairer, C. (1996) Prospective study of relative weight and risk of breast cancer: The Breast Cancer Detection Demonstration Project follow-up study, 1979 to 1987-1989. Am J Epidemiol. 143, 985-995.
117. Ziegler, R. G., Hoover, R. N., Nomura, A. M. Y., West, D. W., Wu, A. H., Pike, M. C., et al. (1996) Relative weight, weight change, height, and breast cancer risk in Asian-American women. J Natl Cancer Inst. 88, 650-660.
118. Lahmann, P. H., Lissner, L., Gullberg, B., Olsson, H., and Berglund, G. (2003) A prospective study of adiposity and postmenopausal breast cancer risk: the Malmo diet and cancer study. Int J Cancer. 103, 246-252.
119. Feigelson, H. S., Jonas, C. R., Teras, L. R., Thun, M. J., and Calle, E. E. (2004) Weight gain, body mass index, hormone replacement therapy, and postmenopausal breast cancer in a large prospective study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 13, 220-224.
120. Barnes-Josiah, D., Potter, J. D., Sellers, T. A., and Himes, J. H. (1995) Early body size and subsequent weight gain as predictors of breast cancer incidence (Iowa, United States). Cancer Causes Control. 6, 112-118.
121. Nomura, A., Heilbrun, L. K., and Stemmermann, G. N. (1985) Body mass index as a predictor of cancer in men. J Natl Cancer Inst. 74, 319-323.
122. Harris, R., Whittemore, A. S., and Itnyre, J. (1992) Characteristics relating to ovarian cancer risk: collaborative analysis of 12 US case-control studies. III. Epithelial tumors of low malignant potential in white women. Collaborative Ovarian Cancer Group. Am J Epidemiol. 136, 1204-1211.
123. van den Brandt, P. A., Spiegelman, D., Yaun, S. S., Adami, H. O., Beeson, L., Folsom, A. R., et al. (2000). Pooled analysis of prospective cohort studies on height, weight, and breast cancer risk. Am J Epidemiol. 152, 514-527.
124. Schairer, C., Mink, P. J., Carroll, L., and Devesa, S. S. (2004) Probabilities of death from breast cancer and other causes among female breast cancer patients. J Natl Cancer Inst. 96, 1311-1321.
125. Meldrum, D. R., Davidson, B. J., Tataryn, I. V., and Judd, H. L. (1981) Changes in circulating steroids with aging in postmenopausal women. Obstet Gynecol. 57, 624-628.
126. Key, T., Appleby, P., Barnes, I., and Reeves, G. (2002). Endogenous sex hormones and breast cancer in postmenopausal women: reanalysis of nine prospective studies. J Natl Cancer Inst. 94, 606-616.
127. Bergstrom, A., Pisani, P., Tenet, V., Wolk, A., and Adami, H. O. (2001). Overweight as an avoidable cause of cancer in Europe. Int J Cancer. 91, 421-430.
128. Wolk, A., Gridley, G., Svensson, M., Nyren, O., McLaughlin, J. K., Fraumeni, J. F., and Adami, H. O. (2001) A prospective study of obesity and cancer risk (Sweden). Cancer Causes Control. 12, 13-21.
129. Moller, H., Mellemgaard, A., Lindvig, K., and Olsen, J. H. (1994) Obesity and cancer risk: a Danish record-linkage study. Eur J Cancer. 30A, 344-350.
130. Furberg, A. S. and Thune, I. (2003) Metabolic abnormalities (hypertension, hyperglycemia and overweight), lifestyle (high energy intake and physical inactivity) and endometrial cancer risk in a Norwegian cohort. Int J Cancer. 104, 669-676.
131. Horn-Ross, P. L., John, E. M., Canchola, A. J., Stewart, S. L., and Lee, M. M. (2003) Phytoestrogen intake and endometrial cancer risk. J Natl Cancer Inst. 95, 1158-1164.
132. Augustin, L. S., Gallus, S., Bosetti, C., Levi, F., Negri, E., Franceschi, S., et al. (2003) Glycemic index and glycemic load in endometrial cancer. Int J Cancer. 105, 404-407.
133. Xu, W., Dai, Q., Ruan, Z., Cheng, J., Jin, F., and Shu, X. (2002) Obesity at different ages and endometrial cancer risk factors in urban Shanghai, China. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi. 23, 347-351.
134. Newcomer, L. M., Newcomb, P. A., Trentham-Dietz, A., and Storer, B. E. (2001) Hormonal risk factors for endometrial cancer: modification by cigarette smoking (United States). Cancer Causes Control. 12, 829-835.
135. Niwa, K., Imai, A., Hashimoto, M., Yokoyama, Y., Mori, H., Matsuda, Y., et al.(2000) A case-control study of uterine endometrial cancer of pre- and post-menopausal women. Onco Rep. 7, 89-93.
136. Parslov, M., Lidegaard, O., Klintorp, S., Pedersen, B., Jonsson, L., and Eriksen, P. S. (2000) Risk factors among young women with endometrial cancer: a Danish case-control study. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 182, 23-29.
137. Terry, P., Baron, J. A., Weiderpass, E., Yuen, J., Lichtenstein, P., and Nyren, O. (1999) Lifestyle and en dometrial cancer risk: a cohort study from the Swedish Twin Registry. Int J Cancer. 82, 38-42.
138. La Vecchia, C., Franceschi, S., Decarli, A., Gallus, G., and Tognoni, G. (1984) Risk factors for endometrial cancer at different ages. J Natl Cancer Inst. 73, 667-671.
139. Tornberg, S. A. and Carstensen, J. M. (1994) Relationship between Quetelet's index and cancer of breast and female genital tract in 47,000 women followed for 25 years. Br J Cancer. 69, 358-361.
140. Swanson, C. A., Potischman, N., Wilbanks, G. D., Twiggs, L. B., Mortel, R., Berman, M. et al. (1993) Relation of endometrial cancer risk to past and contemporary body size and body fat distribution. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2, 321-327.
141. Shu, X. O., Brinton, L. A., Zheng, W., Swanson, C. A., Hatch, M. C., Gao, Y. T., et al. (1992) Relation of obesity and body fat distribution to endometrial cancer in Shanghai, China. Cancer Res. 52, 3865-3870.
142. Austin, H., Austin, J. M., Jr., Partridge, E. E., Hatch, K. D., and Shingleton, H. M. (1991) Endometrial cancer, obesity, and body fat distribution. Cancer Res. 51, 568-572.
143. Olson, S. H., Trevisan, M., Marshall, J. R., Graham, S., Zielezny, M., Vena, J. E., et al (1995) Body mass index, weight gain, and risk of endometrial cancer. Nutr Cancer. 23, 141-149.
144. Weiderpass, E., Adami, H. O., Baron, J. A., Wicklund-Glynn, A., Aune, M., Atuma, S., et al. (2000) Organochlorines and endometrial cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 9, 487-493.
145. Hirose, K., Tajima, K., Hamajima, N., Kuroishi, T., Kuzuya, K., Miura, S., et al. (1999). Comparative case-referent study of risk factors among hormone-related female cancers in Japan. Jpn J Cancer Res. 90, 255-261.
146. Austin, H., Austin, J. M., Jr., Partridge, E. E., Hatch, K. D., and Shingleton, H. M. (1991) Endometrial cancer, obesity, and body fat distribution. Cancer Res. 51, 568-572.
147. Levi, F., La Vecchia, C., Negri, E., Parazzini, F., and Franceschi, S. (1992) Body mass at different ages and subsequent endometrial cancer risk. Int J Cancer. 50, 567-571.
148. Bergstrom, A., Pisani, P., Tenet, V., Wolk, A., and Adami, H. O. (2001) Overweight as an avoidable cause of cancer in Europe. Int J Cancer. 91, 421-430.
149. Hu, J., Mao, Y., and White, K. (2003) Overweight and obesity in adults and risk of renal cell carcinoma in Canada. Soz Praventivmed. 48, 178-185.
150. Samanic, C., Chow, W. H., Gridley, G., Jarvholm, B., and Fraumeni, J. F., Jr. (2006) Relation of body mass index to cancer risk in 362,552 Swedish men. Cancer Causes Control. 17, 901-909.
151. Heath, C. W., Jr., Lally, C. A., Calle, E. E., McLaughlin, J. K., and Thun, M. J. (1997) Hypertension, diuretics, and antihypertensive medications as possible risk factors for renal cell cancer. Am J Epidemiol. 145, 607-613.
152. Chow, W. H., McLaughlin, J. K., Mandel, J. S., Wacholder, S., Niwa, S., and Fraumeni, J. F., Jr. (1996) Obesity and risk of renal cell cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 5, 17-21.
153. Mellemgaard, A., Lindblad, P., Schlehofer, B., Bergstrom, R., Mandel, J. S., McCredie, et al. (1995) International renal-cell cancer study. III. Role of weight, height, physical activity, and use of amphetamines. Int J Cancer. 60, 350-354.
154. Kreiger, N., Marrett, L. D., Dodds, L., Hilditch, S., and Darlington, G. A. (1993) Risk factors for renal cell carcinoma: results of a population-based case-control study. Cancer Causes Control. 4, 101-110.
155. Benhamou, S., Lenfant, M. H., Ory-Paoletti, C., and Flamant, R. (1993) Risk factors for renal-cell carcinoma in a French case-control study. Int J Cancer. 55, 32-36.
156. McLaughlin, J. K., Gao, Y. T., Gao, R. N., Zheng, W., Ji, B. T., Blot, W. J., et al. (1992) Risk factors for renal-cell cancer in Shanghai, China. Int J Cancer. 52, 562-565.
157. Wolk, A., Lindblad, P., and Adami, H. O. (1996) Nutrition and renal cell cancer. Cancer Causes Control. 7, 5-18.
158. Hoyo, C. and Gammon, M. D. (2006) Obesity and overweight in relation to adenocarcinoma of the esophagus, in Cancer Prevention and Management Through Exercise and Weight Control (McTiernan, A., ed.), Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 269-282.
159. Lagergren, J., Bergstrom, R., and Nyren, O. (1999) Association between body mass and adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and gastric cardia. Ann Intern Med. 130, 883-890.
160. Tretli, S. and Robsahm, T. E. (1999) Height, weight and cancer of the oesophagus and stomach: a follow-up study in Norway. Eur J Cancer Prev. 8, 115-122.
161. Farrow, D. C., Vaughan, T. L., Hansten, P. D., Stanford, J. L., Risch, H. A., Gammon, M. D., et al. (1998) Use of aspirin and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and risk of esophageal and gastric cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 7, 97-102.
162. Nilsson, M., Johnsen, R., Ye, W., Hveem, K., and Lagergren, J. (2003) Obesity and estrogen as risk factors for gastroesophageal reflux symptoms. JAMA. 290, 66-72.
163. Ji, B. T., Chow, W. H., Yang, G., McLaughlin, J. K., Gao, R. N., Zheng, W., et al. (1997) Body mass index and the risk of cancers of the gastric cardia and distal stomach in Shanghai, China. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 6, 481-485.
164. Knudson, A. G., Jr. (1971) Mutation and cancer: statistical study of retinoblastoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 68, 820-823.
165. Devesa, S. S., Blot, W. J., and Fraumeni, J. F., Jr. (1998) Changing patterns in the incidence of esophageal and gastric carcinoma in the United States. Cancer. 83, 2049-2053.
166. Wild, C. P. and Hardie, L. J. (2003) Reflux, Barrett's oesophagus and adenocarcinoma: burning questions. Nat Rev Cancer. 3, 676-684.
167. Mokdad, A. H., Ford, E. S., Bowman, B. A., Dietz, W. H., Vinicor, F., Bales, V. S., et al. (2003). Prevalence of obesity, diabetes, and obesity-related health risk factors, 2001. JAMA. 289, 76-79.
168. Wu, A. H., Wan, P., and Bernstein, L. (2001). A multiethnic
169. Vaughan, T. L., Davis, S., Kristal, A., and Thomas, D. B. (1995) Obesity, alcohol, and tobacco as risk factors for cancers of the esophagus and gastric cardia: adenocarcinoma versus squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 4, 85-92.
170. Chow, W. H., Blot, W. J., Vaughan, T. L., Risch, H. A., Gammon, M. D., Stanford, J. L., et al. (1998) Body mass index and risk of adenocarcinomas of the esophagus and gastric cardia. J Natl Cancer Inst. 90, 150-155.
171. Gapstur, S. M., Gann, P. H., Lowe, W., Liu, K., Colangelo, L., and Dyer, A. (2000) Abnormal glucose metabolism and pancreatic cancer mortality. JAMA. 283, 2552-2558.
172. Michaud, D. S., Giovannucci, E., Willett, W. C., Colditz, G. A., Stampfer, M. J., and Fuchs, C. S. (2001) Physical activity, obesity, height, and the risk of pancreatic cancer. JAMA. 286, 921-929.
173. Silverman, D. T., Swanson, C. A., Gridley, G., Wacholder, S., Greenberg, R. S., Brown, L. M., et al. (1998) Dietary and nutritional factors and pancreatic cancer: a case-control study based on direct interviews. J Natl Cancer Inst. 90, 1710-1719.
174. Hanley, A. J., Johnson, K. C., Villeneuve, P. J., and Mao, Y. (2001) Physical activity, anthropometric factors and risk of pancreatic cancer: results from the Canadian enhanced cancer surveillance system. Int J Cancer. 94, 140-147.
175. Berrington, D. G., Sweetland, S., and Spencer, E. (2003) A meta-analysis of obesity and the risk of pancreatic cancer. Br J Cancer. 89, 519-523.
176. Lee, I. M., Sesso, H. D., Oguma, Y., and Paffenbarger, R. S., Jr. (2003) Physical activity, body weight, and pancreatic cancer mortality. Br J Cancer. 88, 679-683.
177. Zatonski, W., Przewozniak, K., Howe, G. R., Maisonneuve, P., Walker, A. M., and Boyle, P. (1991) Nutritional factors and pancreatic cancer: a case-control study from south-west Poland. Int J Cancer. 48, 390-394.
178. Howe, G. R., Jain, M., and Miller, A. B. (1990) Dietary factors and risk of pancreatic cancer: results of a Canadian population-based case-control study. Int J Cancer. 45, 604-608.
179. Ghadirian, P., Boyle, P., Simard, A., Baillargeon, J., Maisonneuve, P., and Perret, C. (1991) Reported family aggregation of pancreatic cancer within a population-based case-control study in the Francophone community in Montreal, Canada. Int J Pancreatol. 10, 183-196.
180. Bueno de Mesquita, H. B., Moerman, C. J., Runia, S., and Maisonneuve, P. (1990) Are energy and energy-providing nutrients related to exocrine carcinoma of the pancreas? Int J Cancer. 46, 435-444.
181. Amercian Cancer Society. (2007) ACS Cancer Facts and Figures. Atlanta: Georgia, American Cancer Society.
182. Friedman, G. D. and van den Eeden, S. K. (1993) Risk factors for pancreatic cancer: an exploratory study. Int J Epidemiol. 22, 30-37.
183. Patel, A. V., Rodriguez, C., Bernstein, L., Chao, A., Thun, M. J., and Calle, E. E. (2005) Obesity, recreational physical activity, and risk of pancreatic cancer in a large U.S. Cohort. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 14, 459-466.
184. Anderson, J. P., Ross, J. A., and Folsom, A. R. (2004) Anthropometric variables, physical activity, and incidence of ovarian cancer: The Iowa Women's Health Study. Cancer. 100, 1515-1521.
185. Engeland, A., Tretli, S., and Bjorge, T. (2003) Height, body mass index, and ovarian cancer: a follow-up of 1.1 million Norwegian women. J Natl Cancer Inst. 95, 1244-1248.
186. Lubin, F., Chetrit, A., Freedman, L. S., Alfandary, E., Fishler, Y., Nitzan, H., et al. (2003) Body mass index at age 18 years and during adult life and ovarian cancer risk. Am J Epidemiol. 157, 113-120.
187. Fairfield, K. M., Willett, W. C., Rosner, B. A., Manson, J. E., Speizer, F. E., and Hankinson, S. E. (2002) Obesity, weight gain, and ovarian cancer. Obstet Gynecol. 100, 288-296.
188. Kuper, H., Cramer, D. W., and Titus-Ernstoff, L. (2002) Risk of ovarian cancer in the United States in relation to anthropometric measures: does the association depend on menopausal status? Cancer Causes Control. 13, 455-463.
189. Dal Maso, L., Franceschi, S., Negri, E., Conti, E., Montella, M., Vaccarella, S., et al. (2002) Body size indices at different ages and epithelial ovarian cancer risk. Eur J Cancer. 38, 1769-1774.
190. Riman, T., Dickman, P. W., Nilsson, S., Correia, N., Nordlinder, H., Magnusson, C. M., et al. (2001) Risk factors for epithelial borderline ovarian tumors: results of a Swedish case-control study. Gynecol Oncol. 83, 575-585.
191. Giovannucci, E., Rimm, E. B., Liu, Y., Leitzmann, M., Wu, K., Stampfer, M. J. et al. (2003). Body mass index and risk of prostate cancer in U.S. health professionals. J Natl Cancer Inst. 95, 1240-1244.
192. Lee, I. M., Sesso, H. D., and Paffenbarger, R. S., Jr. (2001) A prospective cohort study of physical activity and body size in relation to prostate cancer risk (United States). Cancer Causes Control. 12, 187-193.
193. Habel, L. A., van den Eeden, S. K., and Friedman, G. D. (2000) Body size, age at shaving initiation, and prostate cancer in a large, multiracial cohort. Prostate. 43, 136-143.
194. Sung, J. F., Lin, R. S., Pu, Y. S., Chen, Y. C., Chang, H. C., and Lai, M. K. (1999) Risk factors for prostate carcinoma in Taiwan: a case-control study in a Chinese population. Cancer. 86, 484-491.
195. Chyou, P. H., Nomura, A. M., and Stemmermann, G. N. (1994) A prospective study of weight, body mass index and other anthropometric measurements in relation to site-specific cancers. Int J Cancer. 57, 313-317.
196. Rodriguez, C., Freedland, S. J., Deka, A., Jacobs, E. J., McCullough, M. L., and Patel, A. V., et al. (2007) Body mass index, weight change, and risk of prostate cancer in the Cancer Prevention Study II Nutrition Cohort. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 16, 63-69.
197. Putnam, S. D., Cerhan, J. R., Parker, A. S., Bianchi, G. D., Wallace, R. B., Cantor, K. P., et al. (2000) Lifestyle and anthropometric risk factors for prostate cancer in a cohort of Iowa men. Ann Epidemiol. 10, 361-369.
198. Andersson, S. O., Wolk, A., Bergstrom, R., Giovannucci, E., Lindgren, C., Baron, J., et al. (1996) Energy, nutrient intake and prostate cancer risk: a population-based case-control study in Sweden. Int J Cancer. 68, 716-722.
199. Thompson, M. M., Garland, C., Barrett-Connor, E., Khaw, K. T., Friedlander, N. J., Wingard, D. L. (1989) Heart disease risk factors, diabetes, and prostatic cancer in an adult community. Am J Epidemiol. 129, 511-517.
200. Snowdon, D. A., Phillips, R. L., and Choi, W. (1984) Diet, obesity, and risk of fatal prostate cancer. Am J Epidemiol. 120, 244-250.
201. MacInnis, R. J., English, D. R., Gertig, D. M., Hopper, J. L., and Giles, G. G. (2003) Body size and composition and prostate cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 12, 1417-1421.
202. Thune, I. and Lund, E. (1994) Physical activity and the risk of prostate and testicular cancer: a cohort study of 53,000 Norwegian men. Cancer Causes Control. 5, 549-556.
203. Gronberg, H., Damber, L., and Damber, J. E. (1996) Familial prostate cancer in Sweden. A nationwide register cohort study. Cancer. 77, 138-143.
204. Talamini, R., La Vecchia, C., Decarli, A., Negri, E., and Franceschi, S. (1986) Nutrition, social factors and prostatic cancer in a Northern Italian population. Br J Cancer. 53, 817-821.
205. Key, T. J., Silcocks, P. B., Davey, G. K., Appleby, P. N., and Bishop, D. T. (1997) A case-control study of diet and prostate cancer. Br J Cancer. 76, 678-687.
206. Neugut, A. I., Chen, A. C., and Petrylak, D. P. (2004) The "skinny" on obesity and prostate cancer prognosis. J Clin Oncol. 22, 395-398.
207. Furuya, Y., Akimoto, S., Akakura, K., and Ito, H. (1998) Smoking and obesity in relation to the etiology and disease progression of prostate cancer in Japan. Int J Urol. 5, 134-137.
208. Henley, S. J., Flanders, W. D., Manatunga, A., and Thun, M. J. (2002) Leanness and lung cancer risk: fact or artifact? Epidemiology. 13, 268-276.
209. Kark, J. D., Yaari, S., Rasooly, I., and Goldbourt, U. (1995) Are lean smokers at increased risk of lung cancer? The Israel Civil Servant Cancer Study. Arch Intern Med. 155, 2409-2416.
210. Drinkard, L. C., Hoffman, P. C., Samuels, B. L., Watson, S., Bitran, J. D., Golomb, H. M., et al. (1995) Dose intensification - a phase I study of ifosfamide with vinorelbine (Navelbine): rationale and study design in advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Semin Oncol. 22, 30-37.
211. Knekt, P., Heliovaara, M., Rissanen, A., Aromaa, A., Seppanen, R., Teppo, L., et al. (1991) Leanness and lung-cancer risk. Int J Cancer. 49, 208-213.
212. Goodman, G. E., Omenn, G. S., Thornquist, M. D., Lund, B., Metch, B., and Gylys-Colwell, I. (1993) The Carotene and Retinol Efficacy Trial (CARET) to prevent lung cancer in high-risk populations: pilot study with cigarette smokers. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2, 389-396.
213. Kabat, G. C. and Wynder, E. L. (1992) Body mass index and lung cancer risk. Am J Epidemiol. 135, 769-774.
214. Shafie, S. M. and Grantham, F. H. (1981) Role of hormones in the growth and regression of human breast cancer cells (MCF-7) transplanted into athymic nude mice. J Natl Cancer Inst. 67, 51-56.
215. Heuson, J. C. and Legros, N. (1970) Effect of insulin and of alloxan diabetes on growth of the rat mammary carcinoma in vivo. Eur J Cancer. 6, 349-351.
216. Peyrat, J. P., Bonneterre, J., Hecquet, B., Vennin, P., Louchez, M. M., Fournier, C., et al. (1993) Plasma insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) concentrations in human breast cancer. Eur J Cancer. 29A, 492-497.
217. Pan, W., Hindler, K., Lee, V. V., Vaughn, W. K., and Collard, C. D. (2006) Obesity in diabetic patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery is associated with increased postoperative morbidity. Anesthesiology. 104, 441-447.
218. Zatonski, W. A., Lowenfels, A. B., Boyle, P., Maisonneuve, P., Bueno de Mesquita, H. B., et al. (1997) Epidemiologic aspects of gallbladder cancer: a case-control study of the SEARCH Program of the International Agency for Research on Cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 89, 1132-1138.
219. Strom, B. L., Soloway, R. D., Rios-Dalenz, J. L., Rodriguez-Martinez, H. A., West, S. L., Kinman, J. L., et al. (1995) Risk factors for gallbladder cancer. An international collaborative case-control study. Cancer. 76, 1747-1756.
220. World Cancer Research Fund. 1997. 221. Holly, E. A., Lele, C., Bracci, P. M., McGrath, M. S. (1999) Case-control study of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma among women and heterosexual men in the San Francisco Bay Area, California. Am J Epidemiol. 150, 375-389.
221. Cerhan, J. R., Torner, J. C., Lynch, C. F., Rubenstein, L. M., Lemke, J. H., Cohen, M. B., et al. (1997) Association of smoking, body mass, and physical activity with risk of prostate cancer in the Iowa 65+ Rural Health Study (United States). Cancer Causes Control 8, 229-238.
222. National Center for Health Statistics, C. F. D. C. A. P. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2000 (online]. Nat Rev Cancer. 2004.
223. Bergstrom, A., Pisani, P., Tenet, V., Wolk, A., and Adami, H. O. (2001) Overweight as an avoidable cause of cancer in Europe. Int J Cancer. 91, 421-430.
224. Kaaks, R., Van Noord, P. A. H., Den Tonkelaar, I., Peeters, P. H. M., Riboli, E., and Grobbee, D. E. (1998) Breast-cancer incidence in relation height, weight and body-fat distribution in the Dutch "DOM" cohort. Int J Cancer. 76, 647-651.
225. Stoll, B. A. (1999) Premalignant breast lesions: role for biological markers in predicting progression to cancer. Eur J Cancer. 35, 693-697.
226. Weiderpass, E., Partanen, T., Kaaks, R., Vainio, H., Porta, M., Kauppinen, T., et al. (1998) Occurrence, trends and environment etiology of pancreatic cancer. Scand J Work Environ Health. 24, 165-174.
227. Everhart, J. and Wright, D. (1995) Diabetes mellitus as a risk factor for pancreatic cancer. A meta-analysis. JAMA. 273, 1605-1609.
228. Kaaks, R., Lundin, E., Rinaldi, S., Manjer, J., Biessy, C., Soderberg, S., et al. (2002) Prospective study of IGF-I, IGF-binding proteins, and breast cancer risk, in northern and southern Sweden. Cancer Causes Control. 13, 307-316.
229. Wideroff, L., Gridley, G., Mellemkjaer, L., Chow, W. H., Linet, M., Keehn, S., et al. (1997) Cancer incidence in a population-based cohort of patients hospitalized with diabetes mellitus in Denmark. J Natl Cancer Inst. 89, 1360-1365.
230. Lindblad, P., Chow, W. H., Chan, J., Bergstrom, A., Wolk, A., Gridley, G., et al. (1999) The role of diabetes mellitus in the aetiology of renal cell cancer. Diabetologia. 42, 107-112.
231. Moschos, S. J. and Mantzoros, C. S. (2002) The role of the IGF system in cancer: from basic to clinical studies and clinical applications. Oncology. 63, 317-332.
232. Lawlor, M. A. and Alessi, D. R. (2001) PKB/Akt: a key mediator of cell proliferation, survival and insulin responses? J Cell Sci. 114, 2903-2910.
233. Prisco, M., Romano, G., Peruzzi, F., Valentinis, B., and Baserga, R. (1999) Insulin and IGF-I receptors signaling in protection from apoptosis. Horm Metab Res. 31, 80-89.
234. Ish-Shalom, D., Christoffersen, C. T., Vorwerk, P., Sacerdoti-Sierra, N., Shymko, R. M., Naor, D., et al. (1997) Mitogenic properties of insulin and insulin analogues mediated by the insulin receptor. Diabetologia. 40 Suppl 2, S25-S31.
235. Le Roith, D. (2000). Regulation of proliferation and apoptosis by the insulin-like growth factor I receptor. Growth Horm IGF Res. 10 Suppl A, S12-S13.
236. Khandwala, H. M., McCutcheon, I. E., Flyvbjerg, A., and Friend, K. E. (2000) The effects of insulin-like growth factors on tumorigenesis and neoplastic growth. Endocr Rev. 21, 215-244.
237. Yu, H., Jin, F., Shu, X. O., Li, B. D., Dai, Q., Cheng, J. R., et al. (2002) Insulin-like growth factors and breast cancer risk in Chinese women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 11, 705-712.
238. Ibrahim, Y. H. and Yee, D. (2004) Insulin-like growth factor-I and cancer risk. Growth Horm IGF Res. 14, 261-269.
239. Goodwin, P. J., Ennis, M., Pritchard, K. I., Trudeau, M. E., Koo, J., Madarnas, Y., et al. (2002) Fasting insulin and outcome in early-stage breast cancer: results of a prospective cohort study. J Clin Oncol. 20, 42-51.
240. Papa, V. and Belfiore, A. (1996) Insulin receptors in breast cancer: biological and clinical role. J Endocrinol Invest. 19, 324-333.
241. Werner, H. and LeRoith, D. (1996) The role of the insulin-like growth factor system in human cancer. Adv Cancer Res. 68, 183-223.
242. Pollak, M. N., Schernhammer, E. S., and Hankinson, S. E. (2004) Insulin-like growth factors and neoplasia. Nat Rev Cancer. 4, 505-518.
243. Shafie, S. M. and Hilf, R. (1981) Insulin receptor levels and magnitude of insulin-induced responses in 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced mammary tumors in rats. Cancer Res. 41, 826-829.
244. Cocca, C., Gutierrez, A., Nunez, M., Croci, M., Martin, G., Cricco, G., et al. (2003) Suppression of mammary gland tumorigenesis in diabetic rats. Cancer Detect Prev. 27, 37-46.
245. Allen, N. E., Roddam, A. W., Allen, D. S., Fentiman, I. S., Dos Santos Silva, I., Peto, J., et al. (2005) A prospective study of serum insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), IGF-II, IGF-binding protein-3 and breast cancer risk. Br J Cancer. 92, 1283-1287.
246. Loucks, A. B., Vaitukaitis, J., Cameron, J. L., Rogol, A. D., Skrinar, G., Warren, M. P., et al. (1992) The reproductive system and exercise in women. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 24, S288-S293.
247. Bruning, P. F., Van Doorn, J., Bonfrer, J. M., Van Noord, P. A., Korse, C. M., Linders, T. et al. (1995) Insulin-like growth-factor-binding protein 3 is decreased in early-stage operable pre-menopausal breast cancer. Int J Cancer. 62, 266-270.
248. Bohlke, K., Cramer, D. W., Trichopoulos, D., and Mantzoros, C. S. (1998) Insulin-like growth factor-I in relation to premenopausal ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast. Epidemiology. 9, 570-573.
249. Hankinson, S. E., Willett, W. C., Colditz, G. A., Hunter, D. J., Michaud, D. S., Deroo, et al. (1998) Circulating concentrations of insulin-like growth factor-I and risk of breast cancer. Lancet. 351, 1393-1396.
250. Muti, P., Quattrin, T., Grant, B. J., Krogh, V., Micheli, A., Schunemann, H. J., et al. (2002) Fasting glucose is a risk factor for breast cancer: a prospective study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 11, 1361-1368.
251. Toniolo, P., Bruning, P. F., Akhmedkhanov, A., Bonfrer, J. M., Koenig, K. L., Lukanova, A., et al. (2000) Serum insulin-like growth factor-I and breast cancer. Int J Cancer. 88, 828-832.
252. Keinan-Boker, L., Bueno De Mesquita, H. B., Kaaks, R., Van Gils, C. H., Van Noord, P. A., Rinaldi, S., et al. (2003) Circulating levels of insulin-like growth factor I, its binding proteins -1,-2, -3, C-peptide and risk of postmenopausal breast cancer. Int J Cancer. 106, 90-95.
253. Malin, A., Dai, Q., Yu, H., Shu, X. O., Jin, F., Gao, Y. T., et al. (2004) Evaluation of the synergistic effect of insulin resistance and insulin-like growth factors on the risk of breast carcinoma. Cancer. 100, 694-700.
254. Kaaks, R. and Lukanova, A. (2001) Energy balance and cancer: the role of insulin and insulin-like growth factor-I. Proc Nutr Soc. 60, 91-106.
255. Chan, J. M., Giovannucci, E., Andersson, S. O., Yuen, J., Adami, H. O., and Wolk, A. (1998) Dairy products, calcium, phosphorous, vitamin D, and risk of prostate cancer (Sweden). Cancer Causes Control. 9, 559-566.
256. Stattin, P., Adlercreutz, H., Tenkanen, L., Jellum, E., Lumme, S., Hallmans, G., et al. (2002) Circulating enterolactone and prostate cancer risk: a Nordic nested case-control study. Int J Cancer. 99, 124-129.
257. Lacey, J. V., Jr., Deng, J., Dosemeci, M., Gao, Y. T., Mostofi, F. K., Sesterhenn, I. A., et al. (2001) Prostate cancer, benign prostatic hyperplasia and physical activity in Shanghai, China. Int J Epidemiol. 30, 341-349.
258. DeLellis, K., Rinaldi, S., Kaaks, R. J., Kolonel, L. N., Henderson, B., and Le Marchand, L. (2004) Dietary and lifestyle correlates of plasma insulin-like growth factor-I (IGFI) and IGF binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3): the multiethnic cohort. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 13, 1444-1451.
259. Kaaks, R., Toniolo, P., Akhmedkhanov, A., Lukanova, A., Biessy, C., Dechaud, H., et al. (2000) Serum C-peptide, insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I, IGF-binding proteins, and colorectal cancer risk in women. J Natl Cancer Inst. 92, 1592-1600.
260. Palmqvist, R., Stenling, R., Oberg, A., and Landberg, G. (1999) Prognostic significance of p27(Kip1) expression in colorectal cancer: a clinico-pathological characterization. J Pathol. 188, 18-23.
261. Ma, J., Pollak, M. N., Giovannucci, E., Chan, J. M., Tao, Y., Hennekens, C. H., et al. (1999) Prospective study of colorectal cancer risk in men and plasma levels of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I and IGF-binding protein-3. J Natl Cancer Inst. 91, 620-625.
262. Probst-Hensch, N. M., Yuan, J. M., Stanczyk, F. Z., Gao, Y. T., Ross, R. K., and Yu, M. C. (2001) IGF-1, IGF-2 and IGFBP-3 in prediagnostic serum: association with colorectal cancer in a cohort of Chinese men in Shanghai. Br J Cancer. 85, 1695-1699.
263. Giovannucci, E., Pollak, M. N., Platz, E. A., Willett, W. C., Stampfer, M. J., Majeed, N., et al. (2000) A prospective study of plasma insulin-like growth factor-1 and binding protein-3 and risk of colorectal neoplasia in women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 9, 345-349.
264. Lukanova, A., Toniolo, P., Akhmedkhanov, A., Biessy, C., Haley, N. J., Shore, R. E., et al. (2001) A prospective study of insulin-like growth factor-I, IGF-binding proteins-1, -2 and -3 and lung cancer risk in women. Int J Cancer. 92, 888-892.
265. London S. J., Colditz, G. A., Stampfer, M., Willet, W. C., Rosner, B., and Speizer, F. E. (1989) Prospective study of relative weight. JAMA. 262, 2853-2858.
266. Spitz, M. R., Barnett, M. J., Goodman, G. E., Thornquist, M. D., Wu, X., and Pollak, M. (2002) Serum insulin-like growth factor (IGF) and IGF-binding protein levels and risk of lung cancer: a case-control study nested in the beta-carotene and retinol efficacy trial cohort. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 11, 1413-1418.
267. Sachdev, D. and Yee, D. (2001) The IGF system and breast cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer. 8, 197-209.
268. Macaulay, V. M. (1992) Insulin-like growth factors and cancer. Br J Cancer. 65, 311-320.
269. Yee, D. (2001) Are the insulin-like growth factors relevant to cancer? Growth Horm IGF Res. 11, 339-345.
270. Dickson, R. B. and Stancel, G. M. (2000) Estrogen receptor-mediated processes in normal and cancer cells. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr. 135-145.
271. Flototto, T., Djahansouzi, S., Glaser, M., Hanstein, B., Niederacher, D., Brumm, C., et al. (2001) Hormones and hormone antagonists: mechanisms of action in carcinogenesis of endometrial and breast cancer. Horm Metab Res. 33, 451-457.
272. Key, T. J. and Pike, M. C. (1988) The role of oestrogens and progestagens in the epidemiology and prevention of breast cancer. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol. 24, 29-43.
273. Key, T. J., Appleby, P. N., Reeves, G. K., Roddam, A., Dorgan, J. F., Longcope, C., et al. (2003) Body mass index, serum sex hormones, and breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women. J Natl Cancer Inst. 95, 1218-1226.
274. Franks, S., Kiddy, D. S., Hamilton-Fairley, D., Bush, A., Sharp, P. S., and Reed, M. J. (1991) The role of nutrition and insulin in the regulation of sex hormone binding globulin. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 39, 835-838.
275. Zeleniuch-Jacquotte, A., Adlercreutz, H., Shore, R. E., Koenig, K. L., Kato, I., Arslan, A., et al. (2004) Circulating enterolactone and risk of breast cancer: a prospective study in New York. Br J Cancer. 91, 99-105.
276. Kaaks, R., Lukanova, A., and Kurzer, M. S. (2002) Obesity, endogenous hormones, and endometrial cancer risk: a synthetic review. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 11, 1531-1543.
277. Lukanova, A., Lundin, E., Zeleniuch-Jacquotte, A., Muti, P., Mure, A., Rinaldi, S., et al. (2004) Body mass index, circulating levels of sex-steroid hormones, IGF-I and IGF-binding protein-3: a cross-sectional study in healthy women. Eur J Endocrinol. 150, 161-171.
278. Aleem, F. A., Moukhtar, M. A., Hung, H. C., and Romney, S. L. (1976) Plasma estrogen in patients with endometrial hyperplasia and carcinoma. Cancer. 38, 2101-2104.
279. Nyholm, H. C., Nielsen, A. L., Lyndrup, J., Dreisler, A., Hagen, C., and Haug, E. (1993) Plasma oestrogens in postmenopausal women with endometrial cancer. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 100, 1115-1119.
280. Potischman, N., Hoover, R. N., Brinton, L. A., Siiteri, P., Dorgan, J. F., Swanson, C. A., et al. (1996) Case-control study of endogenous steroid hormones and endometrial cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 88, 1127-1135.
281. Katsouyanni, K., Boyle, P., and Trichopoulos, D. (1991) Diet and urine estrogens among postmenopausal women. Oncology. 48, 490-494.
282. Toniolo, P. G., Levitz, M., Zeleniuch-Jacquotte, A., Banerjee, S., Koenig, K. L., Shore, R. E., et al. (1995) A prospective study of endogenous estrogens and breast cancer in postmenopausal women. J Natl Cancer Inst. 87, 190-197.
283. Bruning, P. F., Bonfrer, J. M., Hart, A. A., van Noord, P. A., van der, H. H., Collette, H. J., et al. (1992) Body measurements, estrogen availability and the risk of human breast cancer: a case-control study. Int J Cancer. 51, 14-19.
284. Zeleniuch-Jacquotte, A., Bruning, P. F., Bonfrer, J. M., Koenig, K. L., Shore, R. E., Kim, M. Y., et al. (1997) Relation of serum levels of testosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate to risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women. Am J Epidemiol. 145, 1030-1038.
285. Siiteri, P. K. (1987) Adipose tissue as a source of hormones. Am J Clin Nutr. 45, 277-282.
286. Longcope, C., Pratt, J. H., Schneider, S. H., and Fineberg, S. E. (1978) Aromatization of androgens by muscle and adipose tissue in vivo. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 46, 146-152.
287. Verkasalo, P. K., Thomas, H. V., Appleby, P. N., Davey, G. K., and Key, T. J. (2001) Circulating levels of sex hormones and their relation to risk factors for breast cancer: a cross-sectional study in 1092 pre- and postmenopausal women (United Kingdom). Cancer Causes Control. 12, 47-59.
288. Dorgan, J. F., Reichman, M. E., Judd, J. T., Brown, C., Longcope, C., Schatzkin, A., et al. (1995) The relation of body size to plasma levels of estrogens and androgens in premenopausal women (Maryland, United States). Cancer Causes Control. 6, 3-8.
289. Nagata, C., Kaneda, N., Kabuto, M., and Shimizu, H. (1997) Factors associated with serum levels of estradiol and sex hormone-binding globulin among premenopausal Japanese women. Environ Health Perspect. 105, 994-997.
290. Thomas, H. V., Key, T. J., Allen, D. S., Moore, J. W., Dowsett, M., Fentiman, I. S., et al. (1997) Re: reversal of relation between body mass and endogenous estrogen concentrations with menopausal status. J Natl Cancer Inst. 89, 396-398.
291. Giovannucci, E., Rimm, E. B., Stampfer, M. J., Colditz, G. A., and Willett, W. C. (1997) Height, body weight, and risk of prostate cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 6, 557-563.
292. Kaaks, R., Lukanova, A., and Sommersberg, B. (2000) Plasma androgens, IGF-1, body size, and prostate cancer risk: a synthetic review. Prostate Cancer Prostatic. Dis. 3, 157-172.
293. Hsing, A. W., Chokkalingam, A. P., Gao, Y. T., Wu, G., Wang, X., Deng, J., et al. (2002) Polymorphic CAG/CAA repeat length in the AIB1/SRC-3 gene and prostate cancer risk: a population-based case-control study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 11, 337-341.
294. Renehan, A. G., Frystyk, J., and Flyvbjerg, A. (2006) Obesity and cancer risk: the role of the insulin-IGF axis. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 17, 328-336.
295. Khandwala, H. M., McCutcheon, I. E., Flyvbjerg, A., and Friend, K. E. (2000) The effects of insulin-like growth factors on tumorigenesis and neoplastic growth. Endocr Rev. 21, 215-244.
296. Priest, E. L. and Church, T. S. (2006) Obesity, cytokines, and other inflammatory markers. In Cancer Prevention and Management Through Exercise and Weight Control (McTiernan, A., ed.), Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 317-324.
297. Visser, M., Bouter, L. M., McQuillan, G. M., Wener, M. H., and Harris, T. B. (1999) Elevated C-reactive protein levels in overweight and obese adults. JAMA. 282, 2131-2135.
298. Vgontzas, A. N., Tsigos, C., Bixler, E. O., Stratakis, C. A., Zachman, K., Kales, A.V., et al. (1998) Chronic insomnia and activity of the stress system: a preliminary study. J Psychosom Res. 45, 21-31.
299. Il'yasova, D., Colbert, L. H., Harris, T. B., Newman, A. B., Bauer, D. C., Satterfield, S., et al. (2005) Circulating levels of inflammatory markers and cancer risk in the health aging and body composition cohort. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 14, 2413-2418.
300. Erlinger, T. P., Platz, E. A., Rifai, N., and Helzlsouer, K. J. (2004) C-reactive protein and the risk of incident colorectal cancer. JAMA. 291, 585-590.