Sustained release formulations for spinal drug delivery

Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology

Volumn 14, Issue 5, 2004, Pages 331-343

  Lagarce, F ^a   Benoit, J P ^a  

^a INSERM   (France)

Author keywords

Chronic pain; Epidural; Intrathecal; Local an sthetics; Opioids; Spinal drug delivery; Sustained release formulations

Indexed keywords

2 HYDROXYPROPYL BETA CYCLODEXTRIN; BACLOFEN; BETA CYCLODEXTRIN DERIVATIVE; BISULFITE; BUPIVACAINE; CAPSAICIN; CARBOXYMETHYLCELLULOSE; CINCHOCAINE; CLONIDINE; DEXTRAN 150; DRUG VEHICLE; ETIDOCAINE; EXCIPIENT; GLUCOSE; GLYCEROL; HYALURONIC ACID; HYDROXYMETHYLCELLULOSE; IBUPROFEN; LIDOCAINE; LIPID; LIPOSOME; LIPOSPHERE; LOFENTANIL; MICROSPHERE; MORPHINE; PENTETATE INDIUM IN 111; POLOXAMER; PRILOCAINE; SUFENTANIL; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG;

ANESTHESIA; CLINICAL TRIAL; DOSE CALCULATION; DRUG ADMINISTRATION ROUTE; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM; DRUG DIFFUSION; DRUG DISTRIBUTION; DRUG ELIMINATION; DRUG IMPLANT; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG RELEASE; EXCIPIENT COMPATIBILITY; HUMAN; NONHUMAN; REVIEW; SIDE EFFECT; SUSTAINED RELEASE FORMULATION; VISCOSITY;

EID: 5644251835     PISSN: 11571489     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/s1773-2247(04)50061-8     Document Type: Review

References (136)

1. KROIN, J.S. - Intrathecal drug administration. Present use and future trends. - Clin Pharmacokinet., 22, 319-26, 1992.
2. ARTRU, A. - Spinal cerebrospinal chemistry and physiology. - In: Spinal Drug Delivery, T.L. Yaksh, Ed. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1999, pp. 177-193.
3. BERNARDS, C.M. - The spinal meninges and their role in spinal drug movement. - In: Spinal Drug Delivery, T. Yaksh, Ed. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1999, pp. 133-143.
4. KRAMES, E. - Implantable devices for pain control: spinal cord stimulation and intrathecal therapies. - Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol., 16, 619-49, 2002.
5. POSTMA, T.J., D. OENEMA, S. TERPSTRA, J. BOUMA, H. KUIPERS-UPMEIJER, M.J. STAAL, B.J. MIDDEL. - Cost analysis of the treatment of severe spinal spasticity with a continuous intrathecal baclofen infusion system. - Pharmacoeconomics, 15, 395-404, 1999.
6. SAMPSON, F.C., A. HAYWARD, G. EVANS, R. MORTON, B. COLLETT. - Functional benefits and cost/benefit analysis of continuous intrathecal baclofen infusion for the management of severe spasticity. - J Neurosurg., 96, 1052-7, 2002.
7. CHEN, J.L., T. BARRETT, R.J. JAMASBI, B.P. MORLEY, J.E. SWARTZBERG. - Infections associated with intra-spinal catheter-pump systems for severe pain management. - J Hosp Infect., 50, 322-3, 2002.
8. BYERS, K., P. AXELROD, S. MICHAEL, S. ROSEN. - Infections complicating tunneled intraspinal catheter systems used to treat chronic pain. - Clin Infect Dis., 21, 403-8, 1995.
9. BEJJANI, G.K., N.O. KARIM, F. TZORTZIDIS. - Intrathecal granuloma after implantation of a morphine pump: case report and review of the literature. - Surg Neurol., 48, 288-91, 1997.
10. CABBELL, K.L., J.A. TAREN, O. SAGHER. - Spinal cord compression by catheter granulomas in high-dose intrathecal morphine therapy: case report. - Neurosurgery, 42, 1176-80; discussion 1180-1, 1998.
11. COFFEY, R.J. K. BURCHIEL. - Inflammatory mass lesions associated with intrathecal drug infusion catheters: report and observations on 41 patients. - Neurosurgery, 50, 78-86; discussion 86-7, 2002.
12. PENN, R.D., M.M. YORK, J.A. PAICE. - Catheter systems for intrathecal drug delivery. - J Neurosurg., 83, 215-7, 1995.
13. LEVIN, A.B. K.B. SPERLING. - Complications associated with infusion pumps implanted for spasticity. - Stereotact Funct Neurosurg., 65, 147-51, 1995.
14. NITESCU, P., L. APPELGREN, E. HULTMAN, L.E. LINDER, M. SJOBERG, I. CURELARU. - Long-term, open catheterization of the spinal subarachnoid space for continuous infusion of narcotic and bupivacaine in patients with «refractory» cancer pain. A technique of catheterization and its problems and complications. - Clin J Pain, 7, 143-61, 1991.
15. FOLLETT, K.A. C.P. NAUMANN. - A prospective study of catheter-related complications of intrathecal drug delivery systems. - J Pain Symptom Manage., 19, 209-15, 2000.
16. GROULS, R.J.E., E.H.M. KORSTEN, T.L. YAKSH. - General considerations in the formulation of drugs for spinal delivery. - In: Spinal Drug Delivery, T.L. Yaksh, Ed. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1999, pp. 371-394.
17. YAKSH, T.L., A.B. MALMBERG, S. RO, P. SCHILLER, M. GOODMAN. - Characterization of the spinal antinociceptive activity of constrained peptidomimetic opioids. - J Pharmacol Exp Ther., 275, 63-72, 1995.
18. YAKSH, T.L., M.R. GRAFE, S. MALKMUS, M.L. RATHBUN, J.C. EISENACH. - Studies on the safety of chronically administered intrathecal neostigmine methylsulfate in rats and dogs. - Anesthesiology, 82, 412-27, 1995.
19. GROULS, R.J., T.F. MEERT, H.H. KORSTEN, L.J. HELLEBREKERS, D.D. BREIMER. - Epidural and intrathecal n-butyl-p-aminobenzoate solution in the rat. Comparison with bupivacaine. - Anesthesiology, 86, 181-7, 1997.
20. YAKSH, T.L., J.D. JANG, Y. NISHIUCHI, K.P. BRAUN, S.G. RO, M. GOODMAN. - The utility of 2-hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin as a vehicle for the intracerebral and intrathecal administration of drugs. - Life Sci., 48, 623-33, 1991.
21. JANG, J., T.L. YAKSH, H.F. HILL. - Use of 2-hydroxypropyl-beta- cyclodextrin as an intrathecal drug vehicle with opioids. - J Pharmacol Exp Ther., 261, 592-600, 1992.
22. YANEZ, A.M., M. WALLACE, R. HO, D. SHEN, T.L. YAKSH. - Touch-evoked agitation produced by spinally administered phospholipid emulsion and liposomes in rats. Structure-activity relation. - Anesthesiology, 82, 1189-98, 1995.
23. BUERKLE, H.T.L. YAKSH. - Continuous intrathecal administration of shortlasting mu opioids remifentanil and alfentanil in the rat. - Anesthesiology, 84, 926-35, 1996.
24. HORNFELDT, C.S., A.A. LARSON. - Seizures induced by fluoroacetic acid and fluorocitric acid may involve chelation of divalent cations in the spinal cord. - Eur J Pharmacol., 179, 307-13, 1990.
25. MARMONT, A.M., E.E. DAMASIO. - Letter: Neurotoxicity of intrathecal chemotherapy for leukaemia. - Br Med J., 4, 47, 1973.
26. WANG, B.C., D.E. HILLMAN, N.I. SPIELHOLZ, H. TURNDORF. - Chronic neurological deficits and Nesacaine-CE - an effect of the anæsthetic, 2-chloroprocaine, or the antioxidant, sodium bisulfite? - Anesth Analg., 63, 445-7, 1984.
27. READY, L.B., M.H. PLUMER, R.H. HASCHKE, E. AUSTIN, S.M. SUMI. - Neurotoxicity of intrathecal local anæsthetics in rabbits. - Anesthesiology, 63, 364-70, 1985.
28. MALINOVSKY, J.M., J.Y. LEPAGE, A. COZIAN, J.M. MUSSINI, M. PINAUDT, R. SOURON. - Is ketamine or its preservative responsible for neurotoxicity in the rabbit? - Anesthesiology, 78, 109-15, 1993.
29. WELLER, R.O. - Reaction of intrathecal and epidural spaces to infection and inflammation. - In: Spinal Drug Delivery, T. Yaksh, Ed. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1999, pp. 297-315.
30. RIESELBACH, R.E., G. DICHIRO, E.J. FREIREICH, D.P. RALL. - Subarachnoid distribution of drugs after lumbar injection. - N Engl J Med., 267, 1273-8, 1962.
31. RIGLER, M.L., K. DRASNER. - Distribution of catheter-injected local anæsthetic in a model of the subarachnoid space. - Anesthesiology, 75, 684-92, 1991.
32. KROIN, J.S., A. ALI, M. YORK, R.D. PENN. - The distribution of medication along the spinal canal after chronic intrathecal administration. - Neurosurgery, 33, 226-30; discussion 230, 1993.
33. GREENE, N. M. - Distribution of local anæsthetic solutions within the subarachnoid space. - Anesth Analg., 64, 715-30, 1985.
34. LODER, R.E. - A local-anæsthetic solution with longer action. -The Lancet, 276, 346-347, 1960.
35. TRIPATHI, M., O. KRISHNA. - Prolongation of bupivacaine effect in epidural block by dextraven-150. - The Indian Journal Of Medical Research, 92, 273-275, 1990.
36. ALKHAWAJAH, A., H. FARAG. - The effect of dextran on the pharmacokinetics of lignocaine during epidural anaesthesia. - The Journal Of International Medical Research, 20, 127-135, 1992.
37. KING, H., C.S. XIAO, D.J. WOOTEN. - Prolongation of epidural bupivacaine analgesia with glycerin. - Canadian Journal Of Anaesthesia = Journal Canadien d'Anesthésie, 40, 431-434, 1993.
38. KING, H.K., C.S. XIAO, D.J. WOOTEN. - Epiduraladministration of bupivacaine in glycerine solution can prolong analgesia. - Ma Zui Xue Za Zhi = Anaesthesiologica Sinica, 30, 27-30, 1992.
39. HASSAN, H.G., B. AKERMAN, H. RENCK, B. LINDBERG, B. LINDQUIST. - Effects of adjuvants to local anaesthetics on their duration. III. Experimental studies of hyaluronic acid. - Acta Anaesthesiol Scand., 29, 384-8, 1985.
40. DOHERTY, M.M., P.J. HUGHES, N.V. KORSZNIAK, W.N. CHARMAN. - Prolongation of lidocaine-induced epidural anæsthesia by medium molecular weight hyaluronic acid formulations: pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic studies in the rabbit. - Anæsthesia And Analgesia, 80, 740-746, 1995.
41. HUGHES, P.J., M.M. DOHERTY, W.N. CHARMAN. - A rabbit model for the evaluation of epidurally administered local anaesthetic agents. - Anaesthesia And Intensive Care, 21, 298-303, 1993.
42. DOHERTY, M.M., P.J. HUGHES, S.A. CHARMAN, K.V. BROCK, N.V. KORSZNIAK, W.N. CHARMAN. - Biphasic drug absorption from the epidural space of the dog may limit the utility of a slow release medium molecular weight hyaluronic acid-lidocaine ionic complex formulation. - Anæsthesia And Analgesia, 83, 1244-1250, 1996.
43. DOLLO, G., J.-M. MALINOVSKY, A. PERON, F. CHEVANNE, M. PINAUD, R.L. VERGE, P.L. CORRE. - Prolongation of epidural bupivacaine effects with hyaluronic acid in rabbits. - International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 272, 109-119, 2004.
44. PAAVOLA, A., J. YLIRUUSI, Y. KAJIMOTO, E. KALSO, T. WAHLSTROM, P. ROSENBERG. - Controlled release of lidocaine from injectable gels and efficacy in rat sciatic nerve block. - Pharm Res., 12, 1997-2002., 1995.
45. PAAVOLA, A., J. YLIRUUSI, P. ROSENBERG. - Controlled release and dura mater permeability of lidocaine and ibuprofen from injectable poloxamer-based gels. - J Control Release, 52, 169-78, 1998.
46. PAAVOLA, A., P. TARKKILA, M. XU, T. WAHLSTROM, J. YLIRUUSI, P. ROSENBERG. - Controlled release gel of ibuprofen and lidocaine in epidural use - analgesia and systemic absorption in pigs. - Pharm Res., 15, 482-7, 1998.
47. LOFTSSON, T. AND M. E. BREWSTER. - Pharmaceutical applications of cyclodextrins. 1. Drug solubilization and stabilization. - Journal Of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 85, 1017-1025, 1996.
48. RAJEWSKI, R.A., V.J. STELLA. - Pharmaceutical applications of cyclodextrins. 2. In vivo drug delivery. - Journal Of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 85, 1142-1169, 1996.
49. YAKSH, T.L., H.F. HILL. - cyclodextrin complexes for neuraxial administration of drugs. - USA Patent 5,180,716, 1993.
50. YAMAMOTO, T., T.L. YAKSH. - Effects of intrathecal capsaicin and an NK-1 antagonist, CP,96-345, on the thermal hyperalgesia observed following unilateral constriction of the sciatic nerve in the rat. - Pain, 51, 329-34, 1992.
51. MEERT, T.F., W. MELIS. - Interactions between epidurally and intrathecally administered sufentanil and bupivacaine in hydroxypropyl-beta- cyclodextrin in the rat. - Acta Anaesthesiol Belg., 43, 79-89, 1992.
52. MEERT, T.F., J. MESENS, P. VERHEYEN, H. NOORDUIN. - Hydroxypropyl-beta- cyclodextrin can modulate the activity of spinally administered sufentanil. - Eur J Anaesthesiol., 9, 399-409, 1992.
53. BERNARDS, C.M. - Effect of (hydroxypropyl)-beta-cyclodextrin on flux of morphine, fentanyl, sufentanil, and alfentanil through the spinal meninges of monkey. - J Pharm Sci., 83, 620-2, 1994.
54. DOLLO, G., P. LE CORRE, F. CHEVANNE, R. LE VERGE. - Inclusion complexation of amide-typed local anaesthetics with [beta]-cyclodextrin and its derivatives. I. Physicochemical characterization. - International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 131, 219-228, 1996.
55. DOLLO, G., P. LE CORRE, F. CHEVANNE, R. LE VERGE. - Inclusion complexation of amide-typed local anaesthetics with [beta]-cyclodextrin and its derivatives. ii. evaluation of affinity constants and in vitro transfer rate constants. - International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 136, 165-174, 1996.
56. FREVILLE, J.C., G. DOLLO, P. LE CORRE, F. CHEVANNE, R. LE VERGE. - Controlled systemic absorption and increased anæsthetic effect of bupivacaine following epidural administration of bupivacaine- hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin complex. - Pharm Res., 13, 1576-80., 1996.
57. ESTEBE, J.P., C. ECOFFEY, G. DOLLO, P. LE CORRE, F. CHEVANNE, R. LE VERGE. - Bupivacaine pharmacokinetics and motor blockade following epidural administration of the bupivacaine-sulphobutylether 7-beta-cyclodextrin complex in sheep. - Eur J Anaesthesiol., 19, 308-10, 2002.
58. IRIE, T., K. UEKAMA. - Pharmaceutical applications of cyclodextrins. III. Toxicological issues and safety evaluation. - Journal Of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 86, 147-162, 1997.
59. MASTERS, D.B., C.B. BERDE, S. DUTTA, T. TUREK, R. LANGER. - Sustained local anæsthetic release from bioerodible polymer matrices: a potential method for prolonged regional anaesthesia. - Pharm Res., 10, 1527-32, 1993.
60. MASTERS, D.B., C.B. BERDE, S.K. DUTTA, C.T. GRIGGS, D. HU, W. KUPSKY, R. LANGER. - Prolonged regional nerve blockade by controlled release of local anæsthetic from a biodegradable polymer matrix. - Anesthesiology, 79, 340-6, 1993.
61. LANGER, R., H. ROSEN. - Bioerodible polyanhydrides for controlled druf delivery. - USA Patent 4,891,225, 1990.
62. NELSON, T.S., M.A. BERGAN. - Method and apparatus for administering analgesics and method for making same device. - USA Patent 5,980,927, 1999.
63. NELSON, T.S., M.A. BERGAN. - Method and device for administering analgesics. - USA Patent 6,214,370, 2001.
64. LE CORRE, P., P. LE GUEVELLO, V. GAJAN, F. CHEVANNE, R. LE VERGE. - Preparation and characterization of bupivacaine-loaded polylactide and polylactide-co-glycolide microspheres. - International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 107, 41-49, 1994.
65. LE CORRE, P., J.P. ESTEBE, F. CHEVANNE, Y. MALLEDANT, R. LE VERGE. - Spinal controlled delivery of bupivacaine from DL-lactic acid oligomer microspheres. - J Pharm Sci., 84, 75-8, 1995.
66. LE CORRE, P., J.H. RYTTING, V. GAJAN, F. CHEVANNE, R. LE VERGE. - In vitro controlled release kinetics of local anaesthetics from poly(D,L-lactide) and poly(lactide-co-glycolide) microspheres. - J Microencapsul., 14, 243-55, 1997.
67. ESTEBE, J.P., P. LE CORRE, Y. MALLEDANT, F. CHEVANNE, R. LEVERGE. - Prolongation of spinal anæsthesia with bupivacaine-loaded (DL-lactide) microspheres. - Anesth Analg., 81, 99-103, 1995.
68. WAKIYAMA, N., K. JUNI, M. NAKANO. - Preparation and evaluation in vitro and in vivo polylactic acid microspheres containing dibucaine. - Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo)., 30, 3719-27, 1982.
69. KOJIMA, T., M. NAKANO, K. JUNI, S. INOUE, Y. YOSHIDA. - Preparation and evaluation in vitro and in vivo of polycarbonate microspheres containing dibucaine. - Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo), 33, 5119-25, 1985.
70. RAMIREZ, L., P. PASTORIZA, R. HERRERO-VANRELL. - Biodegradable poly(DL-lactic-co-glycolic acid) microspheres containing tetracaine hydrochloride. In-vitro release profile. - J Microencapsul., 16, 105-15, 1999.
71. WAKIYAMA, N., K. JUNI, M. NAKANO. - Duration of the local anæsthetic effect of tetracaine hydrochloride solutions and tetracaine in microspheres. - J Pharmacobiodyn., 5, 13-7, 1982.
72. CHIOU, S.H., W.T. WU, Y.Y. HUANG, T.W. CHUNG. - Effects of the characteristics of chitosan on controlling drug release of chitosan coated PLLA microspheres. - J Microencapsul., 18, 613-25, 2001.
73. HUANG, Y.Y., T.W. CHUNG, T.W. TZENG. - A method using biodegradable polylactides/polyethylene glycol for drug release with reduced initial burst. - Int J Pharm., 182, 93-100, 1999.
74. MENEI, P., J. CHIROL, A. CROUÉ, O. CRUAUD, B. DENIZOT, J.P. BENOIT. - Distribution and tolerance of biodegradable PLAGA microspheres implanted in the rabbit lumbar subarachnoid space. - Int. Symp. control. Rel. Bioact. Mater, Las Vegas, Controlled Release Society, 1998.
75. CRUAUD, O., S. BENITA, J.P. BENOIT. - The characterization and release kinetics evaluation of baclofen microspheres designed for intrathecal injection. - Int J Pharm., 177, 247-57, 1999.
76. SALMAN, M.A., A. SAHIN, M.A. ONUR, K. OGE, A. KASSAB, U. AYPAR. - Tramadol encapsulated into polyhydroxybutyrate microspheres: in vitro release and epidural analgesic effect in rats. - Acta Anaesthesiol Scand., 47, 1006-12, 2003.
77. SEO, S.A., G. KHANG, J.M. RHEE, J. KIM, H.B. LEE. - Study on in vitro release patterns of fentanyl-loaded PLGA microspheres. - J Microencapsul., 20, 569-79, 2003.
78. MALINOVSKY, J.M., J.M. BERNARD, P. LE CORRE, J.B. DUMAND, J.Y. LEPAGE, R. LE VERGE, R. SOURON. - Motor and blood pressure effects of epidural sustained-release bupivacaine from polymer microspheres: a dose-response study in rabbits. - Anesth Analg., 81, 519-24, 1995.
79. LE CORRE, P., J.P. ESTEBE, R. CLEMENT, L. DU PLESSIS, F. CHEVANNE, C. ECOFFEY, R. LE VERGE. - Spray-dryed bupivacaine-loaded microspheres: in vitro evaluation and biopharmaceutics of bupivacaine following brachial plexus administration in sheep. - Int J Pharm., 238, 191-203, 2002.
80. CURLEY, J., J. CASTILLO, J. HOTZ, M. UEZONO, S. HERNANDEZ, J.O. LIM, J. TIGNER, M. CHASIN, R. LANGER, C. BERDE. - Prolonged regional nerve blockade. Injectable biodegradable bupivacaine/polyester microspheres. - Anesthesiology, 84, 1401-10, 1996.
81. DRAGER, C., D. BENZIGER, F. GAO, C.B. BERDE. - Prolonged intercostal nerve blockade in sheep using controlled-release of bupivacaine and dexamethasone from polymer microspheres. - Anesthesiology, 89, 969-79, 1998.
82. ESTEBE, J.P., P. LE CORRE, R. CLEMENT, L. DU PLESSIS, F. CHEVANNE, R. LE VERGE, C. ECOFFEY - Effect of dexamethasone on motor brachial plexus block with bupivacaine and with bupivacaine-loaded microspheres in a sheep model. - Eur J Anaesthesiol., 20, 305-10, 2003.
83. ESTEBE, J.P., P. LE CORRE, L. DU PLESSIS, F. CHEVANNE, G. CATHELINEAU, R. LE VERGE, C. ECOFFEY - The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of bupivacaine-loaded microspheres on a brachial plexus block model in sheep. - Anesth Analg., 93, 447-55, 4th contents page, 2001.
84. POLARD, E., P. LE CORRE, F. CHEVANNE, R. LE VERGE. - In vitro and in vivo evaluation of polylactide and polylactide-co-glycolide microspheres of morphine for site-specific delivery. - International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 134, 37-46, 1996.
85. BLANCO, M.D., M.V. BERNARDO, C. GOMEZ, E. MUNIZ, J.M. TEIJON. - Bupivacaine-loaded comatrix formed by albumin microspheres included in a poly(lactide-co-glycolide) film: in vivo biocompatibility and drug release studies. - Biomaterials, 20, 1919-24, 1999.
86. BLANCO, M.D., M.V. BERNARDO, R.L. SASTRE, R. OLMO, E. MUNIZ, J.M. TEIJON. - Preparation of bupivacaine-loaded poly(epsilon-caprolactone) microspheres by spray drying: drug release studies and biocompatibility. - Eur J Pharm Biopharm., 55, 229-36, 2003.
87. FLETCHER, D., P. LE CORRE, G. GUILBAUD, R. LE VERGE. - Antinociceptive effect of bupivacaine encapsulated in poly(D,L)-lactide-co-glycolide microspheres in the acute inflammatory pain model of carrageenin-injected rats. - Anesth Analg., 84, 90-4, 1997.
88. LAGARCE, F. - Développement d'une forme à libération prolongée destinée aux traitements chroniques par voie intrathécale : application aux microsphères de baclofène en vue du traitement des spasticités sévères. - Ph.D. Thesis, Angers University, 2004.
89. DOMB, A.J., M. MANIAR. - Liposphere delivery systems for local anesthesics. - USA Patent 5,227,165, 1993.
90. LANGERMAN, L., E. GOLOMB, S. BENITA. - Spinal anæsthesia: significant prolongation of the pharmacologic effect of tetracaine with lipid solution of the agent. - Anesthesiology, 74, 104-107, 1991.
91. LANGERMAN, L., E. GOLOMB, S. BENITA. - Prolongation of the pharmacologic effect of intrathecal meperidine by the use of a lipid solution of it. - Anesth Analg., 72, 635-8, 1991.
92. LANGERMAN, L., G. CHAIMSKY, E. GOLOMB, M. TVERSKOY, A.I. KOOK, S. BENITA. - A rabbit model for evaluation of spinal anæsthesia: chronic cannulation of the subarachnoid space. - Anesth Analg., 71, 529-35, 1990.
93. MEHTA, H.J., R. RAMAKANTAN, D.H. PIPARIA, A.M. HANDE, A. GOEL, A.R. SATOSKAR, F.D. DASTUR. - Clinical implications of acute cerebrospinal fluid changes following iophendylate myelography. - J Postgrad Med., 38, 10-2, 1992.
94. LAZARD, J.J., C. FRANQUELO, X. NAVARRO, B. CASTELLANO, E. VERDU, C. CRISTOFOL, M. ARBOIX. - Prolongation of nerve and epidural anæsthetic blockade by bupivacaine in a lipid emulsion. - Anesth Analg., 89, 121-7, 1999.
95. FRANQUELO, C., A. TOLEDO, J. MANUBENS, C. CRISTOFOL, J. E. VALLADARES, M. ARBOIX. - Prolongation of epidural anaesthesia in dogs with bupivacaine in a lipid emulsion. - Vet Rec., 147, 477-80, 2000.
96. KIM, S., D.J. KIM, M.A. GEYER, S.B. HOWELL. - Multivesicular liposomes containing 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine for slow-release intrathecal therapy. - Cancer Res., 47, 3935-7, 1987.
97. SANKARAM, M. - A lipid based depot (DepoFoam technology) for sustained release drug delivery. - Prog Lipid Res., 41, 392-406, 2002.
98. KIM, S., M.S. TURKER, E.Y. CHI, S. SELA, G.M. MARTIN. - Preparation of multivesicular liposomes. - Biochim Biophys Acta, 728, 339-48, 1983.
99. SANKARAM, M., S. KIM. - Multivesicular liposomes with controlled release of encapsulated biologically active substances. - USA Patent 6,132,766, 2000.
100. SANKARAM, M. - Biodegradable compositions for the controlled release of encapsulated substances. - USA Patent 6,277,413, 2001.
101. SANKARAM, M. - Depofoam technology for sustained release injectable frug delivery. - Drug Delivery Systems and Sciences, 1, 13-16, 2001.
102. KIM, S., S. SCHEERER, M.A. GEYER, S.B. HOWELL. - Direct cerebrospinal fluid delivery of an antiretroviral agent using multivesicular liposomes. - J Infect Dis., 162, 750-2, 1990.
103. CHAMBERLAIN, M.C., S. KHATIBI, J.C. KIM, S.B. HOWELL, E. CHATELUT, S. KIM. - Treatment of leptomeningeal metastasis with intraventricular administration of depot cytarabine (DTC 101). A phase I study. - Arch Neurol., 50, 261-4, 1993.
104. CHATELUT, E., T. KIM, S. KIM. - A slow-release methotrexate formulation for intrathecal chemotherapy. - Cancer Chemother Pharmacol., 32, 179-82, 1993.
105. GLANTZ, M.J., K.A. JAECKLE, M.C. CHAMBERLAIN, S. PHUPHANICH, L. RECHT, L.J. SWINNEN, B. MARIA, S. LAFOLLETTE, G.B. SCHUMANN, B.F. COLE, S.B. HOWELL. - A randomized controlled trial comparing intrathecal sustained-release cytarabine (DepoCyt) to intrathecal methotrexate in patients with neoplastic meningitis from solid tumors. - Clin Cancer Res., 5, 3394-402, 1999.
106. JAECKLE, K.A., T. BATCHELOR, S.J. O'DAY, S. PHUPHANICH, P. NEW, G. LESSER, A. COHN, M. GILBERT, R. AIKEN, D. HEROS, L. ROGERS, E. WONG, D. FULTON, J.C. GUTHEIL, S. BAIDAS, J.M. KENNEDY, W. MASON, P. MOOTS, C. RUSSELL, L.J. SWINNEN, S.B. HOWELL - An open label trial of sustained-release cytarabine (DepoCyt) for the intrathecal treatment of solid tumor neoplastic meningitis. - J Neurooncol., 57, 231-9., 2002.
107. KIM, S., E. CHATELUT, J.C. KIM, S.B. HOWELL, C. CATES, P.A. KORMANIK, M.C. CHAMBERLAIN. - Extended CSF cytarabine exposure following intrathecal administration of DTC 101. - J Clin Oncol., 11, 2186-93, 1993.
108. KIM, S., S. KHATIBI, S.B. HOWELL, C. MCCULLY, F.M. BALIS, D.G. POPLACK. - Prolongation of drug exposure in cerebrospinal fluid by encapsulation into DepoFoam. - Cancer Res., 53, 1596-8, 1993.
109. MURRY, D.J., S.M. BLANEY. - Clinical pharmacology of encapsulated sustained-release cytarabine. - Ann Pharmacother., 34, 1173-8, 2000.
110. KIM, T., S. MURDANDE, A. GRUBER, S. KIM. - Sustained-release morphine for epidural analgesia in rats. - Anesthesiology, 85, 331-8, 1996.
111. YAKSH, T.L., J.C. PROVENCHER, M.L. RATHBUN, F.R. KOHN. - Pharmacokinetics and efficacy of epidurally delivered sustained-release encapsulated morphine in dogs. - Anesthesiology, 90, 1402-12, 1999.
112. YAKSH, T.L., J.C. PROVENCHER, M.L. RATHBUN, R.R. MYERS, H. POWELL, P. RICHTER, F.R. KOHN. - Safety assessment of encapsulated morphine delivered epidurally in a sustained-release multivesicular liposome preparation in dogs. - Drug Deliv., 7, 27-36, 2000.
113. BERNARDS, C.M., T.J. LUGER, A.B. MALMBERG, H.F. HILL, T.L. YAKSH. - Liposome encapsulation prolongs alfentanil spinal analgesia and alters systemic redistribution in the rat. - Anesthesiology, 77, 529-35, 1992.
114. BOOGAERTS, J.G., N.D. LAFONT, A.G. DECLERCQ, H.C. LUO, E.T. GRAVET, J.A. BIANCHI, F.J. LEGROS. - Epidural administration of liposome-associated bupivacaine for the management of postsurgical pain: a first study. - J Clin Anesth., 6, 315-20., 1994.
115. WALLACE, M.S., A.M. YANEZ, R.J. HO, D.D. SHEN, T.L. YAKSH. - Antinociception and side effects of liposome-encapsulated alfentanil after spinal delivery in rats. - Anesth Analg., 79, 778-86, 1994.
116. GRANT, G.J., M. CASCIO, M.I. ZAKOWSKI, L. LANGERMAN, H. TURNDORF. - Intrathecal administration of liposomal morphine in a mouse model. - Anesth Analg., 81, 514-8, 1995.
117. ISACKSON, J., M.S. WALLACE, R.J. HO, D.D. SHEN, T.L. YAKSH. - Antinociception and side effects of L- and D-dipalmitoylphosphatidyl choline liposome-encapsulated alfentanil after spinal delivery in rats. - Pharmacol Toxicol., 77, 333-40, 1995.
118. KITAMURA, I., M. KOCHI, Y. MATSUMOTO, R. UEOKA, J. KURATSU, Y. USHIO. - Intrathecal chemotherapy with 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea encapsulated into hybrid liposomes for meningeal gliomatosis: an experimental study. - Cancer Res., 56, 3986-92, 1996.
119. MALINOVSKY, J.M., P. LE CORRE, J.F. MEUNIER, F. CHEVANNE, M. PINAUD, R. LEVERGE, F. LEGROS. - Adose-response study of epidural liposomal bupivacaine in rabbits. - J Control Release, 60, 111-9, 1999.
120. NISHIYAMA, T., R.J. HO, D.D. SHEN, T.L. YAKSH. - The effects of intrathecal morphine encapsulated in L- and D-dipalmitoylphosphatidyl choline liposomes on acute nociception in rats. - Anesth Analg., 91, 423-8, 2000.
121. BETHUNE, C.R., C.M. BERNARDS, T. BUI-NGUYEN, D.D. SHEN, R.J. HO. - The role of drug-lipid interactions on the disposition of liposome-formulated opioid analgesics in vitro and in vivo. - Anesth Analg., 93, 928-33, 2001.
122. TAKANASHI, Y., T. ISHIDA, T. MEGURO, M.J. KIRCHMEIER, T.M. ALLEN, J.H. ZHANG. - Intrathecal application with liposome-entrapped Fasudil for cerebral vasospasm following subarachnoid hemorrhage in rats. - J Clin Neurosci., 8, 557-61, 2001.
123. TAKANASHI, Y., T. ISHIDA, M.J. KIRCHMEIER, A. SHUAIB, TM. ALLEN. - Neuroprotection by intrathecal application of liposome-entrapped fasudil in a rat model of ischemia. - Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo), 41, 107-13; discussion 113-4, 2001.
124. TAKANASHI, Y., T. ISHIDA, T. MEGURO, H. KIWADA, J.H. ZHANG, I. YAMAMOTO. - Efficacy of intrathecal liposomal fasudil for experimental cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage. - Neurosurgery, 48, 894-900; discussion 900-1, 2001.
125. GRANT, G.J., B. PISKOUN, M. BANSINATH. - Intrathecal administration of liposomal neostigmine prolongs analgesia in mice. - Acta Anaesthesiol Scand., 46, 90-4, 2002.
126. ISHIDA, T., Y. TAKANASHI, H. DOI, I. YAMAMOTO, H. KIWADA. - Encapsulation of an antivasospastic drug, fasudil, into liposomes, and in vitro stability of the fasudil-loaded liposomes. - Int J Pharm., 232, 59-67, 2002.
127. LEGROS, F., J.-M. RUYSSCHAERT. - Pharmaceutical composition containing a local anaesthesic and or centrally acting analgesic encapsulated in liposomes. - USA Patent 5,244,678, 1993.
128. RADHAKRISHNAN, R. - Novel liposome composition for sustained release of steroidal drugs. - USA Patent 5,043,165, 1991.
129. MASHIMO, T., I. UCHIDA, M. PAK, A. SHIBATA, S. NISHIMURA, Y. INAGAKI, I. YOSHIYA. - Prolongation of canine epidural anaesthesia by liposome encapsulation of lidocaine. - Anesth Analg., 74, 827-34, 1992.
130. LAFONT, N.D., F.J. LEGROS, J.G. BOOGAERTS. - Use of liposome-associated bupivacaine in a cancer pain syndrome. - Anaesthesia, 51, 578-9, 1996.
131. BOOGAERTS, J.G., N.D. LAFONT, S. CARLINO, E. NOEL, P. RAYNAL, G. GOFFINET, F.J. LEGROS. - Biodistribution of liposome-associated bupivacaine after extradural administration to rabbits. - Br J Anaesth., 75, 319-25, 1995.
132. UMBRAIN, V., M. ALAFANDY, P. BOURGEOIS, J. D'HAESE, J.G. BOOGAERTS, G. GOFFINET, F. CAMU, F.J. LEGROS. - Biodistribution of liposomes after extradural administration in rodents. - Br J Anaesth., 75, 311-8, 1995.
133. UMBRAIN, V., J. D'HAESE, M. ALAFANDY, E. DE ROOVER, A. SCHOUTENS, B. VAN GANSBEKE, A. ALBERT, G. GOFFINET, F. CAMU, F.J. LEGROS. - Scintigraphic visualization of intrathecal liposome biodistribution. - Acta Anaesthesiol Scand., 41, 25-34, 1997.
134. FLETCHER, J., S. MALKMUS. - Spinal Anatomy of experimental animals. - In: Spinal Drug Delivery, T.L. Yaksh, Ed. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1999, pp. 71-93.
135. YAKSH, T.L., S. MALKMUS. - Animal model of intrathecal and epidural drug delivery. - In: Spinal Drug Delivery, T. Yaksh, Ed. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1999, pp. 318-344.
136. YAKSH, T. L., A.M. RATHBUN, J.C. PROVENCHER. - Preclinical safety evaluation for spinal drugs. - In: Spinal Drug Delivery, T.L. Yaksh, Ed. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1999, pp. 417-437.