Vitamin and Mineral Supplements

Primary Care - Clinics in Office Practice

Volumn 35, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 729-747

  Hamrick, Irene ^a   Counts, Sandra H ^b  

^a EAST CAROLINA UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b ANMED HEALTH   (United States)

Author keywords

Minerals; Prevention; Vitamins; Wellness

Indexed keywords

ALPHA TOCOPHEROL; ASCORBIC ACID; BETA CAROTENE; BORON; CALCIUM; CALCIUM CARBONATE; CHROMIUM PICOLINATE; CITRATE CALCIUM; COLECALCIFEROL; CYANOCOBALAMIN; ERGOCALCIFEROL; FOLIC ACID; MAGNESIUM; MEDROXYPROGESTERONE ACETATE; MINERAL; MULTIVITAMIN; PYRIDOXINE; QUINOLINE DERIVED ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT; RETINOL; SELENIUM; SODIUM; SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE; TETRACYCLINE; TETRAHYDROLIPSTATIN; THIAMINE; VITAMIN; VITAMIN D; VITAMIN K GROUP; WARFARIN; ZINC;

ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY; ARTHRITIS; BARLEY; BIRTH DEFECT; BLINDNESS; BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER; BONE DENSITY; BRAIN TUMOR; CALCIUM ABSORPTION; CALCIUM EXCRETION; CALORIC INTAKE; CANCER INCIDENCE; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CLINICAL TRIAL; COMMON COLD; COMPLEX REGIONAL PAIN SYNDROME; CRANIOFACIAL MALFORMATION; DEMENTIA; DIABETES MELLITUS; DIETARY INTAKE; DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKE; DYSMENORRHEA; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; EYE DISEASE; FRUIT; HEART ATRIUM FIBRILLATION; HEART DISEASE; HEMODIALYSIS; HIP FRACTURE; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; INCIDENCE; INSULIN RESISTANCE; KIDNEY FAILURE; LACTATION; LEUKEMIA; LUNG CANCER; MALABSORPTION; MINERAL DEFICIENCY; MINERAL INTAKE; MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS; MUSCLE STRENGTH; MUSCULOSKELETAL DISEASE; NEOPLASM; NEUROBLASTOMA; NEUROLOGIC DISEASE; NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENT; OSTEOARTHRITIS; OSTEOLYSIS; OSTEOPOROSIS; PANCREAS ISLET BETA CELL; PNEUMONIA; PREGNANCY; PREMENSTRUAL SYNDROME; PRENATAL CARE; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROPHYLAXIS; PROSTATE CANCER; RESPIRATORY TRACT DISEASE; RETINA MACULA AGE RELATED DEGENERATION; REVIEW; RISK BENEFIT ANALYSIS; SMOKING; SODIUM INTAKE; STOMACH BYPASS; TARDIVE DYSKINESIA; THROMBOCYTE ADHESION; TISSUE INJURY; TRANSCRIPTION INITIATION; VEGETABLE; VENOUS THROMBOEMBOLISM; VITAMIN DEFICIENCY; VITAMIN SUPPLEMENTATION; WELLBEING; WRIST FRACTURE;

CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; CONGENITAL ABNORMALITIES; DIABETES MELLITUS; DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS; HUMANS; MINERALS; MUSCULOSKELETAL DISEASES; NEOPLASMS; NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; PRIMARY HEALTH CARE; PRIMARY PREVENTION; RESPIRATORY TRACT DISEASES; VITAMINS;

EID: 53449090746     PISSN: 00954543     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.pop.2008.07.012     Document Type: Review

References (146)

1. Anthony A. Megaloblastic anemias. 3rd edition. (2000), Churchill Livingstone, New York
2. Mahomed K., and Gulmezoglu A.M. Vitamin D supplementation in pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2 (2000) :CD000228
3. Dharmarajan T.S., Akula M., Kuppachi S., et al. Vitamin D deficiency in community older adults with falls of gait imbalance: an under-recognized problem in the inner city. J Nutr Elder 25 1 (2005) 7-19
4. 12 status in older adults?. J Am Med Dir Assoc 9 3 (2008) 162-167
5. 12 deficiency after partial gastrectomy. Acta Chir Scand Suppl 520 (1984) 37-39
6. Macgregor A.M., and Boggs L. Drug distribution in obesity and following bariatric surgery: a literature review. Obes Surg 6 1 (1996) 17-27
7. 12 and folate deficiency clinically important after roux-en-Y gastric bypass?. J Gastrointest Surg 2 5 (1998) 436-442
8. Lee D.H., Folsom A.R., Harnack L., et al. Does supplemental vitamin C increase cardiovascular disease risk in women with diabetes?. Am J Clin Nutr 80 5 (2004) 1194-1200
9. Vitamins. The nephron information center (2008). http://links.nephron.com/nephsites/adp/vits.htm Accessed June 3, 2008
10. Substance. abuse. American geriatric society (2008). Available at: http://www.healthinaging.org/agingintheknow/chapters_ch_trial.asp?ch=36 Accessed June 3, 2008
11. Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. Panel on micronutrients SoURLoNaoIaUoDRI, and the standing committee on the scientific evaluation of dietary reference intakes dietary reference intakes for vitamin A, vitamin K, arsenic, boron, chromium, copper, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, silicon, vanadium, and zinc (2000), National Academies Press, Washington DC p. 60-81, 95, 442
12. 12 and total antioxidant status in vegetarian children. Adv Med Sci 51 (2006) 265-268
13. Vegetarian nutrition. 2006. Available at:. http://www.mcgill.ca/studenthealth/information/nutritionalhealth/vegetar ian Accessed June 3, 2008
14. 12 for vegans. Vegan outreach (2008). http://www.veganhealth.org/ Accessed June 3, 2008
15. Zollinger P.E., Tuinebreijer W.E., Breederveld R.S., et al. Can vitamin C prevent complex regional pain syndrome in patients with wrist fractures? A randomized, controlled, multicenter dose-response study. J Bone Joint Surg Am 89 7 (2007) 1424-1431
16. Bjelakovic G., Nikolova D., Gluud L., et al. Antioxidant supplements for prevention of mortality in healthy participants and patients with various diseases. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2 (2008) :CD007176
17. Bjelakovic G., Nikolova D., Gluud L.L., et al. Mortality in randomized trials of antioxidant supplements for primary and secondary prevention: systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 297 8 (2007) 842-857
18. Fletcher R.H., and Fairfield K.M. Vitamins for chronic disease prevention in adults: clinical applications. JAMA 287 23 (2002) 3127-3129
19. Fairfield K.M., and Fletcher R.H. Vitamins for chronic disease prevention in adults: scientific review. JAMA 287 23 (2002) 3116-3126
20. Stampfer M.J., Hennekens C.H., Manson J.E., et al. Vitamin E consumption and the risk of coronary disease in women. N Engl J Med 328 20 (1993) 1444-1449
21. Rimm E.B., Stampfer M.J., Ascherio A., et al. Vitamin E consumption and the risk of coronary heart disease in men. N Engl J Med 328 20 (1993) 1450-1456
22. Boaz M., Smetana S., Weinstein T., et al. Secondary prevention with antioxidants of cardiovascular disease in endstage renal disease (SPACE): randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 356 9237 (2000) 1213-1218
23. Yusuf S., Dagenais G., Pogue J., et al. Vitamin E supplementation and cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. The Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study investigators. N Engl J Med 342 3 (2000) 154-160
24. Albert C.M., Cook N.R., Gaziano J.M., et al. Effect of folic acid and B vitamins on risk of cardiovascular events and total mortality among women at high risk for cardiovascular disease: a randomized trial. JAMA 299 17 (2008) 2027-2036
25. Vitamin and mineral supplements, AHA scientific position. Available at: (2008). http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=4788 Accessed May 10, 2008
26. Glynn R.J., Ridker P.M., Goldhaber S.Z., et al. Effects of random allocation to vitamin E supplementation on the occurrence of venous thromboembolism: report from the women's health study. Circulation 116 13 (2007) 1497-1503
27. Pfeifer M., Begerow B., Minne H.W., et al. Effects of a short-term vitamin D(3) and calcium supplementation on blood pressure and parathyroid hormone levels in elderly women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86 4 (2001) 1633-1637
28. Dickinson H.O., Nicolson D.J., Campbell F., et al. Magnesium supplementation for the management of essential hypertension in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 3 (2006) :CD004640
29. Abdulla M., and Gruber P. Role of diet modification in cancer prevention. Biofactors 12 1-4 (2000) 45-51
30. USPSTF. Counseling for Vitamin Supplementation to Prevent Cancer and Cardiovascular Disease. Available at: www.ahrq.gov/clinic/uspstf/uspsvita.htm. Accessed September 10, 2008.
31. Caraballoso M., Sacristan M., Serra C., et al. Drugs for preventing lung cancer in healthy people. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2 (2003) :CD002141
32. The effect of vitamin E and beta carotene on the incidence of lung cancer and other cancers in male smokers. The alpha-tocopherol, beta carotene cancer prevention study group. N Engl J Med 330 15 (1994) 1029-1035
33. Omenn G.S., Goodman G.E., Thornquist M.D., et al. Effects of a combination of beta carotene and vitamin A on lung cancer and cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med 334 18 (1996) 1150-1155
34. Albanes D., Heinonen O.P., Taylor P.R., et al. Alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene supplements and lung cancer incidence in the alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene cancer prevention study: effects of base-line characteristics and study compliance. J Natl Cancer Inst 88 21 (1996) 1560-1570
35. Leitzmann M.F., Stampfer M.J., Wu K., et al. Zinc supplement use and risk of prostate cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 95 13 (2003) 1004-1007
36. Etminan M., FitzGerald J.M., Gleave M., et al. Intake of selenium in the prevention of prostate cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cancer Causes Control 16 9 (2005) 1125-1131
37. Lawson K.A., Wright M.E., Subar A., et al. Multivitamin use and risk of prostate cancer in the National Institutes of Health-AARP diet and health study. J Natl Cancer Inst 99 10 (2007) 754-764
38. Marshall J.R., Sakr W., Wood D., et al. Design and progress of a trial of selenium to prevent prostate cancer among men with high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 15 8 (2006) 1479-1484
39. Lappe J.M., Travers-Gustafson D., Davies K.M., et al. Vitamin D and calcium supplementation reduces cancer risk: results of a randomized trial. Am J Clin Nutr 85 6 (2007) 1586-1591
40. Goh Y.I., Bollano E., Einarson T.R., et al. Prenatal multivitamin supplementation and rates of pediatric cancers: a meta-analysis. Clin Pharmacol Ther 81 5 (2007) 685-691
41. Hemila H., and Louhiala P. Vitamin C for preventing and treating pneumonia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 1 (2007) :CD005532
42. Douglas R.M., Hemila H., Chalker E., et al. Vitamin C for preventing and treating the common cold. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 3 (2007) :CD000980
43. McElroy B.H., and Miller S.P. An open-label, single-center, phase IV clinical study of the effectiveness of zinc gluconate glycine lozenges (Cold-Eeze) in reducing the duration and symptoms of the common cold in school-aged subjects. Am J Ther 10 5 (2003) 324-329
44. Mossad S.B., Macknin M.L., Medendorp S.V., et al. Zinc gluconate lozenges for treating the common cold: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Ann Intern Med 125 2 (1996) 81-88
45. Turner R.B. Ineffectiveness of intranasal zinc gluconate for prevention of experimental rhinovirus colds. Clin Infect Dis 33 11 (2001) 1865-1870
46. Macknin M.L., Piedmonte M., Calendine C., et al. Zinc gluconate lozenges for treating the common cold in children: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 279 24 (1998) 1962-1967
47. Jackson J.L., Lesho E., and Peterson C. Zinc and the common cold: a meta-analysis revisited. J Nutr 130 5S Suppl (2000) 1512S-1515S
48. Caruso T.J., Prober C.G., and Gwaltney Jr. J.M. Treatment of naturally acquired common colds with zinc: a structured review. Clin Infect Dis 45 5 (2007) 569-574
49. Silk R., and LeFante C. Safety of zinc gluconate glycine (Cold-Eeze) in a geriatric population: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial. Am J Ther 12 6 (2005) 612-617
50. Eby G.A., and Halcomb W.W. Ineffectiveness of zinc gluconate nasal spray and zinc orotate lozenges in common-cold treatment: a double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Altern Ther Health Med 12 1 (2006) 34-38
51. Jafek BW, L M, Murrow BW. Zicam induced anosmia. In: American Rhinologic Society 49th Annual Fall Scientific Meeting. Orlando, Fl: American Rhinologic Society; September 20, 2003:48.
52. Fosmire G.J. Zinc toxicity. Am J Clin Nutr 51 2 (1990) 225-227
53. Prince R.L., Austin N., Devine A., et al. Effects of ergocalciferol added to calcium on the risk of falls in elderly high-risk women. Arch Intern Med 168 1 (2008) 103-108
54. Bischoff H.A., Stahelin H.B., Dick W., et al. Effects of vitamin D and calcium supplementation on falls: a randomized controlled trial. J Bone Miner Res 18 2 (2003) 343-351
55. Bischoff-Ferrari H.A., Dawson-Hughes B., Willett W.C., et al. Effect of Vitamin D on falls: a meta-analysis. JAMA 291 16 (2004) 1999-2006
56. Flicker L., Mead K., MacInnis R.J., et al. Serum vitamin D and falls in older women in residential care in Australia. J Am Geriatr Soc 51 11 (2003) 1533-1538
57. Broe K.E., Chen T.C., Weinberg J., et al. A higher dose of vitamin D reduces the risk of falls in nursing home residents: a randomized, multiple-dose study. J Am Geriatr Soc 55 2 (2007) 234-239
58. Bischoff-Ferrari H.A., Willett W.C., Wong J.B., et al. Fracture prevention with vitamin D supplementation: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. JAMA 293 18 (2005) 2257-2264
59. 3 and calcium to prevent hip fractures in the elderly women. N Engl J Med 327 23 (1992) 1637-1642
60. Recker R.R., Hinders S., Davies K.M., et al. Correcting calcium nutritional deficiency prevents spine fractures in elderly women. J Bone Miner Res 11 12 (1996) 1961-1966
61. Avenell A., Gillespie W.J., Gillespie L.D., et al. Vitamin D and vitamin D analogues for preventing fractures associated with involutional and post-menopausal osteoporosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 3 (2005) :CD000227
62. Canalis E. Clinical review 83: mechanisms of glucocorticoid action in bone: implications to glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 81 10 (1996) 3441-3447
63. Homik J., Suarez-Almazor M.E., Shea B., et al. Calcium and vitamin D for corticosteroid-induced osteoporosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2 (2000) :CD000952
64. 3 and calcium for secondary prevention of low-trauma fractures in elderly people (randomised evaluation of calcium or vitamin D, RECORD): a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 365 9471 (2005) 1621-1628
65. Jackson R.D., LaCroix A.Z., Gass M., et al. Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and the risk of fractures. N Engl J Med 354 7 (2006) 669-683
66. Devine A., Criddle R.A., Dick I.M., et al. A longitudinal study of the effect of sodium and calcium intakes on regional bone density in postmenopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr 62 4 (1995) 740-745
67. Krall E.A., Wehler C., Garcia R.I., et al. Calcium and vitamin D supplements reduce tooth loss in the elderly. Am J Med 111 6 (2001) 452-456
68. Cockayne S., Adamson J., Lanham-New S., et al. Vitamin K and the prevention of fractures: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arch Intern Med 166 12 (2006) 1256-1261
69. Gage B.F., Birman-Deych E., Radford M.J., et al. Risk of osteoporotic fracture in elderly patients taking warfarin: results from the national registry of atrial fibrillation 2. Arch Intern Med 166 2 (2006) 241-246
70. Melhus H., Michaelsson K., Kindmark A., et al. Excessive dietary intake of vitamin A is associated with reduced bone mineral density and increased risk for hip fracture. Ann Intern Med 129 10 (1998) 770-778
71. Feskanich D., Singh V., Willett W.C., et al. Vitamin A intake and hip fractures among postmenopausal women. JAMA 287 1 (2002) 47-54
72. Ages and stages, older people. 2008. Available at:. http://www.eatwell.gov.uk/agesandstages/olderpeople/ Accessed May 10, 2008
73. Jaswal S., Mehta H.C., Sood A.K., et al. Antioxidant status in rheumatoid arthritis and role of antioxidant therapy. Clin Chim Acta 338 1-2 (2003) 123-129
74. Edmonds S.E., Winyard P.G., Guo R., et al. Putative analgesic activity of repeated oral doses of vitamin E in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: results of a prospective placebo controlled double blind trial. Ann Rheum Dis 56 11 (1997) 649-655
75. Helmy M., Shohayeb M., Helmy M.H., et al. Antioxidants as adjuvant therapy in rheumatoid disease: a preliminary study. Arzneimittelforschung 51 4 (2001) 293-298
76. Wittenborg A., Petersen G., Lorkowski G., et al. Effectiveness of vitamin E in comparison with diclofenac sodium in treatment of patients with chronic polyarthritis. Z Rheumatol 57 4 (1998) 215-221
77. Jensen N.H. Reduced pain from osteoarthritis in hip joint or knee joint during treatment with calcium ascorbate: a randomized, placebo-controlled cross-over trial in general practice. Ugeskr Laeger 165 25 (2003) 2563-2566
78. Flynn M.A., Irvin W., and Krause G. The effect of folate and cobalamin on osteoarthritic hands. J Am Coll Nutr 13 4 (1994) 351-356
79. Hill J., and Bird H.A. Failure of selenium-ace to improve osteoarthritis. Br J Rheumatol 29 3 (1990) 211-213
80. Devirian T.A., and Volpe S.L. The physiological effects of dietary boron. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 43 2 (2003) 219-231
81. Boron. EBSCO, 2007. Available at:. http://healthlibrary.epnet.com/GetContent.aspx?token=e0498803-7f62-4563- 8d47-5fe33da65dd4&chunkiid=21616 Accessed June 3, 2008
82. Newnham R.E. Essentiality of boron for healthy bones and joints. Environ Health Perspect 102 Suppl 7 (1994) 83-85
83. Nielsen F.H., Hunt C.D., Mullen L.M., et al. Effect of dietary boron on mineral, estrogen, and testosterone metabolism in postmenopausal women. FASEB J 1 5 (1987) 394-397
84. Miljkovic D., Miljkovic N., and McCarty M.F. Up-regulatory impact of boron on vitamin D function: does it reflect inhibition of 24-hydroxylase?. Med Hypotheses 63 6 (2004) 1054-1056
85. Pittas A.G., Lau J., Hu F.B., et al. The role of vitamin D and calcium in type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 92 6 (2007) 2017-2029
86. Althuis M.D., Jordan N.E., Ludington E.A., et al. Glucose and insulin responses to dietary chromium supplements: a meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 76 1 (2002) 148-155
87. Chromium picolinate and insulin resistance. Office of nutritional products, labelin, and dietary supplements. Available at:. http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/∼dms/qhccr.html Accessed August 17, 2008
88. 6 on cognition. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 4 (2003) :CD004393
89. Blacker D. Neither vitamin E nor donepezil delays progression from amnestic mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer's disease in the long term. Evid Based Ment Health 9 1 (2006) 20
90. 12 for cognition. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 3 (2003) :CD004326
91. 12 for cognition and dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 4 (2003) :CD004514
92. 12 deficiency: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 84 2 (2006) 361-370
93. Zhang X.Y., Zhou D.F., Cao L.Y., et al. The effect of vitamin E treatment on tardive dyskinesia and blood superoxide dismutase: a double-blind placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Psychopharmacol 24 1 (2004) 83-86
94. Rota S., McWilliam N.A., Baglin T.P., et al. Atherogenic lipoproteins support assembly of the prothrombinase complex and thrombin generation: modulation by oxidation and vitamin E. Blood 91 2 (1998) 508-515
95. Higashi O., and Kikuchi Y. Effects of vitamin E on the aggregation and the lipid peroxidation of platelets exposed to hydrogen peroxide. Tohoku J Exp Med 112 3 (1974) 271-278
96. Booth S.L., Golly I., Sacheck J.M., et al. Effect of vitamin E supplementation on vitamin K status in adults with normal coagulation status. Am J Clin Nutr 80 1 (2004) 143-148
97. Munger K.L., Zhang S.M., O'Reilly E., et al. Vitamin D intake and incidence of multiple sclerosis. Neurology 62 1 (2004) 60-65
98. Evans J.R., and Henshaw K. Antioxidant vitamin and mineral supplementation for preventing age-related macular degeneration. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2 (2000) :CD000253
99. Evans J.R. Antioxidant vitamin and mineral supplements for slowing the progression of age-related macular degeneration. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2 (2006) :CD000254
100. Proctor M.L., and Murphy P.A. Herbal and dietary therapies for primary and secondary dysmenorrhoea. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 3 (2001) :CD002124
101. Thys-Jacobs S. Micronutrients and the premenstrual syndrome: the case for calcium. J Am Coll Nutr 19 2 (2000) 220-227
102. Ward M.W., and Holimon T.D. Calcium treatment for premenstrual syndrome. Ann Pharmacother 33 12 (1999) 1356-1358
103. Thys-Jacobs S., Starkey P., Bernstein D., et al. Calcium carbonate and the premenstrual syndrome: effects on premenstrual and menstrual symptoms. Premenstrual Syndrome Study Group. Am J Obstet Gynecol 179 2 (1998) 444-452
104. Czeizel A.E., and Dudas I. Prevention of the first occurrence of neural-tube defects by periconceptional vitamin supplementation. N Engl J Med 327 26 (1992) 1832-1835
105. Prevention of neural tube defects: results of the Medical Research Council Vitamin Study. MRC Vitamin Study Research Group. Lancet 338 8760 (1991) 131-137
106. Rothman K.J., Moore L.L., Singer M.R., et al. Teratogenicity of high vitamin A intake. N Engl J Med 333 21 (1995) 1369-1373
107. Heaney R.P., Smith K.T., Recker R.R., et al. Meal effects on calcium absorption. Am J Clin Nutr 49 2 (1989) 372-376
108. Recker R.R. Calcium absorption and achlorhydria. N Engl J Med 313 2 (1985) 70-73
109. Heaney R.P. Calcium supplements: practical considerations. Osteoporos Int 1 2 (1991) 65-71
110. Heller H.J., Greer L.G., Haynes S.D., et al. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic comparison of two calcium supplements in postmenopausal women. J Clin Pharmacol 40 11 (2000) 1237-1244
111. Heaney R.P., Weaver C.M., and Fitzsimmons M.L. Influence of calcium load on absorption fraction. J Bone Miner Res 5 11 (1990) 1135-1138
112. Aminimanizani A., Beringer P., and Jelliffe R. Comparative pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the newer fluoroquinolone antibacterials. Clin Pharm 40 3 (2001) 169-187
113. Schneyer C.R. Calcium carbonate and reduction of levothyroxine efficacy. JAMA 279 10 (1998) 750
114. Curhan G.C., Willett W.C., Rimm E.B., et al. A prospective study of dietary calcium and other nutrients and the risk of symptomatic kidney stones. N Engl J Med 328 12 (1993) 833-838
115. Kuzminski A.M., Del Giacco E.J., Allen R.H., et al. Effective treatment of cobalamin deficiency with oral cobalamin. Blood 92 4 (1998) 1191-1198
116. 12 without intrinsic factor. Acta Med Scand 184 4 (1968) 247-258
117. 12 deficiency in the elderly: a new look at deficiency and treatment. Family Practice Recertification 25 6 (2003) 17-20
118. Collins N., Maher J., Cole M., et al. A prospective study to evaluate the dose of vitamin D required to correct low 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels, calcium, and alkaline phosphatase in patients at risk of developing antiepileptic drug-induced osteomalacia. QJM 78 286 (1991) 113-122
119. 12 malabsorption in patients receiving colchicine. N Engl J Med 279 16 (1968) 845-850
120. 12-absorption in diabetics on biguanides. Diabetologia 13 3 (1977) 187-193
121. 12 deficiency. Arch Intern Med 162 4 (2002) 484-485
122. 12 malabsorption induced by metformin. Diabetes Care 23 9 (2000) 1227-1231
123. 12 deficiency. Arch Surg 128 12 (1993) 1391-1395
124. Yang Y.X., Lewis J.D., Epstein S., et al. Long-term proton pump inhibitor therapy and risk of hip fracture. JAMA 296 24 (2006) 2947-2953
125. 12). Ann Intern Med 120 3 (1994) 211-215
126. Ruscin J.M., Page II R.L., and Valuck R.J. Vitamin B(12) deficiency associated with histamine(2)-receptor antagonists and a proton-pump inhibitor. Ann Pharmacother 36 5 (2002) 812-816
127. Shah S.C., Sharma R.K., Hemangini, et al. Rifampicin induced osteomalacia. Tubercle 62 3 (1981) 207-209
128. Williams S.E., Wardman A.G., Taylor G.A., et al. Long term study of the effect of rifampicin and isoniazid on vitamin D metabolism. Tubercle 66 1 (1985) 49-54
129. Brodie M.J., Boobis A.R., Hillyard C.J., et al. Effect of rifampicin and isoniazid on vitamin D metabolism. Clin Pharmacol Ther 32 4 (1982) 525-530
130. Lashner B.A., Heidenreich P.A., Su G.L., et al. Effect of folate supplementation on the incidence of dysplasia and cancer in chronic ulcerative colitis: a case-control study. Gastroenterology 97 2 (1989) 255-259
131. Halsted C.H., Gandhi G., and Tamura T. Sulfasalazine inhibits the absorption of folates in ulcerative colitis. N Engl J Med 305 25 (1981) 1513-1517
132. Levine M., Conry-Cantilena C., Wang Y., et al. Vitamin C pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers: evidence for a recommended dietary allowance. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 93 8 (1996) 3704-3709
133. Moore C., Murphy M.M., Keast D.R., et al. Vitamin D intake in the United States. J Am Diet Assoc 104 6 (2004) 980-983
134. Shearer M.J. The roles of vitamins D and K in bone health and osteoporosis prevention. Proc Nutr Soc 56 3 (1997) 915-937
135. Dawson-Hughes B., Heaney R.P., Holick M.F., et al. Estimates of optimal vitamin D status. Osteoporos Int 16 7 (2005) 713-716
136. Jacobs E.T., Alberts D.S., Foote J.A., et al. Vitamin D insufficiency in southern Arizona. Am J Clin Nutr 87 3 (2008) 608-613
137. NOF. National Osteoporosis Foundation Recommendations for Vitamin D. Washington DC: National Osteoporosis Foundation; 2007.
138. 2. Am J Clin Nutr 68 4 (1998) 854-858
139. Drinka P.J., Krause P.F., Nest L.J., et al. Determinants of vitamin D levels in nursing home residents. J Am Med Dir Assoc 8 2 (2007) 76-79
140. 3 in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89 11 (2004) 5387-5391
141. 3. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 68 1 (1998) 36-41
142. 3 in maintaining circulating concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 93 3 (2008) 677-681
143. Scholes D., LaCroix A.Z., Ichikawa L.E., et al. Injectable hormone contraception and bone density: results from a prospective study. Epidemiology 13 5 (2002) 581-587
144. Black box warning added concerning long-term use of depo-provera contraceptive injection. 2004. Available at:. http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ANSWERS/2004/ANS01325.html Accessed May 10, 2008
145. Cromer B.A., Scholes D., Berenson A., et al. Depot medroxyprogesterone acetate and bone mineral density in adolescents-the black box warning: a position paper of the society for adolescent medicine. J Adolesc Health 39 2 (2006) 296-301
146. Oakley Jr. G.P. Eat right and take a multivitamin. N Engl J Med 338 15 (1998) 1060-1061