Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs): From science to targeted therapy

International Journal of Biological Markers

Volumn 23, Issue 2, 2008, Pages 96-110

  Sarmiento, R ^a   Bonginelli, P ^a   Cacciamani, F ^a   Salerno, F ^a   Gasparini, Giampietro ^a  

^a SAN FILIPPO NERI HOSPITAL   (Italy)

Author keywords

GISTs; Targeted therapy; Tyrosine kinase inhibitors

Indexed keywords

BEVACIZUMAB; EVEROLIMUS; IMATINIB; MIDOSTAURIN; N (3,3 DIMETHYL 6 INDOLINYL) 2 (4 PYRIDINYLMETHYLAMINO)NICOTINAMIDE; NILOTINIB; PLACEBO; PLATELET DERIVED GROWTH FACTOR ALPHA RECEPTOR; PROTEIN TYROSINE KINASE; RAPAMYCIN; STEM CELL FACTOR; STEM CELL FACTOR RECEPTOR; SUNITINIB; TANESPIMYCIN HYDROQUINONE;

ABDOMINAL PAIN; ADJUVANT THERAPY; AMINO ACID SEQUENCE; CANCER ADJUVANT THERAPY; CANCER INCIDENCE; CANCER RESISTANCE; CARCINOGENESIS; CHROMOSOME ABERRATION; CLINICAL FEATURE; CLINICAL TRIAL; DEPIGMENTATION; DIARRHEA; DRUG DOSE COMPARISON; DRUG ERUPTION; DRUG INDUCED HEADACHE; EDEMA; EXON; FATIGUE; GASTROINTESTINAL HEMORRHAGE; GASTROINTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION; GASTROINTESTINAL STROMAL TUMOR; GASTROINTESTINAL SURGERY; GENE DELETION; GENE INSERTION; GENE MUTATION; HISTOPATHOLOGY; HUMAN; HYPOTHYROIDISM; METASTASIS POTENTIAL; MISSENSE MUTATION; MONOTHERAPY; MYALGIA; NAUSEA; POINT MUTATION; PROGNOSIS; REVIEW; SINGLE DRUG DOSE; TUMOR LOCALIZATION; TUMOR VOLUME; VISCERAL METASTASIS;

EID: 52249107509     PISSN: 03936155     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5301/JBM.2008.5398     Document Type: Review

References (147)

1. Rubin BP. Gastrointestinal stromal tumours: an update. Histopathology 2006; 48: 83-96.
2. Mucciarini C, Rossi G, Bertolini F, et al. Incidence and clinicopathologic features of gastrointestinal stromal tumors. A population-based study. BMC Cancer 2007; 7: 230.
3. Cho S, Kitadai Y, Yoshida S, et al. Deletion of the KIT gene is associated with liver metastasis and poor prognosis in patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumor in the stomach. Int J Oncol 2006; 28: 1361-7.
4. Joensuu H. Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST). Ann Oncol 2006; 17 (Suppl): x280-6.
5. Croom KF, Penny CM. Imatinib mesylate: in the treatment of gastrointestinal stromal tumours. Drugs 2003; 63: 513-22; discussion 523-4.
6. Kurian S. Gastrointestinal stromal tumor - paradigm for successful targeted therapy. Indian J Gastroenterol 2007; 26: 207-8.
7. van der Zwan SM, DeMatteo RP. Gastrointestinal stromal tumor: 5 years later. Cancer 2005; 104: 1781-8.
8. Lasota J, Jasinski M, Sarlomo-Rikala M, Miettinen M. Mutations in exon 11 of c-Kit occur preferentially in malignant versus benign gastrointestinal stromal tumors and do not occur in leiomyomas or leiomyosarcomas. Am J Pathol 1999; 154: 53-60.
9. Mazur MT, Clark HB. Gastric stromal tumors. Reappraisal of histogenesis. Am J Surg Pathol 1983; 7: 507-19.
10. Kindblom LG, Remotti HE, Aldenborg F, Meis-Kindblom JM. Gastrointestinal pacemaker cell tumor (GIPACT): gastrointestinal stromal tumors show phenotypic characteristics of the interstitial cells of Cajal. Am J Pathol 1998; 152: 1259-69.
11. Hirota S, Isozaki K, Moriyama Y, et al. Gain-of-function mutations of c-kit in human gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Science 1998; 279: 577-80.
12. De Silva MVC, Reid R. Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST): C-kit mutations, CD 117 expression, differential diagnosis and targeted cancer therapy with imatinib. Pathol Oncol Res 2003; 9: 13-9.
13. Wingen CB, Pauwels PA, Debies-Rychter M, Van Gemert WG, Vos MC. Uterine gastrointestinal stromal tumour (GIST). Gynecol Oncol 2005; 97: 970-2.
14. John SK, Basu B, Lawrance RJ, Davies N. An unusual presentation of a gastrointestinal stromal tumour (GIST). World J Surg Oncol 2007; 5: 78.
15. Heinrich MC, Corless CL, Duensing A, et al. PDGFRA activating mutations in gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Science 2003; 299: 708-10.
16. Sleijfer S, Wiemer E, Seynaeve C, Verweij J. Improved insight into resistance mechanisms to imatinib in gastrointestinal stromal tumors: a basis for novel approaches and individualization of treatment. Oncologist 2007; 12: 719-26.
17. Benjamin RS, Blanke CD, Blay J, Bonvalot S, Eisenberge B. Management of gastrointestinal stromal tumors in the imatinib era: selected case studies. Oncologist 2006; 11: 9-20.
18. Cohen MH, Dagher R, Griebel DJ, et al. U.S. Food and Drug Administration drug approval summaries: imatinib mesyiate, mesna tablets, and zoledronic acid. Oncologist 2002; 7: 393-400.
19. Buchdunger E, Zimmermann J, Mett H, et al. Inhibition of the Abl protein-tyrosine kinase in vitro and in vivo by a 2-phenylaminopyrimidine derivative. Cancer Res 1996; 56: 100-4.
20. Buchdunger E, Cioffi CL, Law N, et al. Abl protein-tyrosine kinase inhibitor STI571 inhibits in vitro signal transduction mediated by c-Kit and platelet-derived growth factor receptors. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2000; 295: 139-45.
21. Heinrich MC, Griffith DJ, Druker BJ, Wait CL, Ott KA, Zigler AJ. Inhibition of c-kit receptor tyrosine kinase activity by STI 571, a selective tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Blood 2000; 96: 925-32.
22. Druker BJ, Talpaz M, Resta DJ, et al. Efficacy and safety of a specific inhibitor of the BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase in chronic myeloid leukemia. N Engl J Med 2001; 344: 1031-7.
23. Druker BJ, Sawyers CL, Kantarjian H, et al. Activity of a specific inhibitor of the BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase in the blast crisis of chronic myeloid leukemia and acute lymphoblastic leukemia with the Philadelphia chromosome. N Engl J Med 2001; 344: 1038-42.
24. Joensuu H, Roberts PJ, Sarlomo-Rikala M, et al. Effect of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor STI571 in a patient with a metastatic gastrointestinal stromal tumor. N Engl J Med 2001; 344: 1052-6.
25. Van Oosterom A, Judson I, Verweij J, et al. Safety and efficacy of imatinib (ST1571) in metastatic gastrointestinal stromal tumours: a phase I study. Lancet 2001; 358: 1421-3.
26. Demetri GD, von Mehren M, Blanke CD, et al. Efficacy and safety of imatinib mesylate in advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumors. N Engl J Med 2002; 347: 472-80.
27. Heinrich MC, Corless CL, Demetri GD, et al. Kinase mutations and imatinib response in patients with metastatic gastrointestinal stromal tumor. J Clin Oncol 2003; 21: 4342-9.
28. Benjamin R, Rankin C, Fletcher C, et al. Phase III dose-randomized study of imatinib mesylate (IM) for GIST: Intergroup S0033 early results. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 2003; 22: 814 (abst 3271).
29. Verweij J, Casali PG, Zalcberg J, et al. Early efficacy comparison of two doses of imatinib for the treatment of advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST): interim results of a randomized phase III trial from the EORTC-STB-SG, ISG and AGITG. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 2003; 22: 814 (abst 3272).
30. Verweij J, Casali PG, Zalcberg J, et al. Progression-free survival in gastrointestinal stromal tumours with high-dose imatinib: A randomised trial. Lancet 2004; 364: 1127-34.
31. Wardelmann E, Büttner R, Merkelbach-Bruse S, Schildhaus HU. Mutation analysis of gastrointestinal stromal tumours: increasing significance for risk assessment and effective targeted therapy. Virchows Arch 2007; 451: 743-9.
32. Blanke CD, Demetri GD, Von Mehren M, et al. Long-term follow-up of a phase II randomized trial in advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumor patients treated with imatinib mesylate. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 2006; 24: 526s.
33. Gupta P, Tewari M, Shukla HS. Gastrointestinal stromal tumor. Surg Oncol 2008; 17: 129-38.
34. Consensus meeting for the management of gastrointestinal stromal tumours. Report of the GIST Consensus Conference of 20-21 March 2004, under the auspices of ESMO. Ann Oncol 2005; 16: 566-78.
35. Landi B, Bouche O, Blay JY. Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST). Gastroenterol Clin Biol 2006; 30: 2S98-2S101.
36. Joensuu H, Kindblom LG. Gastrointestinal stromal tumors - a review. Acta Orthop Scand Suppl 2004; 75: 62-71.
37. Judson I. Gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GIST): biology and treatment. Ann Oncol 2002; 13 (suppl 4): S287-9.
38. Gold JS, Dematteo RP. Combined surgical and molecular therapy: the gastrointestinal stromal tumor model. Ann Surg 2006; 244: 176-84.
39. Miettinen M, Majidi M, Lasota J. Pathology and diagnostic criteria of gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs): a review. Eur J Cancer 2002; 38 (suppl 5): S39-51.
40. Rossi CR, Mocellin S, Mencarelli R, et al. Gastrointestinal stromal tumors: from a surgical to a molecular approach. Int J Cancer 2003; 107: 171-6.
41. Nishida T, Hirota S, Taniguchi M, et al. Familial gastrointestinal stromal tumours with germline mutation of the KIT gene. Nat Genet 1998; 19: 323-4.
42. Chompret A, Kannengiesser C, Barrois M, et al. PDGFRA germline mutation in a family with multiple cases of gastrointestinal stromal tumor. Gastroenterology 2004; 126: 318-21.
43. Levy AD, Remotti HE, Thompson WM, Sobin LH, Miettinen M. Gastrointestinal stromal tumors: radiologic features with pathologic correlation. Radiographics 2003; 23: 283-304.
44. Fuller CE, Williams GT. Gastrointestinal manifestations of type 1 neurofibromatosis (von Recklinghausen's disease). Histopathology 1991; 19: 1-11.
45. Boldorini R, Tosoni A, Leutner M, et al. Multiple small intestinal stromal tumours in a patient with previously unrecognised neurofibromatosis type 1: immunohistochemical and ultrastructural evaluation. Pathology 2001; 33: 390-5.
46. Carney JA, Sheps SG, Go VLW, Gordon H. The triad of gastric leiomyosarcoma, functioning extra-adrenal paraganglioma and pulmonary chondroma. N Engl J Med 1977; 296: 1517-8.
47. DeMatteo RP, Lewis JJ, Leung D, Mudan SS, Woodruff JM, Brennan MF. Two hundred gastrointestinal stromal tumors: recurrence patterns and prognostic factors for survival. Ann Surg 2000; 231: 51-8.
48. Emory TS, Sobin LH, Lukes L, Lee DH, O'Leary TJ. Prognosis of gastrointestinal smooth muscle (stromal) tumors: dependence on anatomic site. Am J Surg Pathol 1999; 23: 82-7.
49. Lam MM, Corless CL, Goldblum JR, Heinrich MC, Downs-Kelly E, Rubin BP. Extragastrointestinal stromal tumors presenting as vulvovaginal/ rectovaginal septal masses: a diagnostic pitfall. Int J Gynecol Pathol 2006; 25: 288-92.
50. Fletcher CD, Berman JJ, Corless C, et al. Diagnosis of gastrointestinal stromal tumors: a consensus approach. Hum Pathol 2002; 33: 459-65.
51. D'Amato G, Steinert DM, McAuliffe JC, Trent JC. Update on the biology and therapy of gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Cancer Control 2005; 12: 44-56.
52. Gold JS, DeMatteo RP. Combined surgical and molecular therapy: the gastrointestinal stromal tumor model. Ann Surg 2006; 244: 176-84.
53. Beckers MMJ, Slee PHT, van Doom J. Hypoglycaemia in a patient with a gastrointestinal stromal tumour. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2003; 59: 402-4.
54. Dubenec SR, Dawes-Higgs EK, Higgs RJ, Truskett PG. Haemoperitoneum caused by spontaneous rupture of a gastrointestinal stromal tumour. ANZ J Surg. 2001; 71: 612-4.
55. Cegarra-Navarro MF, de la Calle MA, Girela-gaena E, Garcia-Santos JM, Lloret-Estañ F, de Andrés EP. Ruptured gastrointestinal stromal tumors: radiologic findings in six cases. Abdom Imaging 2005; 30: 535-42.
56. Ajduk M, Mikulic D, Sebecic B, et al. Spontaneously ruptured gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) of the jejunum mimicking acute appendicitis. Coll Antropol 2004; 28: 937-41.
57. Badalamenti G, Rodolico V, Fulfaro F, et al. Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs): focus on pathological diagnosis and biomolecular features. Ann Oncol 2007; 18 (suppl 6): vi136-40.
58. Ranchod M, Kempson RL. Smooth muscle tumors of the gastrointestinal tract and retroperitoneum: a pathologic analysis of 100 cases. Cancer 1977; 39: 255-62.
59. Tzen CY, Wang MN, Mau BL. Spectrum and prognostication of KIT and PDGFRA mutation in gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Eur J Surg Oncol 2008; 34: 563-8.
60. Antonescu C, Sommer G, Sarran L, et al. Association of KIT exon 9 mutations with nongastric primary site and aggressive behavior: KIT mutation analysis andclinical correlates of 120 gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Clin Cancer Res 2003; 9: 3329-37.
61. Lasota J, Dansonka-Mieszkowska A, Stachura T, et al. Gastrointestinal stromal tumors with internal tandem duplications in 3 end of KIT juxtamembrane domain occur predominantly in stomach and generally seem to have a favorable course. Mod Pathol 2003; 16: 1257-64.
62. Miettinen M, Sobin LH, Maklouf H, Lasota J. Gastrointestinal stromal tumors of the jejunum and ileum: a clinicopathologic, immunohistochemical, and molecular genetic study of 906 cases before imatinib with long-term follow-up. Am J Surg Pathol 2006; 30: 477-89.
63. Martín J, Poveda A, Llombart-Bosch A, et al. Deletions affecting codons 557-558 of the c-KIT gene indicate a poor prognosis in patients with completely resected gastrointestinal stromal tumors: a study by the Spanish Group for Sarcoma Research (GEIS). J Clin Oncol 2005; 23: 6190-8.
64. Ernst S, Hubbs A, Przygodzki R, Emory T, Sobin L, O'Leary T. KIT mutation portends poor prognosis in gastrointestinal stromal/smooth muscle tumors. Lab Inves 1998; 78: 1633-6.
65. Taniguchi M, Nishida T, Hirota S, et al. Effect of c-kit mutation on prognosis of gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Cancer Res 1999; 59: 4297-300.
66. Miettinen M, Lasota J. Gastrointestinal stromal tumors - definition, clinical, histological, immunohistochemical, and molecular genetic features and differential diagnosis. Virchows Archiv 2001; 438: 1-12.
67. Pidhorecky I, Cheney RT, Kraybill WG, Gibbs JF. Gastrointestinal stromal tumors: current diagnosis, biologic behavior, and management. Ann Surg Oncol 2000; 7: 705-12.
68. Eisenberg BL, Judson I. Surgery and imatinib in the management of GIST: emerging approaches to adjuvant and neoadjuvant therapy. Ann Surg Oncol 2004; 11: 465-75.
69. Miettinen M, El-Rifai W, Sobin LH, Lasota J. Evaluation of malignancy and prognosis of gastrointestinal stromal tumors: a review. Hum Pathol 2002; 33: 478-83.
70. Miettinen M, Lasota J. Gastrointestinal stromal tumours: pathology and prognosis at different sites. Semin Diagn Pathol 2006; 23: 70-83.
71. Andersson J, Bumming P, Meis-Kindblom JM, et al. Gastrointestinal tumors with KIT exon 11 deletions are associated with poor prognosis. Gastroenterology 2006; 131: 976-7.
72. Wardelmann E, Losen I, Hans V, et al. Deletion of Trp-557 and Lys-558 in the juxtamembrane domain of the c-kit protooncogene is associated with metastatic behavior of gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Int J Cancer 2003; 106: 887-95.
73. Lasota J, Dansonka-Mieszkowska A, Sobin L, et al. A great majority of GISTs with PDGFRA mutations represent gastric tumors of low or no malignant potential. Lab Invest 2004; 84: 874-83.
74. Lasota J, Stachura J, Miettinen M. GISTs with PDGFRA exon 14 mutations represent subset of clinically favorable gastric tumors with epithelioid morphology. Lab Invest 2006; 86: 94-100.
75. Wardelmann E, Hrychyk A, Merkelbach-Bruse S, et al. Association of platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha mutations with gastric primary site and epithelioid or mixed cell morphology in gastrointestinal stromal tumors. J Mol Diagn 2004; 6: 197-204.
76. Lasota J, Wozniak A, Sarlomo-Rikala M, et al. Mutations in exon 9 and exon 13 of KIT gene are rare events in gastrointestinal stromal tumors. A study of 200 cases. Am J Pathol 2000; 157: 1091-5.
77. Moskaluk CA, Tian Q, Marshall CR, Rumpel CA, Franquemont DW, Frierson HF Jr. Mutations of c-kit JM domain are found in a minority of human gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Oncogene 1999; 18: 1897-902.
78. Singer S, Rubin BP, Lux ML, et al. Prognostic value of KIT mutation type, mitotic activity, and histologic subtype in gastrointestinal stromal tumors. J Clin Oncol 2002; 20: 3898-905.
79. Kim TW, Lee H, Kang YK, et al. Prognostic significance of c-kit mutation in localized gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Clin Cancer Res 2004; 10: 3076-81.
80. Wong NA, Young R, Malcomson RD, et al. Prognostic indicators for gastrointestinal stromal tumours: a clinicopathological and immunohistochemical study of 108 resected cases of the stomach. Histopathology 2003; 43: 118-26.
81. Sakurai S, Fukasawa T, Chong JM, et al. Embryonic form of smooth muscle myosin heavy chain (SMemb/MHC-B) in gastrointestinal stromal tumors and interstitial cells of Cajal. Am J Pathol 1999; 154: 23-8.
82. Nishida T, Hirota S. Biological and clinical review of stroreal tumours in the gastrointestinal tract. Histol Histopathol 2000; 15: 1293-301.
83. Liu FY, Qi JP, Xu FL, Wu AP. Clinicopathological and immunohistochemical analysis of gastrointestinal stromal tumor. World J Gastroenterol 2006; 12: 4161-5.
84. Chan J. Mesenchymal tumors of the gastrointestinal tract: a paradise for acronyms (STUMP, GIST, GANT, and now GIPACT). Implication of c-kit in genesis, and yet another of the many emerging roles of the interstitial cell of Cajal in the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal diseases? Adv Anat Pathol 1999; 6: 19-40.
85. Miettinen M, Monihan JM, Sarlomo-Rikala M, et al. Gastrointestinal stromal tumors/smooth muscle tumors (GISTs) primary in the omentum and mesentery: clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study of 26 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 1999; 23: 1109-18.
86. Wang L, Vargas H, French SW. Cellular origin of gastrointestinal stromal tumors: a study of 27 cases. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2000; 124: 1471-5.
87. Sarlomo-Rikala M, Kovatich AJ, Barusevicius A, Miettinen M. CD117: a sensitive marker for gastrointestinal stromal tumors that is more specific than CD34. Mod Pathol 1998; 11: 728-34.
88. Heinrich MC, Rubin BP, Longley BJ, Fletcher JA. Biology and genetic aspects of gastrointestinal stromal tumors: KIT activation and cytogenetic alterations. Hum Pathol 2002; 33: 484-95.
89. Tornillo L, Terracciano LM. An update on molecular genetics of gastrointestinal stromal tumours. J Clin Pathol 2006; 59: 557-63.
90. Besmer P, Murphy JE, George PC, et al. A new acute transforming feline retrovirus and relationship of its oncogene v-kit with the protein kinase gene family. Nature 1986; 320: 415-21.
91. Qiu FH, Ray P, Brown K, et al. Primary structure of c-kit: relationship with the CSF-1/PDGF receptor kinase family-oncogenic activation of v-kit involves deletion of extracellular domain and C terminus. EMBOJ 1988; 7: 1003-11.
92. Besmer P. The kit ligand encoded at the murine Steel locus: a pleiotropic growth and differentiation factor. Curr Opin Cell Biol 1991; 3: 939-46.
93. Sanders KM, Ordog T, Koh SD, Torihashi S, Ward SM. Development and plasticity of interstitial cells of Cajal. Neurogastroenterol Motil 1999; 11: 311-38.
94. Ashman LK. The biology of stem cell factor and its receptor C-kit. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 1999; 31: 1037-51.
95. Longley BJ, Reguera MJ, Ma Y. Classes of c-KIT activating mutations: proposed mechanisms of action and implications for disease classification and therapy. Leuk Res 2001; 25: 571-6.
96. Sommer G, Agosti V, Ehlers I, et al. Gastrointestinal stromal tumors in a mouse model by targeted mutation of the Kit receptor tyrosine kinase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2003; 100: 6706-711.
97. Rubin BP, Singer S, Tsao C, et al. KIT activation is a ubiquitous feature of gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Cancer Res 2001; 61: 8118-21.
98. Miettinen M, Sobin LH, Lasota J. Gastrointestinal stromal tumors of the stomach: a clinicopathologic, immunohistochemical and molecular genetic study of 1765 cases with long-term follow-up. Am J Surg Pathol 2005; 29: 52-68.
99. Corless CL, Fletcher JA, Heinrich MC. Biology of gastrointestinal stromal tumors. J Clin Oncol 2004; 22: 3813-25.
100. Ma Y, Cunningham ME, Wang X, Ghosh I, Regan L, Longley BJ. Inhibition of spontaneous receptor phosphorylation by residues in a putative alpha-helix in the KIT intraceltular juxtamembrane region. J Biol Chem 1999; 19: 13399-402.
101. Sakurai S, Oguni S, Hironaka M, Fukayama M, Morinaga S, Saito K. Mutations in c-kit gene exons 9 and 13 in gastrointestinal stromal tumors among Japanese. Jpn J Cancer Res 2001; 92: 494-8.
102. Kinoshita K, Isozaki K, Hirota S, et al. c-kit gene mutation at exon 17 or 13 is very rare in sporadic gastrointestinal stromal tumors. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2003; 18: 147-51.
103. Wardelmann E, Neidt I, Bierhoff E, et al. c-kit mutations in gastrointestinal stromal tumors occur preferentially in the spindle rather than in the epithelioid cell variant. Mod Pathol 2002; 15: 125-36.
104. Hirota S, Ohashi A, Nishida T, et al. Gain-of-function mutations of platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha gene in gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Gastroenterology 2003; 125: 660-7.
105. Corless CL, Schroeder A, Griffith D, et al. PDGFRA mutations in gastrointestinal stromal tumors: frequency, spectrum and in vitro sensitivity to imatinib. J Clin Oncol 2005; 23: 5357-64.
106. Debiec-Rychter M, Wasag B, Stul M, et al. Gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GISTs) negative for KIT (CD117 antigen) immunoreactivity. J Pathol 2004; 202: 430-8.
107. Wardelmann E, Pauls K, Merkelbach-Bruse S, et al. Gastrointestinal stromal tumors carrying PDGFRalpha mutations occur preferentially in the stomach and exhibit an epithelioid or mixed phenotype. Verh Dtsch Ger Pathol 2004; 88: 174-83.
108. Heinrich MC, Shoemaker JS, Corless CL, et al. Correlation of target kinase genotype with clinical activity of imatinib mesylate (IM) in patients with metastatic GI stromal tumors (GISTs) expressing KIT (KIT+). J Clin Oncol (Meeting Abstracts) 2005; 23: 7.
109. Agaram NP, Besmer P, Wong GC, et al. Pathologic and molecular heterogeneity in imatinib-stable or imatinib-responsive gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13: 170-81.
110. Debiec-Rychter M, Sciot R, Le Cesne A, et al. KIT mutations and dose selection for imatinib in patients with advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumours. Eur J Cancer 2006; 42: 1093-103.
111. Rutkowski P, Nowecki ZI, Debiec-Rychter M, et al. Predictive factors for long-term effects of imatinib therapy in patients with inoperable/ metastatic CD117(+) gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs). J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2007; 133: 589-97.
112. Prenen H, Cools J, Mentens N. Efficacy of the kinase inhibitor SU11248 against gastrointestinal stromal tumor mutants refractory to imatinib mesylate. Clin Cancer Res 2006; 12: 2622-7.
113. Debiec-Rychter M, Cools J, Dumez H, et al. Mechanisms of resistance to imatinib mesylate in gastrointestinal stromal tumors and activity of PKC412 inhibitor against imatinib-resistant mutants. Gastroenterology 2005; 128: 270-9.
114. Heinrich MC, Corless C, Blanke CD, et al. Molecular correlates of imatinib resistance in gastrointestinal stromal tumors. J Clin Oncol 2006; 24: 4764-74.
115. Ma Y, Zeng S, Metcalfe DD, et al. The c-KIT mutation causing human mastocytosis is resistant to STIS71 and other KIT kinase inhibitors: kinases with enzymatic site mutations show different inhibitor sensitivity profiles than wild-type kinases and those with regulatory-type mutations. Blood 2002; 99: 1741-4.
116. Zermati Y, De Sepulveda P, Feger F, et al. Effect of tyrosine kinase inhibitor STI571 on the kinase activity of wild-type and various mutated c-kit receptors found in mast cell neoplasms. Oncogene 2003; 22: 660-4.
117. Daub H, Specht K, Ullrich A. Strategies to overcome resistance to targeted protein kinase inhibitors. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2004; 3: 1001-10.
118. Mol CD, Fabbro D, Hosfield DJ. Structural insights into the conformational selectivity of STI-571 and related kinase inhibitors. Curr Opin Drug Discov Devel 2004; 7: 639-48.
119. Chen LL, Trent JC, Wu EF, et al. A missense mutation mutation in kit kinase domain 1 correlates with imatinib resistance in gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Cancer Res 2004; 64: 5913-9.
120. Antonescu CR, Besmer P, Guo T, et al. Acquired resistance to imatinib in gastrointestinal stromal tumors occurs through secondary gene mutation. Clin Cancer Res 2005; 11: 4182-90.
121. Tamborini E, Bonadiman L, Greco A, et al. A new mutation in the KIT ATP pocket causes acquired resistance to imatinib in a gastrointestinal stromal tumor patient. Gastroenterology 2004; 127: 294-9.
122. Wardelmann E, Merkelbach-Bruse S, Pauls K, et al. Polyclonal evolution of multiple secondary KIT mutations in gastrointestinal stromal tumors under treatment with imatinib mesylate. Clin Cancer Res 2006; 12: 1743-9.
123. Hohenberger P, Reichardt P, Gebauer B, Wardelmann E. Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) - current concepts of surgical management. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 2004; 129: 1817-20.
124. Van Glabbeke M, Verweij J, Casali PG, et al. Predicting toxicities for patients with advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumours treated with imatinib: a study of the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer, the Italian Sarcoma Group, and the Australasian Gastro-Intestinal Trials Group (EORTC-ISG-AGITG). Eur J Cancer 2006; 42: 2277-85.
125. Guetens G, De Boeck G, Highley M, Dumez H, Van Oosterom AT, de Bruijn EA. Quantification of the anticancer agent STI-571 in erythrocytes and plasma by measurement of sediment technology and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2003; 1020: 27-34.
126. Nowain A, Bhakta H, Pais S, et al. Gastrointestinal stromal tumors: clinical profile, pathogenesis, treatment strategies and prognosis. J Gastroenterology Hepatol 2005; 20: 818-24.
127. Matthews BD, Walsh RM, Kercher KW, et al. Laparoscopic vs open resection of gastric stromal tumors. Surg Endosc 2002; 16: 803-7.
128. Demetri GD, Benjamin RS, Blanke CD, et al. NCCN Task Force report: optimal management of patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) - expansion and update of the NCCN clinical practice guidelines. J Natl Compr Netw 2004; 2: S1-S26.
129. Langer C, Gunawan B, Schuler P, Huber W, Fuzesi L, Becker H. Prognostic factors influencing surgical management and outcome of gastrointestinal stromal tumours. Br J Surg 2003; 90: 332-9.
130. Bucher P, Villiger P, Egger JF, Buhler LH, Morel P. Management of gastrointestinal stromal tumors: from diagnosis to treatment. Swiss Med Wkly 2004; 134: 145-53.
131. Van den Abbeele AD, Badawi RD. Use of positron emission tomography in oncology and its potential role to asseses response to imatinib mesylate therapy in gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GISTs). Eur J Cancer 2002; 38 (suppl 5): S60-5.
132. Mudan SS, Conlon KC, Woodruff JM, Lewis JJ, Brennan MF. Salvage surgery for patients with recurrent gastrointestinal sarcoma: prognostic factors to guide patient selection. Cancer 2000; 88: 66-74.
133. Druker BJ, Tamura S, Buchdunger E, et al. Effects of a selective inhibitor of the Abl tyrosine kinase on the growth of Bcr-Abl positive cells. Nat Med 1996; 2: 561-6.
134. Choi H. Critical issues in response evaluation on computed tomography: lessons from the gastrointestinal stromal tumor model. Curr Oncol Rep 2005; 7: 307-11.
135. Benjamin RS, Choi H, Macapinlac HA, et al. We should desist using RECIST, at least in GIST. J Clin Oncol 2007; 25: 1760-4.
136. Jager PL, Gietema JA, van der Graaf WT. Imatinib mesylate for the treatment of gastrointestinal stromal tumours: best monitored with FDG PET. Nucl Med Commun 2004; 25: 433-8.
137. De Matteo R, Owzar K, Maki R, et al. Adjuvant imatinib mesylate increases recurrence free survival in patients with completely resected localized primary gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST): North American Intergroup Phase III trial ACOSOG Z9001. Presented at ASCO meeting 2007.
138. Van Oosterom AT, Judson IR, Verweij J, et al. Update of phase I study of imatinib (STI571) in advanced soft tissue sarcomas and gastrointestinal stromal tumours: a report of the EORTC Soft Tissue and Bone Sarcoma Group. Eur J Cancer 2002; 38 (suppl 5): S83-7.
139. Scaife CL, Hunt KK, Patel SR, et al. Is there a role for surgery in patients with "unresectable" cKIT+ GIST treated with imatinib mesylate? Am J Surg 2003; 186: 665-9.
140. Demetri GD, Benjamin RS, Blanke CD, et al. NCCN Task Force report: management of patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) - update of the NCCN clinical practice guidelines. J Natl Compr Canc Netw 2007; 5 (suppl 2): S1-29; quiz S30.
141. Rock EP, Goodman V, Jiang JX, et al. Food and Drug Administration drug approval summary: Sunitinib malate for the treatment of gastrointestinal stromal tumor and advanced renal cell carcinoma. Oncologist 2007; 12: 107-13.
142. Demetri GD, van Oosterom AT, Garrett CR, et al. Efficacy and safety of sunitinib in patients with advanced gastrointestinal tumours after failure of imatinib: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2006; 368: 1329-38.
143. Prenen H, Guetens G, de Boeck G, et al. Cellular uptake of the tyrosine kinase inhibitors imatinib and AMN107 in gastrointestinal stromal tumor cell lines. Pharmacology 2006; 77: 11-6.
144. Demetri GD, Joensuu H. Systemic treatment of patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumor: current status and future opportunities. Eur J Cancer Suppl 2008: 6 (I): 1-14.
145. Reubi JC, Korner M, Waser B, Mazzucchelli L, Guillou L. High expression of peptide receptors as a novel target in gastrointestinal stromal tumours. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2004; 31: 803-10.
146. Lee C, Morton C. Structural genomic variation and personalized medicine. New Engl J Med 2008; 358: 740-1.
147. Korbel JO, Urban AE, Affourtit JP, et al. Paired-end mapping reveals extensive structural variation in the human genome. Science 2007; 318: 420-6.