Gastrointestinal stromal tumors: Clinical profile, pathogenesis, treatment strategies and prognosis

Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (Australia)

Volumn 20, Issue 6, 2005, Pages 818-824

  Nowain, Arash ^a   Bhakta, Hetal ^a   Pais, Shireen ^a   Kanel, Gary ^a   Verma, Sumita ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

c kit proto oncogene; Gastrointestinal stromal tumor; Imatinib; Metastatic GIST

Indexed keywords

CD34 ANTIGEN; DACARBAZINE; DOXORUBICIN; IMATINIB; PROTEIN TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITOR; STEM CELL FACTOR RECEPTOR;

ABDOMINAL MASS; ANOREXIA; ASPIRATION BIOPSY; BENIGN TUMOR; BLEEDING; CANCER ADJUVANT THERAPY; CANCER INCIDENCE; CLINICAL FEATURE; CLINICAL TRIAL; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; DERMATITIS; DIARRHEA; EDEMA; ENDOSCOPIC ECHOGRAPHY; FLUID RETENTION; FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION; GASTROINTESTINAL HEMORRHAGE; GASTROINTESTINAL STROMAL TUMOR; GENE MUTATION; HISTOPATHOLOGY; HUMAN; INTESTINE OBSTRUCTION; INTESTINE PERFORATION; LAPAROTOMY; LIVER BIOPSY; LIVER METASTASIS; MALIGNANT TRANSFORMATION; META ANALYSIS; MITOSIS RATE; MYALGIA; NAUSEA; NEUTROPENIA; OBSTRUCTIVE JAUNDICE; PATHOGENESIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; RASH; RECURRENCE RISK; REVIEW; SURVIVAL RATE; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; TUMOR BLEEDING; TUMOR VOLUME; UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL BLEEDING;

EID: 21244460275     PISSN: 08159319     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2005.03720.x     Document Type: Review

References (68)

1. Mazur MT, Clark HB. Gastric stromal tumors. Reappraisal of histogenesis. Am. J. Surg. Pathol 1983; 7: 507-19.
2. Miettinen M, Lasota J. Gastrointestinal stromal tumors: definition, clinical histological, immunohistochemical, and molecular genetic features and differential diagnosis. Virchows Arch. 2001; 438: 1.
3. Nishida T, Hirota S. Biological and clinical review of stromal tumors in the gastrointestinal tract. Histol. Histopathol. 2000; 15: 1293-301.
4. Diamond T, Danton MH, Parks TG. Smooth muscle tumours of the alimentary tract. Ann. R. Coll. Surg. Engl. 1990; 72: 316.
5. Erlandson RA, Klimstra DS, Woodruff JM. Subclassification of gastrointestinal stromal tumors based on evaluation by electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry. Ultrastruct. Pathol. 1996; 20: 373-93.
6. Herrera GA, Demoraes HP, Grizzle WE, Han SG. Malignant small bowel neoplasm of enteric plexus derivation (plexosarcoma): light and electron microscopic study confirming the origin of the neoplasm. Dig. Dis. Sci. 1984; 29: 275-84.
7. Lauwers GY, Erlandson RA, Casper ES, Brennan MF, Woodruff JM. Gastrointestinal autonomic nerve tumors. A clinicopathological, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural study of 12 cases. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 1993; 17: 887-97.
8. Rubin BP, Fletcher JA, Fletcher CD. Molecular insights into the histogenesis and pathogenesis of gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Int. J. Surg. Pathol. 2000; 8: 5.
9. Hirota S, Isozaki K, Moriyama Y et al. Gain-of-function mutations of c-kit in human gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Science 1998; 279: 577.
10. Pidhorecky I, Cheney RT, Kraybill WG, Gibbs JF. Gastrointestinal stromal tumors: current diagnosis, biologic behavior, and management. Ann. Surg. Oncol. 2000; 7: 705-12.
11. Licht JD, Weissmann LB, Antman K. Gastrointestinal sarcomas. Semin. Oncol. 1988; 15: 181-8.
12. Graadt van Roggen JF, van velthuysen MLF, Hogendoorn PCW. The histopathological differential diagnosis of stromal tumors. J. Clin. Pathol. 2001; 54: 96-102.
13. Chan JKC. Mesenchymal tumors of the gastrointestinal tract: a paradise for acronyms (STUMP, GIST, GANT, and now GIPACT). Implication of c-Kit in genesis, and yet another of the emerging roles of the interstitial cell of Cajal in the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal disease? Adv. Anat. Pathol. 1999; 6: 19-40.
14. Connolly EM, Gaffhey E, Reynolds JV. Gastrointestinal stromal tumours. Review. Br. J. Surg. 2003; 90: 1178-86.
15. Miettinen M, Monihan JM, Sarlomo-Rikala M. Gastrointestinal stromal tumors/smooth muscle tumors (GIST) primary in the omentum and mesentery: Clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study of 26 cases. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 1999; 23: 1109-18.
16. Miettinen M, Sarlomo-Rikala M, Lasota J. Gastrointestinal stromal tumors: recent advances in understanding of their biology. Hum. Pathol. 1999; 30: 1213-20.
17. Emory TS, Sobin LH, Lukes L, Lee DH, O'Leary TJ. Prognosis of gastrointestinal smooth-muscle (stromal) tumors: dependence on anatomic site. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 1999; 23: 82-7.
18. He LJ, Wang BS, Chen CC. Smooth muscle tumors of the digestive tract: report of 160 cases. Br. J. Surg. 1988; 75: 184-6.
19. Dougherty MJ, Compton C, Talbert M, Wood WC. Sarcomas of the gastrointestinal tract. Ann. Surg. 1991; 214: 569-74.
20. Gibbs JF. Gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Prob. Gen. Surg. 1999; 16: 107-13.
21. Carson W, Karakousis C, Douglass H, Rao U, Palmer ML. Results of aggressive treatment of gastric sarcoma. Ann. Surg. Oncol. 1994; 1: 244-51.
22. Horowitz J, Spellman JE, Driscoll DL, Velez AF, Karakousis CP. An institutional review of sarcomas of the large and small intestine. J. Am. Coll. Surg. 1995; 180: 465-71.
23. Carney JA, Sheps SG, Go VL, Gordon H. The triad of gastric leiomyosarcoma, functioning extra-adrenal paraganglioma and pulmonary chondroma. N. Engl. J. Med. 1977; 296: 1517-18.
24. Carney JA. Gastric stromal sarcoma, pulmonary chondroma, and extra-adrenal paraganglioma (Carney triad): natural history, adrenocortical component, and possible familial occurrence. Mayo Clin. Proc. 1999; 74: 543-52.
25. DeMatteo RP, Lewis JJ, Leung D, Mudan SS, Woodruff JM, Brennan MF. Two hundred gastrointestinal stromal tumors: recurrence patterns and prognostic factors for survival. Ann. Surg. 2000; 231: 51-8.
26. Burkill GJ, Badran M, Al-Muderis O et al. Malignant gastrointestinal stromal tumor: distribution, imaging features, and pattern of metastatic spread. Radiology 2003; 226: 527-32.
27. Vliagoftis H, Worobec AS, Metcalfe DD. The protooncogene c-kit and c-kit ligand in human disease. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 1997; 100: 435-40.
28. Tsuura Y, Hiraki H, Watanabe K et al. Preferential localization of c-kit product in mast cell, basal cells of the skin, epithelial cells of the breast, small cell lung carcinoma and seminoma/dysgerminoma in humans: immunohistochemical study of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues. Virchows Arch. 1994; 424: 135-41.
29. Heinrich MC, Rubin BP, Longley BJ, Fletcher JA. Biology and genetic aspects of gastrointestinal stromal tumors: KIT activation and cytogenetic alterations. Hum. Pathol. 2002; 33: 484-95.
30. Taylor ML, Metcalfe DD. Kit signal transduction. Hematol. Oncol. CKn. North Am. 2000; 14: 517-35.
31. Dolci S, William DE, Ernst MK. Requirement for mast cell growth factor for primordial germ cell survival in culture. Nature 1991; 352: 809-11.
32. Duffaud F, Blay JY. Gastrointestinal stromal tumors: biology and treatment. Oncology 2003; 65: 187-97.
33. Lux ML, Rubin BP, Biase TL. KIT extra cellular and kinase domain mutations in gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Am. J. Pathol. 2000; 156: 791-5.
34. Taniguchi M, Nishida T, Hirota S et al. Effect of c-kit mutation on prognosis of gastrointestinal tumors. Cancer Res. 1999; 59: 4297-300.
35. Heinrich MC, Blanke CD, Druker BJ, Corless CL. Inhibition of KIT tyrosine kinase activity: a novel molecular approach to the treatment of KIT-positive malignancies. J. Clin. Oncol. 2002; 20: 1692-703.
36. Cohen PS, Chang JP, Lipkunskaya M. Expression of stem cell factor and c-kit in human neuroblastoma. Blood 1994; 84: 3465-72.
37. Beghini A, Cairoli R, Morra E. In vivo differentiation of mast cells from acute myeloid leukemia blasts carrying a novel activating ligand-independent c-kit mutation. Blood Cells Mol. Dis. 1998; 24: 262-70.
38. Nishida T, Hirota S, Taniguchi M. Familial gastrointestinal stromal tumors with germ line mutations of the KIT gene. Nat. Genet. 1998; 19: 323-4.
39. Hornick JL, Fletcher CDM. Immunohistochemical staining for KIT (CD 117) in soft tissue sarcomas is very limited in distribution. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 2002; 117: 188-93.
40. Evans HL. Smooth muscle tumors of the gastrointestinal tract: a study of 56 cases for a minimum of ten years. Cancer 1985; 56: 2242-50.
41. Amin MB, Ma CK, Linden MD, Kubus JK, Zarbo RJ. Prognostic value of proliferating cell nuclear antigen index in gastric stromal tumors. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 1993; 100: 428-32.
42. Appelmann HD, Helwig EB. Gastric epithelioid leiomyoma and leiomyosarcoma (leiomyoblastoma). Cancer 1976; 38: 708-28.
43. Chou FF, Eng HL, Sheen-Chen SM. Smooth muscle tumors of the gastrointestinal tract: analysis of prognostic factors. Surgery 1996; 119: 171-7.
44. Chak A, Canto MI, Rosch T et al. Endosonographic differentiation of benign and malignant stromal cell tumors. Gastrointest. Endosc. 1997; 45: 468-73.
45. Conlon KC, Casper ES, Brennan MF. Primary gastrointestinal sarcomas: analysis of prognostic variables. Ann. Surg. Oncol. 1995; 2: 26-31.
46. Dodd LG, Nelson RC, Mooney EE, Gottfried M. Fine-needle aspiration of gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 1998; 109: 439-43.
47. Lev D, Kariv J, Issakov J et al. Gastrointestinal stromal sarcomas. Br. J. Surg. 1999; 86: 545-9.
48. Langer C, Gunawan B, Schuler P, Huber W, Fuzesi L, Becker H. Prognostic factors influencing surgical management and outcome of gastrointestinal stromal tumours. Br. J. Surg. 2003; 90: 332-9.
49. Ng EH, Pollock RE, Romsdahl MM. Prognostic implications of patterns of failure for gastrointestinal leiomyosarcomas. Cancer 1992; 69: 1334-41.
50. Karakousis CP, Blumenson LE, Canavese G, Rao U. Surgery for disseminated abdominal sarcoma. Am. J. Surg. 1992; 163: 560-4.
51. Chen H, Pruitt A, Nicol TL, Gorgulu S, Choti MA. Complete hepatic resection of metastases from leiomyosarcoma prolongs survival. J. Gastrointest. Surg. 1998; 2: 151-5.
52. Ballarini C, Intra M, Ceretti AP et al. Gastrointestinal stromal tumors: a 'benign' tumor with hepatic metastasis after 11 years. Tumori 1998; 84: 78-81.
53. Lehnen T. Gastrointestinal sarcoma (GIST): a review of surgical management. Ann. Chir. Gynaecol. 1998; 87: 297-305.
54. Zalupski M, Metch B, Balcerzak S et al. Phase III comparison of doxorubicin and dacarbazine given by bolus versus infusion in patients with soft-tissue sarcomas: a southwest oncology group study. J. Natl Cancer Inst. 1991; 83: 926-3.
55. Kolibaba KS, Druker BJ. Protein tyrosine kinases and cancer. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1997; 1333: F217-F248.
56. Druker BJ, Lydon NB. Lessons learned from the development of an abl tyrosine kinase inhibitor for chronic myelogenous leukemia. J. Clin. Invest. 2000; 105: 3-7.
57. Schindler T, Bornmann W, Pellicena P. Structural mechanism for STI571 inactivation of the gastrointestinal stromal tumor c-KIT oncoprotein: biological and clinical implications. Oncogene 2001; 20: 5054-8.
58. Joensuu H, Roberts PJ, Sarlomo-Rikala M et al. Effect of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor STI571 in a patient with a metastatic gastrointestinal stromal tumor. N. Engl. J. Med. 2001; 344: 1052-6.
59. Druker BJ, Talpaz M, Resta DJ et al. Efficacy and safety of a specific inhibitor of the BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase in chronic myeloid leukemia. N. Engl. J. Med. 2001; 344: 1031-7.
60. van Oosterom AT, Judson I, Verweij J et al. Safety and efficacy of imatinib (STI571) in metastatic gastrointestinal stromal tumours: a phase I study. Lancet 2001; 358: 1421-3.
61. Demetri GD, von Mehren M, Blanke CD et al. Efficacy and safety of imatinib mesylate in advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumors. N. Engl. J. Med. 2002; 347: 472-80.
62. Scaife CL, Hunt KK, Patel SR et al. Is there a role for surgery in patients with 'unresectable' cKIT+ gastrointestinal stromal tumors treated with imatinib mesylate? Am. J. Surg. 2003; 186: 665-9.
63. Savage DG, Antman KH. Imatinib mesylate: a new oral targeted therapy. N. Engl. J. Med. 2002; 346: 683-93.
64. Yu C, Fletcher C, Newman P, Goodlad J, Burton J, Levison D. A comparison of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) immunostaining, nucleolar organizer region (AgNOR) staining, and histological grading in gastrointestinal tumours. J. Pathol. 1992; 166: 147-52.
65. Shiu MH, Farr GH, Papachristou DN, Hajdu SI. Myosarcomas of the stomach: natural history, prognostic factors and management. Cancer 1982; 49: 177-87.
66. Akwari OE, Dozois RR, Weiland LH, Beahrs OH. Leiomyosarcoma of the small and large bowel. Cancer 1978; 42: 1375-84.
67. McGrath PC, Neifeld JP, Laurence W Jr, Kay S, Horsley JS III, Parker GA. Gastrointestinal sarcomas. Analysis of prognostic factors. Ann. Surg. 1987; 206: 706-10.
68. Ng EH, Pollock RE, Munsell MF, Atkinson EN, Romsdahl MM. Prognostic factors influencing survival in gastrointestinal leiomyosarcomas. Implications for surgical management and staging. Ann. Surg. 1992; 215: 68-77.