Nanolines on silicon surfaces

International Journal of Nanotechnology

Volumn 5, Issue 9-12, 2008, Pages 1018-1057

  McLean, A B ^a   Hill, I G ^b   Lipton Duffin, J A ^a   MacLeod, J M ^a,e   Miwa, R H ^c   Srivastava, G P ^d  

^a QUEEN S UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^b DALHOUSIE UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^c FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF UBERLÂNDIA   (Brazil)

^d UNIVERSITY OF EXETER   (United Kingdom)

^e INSTITUT NATIONAL DE LA RECHERCHE SCIENTIFIQUE   (Canada)

Author keywords

Electronic structure; Highly correlated systems; Nanolines; One dimensional physics; Scanning tunnelling microscopy

Indexed keywords

ELECTRONIC PROPERTIES; ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE; NANOTECHNOLOGY; SCANNING TUNNELING MICROSCOPY;

ELECTRON SCREENING; HIGHLY CORRELATED SYSTEMS; NANO-SCALE SYSTEM; NANOLINES; ONE-DIMENSIONAL PHYSICS; PERIODIC SURFACES; QUASI-ONE DIMENSIONAL; THEORETICAL STUDY;

SILICON;

EID: 49549125659     PISSN: 14757435     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1504/IJNT.2008.019830     Document Type: Article

References (136)

1. Zandvliet, H.J.W. (2000) 'Energetics of Si(001)' Rev. Mod. Phys., Vol. 72, No. 2, p.593-602.
2. Röttger, B., Hanbücken, M. and Neddermeyer, H. (2000) 'Nanostructure obtained by self-organization of silicon surfaces', Appl. Surf. Sci., Vols. 162-163, p.595-598.
3. Mönch, W. (1995) 'Semiconductor surfaces and interfaces', in Ertl, G. (Ed.): Springer Series in Surface Science, 2nd ed., Vol. 26, Berlin, Heidelberg, Springer-Verlag, New York.
4. Schlier, R.E. and Farnsworth, H.E. (1959) 'Structure and adsorption characteristics of clean surfaces of germanium and silicon', J. Chem. Phys., Vol. 30, No. 4, p.917-926.
5. Binnig, G. and Rohrer, H. (1986) 'Scanning tunneling microscopy', IBM J. Res Dev., Vol. 30, No.4, p.355-369.
6. Binnig, G. and Rohrer, H. (1982) 'Scanning tunneling microscopy', Helv. Phys. Acta., Vol. 55, p.726.
7. Binnig, G. and Rohrer, H. (1986) 'Scanning tunnelling microscopy - from birth to adolescence', Rev. Mod. Phys., Vol. 59, No. 3, p.615-625.
8. Binnig, G., Rohrer, H., Gerber, Ch. and Weibel, E. (1982) 'Surface studies by scanning tunneling microscopy', Phys. Rev. Lett., Vol. 49, p.57-60.
9. Takayanagi, K., Tanishiro, Y., Takahashi, S. and Takahashi, M. (1985) 'Structure analysis of Si(111)-7×7 reconstructed surface by transmission electron diffraction', Surf Sci., Vol. 164, p.367-392.
10. Uhrberg, R.I.G. and Hansson, G.V. (1991) 'Electronic structure of silicon surfaces: clean and with ordered overlayers', Crit. Rev. Solid State Mater. Sci., Vol. 17, No. 2, p.133-186.
11. Venables, J.A. (2000) Introduction to Surface and Thin Film Processes, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England.
12. Lander, J.J. and Morrison, J. (1965) 'Surface reactions of silicon (111) with Aluminum and Indium', J Appl. Phys., Vol. 36, No. 5, p.1706-1713.
13. Gallus, O., Pillo, Th., Hengsberger, M., Segovia, P. and Baer, Y. (2001) 'A system with a complex phase transition: Indium chains on Si(111)', Euro. Phys. J. B, Vol. 20, No. 3, p.313-319.
14. Nogami, J., Park, S. and Quate, C.F. (1987) 'Indium-induced reconstructions of the Si(111) surface studied by scanning tunneling microscopy', Phys. Rev. B, Vol. 36, No. 11, p.6221-6224.
15. Park, S., Nogami, J. and Quate, C.F. (1988) Metal-induced reconstructions of the silicon(111) surface', J. Microsc., Vol. 152, No. 3, p.727-734.
16. OMahony, J.D., Patterson, C.H., McGilp, J.F., Leibsle, F.M., Weightman, P. and Flipse, C.F.J. (1992) 'The Au-induced 57times;2 reconstruction on Si(111)', Surf Sci. Lett., Vol. 277, Nos. 1-2, P.L57-L62.
17. Erwin, S.C. and Weitering, H.H. (1998) 'Theory of the 'Honeycomb Chain-Channel' reconstruction on M/Si(111)-(3×1)', Phys. Rev. Lett., Vol. 81, No. 11, p.2296-2299.
18. Carpinelli, J.M. (1995) 'Scanning tunneling microscopy study of the metal-induced Si(111)3×1 reconstruction: evidence for dimerized chain formation', Surf Sci., Vol. 333 (PartB), p.1015-1021.
19. Weitering, H.H., Shi, X. and Erwin, S.C. (1996) 'Band dispersion of the π bonded-chain reconstruction of Si(111)3×1-Li: a critical evaluation of theory and experiment', Phys. Rev. B, Vol. 54, No. 15, p.10585-10592.
20. Stevens, J.L., Worthington, M.S. and Tsong, I.S.T. (1993) '4×1 reconstruction of indium deposited on vicinal Si(111) surfaces', Phys. Rev. B, Vol. 47, No. 3, p. 1453-1459.
21. Abukawa, T., Sasaki, M., Hisamatsu, F., Goto, T., Kinoshita, T., Kakizaki, A. and Kono, S. (1995) 'Surface electronic structure of a single-domain Si(111)4×1-In surface: a synchrotron radiation photoemission study', Surf. Sci., Vol. 325, No. 2, p.33.
22. Himpsel, F.J. and Ortega, J.E. (1994) 'Edge state and terrace state for Cu on W(331) and W(110)', Phys. Rev. B, Vol. 50, No. 7, p.4992-4995.
23. Lipton-Duffin, J., MacLeod, J.M. and McLean, A.B. (2006) 'Detection of a Fermi level crossing in Si(557)-Au with inverse photoemission', Phys. Rev. B, Vol. 73, p.245418.
24. Himpsel, F.J., McChesney, J.L., Crain, J.N., Kirakosian, A., Prez-Dieste, V., Abbot, N., Luk, L., Yan-Yeung Nealey, P.F. and Petrovykh, D.Y. (2004) 'Stepped silicon surfaces as templates for one-dimensional nanostructures', J. Phys. Chem. B, Vol. 108, p. 14484-14490.
25. Himpsel, F.J., Kirakosian, A., Crain, J.N., Lin, J.L. and Petrovykh, D.Y. (2001) 'Self-assembly of one-dimensional nanostructures at silicon surfaces', Solid State Commun., Vol. 117, p.149-157.
26. Himpsel, F.J., Altmann, K.N., Bennewitz, R., Crain, J.N., Kirakosian, A., Lin, J.L. and McChesney, J.L. (2001) 'One-dimensional electronic states at surfaces', J. Phys.: Condens. Matter, Vol. 13, p.11097-11113.
27. Segovia, P., Purdie, D., Hengsberger, M. and Baer, Y. (1999) 'Observation of spin and charge collective modes in one-dimensional metallic chains', Nature, Vol. 402, p.504-507.
28. Wilson, J.A., Di Salvo, F.J. and Mahajan, S. (1974) 'Charge-density waves in metallic, layered, transition-metal dichalcogenides', Phys. Rev. Lett., Vol. 32, p.8820885.
29. Thome, R.E. (1996) 'Charge-density-wave conductors', Phys. Today, p.41-47.
30. Tossatti, E. (1995) Electronic Surface and Interface States on Metallic Systems, in Surface States, Surface Metal-Insulator and Surface Insulator-Metal Transitions, World Scientific, Singapore.
31. Dowben, P.A. (2000) 'The metallicity of thin films and overlayers', Surf Sci. Rep., Vol. 40, p. 151-247.
32. Tetsuyu, A. (2002) 'Charge-density waves on metal surfaces', J. Phys.: Condens. Matter, Vol. 14, p.8393-8414.
33. Haldane, F.D.M. (1981) 'Luttinger liquid theory of one-dimensional quantum fluids. 1. Properties of the Luttinger model and their extension to the general 1D interacting spinless Fermi gas', J Phys. C, Vol. 14, No. 19, p.2585-2609.
34. Voit, J. (1993) 'Charge-spin separation and the spectral properties of Luttinger liquids', Phys. Rev. B, Vol. 46, No. 11, p.6740-6743.
35. Luttinger, J.M. (1963) 'An exactly soluble model of a many-fermion system', J. Math. Phys., Vol. 4, p.1154-1162.
36. DiNardo, N.J. (1994) Nanoscale Characterization of Surface and Interfaces, VCH, p.173.
37. Brihuega, I., Custance, O.P. and Rubén Gmez-Reodrguez, J.M. (2005) 'Instrinsic character of the (3×3) to (√3×√3) phase transition in Pb/Si(111)', Phys. Rev. Lett., Vol. 94, p.046101.
38. Lucas, A. (2000) Design and Commissioning of a UHV-STM: Simplified Besocke Design for the Study of Nanowires, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart.
39. MacLeod, J.M., Moffat, Antje Miwa, J.A., Mark, A.G., Mullins, G.K., Dumont, R.H.J, Constant, G.E. and McLean, A.B. (2003) 'Two linear beetle-type scanning tunneling microscopes', Rev. Sci. Instrum., Vol. 74, No. 4, p.2429-2437.
40. MacLeod, J.M. (2006) 'Scanning tunneling microscopy characterization of nanoscale structures grown on low-index silicon surfaces', Physics, Queens University, Kingston, p. 169.
41. Stoffel, N.G. and Johnson, P.D. (1984) 'A low-energy high-brightness electron gun for inverse photoemission', Nucl. Instrum. Methods, Vol. A234, p.230-234.
42. Lipton-Duffin, J. (2001) 'First results from a third generation KRIPES system', Physics, Queen's University, Kingston, p.75.
43. 6O isomers', Rev. Sci. Instrum., Vol. 73, No. 9, p.3149-3153.
44. Lipton-Duffin, J.A., Mark, A.G., Mullins, G.K., Contant, G.E. and McLean, A.B. (2004) 'An inverse photoemission system with large solid angle of detection and adjustable optical bandpass', Rev. Sci. Instrum., Vol. 75, No. 2, p.445-454.
45. Hill, I.G. and McLean, A.B. (2000) 'Inverse photoemission studies of two quasi-one-dimensional overlayer systems', Appl. Surf Sci., Vols. 123-124, p.371-375.
46. Hill, I.G. and McLean, A.B. (1999) 'Detection of a Fermi level crossing in three-domain Si(111)-In(4×1)', Phys. Rev. B, Vol. 59, No. 15, p.9791-9793.
47. Hill, I.G. and McLean, A.B. (1999) 'Strongly anisotropic band dispersion of an image state located above metallic nanowires', Phys. Rev. Lett., Vol. 82, No. 10, p.2155-2158.
48. Hill, I.G. and McLean, A.B. (1998) 'Inverse photoemission studies of two quasi-one-dimensional overlayer systems', Appl. Surf Sci., Vols. 123-124, p.371-375.
49. Hill, I.G. and McLean, A.B. (1997) Metallicity of In chains on Si(111)', Phys. Rev. B, Vol. 56, No. 24, p. 15725-15728.
50. Bunk, O., Falkenberg, G., Zeysing, J.H., Lottermoser, L. and Johnson, R.L. (1999) 'Structure determination of the indium-induced Si(111)-(4×1) reconstruction by surface x-ray diffraction', Phys. Rev. B, Vol. 59, No. 19, p. 12228-12231.
51. Lee, G., Yu, S. Y., Kim, H., Koo, J. Y., Lee, H. and Moon, D.W. (2003) 'Absolute in coverage and bias-dependent STM images of the Si(111)4×1-In surface', Phys. Rev. B, Vol. 67, p.035327.
52. McLean, A.B. and Hill, I.G. (2000) 'Probing the internal structure of nanowires', Appl. Surf. Sci., Vols. 162-163, p.620-624.
53. Yeom, H.W., Takeda, S., Rotenberg, E., Matsuda, I., Horikoshi, K., Lee, C.M., Kevan, S.D., Ohta, T., Nagao, T. and Hasegawa, S. (1999) 'Instability and charge density wave of metallic quantum chains on a silicon surface', Phys. Rev. Lett., Vol. 82, No. 24, p.4898-4901.
54. Kumpf, C., Bunk, O., Su, Y., Nielsen, M., Johnson, R.L., Fiedenhans'l, R. and Bechgaard, K. (2000) 'Low-temperature structure of indium quantum chains on silicon', Phys. Rev. Lett., Vol. 85, No.23, p.4916.
55. Peierls, R.E. (1964) Quantum Theory of Solids, Clarendon, Oxford.
56. Gruner, G. (1994) Density Waves in Solids, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA.
57. Sakamoto, K., Kyoya, K., Miki, K. and Matsuhata, H. (2000) 'Angle-resolved high-resolution electron-energy-loss study of In-adsorbed Si(111)-4×1 and -(8×2) surfaces', Phys. Rev. B, Vol. 62, No. 15, p.9923.
58. Cho, J.H. et al (2001) 'Weakly correlated one-dimensional indium chains on Si(111)', Phys. Rev. B, Vol. 64, p.235302.
59. González, C., Flores, F. and Ortega, J. (2006) 'Soft phonon, dynamical fluctuations, and a reversible phase transition: indium chains on silicon', Phys. Rev. Lett., Vol. 96, p.136101.
60. Miwa, R.H. and Srivastava, G.P. (2001) 'Atomic geometry, electronic structure and image state for Si(111)-In(4×1)', Surf. Sci., Vol. 473, p. 123-132.
61. Lee, G., Guo, J. and Plummer, E.W. (2005) 'Real-space observations of nanoscale inhomogeneities and fluctuations in a phase transition of a surface quasi-one-dimensional system: In/Si(111)', Phys. Rev. Lett., Vol. 95, p. 116103.
62. Lee, G., Yu, S.Y., Kim, H. and Koo, J.Y. (2004) 'Defect-induced perturbation on Si(111)4×1-In: period-doubling modulations and its origin', Phys. Rev. B, Vol. 70, p.121304(R).
63. Guo, J., Lee, C. and Plummer, E.W. (2005) 'Intertwined electronic and structural phase transitions in the In/Si(111) interface', Phys. Rev. Lett., Vol. 95, p.046102.
64. Öfner, H., Sumev, S.L., Shapira, Y. and Netzer, F.P. (1994) 'Spectroscopy of interface states of indium-Si(111)(4×1) and (1×1)R30 surfaces', Surf Sci., Vols. 307-309, p.315-320.
65. Nakamura, J., Watanabe, S. and Aono, M. (2001) 'Anisotropic electronic structure of the Si(111)-(4×1)In surface', Phys. Rev. B, Vol. 63, p.193307.
66. Srivastava, G.P. (1999) Theoretical Modelling of Semiconductor Surfaces, World Scientific, Singapore.
67. Osgood Jr., R.M. and Wang, X. (1998) 'Image states on single-crystal metal surface', in Ehrenreich, H. and Spaepen, F. (Eds.): Solid State Physics; Image States on Single-Crystal Metal Surface, New York, Academic, Vol. 51, pp. 1-80.
68. Crain, J.N., Kirakosian, A., Altmann, K.N., Bromberger, C., Erwin, S.G., McChesney, J.L., Lin, J.L. and Himpsel, F.J. (2003) 'Fractional band filling in an atomic chain structure', Phys. Rev. Lett., Vol. 90, p.176805.
69. Crain, J.N., McChesney, J.L., Zheng, F., Gallagher, M.C., Snijders, P.C., Bissen, M., Gundelach, C., Erwin, S.G. and Himpsel, F.J. (2004) 'Electronic structure of atomic chains on vicinal Si(111)-Au', Phys. Rev. B, Vol. 69, p.125401.
70. Robinson, I.K., Bennett, P.A. and Himpsel, F.J. (2002) 'Structure of quantum wires in Au/Si(557)', Phys. Rev. Lett., Vol. 88, No. 9, p.096104.
71. Kirakosian, A., Bennewitz, R., Crain, J.N., Fauster, T., Lin, J.L., Petrovykh, D.Y. and Himpsel, F.J. (2001) 'Atomically accurate Si grating with 5.73 period', Appl. Phys. Lett., Vol. 79, No. 11, p.1608-1610.
72. Crain, J.N. and Himpsel, F.J. (2006) 'Low-dimensional electronic states at silicon surfaces', Appl. Phys. A, Vol. 82, p.431-438.
73. McChesney, J.L., Crain, J.N., Pérez-Dieste, V., Fan Zheng, Gallagher, M.C., Bissen, M., Gundelach, C. and Himpsel, F.J. (2004) 'Electronic stabilization of a 5×4 dopant superlattice on Si(111)5×2-Au', Phys. Rev. B, Vol. 70, p.195430.
74. Beitel, E. (1995) 'One- and two-dimensional surface states on metals', Surf. Sci., Vols. 331-333, p.1136-1146.
75. Ahn, J.R., Yeom, H.W., Yoon, H.S. and Lyo, I.W. (2003) Metal-insulator transition in Au atomic chains on Si with two proximal bands', Phys. Rev. Lett., Vol. 91, p.196403.
76. Portal, D.S., Riikonen, S. and Martin, R.M. (2004) 'Role of spin-orbit splitting and dynamical fluctuations in the Si(557)-Au surface', Phys. Rev. Lett., Vol. 93, p.146803.
77. Losio, R., Altmann, K.N., Kirakosian, A., Lin, J.L., Petrovykh, D.Y. and Himpsel, F.J. (2001) 'Band splitting for Si(557)-Au: Is it spin-charge separation?', Phys. Rev. Lett., Vol. 86, p.4632-4635.
78. LaShell, S., McDougall, B.A. and Jensen, E. (1996) 'Spin splitting of Au(111) surface state band observed with angle resolved photoelectron spectroscopy', Phys. Rev. Lett., Vol. 77, No. 16, p.3419-3422.
79. Altmann, K.N., Crain, J.N., Kirakosian, A., Lin, J.L., Petrovykh, D.Y. and Himpsel, F.J. (2001) 'Electronic structure of atomic chains on vicinal Si(111)-Au', Phys. Rev. B, Vol. 64, p.035406.
80. Osgood Jr, R.M. and Wang, X. (1998) 'Image states on single-crystal metal surface', Solid State Phys., Vol. 51, p.1-80.
81. Heskett, D., Frank, K-H., Koch, E.E. and Freund, H.J. (1987) 'Unoccupied electron band structure of Na overlayers on Al(111)', Phys. Rev. B, Vol. 36, p.R1276-R1279.
82. Yang, S., Bartynski, R.A. and Vanderbilt, D. (1994) 'Unoccupied electronic structure of Al(111)', Phys. Rev. B, Vol. 50, p. 12025-12032.
83. Chulkov, E.V., Silkin, V.M. and Echenique, P.M. (1999) 'Image potential states on metal surfaces: binding energies and wave functions', Surf. Sci., Vol. 437, p.330-352.
84. Lindgren, S.A. and Walldém, L. (1989) 'Resonant bounds states for simple metal surfaces', Phys. Rev. B, Vol. 40,No. 17, p. 11546-11548.
85. Salmi, L-A. and Persson, M. (1989) 'Electron resonances in alkali-metal overlayers on metals', Phys. Rev. B, Vol. 39, No. 9, p.6249-6252.
86. Fauster, T. (1994) 'Two-photon photoemission', Prog. Surf. Sci., Vol. 46, p. 177.
87. Fauster, T. (1995) 'Growth and morphology of ultrathin metal films studied by the high-resolution spectroscopy of image states through two-photon photoemission', in Beitel, E. and Donath, M. (Eds.): Electronic Surface and Interface States on Metallic Systems, World Scientific, Singapore, pp. 171-186.
88. Fauster, Th., Reuss, Ch., Shumay, I.L. and Weinelt, M. (2000) 'Femtosecond two-photon photoemission studies of image-potential states', Chem. Phys., Vol. 251, p.111.
89. Naitoh, M., Shimaya, H., Nishigaki, S., Oishi, N. and Shoji, F. (1997) 'Scanning tunneling microscopy observation of bismuth growth on Si(IOO) surfaces', Surf. Sci., Vols. 377-379, p.899-903.
90. Owen, J.H.G., Miki, K. and Bowler, D.R. (2006) 'Self-assembled nanowires on semiconductor surfaces', J. Mater. Sci., Vol. 41, No. 14, July, pp.4568-4603.
91. Naitoh, M., Shimiya, H., Nishigaki, S., Oishi, N. and Shoji, F. (1999) 'Bismuth-induced surface structure of Si(100) studied by scanning tunneling microscopy', Appl. Surf Sci., Vol. 142, p.38-42.
92. Naitoh, M., Takei, M., Nishigaki, S., Oishi, N. and Shoji, F. (2001) 'Scanning tunneling microscopy observation of Bi-induced surface structures on the Si(100) surface', Surf Sci., Vols. 482-485, p. 1440-1444.
93. Naitoh, M., Takei, M., Nishigaki, S., Oishi, N. and Shoji, F. (2000) 'Structure of Bi-dimer linear chains on a Si(100) surface: a scanning tunneling microscopy study', Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., Vol. 39, p.2793, 2794.
94. Bowler, D.R. and Owen, J.H.G. (2002) 'Structure of Bi nanolines: using tight binding to search parameter space', J. Phys.: Condens. Matter, Vol. 14, p.6761-6769.
95. Miki, K., Bowler, D.R., Owen, J.H.G., Briggs, G.A.D. and Sakamoto, K. (1999) 'Atomically perfect bismuth lines on Si(001)', Phys. Rev. B, Vol. 59, No. 23, p. 14868-14871.
96. Miki, K., Matsuhata, H., Sakamoto, K., Briggs, G.A.D., Owen, J.H.G. and Bowler, D.R. (1999) 'Bismuth and antimony nanolines in a Si epitaxial layer', Proceedings, Institute of Physics Conf Series, Vol. 164, p. 167-170.
97. Owen, J.H.G., Bowler, D.R. and Miki, K. (2002) 'Bi nanoline passivity to attack by radical hydrogen or oxygen', Surf Sci., Vol. 499, p.L124-L128.
98. Owen, J.H.G., Bowler, D.R. and Miki, K. (2005) 'Identification of intermediate linear structure formed during Bi/Si(001) surface anneal', Surf Sci., Vol. 596, No. 103, p.163-175.
99. Owen, J.H.G., Miki, K. and Bowler, D.R. (2003) 'Interaction between electronic structure and strain in Bi nanolines on Si(OOl)', Surf Sci. Lett., Vol. 527, p.L177-L183.
100. Owen, J.H.G. et al (2002) 'Stress relief as the driving force for self-assembled Bi nanolines', Phys. Rev. Lett., Vol. 88, p.226104.
101. MacLeod, J.M. and McLean, A.B. (2004) 'Single 2×1 domain orientation on Si(001) surfaces using a periodic Bi line arrays', Phys. Rev. B, Vol. 70, p.041306(R).
102. Lopinski, G.P., Wayner, D.D.M. and Wolkow, RA. (2000) 'Self-directed growth of molecular nanostructures on silicon', Nature, Vol. 406, p.48-51.
103. Hossain, M.Z., Kato, H.S. and Kawai, M. (2005) 'Controlled fabrication of 1D molecular lines across the dimer rows on the Si(100)-(2×1) surface through the radical chain reaction', J. Am. Chem. Soc., Vol. 127, p.15030-15031.
104. Hossain, M.Z., Kato, H.S. and Kawai, M. (2005) 'Fabrication of interconnected 1D molecular lines along and across the dimer rows on the Si(100)-(2×1)-H surface through the radical chain reaction', J Phys. Chem. Lett. B, Vol. 109, p.23129.
105. Hecht, S. (2003) 'Welding, organizing, and planting organic molecules on substrate surface - promising approaches towards nanoarchitectonics from the bottom up', Angew. Chem., Int. Ed., Vol. 42, No. 1, p.24, 25.
106. Miwa, R.H., Schmidt, TM. and Srivastava, G.P. (2002) 'Ab initio study of self-organized Bi lines on the Si(001) surface', Surf. Sci., Vols. 507-510, p.368-373.
107. Miwa, R.H. and Srivastava, G.P. (2002) 'Self-organized Bi lines on the Si(001) surface: a theoretical study', Phys. Rev. B, Vol. 66, No. 12, p.235317.
108. Marrian, C.R.K. and Tennant, DM. (2003) 'Nanofabrication', J. Vac. Sci. Technol., Vol. A21, P.S207-S215.
109. de Feyter, S. and de Schryver, F.C. (2003) 'Two-dimensional supramolecular self-assembly probed by scanning tunneling microscopy', Chem. Soc. Rev., Vol. 32, p.139-150.
110. Zhang, Z. and Lagally, M.G. (1997) 'Atomistic processes in the early stages of thin-film growth', Science, Vol. 276, p.377-383.
111. Steinfort, A.J., Scholte, P.M.L.O., Ettema, A., Tuinstra, F., Nielsen, M., Landemark E., Smilgies, D-M., Feidenhans'l, R., Falkenberg, G., Seehofer, L. and Johnson, R.L. (1996) 'Strain in nanoscale germanium hut clusters on Si(001) studied by x-ray diffraction', Phys. Rev. Lett., Vol. 77, No. 10, p.2009-2012.
112. Motta, N., Sgarlata, A., Calarco, R., Nguyen, Q., Prosposito, P., Balzarotti, A. and de Crescenzi, M. (1998) 'Scanning tunneling microscopy studies of Ge/Si films on Si(111): from layer by layer to quantum dots', J. Vac. Sci. Technol., Vol. B16, p.1555-1559.
113. Mo, Y.W., Savage, D.E., Swartzentruber, B.S. and Lagally, M.G. (1990) 'Kinetic pathways in stranski-krastanov growth on Ge on Si(001)', Phys. Rev. Lett., Vol. 65, p. 1020.
114. Eaglesham, D.J. and Cerullo, M. (1990) 'Dislocation-free stranski-krastanow growth of Ge on Si(100)', Phys. Rev. Lett., Vol. 64, p.1943-1946.
115. Chen, Y., Ohlberg, D.A.A., Medeiros-Ribeiro, G., Chang, Y.A. and Williams, R.S. (2000) 'Stabilities of single-layer and bilayer steps on Si(001) surfaces', Appl. Phys. Lett., Vol. 76, p.4004-4006.
116. Liu, B.Z. and Nogami, J. (2003) 'Growth of parallel rare-earth suicide nanowire arrays on vicinal Si(001)', Nanotechnology, Vol. 14, p.873-877.
117. Tersoff, J. and Hamann, D.R. (1985) 'Theory of the scanning tunneling microscope', Phys. Rev. B, Vol. 31, p.805-813.
118. Miwa, R.H., MacLeod, J.M. McLean, A.B. and Srivastava, G.P. (2005) 'The equilibrium geometry and electronic structure of Bi nanolines on clean and hydrogenated Si(001) surfaces', Nanotechnology, Vol. 16, p.2427-2435.
119. Ceperley, D.M. and Alder, B.J. (1980) 'Ground state of the electron gas by a stochastic method', Phys. Rev. Lett., Vol. 45, p.566-569.
120. Perdew, J.P. and Zunger, A. (1981) 'Self-interaction correction to density-functional approximations for many-electron systems', Phys. Rev. B, Vol. 23, p.5048-5079.
121. Kleinman, L. and Bylander, D.M. (1982) 'Efficacious form for model pseudopotentials', Phys. Rev. Lett., Vol. 48, p. 1425.
122. Gonze, X., Stumpf, R. and Scheffler, M. (1991) 'Analysis of separable potentials', Phys. Rev. B, Vol. 44, p.8503-8513.
123. Neugebauer, J. and Scheffler, M. (1992) 'Adsorbate-substrate and adsorbate-adsorbate interactions of Na and K adlayers on Al(111)', Phys. Rev. B, Vol. 46, No. 24, p.16067.
124. Bengtsson, L. (1999) 'Dipole correction for surface supercell calculations', Phys. Rev. B, Vol. 59, p. 12301-12304.
125. Tersoff, J. and Hamann, D.R. (1983) 'Theory and application for the scanning tunneling microscope',Phys. Rev. Lett., Vol. 50, p.1998-2001.
126. Miwa, R.H., MacLeod, J.M., Srivastava, G.P. and McLean, A.B. (2005) 'The geometry of Bi nanolines on Si(001)', Appl. Surf. Sci., Vol. 244, Nos. 1-4, p.157-160.
127. He, Y. and Che, J.G. (2004) 'Stress relief from missing dimers on BiSi(001)', Surf Sci., Vol. 569, p. 176-184.
128. Mark, A.G., Lipton-Duffin, J.A., MacLeod, J.M., Miwa, R.H., Srivastava, G.P. and McLean, A.B. (2005) 'The electronic structure of Si(001)-Bi(2×n) ', J. Phys.: Condens. Matter, Vol. 17, No. 4, p.571-580.
129. Park, C., Bakhtizin, R.Z., Hashizume, T. and Sakurai, T. (1994) 'Strain relief and ordering of (2×n)-Bi structure on Si(100)', J Vac. Sci. Technol., Vol. B32, No. 3, p.2049-2051.
130. Alerhand, O.L., Vanderbilt, D., Meade, R.D. and Joannopoulos, J.D. (1988) 'Spontaneous formation of stress domain on crystal surfaces', Phys. Rev. Lett., Vol. 61, No. 17, p. 1973-1976.
131. Kubo, O., Ryu, J.T., Tani, H., Harada, T., Kobayashi, T., Katayama, M. and Oura, K. (2001) 'STM study of structural changes on Si(100)2×1-Sb surface induced by atomic hydrogen', Appl. Surf. Sci., Vols. 169-170, p.93-99.
132. Wang, J.T., Mizuseki, H., Kawazow, Y., Hashizume, T., Naitoh, M., Wang, D.S. and Wang, E.G. (2003) 'Stability of Sb line structures on Si(001)', Phys. Rev. B, Vol. 67, p.193307.
133. Wang, Jian-Tao Wang, E.G., Wang, D.S., Mizuseki, H., Kawazoe, Y., Naitoh, M. and Nishigaki, S. (2005) 'Dynamic ad-dimer twisting assisted nanowire self-assembly on Si(001)', Phys. Rev. Lett., Vol. 94, p.226103.
134. MacLeod, J.M., Miwa, R.H., Srivastava, G.P. and McLean, A.B. (2005) 'The electronic origin of contrast reversal in bias-dependent STM images of nanolines', Surf. Sci., Vol. 576, Nos. 1-3, p. 116-122.
135. Zhang, S.B., McMahon, W.E., Olson, J.M. and Wei, S.H. (2001) 'Steps on As-terminated Ge(001) revisited: theory versus experiment', Phys. Rev. Lett., Vol. 87, No. 16, p.166104.
136. McMahon, W.E., Batyrev, I., Hannappel, T., Olson, J.M. and Zhang, H.M. (2006) '5-7-5 line defects on As/Si(100): a general stress-relief mechanism for V/iV surfaces', Phys. Rev. B, Vol. 74, p.033304.