Validation of biomarkers for the study of environmental carcinogens: A review

Biomarkers

Volumn 13, Issue 5, 2008, Pages 505-534

  Gallo, Valentina ^a   Khan, Aneire ^a   Gonzales, Carlos ^b   Phillips, David H ^c   Schoket, Bernadette ^d   Gyorffy, Erika ^d   Anna, Livia ^d   Kovacs, Katalin ^d   Møller, Peter ^e   Loft, Steffen ^e   Kyrtopoulos, Soterios ^f   Matullo, Giuseppe ^g   Vineis, Paolo ^a,g  

^a IMPERIAL COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^b CATALAN INSTITUTE OF ONCOLOGY   (Spain)

^c INSTITUTE OF CANCER RESEARCH   (United Kingdom)

^d NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH   (Hungary)

^e UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN   (Denmark)

^f INSTITUTE OF BIOLOGY   (Greece)

^g ISI FOUNDATION   (Italy)

Author keywords

1 hydroxypyrene; DNA adducts; Environmental carcinogenesis; N nitroso compounds; Oxidative damage to DNA; Validation

Indexed keywords

1 HYDROXYPYRENE; 6 O METHYLGUANINE; 7 METHYLGUANINE; BIOLOGICAL MARKER; CARCINOGEN; COAL TAR; DNA; NITROSO DERIVATIVE; POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBON;

BLOOD ANALYSIS; CHEMICAL CARCINOGENESIS; CHROMATOGRAPHY; COMET ASSAY; CONSENSUS DEVELOPMENT; DIETARY INTAKE; DNA ADDUCT; DNA DAMAGE; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; ECZEMA; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; ENZYME LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; HUMAN; IMMUNOASSAY; ISOTOPE LABELING; LABORATORY TEST; MASS SPECTROMETRY; MEASUREMENT ERROR; MEDICAL LITERATURE; MEDLINE; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PSORIASIS; RELIABILITY; REPRODUCIBILITY; REVIEW; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; SIDE EFFECT; URINALYSIS; VALIDATION PROCESS;

BIOLOGICAL MARKERS; CARCINOGENS, ENVIRONMENTAL; DNA ADDUCTS; DNA DAMAGE; DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP, DRUG; ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY; HUMANS; OXIDATIVE STRESS;

EID: 47949130447     PISSN: 1354750X     EISSN: 13665804     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/13547500802054611     Document Type: Review

References (150)

1. Anderson, LM, Souliotis, VL, Chhabra, SK, Moskal, TJ, Harbaugh, SD and Kyrtopoulos, SA (1996) N-nitrosodimethylamine-derived O(6)-methylguanine in DNA of monkey gastrointestinal and urogenital organs and enhancement by ethanol. International Journal of Cancer, 66, pp. 130-134.
2. Arnould, JP, Pfohl-Leszkowicz, A., Bach, V., Libert, JP and Belegaud, J. (1999) Biological monitoring exposure of workers from plant producing carbon electrodes: Quantification of benzo[a]pyrene DNA-adducts in leukocytes, by a 32P-postlabelling method and an immunoassay. Human & Experimental Toxicology, 18, pp. 314-321.
3. Autrup, H., Daneshvar, B., Dragsted, LO, Gamborg, M., Hansen, M., Loft, S., Okkels, H., Nielsen, F., Nielsen, PS, Raffn, E., Wallin, H. and Knudsen, LE (1999) Biomarkers for exposure to ambient air pollution-comparison of carcinogen-DNA adduct levels with other exposure markers and markers for oxidative stress. Environmental Health Perspectives, 107, pp. 233-238.
4. Bak, H., Autrup, H., Thomsen, BL, Tjonneland, A., Overvad, K., Vogel, U., Raaschou-Nielsen, O. and Loft, S. (2006) Bulky DNA adducts as risk indicator of lung cancer in a Danish case-cohort study. International Journal of Cancer, 118, pp. 1618-1622.
5. Baranczewski, P. and Moller, L. (2004) Relationship between content and activity of cytochrome P450 and induction of heterocyclic amine DNA adducts in human liver samples in vivo and in vitro. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention, 13, pp. 1071-1078.
6. Bartsch, H. and Spiegelhalder, B. (1996) Environmental exposure to N-nitroso compounds (NNOC) and precursors: An overview. European Journal of Cancer Prevention, 5, pp. 111-117.
7. Bentsen, RK, Halgard, K., Noto, H., Daae, HL and Ovrebo, S. (1998) Correlation between urinary 1-hydroxypyrene and ambient air pyrene measured with an inhalable aerosol sampler and a total dust sampler in an electrode paste plant. Science of the Total Environment, 212, pp. 59-67.
8. Bianchini, F., Montesano, R., Shuker, DE, Cuzick, J. and Wild, CP (1993) Quantification of 7-methyldeoxyguanosine using immunoaffinity purification and HPLC with electrochemical detection. Carcinogenesis, 14, pp. 1677-1682.
9. Bingham, SA, Pignatelli, B., Pollock, JR, Ellul, A., Malaveille, C., Gross, G., Runswick, S., Cummings, JH and ONeill, IK (1996) Does increased endogenous formation of N-nitroso compounds in the human colon explain the association between red meat and colon cancer?. Carcinogenesis, 17, pp. 515-523.
10. Binkova, B., Topinka, J., Mrackova, G., Gajdosova, D., Vidova, P., Stavkova, Z., Peterka, V., Pilcik, T., Rimar, V., Dobias, L., Farmer, PB and Sram, RJ (1998) Coke oven workers study: The effect of exposure and GSTM1 and NAT2 genotypes on DNA adduct levels in white blood cells and lymphocytes as determined by 32P-postlabelling. Mutation Research, 416, pp. 67-84.
11. Bonnett, R., Holleyhead, R., Johnson, BL and Randall, EW (1975) Reaction of acidified nitrite solutions with peptide derivatives: Evidence for nitrosamine and thionitrite formation from 15N N.m.r. studies. Journal of the Chemical Society [Perkin 1], 22, pp. 61-41.
12. Brauner, EV, Forchhammer, L., Moller, P., Simonsen, J., Glasius, M., Wahlin, P., Raaschou-Nielsen, O. and Loft, S. (2007) Exposure to ultrafine particles from ambient air and oxidative stress-induced DNA damage. Environmental Health Perspectives, 115, pp. 1177-1182.
13. Buckley, TJ and Lioy, PJ (1992) An examination of the time course from human dietary exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to urinary elimination of 1-hydroxypyrene. British Journal of Industrial Medicine, 49, pp. 113-124.
14. Burke, W., Atkins, D., Gwinn, M., Guttmacher, A., Haddow, J., Lau, J., Palomaki, G., Press, N., Richards, CS, Wideroff, L. and Wiesner, GL (2002) Genetic test evaluation: Information needs of clinicians, policy makers, and the public. American Journal of Epidemiology, 156, pp. 311-318.
15. Butkiewicz, D., Grzybowska, E., Phillips, DH, Hemminki, K. and Chorazy, M. (2000) Polymorphisms of the GSTP1 and GSTM1 genes and PAH-DNA adducts in human mononuclear white blood cells. Environmental & Molecular Mutagenesis, 35, pp. 99-105.
16. Castano-Vinyals, G., DErrico, A., Malats, N. and Kogevinas, M. (2004) Biomarkers of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from environmental air pollution. Occupational & Environmental Medicine, 61, p. e12.
17. Cheng, YW, Chen, CY, Lin, P., Huang, KH, Lin, TS, Wu, MH and Lee, H. (2000) DNA adduct level in lung tissue may act as a risk biomarker of lung cancer. European Journal of Cancer, 361, pp. 381-388.
18. Collins, AR, Cadet, J., Moller, L., Poulsen, HE and Vina, J. (2004) Are we sure we know how to measure 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine in DNA from human cells?. Archives of Biochemistry & Biophysics, 423, pp. 57-65.
19. Collins, AR, Harrington, V., Drew, J. and Melvin, R. (2003) Nutritional modulation of DNA repair in a human intervention study. Carcinogenesis, 24, pp. 511-515.
20. Cross, AJ, Pollock, JR and Bingham, SA (2003) Haem, not protein or inorganic iron, is responsible for endogenous intestinal N-nitrosation arising from red meat. Cancer Research, 63, pp. 2358-2360.
21. Cupid, BC, Zeng, Z., Singh, R. and Shuker, DE (2004) Detection of O6-carboxymethyl-2-deoxyguanosine in DNA following reaction of nitric oxide with glycine and in human blood DNA using a quantitative immunoslot blot assay. Chemical Research in Toxicology, 17, pp. 294-300.
22. Degan, P., Montesano, R. and Wild, CP (1988) Antibodies against 7-methyldeoxyguanosine: Its detection in rat peripheral blood lymphocyte DNA and potential applications to molecular epidemiology. Cancer Research, 48, pp. 5065-5070.
23. Delaunay, J., Vey, N., Leblanc, T., Fenaux, P., Rigal-Huguet, F., Witz, F., Lamy, T., Auvrignon, A., Blaise, D., Pigneux, A., Mugneret, F., Bastard, C., Dastugue, N., Van den, Akker J., Fiere, D., Reiffers, J., Castaigne, S., Leverger, G., Harousseau, JL and Dombret, H. (2003) Prognosis of inv(16)/t(16;16) acute myeloid leukemia (AML): A survey of 110 cases from the French AML Intergroup. Blood, 102, pp. 462-469.
24. Dusinska, M., Vallova, B., Ursinyova, M., Hladikova, V., Smolkova, B., Wsolova, L., Raslova, K. and Collins, AR (2002) DNA damage and antioxidants; fluctuations through the year in a central European population group. Food & Chemical Toxicology, 40, pp. 1119-1123.
25. ECNIS (2007) Environmental cancer risk, nutrition and individual susceptibility.
26. ESCODD (European Standards Committee on Oxidative DNA Damage) (2002) Comparative analysis of baseline 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine in mammalian cell DNA, by different methods in different laboratories: An approach to consensus. Carcinogenesis, 23, pp. 2129-2133.
27. EUROGAST Study Group (1994) O6-methylguanine in blood leucocyte DNA: An association with the geographic prevalence of gastric cancer and with low levels of serum pepsinogen A, a marker of severe chronic atrophic gastritis. The EUROGAST Study Group. Carcinogenesis, 15, pp. 1815-1820.
28. (2006) ECNIS, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland
29. Farmer, PB, Singh, R., Kaur, B., Sram, RJ, Binkova, B., Kalina, I., Popov, TA, Garte, S., Taioli, E., Gabelova, A. and Cebulska-Wasilewska, A. (2003) Molecular epidemiology studies of carcinogenic environmental pollutants. Effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in environmental pollution on exogenous and oxidative DNA damage. Mutation Research, 544, pp. 397-402.
30. Garcia, O., Mandina, T., Lamadrid, AI, Diaz, A., Remigio, A., Gonzalez, Y., Piloto, J., Gonzalez, JE and Alvarez, A. (2004) Sensitivity and variability of visual scoring in the comet assay. Results of an inter-laboratory scoring exercise with the use of silver staining. Mutation Research, 556, pp. 25-34.
31. Gedik, CM and Collins, A. (2005) Establishing the background level of base oxidation in human lymphocyte DNA: Results of an interlaboratory validation study. FASEB Journal, 19, pp. 82-84.
32. Georgiadis, P., Samoli, E., Kaila, S., Katsouyanni, K. and Kyrtopoulos, SA (2000) Ubiquitous presence of O6-methylguanine in human peripheral and cord blood DNA. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention, 9, pp. 299-305.
33. Georgiadis, P., Topinka, J., Stoikidou, M., Kaila, S., Gioka, M., Katsouyanni, K., Sram, R., Autrup, H. and Kyrtopoulos, SA (2001) Biomarkers of genotoxicity of air pollution (the AULIS project): Bulky DNA adducts in subjects with moderate to low exposures to airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their relationship to environmental tobacco smoke and other parameters. Carcinogenesis, 22, pp. 1447-1457.
34. Giovannelli, L., Saieva, C., Masala, G., Testa, G., Salvini, S., Pitozzi, V., Riboli, E., Dolara, P. and Palli, D. (2002) Nutritional and lifestyle determinants of DNA oxidative damage: A study in a Mediterranean population. Carcinogenesis, 23, pp. 1483-1489.
35. Godschalk, RW, Feldker, DE, Borm, PJ, Wouters, EF and van Schooten, FJ (2002) Body mass index modulates aromatic DNA adduct levels and their persistence in smokers. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention, 11, pp. 790-793.
36. Godschalk, RW, Maas, LM, Van, Zandvijk N., t Van, V, Breedijk, A., Borm, PJ, Verhaert, J., Kleinjans, JC and van Schooten, FJ (1998) Differences in aromatic-DNA adduct levels between alveolar macrophages and subpopulations of white blood cells from smokers. Carcinogenesis, 19, pp. 819-825.
37. Godschalk, RW, Ostertag, JU, Moonen, EJ, Neumann, HA, Kleinjans, JC and van Schooten, FJ (1998) Aromatic DNA adducts in human white blood cells and skin after dermal application of coal tar. Cancer, Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention, 7, pp. 767-773.
38. Godschalk, RW, van Schooten, FJ and Bartsch, H. (2003) A critical evaluation of DNA adducts as biological markers for human exposure to polycyclic aromatic compounds. Journal of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, 36, pp. 1-11.
39. Gyorffy, E., Anna, L., Gyori, Z., Segesdi, J., Minarovits, J., Soltesz, I., Kostic, S., Csekeo, A., Poirier, MC and Schoket, B. (2004) DNA adducts in tumour, normal peripheral lung and bronchus, and peripheral blood lymphocytes from smoking and non-smoking lung cancer patients: correlations between tissues and detection by 32P-postlabelling and immunoassay. Carcinogenesis, 25, pp. 1201-1209.
40. Hansen, AM, Raaschou-Nielsen, O. and Knudsen, LE (2005) Urinary 1-hydroxypyrene in children living in city and rural residences in Denmark. Science of the Total Environment, 347, pp. 98-105.
41. Haque, K., Cooper, DP and Povey, AC (1994) Optimization of 32P-postlabelling assays for the quantitation of O6-methyl and N7-methyldeoxyguanosine-3-monophosphates in human DNA. Carcinogenesis, 15, pp. 2485-2490.
42. Harrison, KL, Wood, M., Lees, NP, Hall, CN, Margison, GP and Povey, AC (2001) Development and application of a sensitive and rapid immunoassay for the quantitation of N7-methyldeoxyguanosine in DNA samples. Chemical Research in Toxicology, 14, pp. 295-301.
43. Herbert, KE, Fletcher, S., Chauhan, D., Ladapo, A., Nirwan, J., Munson, S. and Mistry, P. (2006) Dietary supplementation with different vitamin C doses: No effect on oxidative DNA damage in healthy people. European Journal of Nutrition, 45, pp. 97-104.
44. Hirabayashi, Y., Yoon, BI, Li, GX, Kanno, J. and Inoue, T. (2004) Mechanism of benzene-induced hematotoxicity and leukemogenicity: Current review with implication of microarray analyses. Toxicologic Pathology, 32, pp. 212-216.
45. Hirst, J. and Goodin, DB (2000) Unusual oxidative chemistry of N(omega)-hydroxyarginine and N-hydroxyguanidine catalyzed at an engineered cavity in a heme peroxidase. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 275, pp. 8582-8591.
46. Hofer, T., Karlsson, HL and Moller, L. (2006) DNA oxidative damage and strand breaks in young healthy individuals: A gender difference and the role of life style factors. Free Radical Research, 40, pp. 707-714.
47. Holz, O., Jorres, R., Kastner, A., Krause, T. and Magnussen, H. (1995) Reproducibility of basal and induced DNA single-strand breaks detected by the single-cell gel electrophoresis assay in human peripheral mononuclear leukocytes. International Archives of Occupational & Environmental Health, 67, pp. 305-310.
48. Huang, W., Caudill, SP, Grainger, J., Needham, LL and Patterson Jr, DG (2006) Levels of 1-hydroxypyrene and other monohydroxy polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in children: A study based on USreference range values. Toxicology Letters, 163, pp. 10-19.
49. IARC (1994) IARC monograph on the evaluation of the carcinogenic risk of chemicals to humans, polynuclear aromatic compounds, IARC, Lyon
50. Ibanez, R., Munnia, A., Agudo, A., Berenguer, A., Amiano, P., Tormo, MJ, Barricarte, A., Quiros, JR, Sanchez, MJ, Gonzalez, CA and Peluso, M. (2005) Reliability of bulky DNA adducts measurement by the nuclease P1 32P-post-labelling technique. Biomarkers, 10, pp. 1-9.
51. Jakszyn, P., Agudo, A., Berenguer, A., Ibanez, R., Amiano, P., Pera, G., Ardanaz, E., Barricarte, A., Chirlaque, MD, Dorronsoro, M., Larranaga, N., Martinez, C., Navarro, C., Quiros, JR, Sanchez, MJ, Tormo, MJ and Gonzalez, CA (2006) Intake and food sources of nitrites and N-nitrosodimethylamine in Spain. Public Health Nutrition, 9, pp. 785-791.
52. Jakszyn, P., Agudo, A., Ibanez, R., Garcia-Closas, R., Pera, G., Amiano, P. and Gonzalez, CA (2004) Development of a food database of nitrosamines, heterocyclic amines, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Journal of Nutrition, 134, pp. 2011-2014.
53. Jongeneelen, FJ (1992) Biological exposure limit for occupational exposure to coal tar pitch volatiles at coke ovens. International Archives of Occupational & Environmental Health, 63, pp. 511-516.
54. Jongeneelen, FJ (2001) Benchmark guideline for urinary 1-hydroxypyrene as biomarker of occupational exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Annals of Occupational Hygiene, 45, pp. 3-13.
55. (1996) Biological monitoring of chemical exposure in the workplace, WHO, Geneva
56. Jongeneelen, FJ (2004) Guidelines for biological monitoring of workers in aluminium production facilities for urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1-pyrenol). Journal of Environmental Monitoring, 6, pp. 61N-65N.
57. Jongeneelen, FJ, Anzion, RB and Henderson, PT (1987) Determination of hydroxylated metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urine. Journal of Chromatography, 413, pp. 227-232.
58. Jongeneelen, FJ, Anzion, RB, Leijdekkers, CM, Bos, RP and Henderson, PT (1985) 1-hydroxypyrene in human urine after exposure to coal tar and a coal tar derived product. International Archives of Occupational & Environmental Health, 57, pp. 47-55.
59. Jongeneelen, FJ, Anzion, RB, Scheepers, PT, Bos, RP, Henderson, PT, Nijenhuis, EH, Veenstra, SJ, Brouns, RM and Winkes, A. (1988) 1-Hydroxypyrene in urine as a biological indicator of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in several work environments. Annals of Occupational Hygiene, 32, pp. 35-43.
60. Jongeneelen, FJ, van Leeuwen, FE, Oosterink, S., Anzion, RB, van der, Loop F., Bos, RP and van Veen, HG (1990) Ambient and biological monitoring of cokeoven workers: Determinants of the internal dose of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. British Journal of Industrial Medicine, 47, pp. 454-461.
61. Joseph, AM, Hecht, SS, Murphy, SE, Carmella, SG, Le, CT, Zhang, Y., Han, S. and Hatsukami, DK (2005) Relationships between cigarette consumption and biomarkers of tobacco toxin exposure. Cancer, Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention, 14, pp. 2963-2968.
62. Kang, D., Lee, KH, Lee, KM, Kwon, HJ, Hong, YC, Cho, SH and Strickland, PT (2005) Design issues in cross-sectional biomarkers studies: Urinary biomarkers of PAH exposure and oxidative stress. Mutation Research, 592, pp. 138-146.
63. Kang, DH, Rothman, N., Poirier, MC, Greenberg, A., Hsu, CH, Schwartz, BS, Baser, ME, Groopman, JD, Weston, A. and Strickland, PT (1995) Interindividual differences in the concentration of 1-hydroxypyrene-glucuronide in urine and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-DNA adducts in peripheral white blood cells after charbroiled beef consumption. Carcinogenesis, 16, pp. 1079-1085.
64. Kato, S., Petruzzelli, S., Bowman, ED, Turteltaub, KW, Blomeke, B., Weston, A. and Shields, PG (1993) 7-Alkyldeoxyguanosine adduct detection by two-step HPLC and the 32P-postlabeling assay. Carcinogenesis, 14, pp. 545-550.
65. Kuljukka, T., Savela, K., Vaaranrinta, R., Mutanen, P., Veidebaum, T., Sorsa, M. and Peltonen, K. (1998) Low response in white blood cell DNA adducts among workers in a highly polluted cokery environment. Journal of Occupational & Environmental Medicine, 40, pp. 529-537.
66. Kyrtopoulos, SA (1998) DNA adducts in humans after exposure to methylating agents. Mutation Research, 405, pp. 135-143.
67. Kyrtopoulos, SA, Georgiadis, P., Autrup, H., Demopoulos, NA, Farmer, P., Haugen, A., Katsouyanni, K., Lambert, B., Ovrebo, S., Sram, R., Stephanou, G. and Topinka, J. (2001) Biomarkers of genotoxicity of urban air pollution. Overview and descriptive data from a molecular epidemiology study on populations exposed to moderate-to-low levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: The AULIS project. Mutation Research, 496, pp. 207-228.
68. Kyrtopoulos, SA, Souliotis, VL, Valavanis, C., Boussiotis, VA and Pangalis, GA (1993) Accumulation of O6-methylguanine in human DNA after therapeutic exposure to methylating agents and its relationship with biological effects. Environmental Health Perspectives, 99, pp. 143-147.
69. Lee, KH, Ichiba, M., Zhang, J., Tomokuni, K., Hong, YC, Ha, M., Kwon, HJ, Koh, SB, Choi, HR, Lee, KH, Park, CG, Cho, SH, Hirvonen, A., Strickland, PT, Vermeulen, R., Hayes, RB and Kang, D. (2003) Multiple biomarkers study in painters in a shipyard in Korea. Mutation Research, 540, pp. 89-98.
70. Levin, JO (1995) First international workshop on hydroxypyrene as a biomarker for PAH exposure in man-summary and conclusions. Science of the Total Environment, 163, pp. 164-168.
71. Lewin, MH, Bailey, N., Bandaletova, T., Bowman, R., Cross, AJ, Pollock, J., Shuker, DE and Bingham, SA (2006) Red meat enhances the colonic formation of the DNA adduct O6-carboxymethyl guanine: Implications for colorectal cancer risk. Cancer Res., 66, pp. 1859-1865.
72. Lockett, KL, Hall, MC, Clark, PE, Chuang, SC, Robinson, B., Lin, HY, Su, LJ and Hu, JJ (2006) DNA damage levels in prostate cancer cases and controls. Carcinogenesis, 27, pp. 1187-1193.
73. Loft, S. and Moller, P. (2006) Oxidative DNA damage and human cancer: need for cohort studies. Antioxidants & Redox Signaling, 8, pp. 1021-1031.
74. Loft, S., Svoboda, P., Kasai, H., Tjonneland, A., Vogel, U., Moller, P., Overvad, K. and Raaschou-Nielsen, O. (2006) Prospective study of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2-deoxyguanosine excretion and the risk of lung cancer. Carcinogenesis, 27, pp. 1245-1250.
75. Luo, H., Tang, L., Tang, M., Billam, M., Huang, T., Yu, J., Wei, Z., Liang, Y., Wang, K., Zhang, ZQ, Zhang, L. and Wang, JS (2006) Phase IIa chemoprevention trial of green tea polyphenols in high-risk individuals of liver cancer: Modulation of urinary excretion of green tea polyphenols and 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine. Carcinogenesis, 27, pp. 262-268.
76. Marcus, PM, Hayes, RB, Vineis, P., Garcia-Closas, M., Caporaso, NE, Autrup, H., Branch, RA, Brockmoller, J., Ishizaki, T., Karakaya, AE, Ladero, JM, Mommsen, S., Okkels, H., Romkes, M., Roots, I. and Rothman, N. (2000) Cigarette smoking, N-acetyltransferase 2 acetylation status, and bladder cancer risk: A case-series meta-analysis of a gene-environment interaction. Cancer Epidemiology. Biomarkers & Prevention, 9, pp. 461-467.
77. Marczynski, B., Preuss, R., Mensing, T., Angerer, J., Seidel, A., El, Mourabit A., Wilhelm, M. and Bruning, T. (2005) Genotoxic risk assessment in white blood cells of occupationally exposed workers before and after alteration of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) profile in the production material: Comparison with PAH air and urinary metabolite levels. International Archives of Occupational & Environmental Health, 78, pp. 97-108.
78. Margison, GP, Povey, AC, Kaina, B. and Santibanez Koref, MF (2003) Variability and regulation of O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase. Carcinogenesis, 24, pp. 625-635.
79. Merlo, F., Andreassen, A., Weston, A., Pan, CF, Haugen, A., Valerio, F., Reggiardo, G., Fontana, V., Garte, S., Puntoni, R. and Abbondandolo, A. (1998) Urinary excretion of 1-hydroxypyrene as a marker for exposure to urban air levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Cancer Epidemiology. Biomarkers & Prevention, 7, pp. 147-155.
80. Mielzynska, D., Siwinska, E., Kapka, L., Szyfter, K., Knudsen, LE and Merlo, DF (2006) The influence of environmental exposure to complex mixtures including PAHs and lead on genotoxic effects in children living in Upper Silesia, Poland. Mutagenesis, 21, pp. 295-304.
81. Moller, P. (2006) The alkaline comet assay: Towards validation in biomonitoring of DNA damaging exposures. Basic Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology, 98, pp. 336-345.
82. Moller, P. (2006) Assessment of reference values for DNA damage detected by the comet assay in human blood cell DNA. Mutation Research, 612, pp. 84-104.
83. Moller, P., Friis, G., Christensen, PH, Risom, L., Plesner, G., Kjaersgaard, J., Vinzents, P., Loft, S., Jensen, A. and Tved, M. (2004) Intra-laboratory comet assay sample scoring exercise for determination of formamidopyrimidine DNA glycosylase sites in human mononuclear blood cell DNA. Free Radical Research, 38, pp. 1207-1214.
84. Moller, P., Knudsen, LE, Loft, S. and Wallin, H. (2000) The comet assay as a rapid test in biomonitoring occupational exposure to DNA-damaging agents and effect of confounding factors. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention, 9, pp. 1005-1015.
85. Moller, P. and Loft, S. (2006) Dietary antioxidants and beneficial effect on oxidatively damaged DNA. Free Radical Biology & Medicine, 41, pp. 388-415.
86. Moller, P., Wallin, H., Holst, E. and Knudsen, LE (2002) Sunlight-induced DNA damage in human mononuclear cells. FASEB Journal, 16, pp. 45-53.
87. Mollerup, S., Ryberg, D., Hewer, A., Phillips, DH and Haugen, A. (1999) Sex differences in lung CYP1A1 expression and DNA adduct levels among lung cancer patients. Cancer Research, 59, pp. 3317-3320.
88. Mucha, AP, Hryhorczuk, D., Serdyuk, A., Nakonechny, J., Zvinchuk, A., Erdal, S., Caudill, M., Scheff, P., Lukyanova, E., Shkiryak-Nyzhnyk, Z. and Chislovska, N. (2006) Urinary 1-hydroxypyrene as a biomarker of PAH exposure in 3-year-old Ukrainian children. Environmental Health Perspectives, 114, pp. 603-609.
89. Mustonen, R., Schoket, B. and Hemminki, K. (1993) Smoking-related DNA adducts: 32P-postlabeling analysis of 7-methylguanine in human bronchial and lymphocyte DNA. Carcinogenesis, 14, pp. 151-154.
90. Ovrebo, S., Fjeldstad, PE, Grzybowska, E., Kure, EH, Chorazy, M. and Haugen, A. (1995) Biological monitoring of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposure in a highly polluted area of Poland. Environmental Health Perspectives, 103, pp. 838-843.
91. Ozawa, S., Schoket, B., McDaniel, LP, Tang, YM, Ambrosone, CB, Kostic, S., Vincze, I. and Kadlubar, FF (1999) Analyses of bronchial bulky DNA adduct levels and CYP2C9, GSTP1 and NQO1 genotypes in a Hungarian study population with pulmonary diseases. Carcinogenesis, 20, pp. 991-995.
92. Palli, D., Saieva, C., Coppi, C., Del, Giudice G., Magagnotti, C., Nesi, G., Orsi, F. and Airoldi, L. (2001) O6-alkylguanines, dietary N-nitroso compounds, and their precursors in gastric cancer. Nutrition & Cancer, 39, pp. 42-49.
93. Palli, D., Vineis, P., Russo, A., Berrino, F., Krogh, V., Masala, G., Munnia, A., Panico, S., Taioli, E., Tumino, R., Garte, S. and Peluso, M. (2000) Diet, metabolic polymorphisms and dna adducts: The EPIC-Italy cross-sectional study. International Journal of Cancer, 87, pp. 444-451.
94. Pan, G., Hanaoka, T., Yamano, Y., Hara, K., Ichiba, M., Wang, Y., Zhang, J., Feng, Y., Shujuan, Z., Guan, D., Gao, G., Liu, N. and Takahashi, K. (1998) A study of multiple biomarkers in coke oven workers-a cross-sectional study in China. Carcinogenesis, 19, pp. 1963-1968.
95. Pastorelli, R., Guanci, M., Restano, J., Berri, A., Micoli, G., Minoia, C., Alcini, D., Carrer, P., Negri, E., La, Vecchia C., Fanelli, R. and Airoldi, L. (1999) Seasonal effect on airborne pyrene, urinary 1-hydroxypyrene, and benzo(a)pyrene diol epoxide-hemoglobin adducts in the general population. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention, 8, pp. 561-565.
96. Pavanello, S., Gabbani, G., Mastrangelo, G., Brugnone, F., Maccacaro, G. and Clonfero, E. (1999) Influence of GSTM1 genotypes on anti-BPDE-DNA adduct levels in mononuclear white blood cells of humans exposed to PAH. International Archives of Occupational & Environmental Health, 72, pp. 238-246.
97. Peluso, M., Ceppi, M., Munnia, A., Puntoni, R. and Parodi, S. (2001) Analysis of 13 (32)P-DNA postlabeling studies on occupational cohorts exposed to air pollution. American Journal of Epidemiology, 153, pp. 546-558.
98. Peluso, M., Munnia, A., Hoek, G., Krzyzanowski, M., Veglia, F., Airoldi, L., Autrup, H., Dunning, A., Garte, S., Hainaut, P. and others, C. (2005) DNA adducts and lung cancer risk: A prospective study. Cancer Research, 65, pp. 8042-8048.
99. Perera, FP, Poirier, MC, Yuspa, SH, Nakayama, J., Jaretzki, A., Curnen, MM, Knowles, DM and Weinstein, IB (1982) A pilot project in molecular cancer epidemiology: Determination of benzo[a]pyrene-DNA adducts in animal and human tissues by immunoassays. Carcinogenesis, 3, pp. 1405-1410.
100. Perico, A., Gottardi, M., Boddi, V., Bavazzano, P. and Lanciotti, E. (2001) Assessment of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in police in Florence, Italy, through personal air sampling and biological monitoring of the urinary metabolite 1-hydroxypyrene. Archives of Environmental Health, 56, pp. 506-512.
101. Phillips, DH and Castegnaro, M. (1999) Standardization and validation of DNA adduct postlabelling methods: Report of interlaboratory trials and production of recommended protocols. Mutagenesis, 14, pp. 301-315.
102. Piipari, R., Savela, K., Nurminen, T., Hukkanen, J., Raunio, H., Hakkola, J., Mantyla, T., Beaune, P., Edwards, RJ, Boobis, AR and Anttila, S. (2000) Expression of CYP1A1, CYP1B1 and CYP3A, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-DNA adduct formation in bronchoalveolar macrophages of smokers and non-smokers. International Journal of Cancer, 86, pp. 610-666.
103. Pilger, A., Germadnik, D., Riedel, K., Meger-Kossien, I., Scherer, G. and Rudiger, HW (2001) Longitudinal study of urinary 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine excretion in healthy adults. Free Radical Research, 35, pp. 273-280.
104. Pilger, A., Ivancsits, S., Germadnik, D. and Rudiger, HW (2002) Urinary excretion of 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine measured by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Journal of Chromatography B Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical & Life Sciences, 778, pp. 393-401.
105. Poulsen, HE, Loft, S., Jensen, JR, Sørensen, M. and Hoberg, AM. (2003) HPLC-ECD, HPLC-MS/MC (urinary biomarkers). Critical review of oxidative stress and aging. Advances in basic science, diagnostics and intervention, pp. 233-256. World Scientific Publishing, Singapore
106. Povey, AC and Cooper, DP (1995) The development, validation and application of a 32P-postlabelling assay to quantify O6-methylguanine in human DNA. Carcinogenesis, 16, pp. 1665-1669.
107. Rojas, M., Cascorbi, I., Alexandrov, K., Kriek, E., Auburtin, G., Mayer, L., Kopp-Schneider, A., Roots, I. and Bartsch, H. (2000) Modulation of benzo[a]pyrene diolepoxide-DNA adduct levels in human white blood cells by CYP1A1, GSTM1 and GSTT1 polymorphism. Carcinogenesis, 21, pp. 35-41.
108. Ruchirawa, M., Mahidol, C., Tangjarukij, C., Pui-ock, S., Jensen, O., Kampeerawipakorn, O., Tuntaviroon, J., Aramphongphan, A. and Autrup, H. (2002) Exposure to genotoxins present in ambient air in Bangkok, Thailand-particle associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and biomarkers. Science of the Total Environment, 287, pp. 121-132.
109. Ruchirawat, M., Navasumrit, P., Settachan, D., Tuntaviroon, J., Buthbumrung, N. and Sharma, S. (2005) Measurement of genotoxic air pollutant exposures in street vendors and school children in and near Bangkok. Toxicology & Applied Pharmacology, 206, pp. 207-214.
110. Rundle, A., Tang, D., Hibshoosh, H., Estabrook, A., Schnabel, F., Cao, W., Grumet, S. and Perera, FP (2000) The relationship between genetic damage from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in breast tissue and breast cancer. Carcinogenesis, 21, pp. 1281-1289.
111. Rundle, A., Tang, D., Hibshoosh, H., Schnabel, F., Kelly, A., Levine, R., Zhou, J., Link, B. and Perera, F. (2002) Molecular epidemiologic studies of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-DNA adducts and breast cancer. Environmental & Molecular Mutagenesis, 39, pp. 201-207.
112. Saad, AA, OConnor, PJ, Mostafa, MH, Metwalli, NE, Cooper, DP, Margison, GP and Povey, AC (2006) Bladder tumor contains higher N7-methylguanine levels in DNA than adjacent normal bladder epithelium. Cancer Epidemiology. Biomarkers & Prevention, 15, pp. 740-743.
113. Santella, RM, Nunes, MG, Blaskovic, R., Perera, FP, Tang, D., Beachman, A., Lin, JH and DeLeo, VA (1994) Quantitation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, 1-hydroxypyrene, and mutagenicity in urine of coal tar-treated psoriasis patients and untreated volunteers. Cancer, Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention, 3, pp. 137-140.
114. Schoket, B., Papp, G., Levay, K., Mrackova, G., Kadlubar, FF and Vincze, I. (2001) Impact of metabolic genotypes on levels of biomarkers of genotoxic exposure. Mutation Research, 482, pp. 57-69.
115. Schoket, B., Phillips, DH, Kostic, S. and Vincze, I. (1998) Smoking-associated bulky DNA adducts in bronchial tissue related to CYP1A1 MspI and GSTM1 genotypes in lung patients. Carcinogenesis, 19, pp. 841-846.
116. Schoket, B., Poirier, MC, Mayer, G., Torok, G., Kolozsi-Ringelhann, A., Bognar, G., Bigbee, WL and Vincze, I. (1999) Biomonitoring of human genotoxicity induced by complex occupational exposures. Mutation Research, 445, pp. 193-203.
117. Seiler, F., Kirstein, U., Eberle, G., Hochleitner, K. and Rajewsky, MF (1993) Quantification of specific DNA O-alkylation products in individual cells by monoclonal antibodies and digital imaging of intensified nuclear fluorescence. Carcinogenesis, 14, pp. 1907-1913.
118. Shields, PG, Povey, AC, Wilson, VL, Weston, A. and Harris, CC (1990) Combined high-performance liquid chromatography/32P-postlabeling assay of N7-methyldeoxyguanosine. Cancer Research, 50, pp. 6580-6584.
119. Shuker, DE and Bartsch, H. (1994) DNA adducts of nitrosamines. IARC Sci. Publ, pp. 73-89.
120. Shuker, DE and Margison, GP (1997) Nitrosated glycine derivatives as a potential source of O6-methylguanine in DNA. Cancer Research, 57, pp. 366-369.
121. Siwinska, E., Mielzynska, D., Bubak, A. and Smolik, E. (1999) The effect of coal stoves and environmental tobacco smoke on the level of urinary 1-hydroxypyrene. Mutation Research, 445, pp. 147-153.
122. Siwinska, E., Mielzynska, D., Smolik, E., Bubak, A. and Kwapulinski, J. (1998) Evaluation of intra- and interindividual variation of urinary 1-hydroxypyrene, a biomarker of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Science of the Total Environment, 217, pp. 175-183.
123. Sorensen, M., Autrup, H., Hertel, O., Wallin, H., Knudsen, LE and Loft, S. (2003) Personal exposure to PM2.5 and biomarkers of DNA damage. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention, 12, pp. 191-196.
124. Sorensen, M., Daneshvar, B., Hansen, M., Dragsted, LO, Hertel, O., Knudsen, L. and Loft, S. (2003) Personal PM2.5 exposure and markers of oxidative stress in blood. Environmental Health Perspectives, 111, pp. 161-166.
125. Souliotis, VL, Boussiotis, VA, Pangalis, GA and Kyrtopoulos, SA (1991) In vivo formation and repair of O6-methylguanine in human leukocyte DNA after intravenous exposure to dacarbazine. Carcinogenesis, 12, pp. 285-288.
126. Souliotis, VL, Chhabra, S., Anderson, LM and Kyrtopoulos, SA (1995) Dosimetry of O6-methylguanine in rat DNA after low-dose, chronic exposure to N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA). Implications for the mechanism of NDMA hepatocarcinogenesis. Carcinogenesis, 16, pp. 2381-2387.
127. Souliotis, VL, Kaila, S., Boussiotis, VA, Pangalis, GA and Kyrtopoulos, SA (1990) Accumulation of O6-methylguanine in human blood leukocyte DNA during exposure to procarbazine and its relationships with dose and repair. Cancer Research, 50, pp. 2759-2764.
128. Strickland, PT, Kang, D., Bowman, ED, Fitzwilliam, A., Downing, TE, Rothman, N., Groopman, JD and Weston, A. (1994) Identification of 1-hydroxypyrene glucuronide as a major pyrene metabolite in human urine by synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Carcinogenesis, 15, pp. 483-487.
129. Szyfter, K., Hemminki, K., Szyfter, W., Szmeja, Z., Banaszewski, J. and Pabiszczak, M. (1996) Tobacco smoke-associated N7-alkylguanine in DNA of larynx tissue and leucocytes. Carcinogenesis, 17, pp. 501-506.
130. Teixeira, JP, Gaspar, J., Martinho, G., Silva, S., Rodrigues, S., Mayan,
131. Tricker, AR (1997) N-nitroso compounds and man: Sources of exposure, endogenous formation and occurrence in body fluids. European Journal of Cancer Prevention, 6, pp. 226-268.
132. Tricker, AR and Preussmann, R. (1991) Carcinogenic N-nitrosamines in the diet: Occurrence, formation, mechanisms and carcinogenic potential. Mutation Research, 259, pp. 277-289.
133. van Delft, JH, Steenwinkel, MJ, van Asten, JG, van, Es J., Kraak, A. and Baan, RA (1998) Monitoring of occupational exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a carbon-electrode manufacturing plant. Annals of Occupational Hygiene, 42, pp. 105-114.
134. van Delft, JH, Steenwinkel, MS, van Asten, JG, de, Vogel N., Bruijntjes-Rozier, TC, Schouten, T., Cramers, P., Maas, L., van Herwijnen, MH, van, Schooten F. and Hopmans, PM (2001) Biological monitoring the exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons of coke oven workers in relation to smoking and genetic polymorphisms for GSTM1 and GSTT1. Annals of Occupational Hygiene, 45, pp. 395-408.
135. van Delft, JH, van Winden, MJ, van den Ende, AM and Baan, RA (1993) Determining N7-alkylguanine adducts by immunochemical methods and HPLC with electrochemical detection: Applications in animal studies and in monitoring human exposure to alkylating agents. Environmental Health Perspectives, 99, pp. 25-32.
136. van Maanen, JM, Moonen, EJ, Maas, LM, Kleinjans, JC and van Schooten, FJ (1994) Formation of aromatic DNA adducts in white blood cells in relation to urinary excretion of 1-hydroxypyrene during consumption of grilled meat. Carcinogenesis, 15, pp. 2263-2268.
137. van Rooij, JG, Veeger, MM, Bodelier-Bade, MM, Scheepers, PT and Jongeneelen, FJ (1994) Smoking and dietary intake of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons as sources of interindividual variability in the baseline excretion of 1-hydroxypyrene in urine. International Archives of Occupational & Environmental Health, 66, pp. 55-65.
138. van Schooten, FJ, Jongeneelen, FJ, Hillebrand, MJ, van Leeuwen, FE, de Looff, AJ, Dijkmans, AP, van Rooij, JG, den, Engelse L. and Kriek, E. (1995) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-DNA adducts in white blood cell DNA and 1-hydroxypyrene in the urine from aluminum workers: Relation with job category and synergistic effect of smoking. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention, 4, pp. 69-77.
139. van Wijnen, JH, Slob, R., Jongmans-Liedekerken, G., van de Weerdt, RH and Woudenberg, F. (1996) Exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons among Dutch children. Environmental Health Perspectives, 104, pp. 530-534.
140. Viezzer, C., Norppa, H., Clonfero, E., Gabbani, G., Mastrangelo, G., Hirvonen, A. and Celotti, L. (1999) Influence of GSTM1, GSTT1, GSTP1, and EPHX gene polymorphisms on DNA adduct level and HPRT mutant frequency in coke-oven workers. Mutation Research, 431, pp. 259-269.
141. (2007) Epidemiological concepts of validation of biomarkers for the identification/quantification of environmental carcinogenic exposures. ECNIS, Environmental cancer risk, nutrition and individual susceptibility, Lodz, Poland
142. Vinzents, PS, Moller, P., Sorensen, M., Knudsen, LE, Hertel, O., Jensen, FP, Schibye, B. and Loft, S. (2005) Personal exposure to ultrafine particles and oxidative DNA damage. Environmental Health Perspectives, 113, pp. 1485-1490.
143. Wade, RS and Castro, CE (1990) Redox reactivity of iron(III) porphyrins and heme proteins with nitric oxide. Nitrosyl transfer to carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur. Chemical Research in Toxicology, 3, pp. 289-291.
144. Weinbrenner, T., Fito, M., de la, Torre R., Saez, GT, Rijken, P., Tormos, C., Coolen, S., Albaladejo, MF, Abanades, S., Schroder, H., Marrugat, J. and Covas, MI (2004) Olive oils high in phenolic compounds modulate oxidative/antioxidative status in men. Journal of Nutrition, 134, pp. 2314-2321.
145. Whyatt, RM, Bell, DA, Jedrychowski, W., Santella, RM, Garte, SJ, Cosma, G., Manchester, DK, Young, TL, Cooper, TB, Ottman, R. and Perera, FP (1998) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-DNA adducts in human placenta and modulation by CYP1A1 induction and genotype. Carcinogenesis, 19, pp. 1389-1392.
146. Wiencke, JK, Thurston, SW, Kelsey, KT, Varkonyi, A., Wain, JC, Mark, EJ and Christiani, DC (1999) Early age at smoking initiation and tobacco carcinogen DNA damage in the lung. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 91, pp. 614-619.
147. Wu, MT, Wypij, D., Ho, CK, Mao, IF, Chen, ML, Lu, PL and Christiani, DC (1998) Temporal changes in urinary 1-hydroxypyrene concentrations in coke-oven workers. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention, 7, pp. 169-173.
148. Yang, CS and Smith, TJ (1996) Mechanisms of nitrosamine bioactivation and carcinogenesis. Advances in Experimental Medicine & Biology, 387, pp. 385-394.
149. Yang, Y., Nikolic, D., Swanson, SM and van Breemen, RB (2002) Quantitative determination of N7-methyldeoxyguanosine and O6-methyldeoxyguanosine in DNA by LC-UV-MS-MS. Analytical Chemistry, 74, pp. 5376-5382.
150. Zhang, F., Bartels, MJ, Pottenger, LH, Gollapudi, BB and Schisler, MR (2006) Simultaneous quantitation of 7-methyl- and O6-methylguanine adducts in DNA by liquid chromatography-positive electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography B Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical Life Sciences, 833, pp. 141-148.