메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 25, Issue 5-6, 2004, Pages 551-567

Carnitine: Transport and physiological functions in the brain

Author keywords

B0,+; Carnitine; OCTN2; Palmitoylation; Protein kinase C

Indexed keywords

ACETYLCARNITINE; CARNITINE; PALMITOYLCARNITINE;

EID: 4444372351     PISSN: 00982997     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2004.06.001     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (94)

References (130)
  • 1
    • 0032128015 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Carnitine acetyltransferase is not a cytosolic enzyme in rat heart and therefore cannot function in the energy-linked regulation of cardiac fatty acid oxidation
    • Abbas A.S., Wu G., Schulz H. Carnitine acetyltransferase is not a cytosolic enzyme in rat heart and therefore cannot function in the energy-linked regulation of cardiac fatty acid oxidation. J. Mol. Cell Cardiol. 30:1998;1305-1309
    • (1998) J. Mol. Cell Cardiol. , vol.30 , pp. 1305-1309
    • Abbas, A.S.1    Wu, G.2    Schulz, H.3
  • 3
    • 0032716593 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Blood-brain barrier choline transport in the senescent rat
    • Allen D.D., Smith Q.R. Blood-brain barrier choline transport in the senescent rat. Neurosci. Lett. 277:1999;198-202
    • (1999) Neurosci. Lett. , vol.277 , pp. 198-202
    • Allen, D.D.1    Smith, Q.R.2
  • 4
    • 0028331437 scopus 로고
    • Evidence for the involvement of carnitine-dependent long-chain acyltransferases in neuronal triglyceride and phospholipid fatty acid turnover
    • Arduini A., Denisova N., Virmani A., Avrova N., Federici G., Arrigoni-Martelli E. Evidence for the involvement of carnitine-dependent long-chain acyltransferases in neuronal triglyceride and phospholipid fatty acid turnover. J. Neurochem. 62:1994;1530-1538
    • (1994) J. Neurochem. , vol.62 , pp. 1530-1538
    • Arduini, A.1    Denisova, N.2    Virmani, A.3    Avrova, N.4    Federici, G.5    Arrigoni-Martelli, E.6
  • 5
    • 0037023199 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • L-Carnitine accelerates the in vitro regeneration of neural network from adult murine brain cells
    • Athanassakis I., Zarifi I., Evangeliou A., Vassiliadis S. L-Carnitine accelerates the in vitro regeneration of neural network from adult murine brain cells. Brain Res. 932:2002;70-78
    • (2002) Brain Res. , vol.932 , pp. 70-78
    • Athanassakis, I.1    Zarifi, I.2    Evangeliou, A.3    Vassiliadis, S.4
  • 7
    • 0021907294 scopus 로고
    • Carnitine acyltransferase activities in rat brain mitochondria. Bimodal distribution, kinetic constants, regulation by malonyl-CoA and developmental pattern
    • Bird M.I., Munday L.A., Saggerson E.D., Clark J.B. Carnitine acyltransferase activities in rat brain mitochondria. Bimodal distribution, kinetic constants, regulation by malonyl-CoA and developmental pattern. Biochem. J. 226:1985;323-330
    • (1985) Biochem. J. , vol.226 , pp. 323-330
    • Bird, M.I.1    Munday, L.A.2    Saggerson, E.D.3    Clark, J.B.4
  • 8
    • 0022494388 scopus 로고
    • Study of the efficacy and tolerability of L-acetylcarnitine therapy in the senile brain
    • Bonavita E. Study of the efficacy and tolerability of L-acetylcarnitine therapy in the senile brain. Int. J. Clin. Pharmacol. Therm. Toxicol. 24:1986;511-516
    • (1986) Int. J. Clin. Pharmacol. Therm. Toxicol. , vol.24 , pp. 511-516
    • Bonavita, E.1
  • 10
    • 0020376142 scopus 로고
    • Carnitine, carnitine acyltransferases, and rat brain function
    • Bresolin N., Freddo L., Vergani L., Angelini C. Carnitine, carnitine acyltransferases, and rat brain function. Exp. Neurol. 78:1982;285-292
    • (1982) Exp. Neurol. , vol.78 , pp. 285-292
    • Bresolin, N.1    Freddo, L.2    Vergani, L.3    Angelini, C.4
  • 11
    • 2942597469 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Choline acetyltransferase structure reveals distribution of mutations that cause motor disorders
    • Cai Y., Cronin C.N., Engel A.G., Ohno K., Hersh L.B., Rodgers D.W. Choline acetyltransferase structure reveals distribution of mutations that cause motor disorders. EMBO J. 23:2004;2047-2058
    • (2004) EMBO J. , vol.23 , pp. 2047-2058
    • Cai, Y.1    Cronin, C.N.2    Engel, A.G.3    Ohno, K.4    Hersh, L.B.5    Rodgers, D.W.6
  • 12
    • 0041378078 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Disruption of thiol homeostasis and nitrosative stress in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with active multiple sclerosis: Evidence for a protective role of acetylcarnitine
    • Calabrese V., Scapagnini G., Ravagna A., Bella R., Butterfield D.A., Calvani M., Pennisi G., Giuffrida Stella A.M. Disruption of thiol homeostasis and nitrosative stress in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with active multiple sclerosis: evidence for a protective role of acetylcarnitine. Neurochem. Res. 28:2003;1321-1328
    • (2003) Neurochem. Res. , vol.28 , pp. 1321-1328
    • Calabrese, V.1    Scapagnini, G.2    Ravagna, A.3    Bella, R.4    Butterfield, D.A.5    Calvani, M.6    Pennisi, G.7    Giuffrida Stella, A.M.8
  • 14
    • 0028075456 scopus 로고
    • Palmitoylation of a G protein alpha i subunit requires membrane localization not myristoylation
    • Degtyarev M.Y., Spiegel A.M., Jones T.L. Palmitoylation of a G protein alpha i subunit requires membrane localization not myristoylation. J. Biol. Chem. 269:1994;30898-30903
    • (1994) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.269 , pp. 30898-30903
    • Degtyarev, M.Y.1    Spiegel, A.M.2    Jones, T.L.3
  • 15
    • 0348111470 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Functional domains in the carnitine transporter OCTN2, defective in primary carnitine deficiency
    • di San Filippo C.A., Wang Y., Longo N. Functional domains in the carnitine transporter OCTN2, defective in primary carnitine deficiency. J. Biol. Chem. 278:2003;47776-47784
    • (2003) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.278 , pp. 47776-47784
    • Di San Filippo, C.A.1    Wang, Y.2    Longo, N.3
  • 16
    • 0037375883 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Functional regulation of choline acetyltransferase by phosphorylation
    • Dobransky T., Rylett R.J. Functional regulation of choline acetyltransferase by phosphorylation. Neurochem. Res. 28:2003;537-542
    • (2003) Neurochem. Res. , vol.28 , pp. 537-542
    • Dobransky, T.1    Rylett, R.J.2
  • 17
    • 0019796481 scopus 로고
    • Utilization of citrate, acetylcarnitine, acetate, pyruvate and glucose for the synthesis of acetylcholine in rat brain slices
    • Doležal V., Tuček S. Utilization of citrate, acetylcarnitine, acetate, pyruvate and glucose for the synthesis of acetylcholine in rat brain slices. J. Neurochem. 36:1981;1323-1330
    • (1981) J. Neurochem. , vol.36 , pp. 1323-1330
    • Doležal, V.1    Tuček, S.2
  • 21
    • 0031740964 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glutamine uptake at the blood-brain barrier is mediated by N-system transport
    • Ennis S.R., Kawai N., Ren X.D., Abdelkarim G.E., Keep R.F. Glutamine uptake at the blood-brain barrier is mediated by N-system transport. J. Neurochem. 71:1998;2565-2573
    • (1998) J. Neurochem. , vol.71 , pp. 2565-2573
    • Ennis, S.R.1    Kawai, N.2    Ren, X.D.3    Abdelkarim, G.E.4    Keep, R.F.5
  • 23
    • 0025228816 scopus 로고
    • Choline uptake by cerebral capillary endothelial cells in culture
    • Estrada C., Bready J., Berliner J., Cancilla P.A. Choline uptake by cerebral capillary endothelial cells in culture. J. Neurochem. 54:1990;1467-1473
    • (1990) J. Neurochem. , vol.54 , pp. 1467-1473
    • Estrada, C.1    Bready, J.2    Berliner, J.3    Cancilla, P.A.4
  • 25
    • 0019498553 scopus 로고
    • Competitive inhibition by 3-aminopropanesulfonic acid and gamma-aminobutyric acid of carnitine transport in rat brain slices
    • Fariello R.G., Shug A.L. Competitive inhibition by 3-aminopropanesulfonic acid and gamma-aminobutyric acid of carnitine transport in rat brain slices. Biochem. Pharmacol. 30:1981;1012-1013
    • (1981) Biochem. Pharmacol. , vol.30 , pp. 1012-1013
    • Fariello, R.G.1    Shug, A.L.2
  • 26
    • 0026063037 scopus 로고
    • Blood-brain barrier glucose transporter is asymmetrically distributed on brain capillary endothelial lumenal and ablumenal membranes: An electron microscopic immunogold study
    • Farrell C.L., Pardridge W.M. Blood-brain barrier glucose transporter is asymmetrically distributed on brain capillary endothelial lumenal and ablumenal membranes: an electron microscopic immunogold study. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 88:1991;5779-5783
    • (1991) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , vol.88 , pp. 5779-5783
    • Farrell, C.L.1    Pardridge, W.M.2
  • 27
    • 0028107682 scopus 로고
    • Neuroprotective activity of acetyl-L-carnitine: Studies in vitro
    • Forloni G., Angeretti N., Smiroldo S. Neuroprotective activity of acetyl-L-carnitine: studies in vitro. J. Neurosci. Res. 37:1994;92-96
    • (1994) J. Neurosci. Res. , vol.37 , pp. 92-96
    • Forloni, G.1    Angeretti, N.2    Smiroldo, S.3
  • 28
    • 0035816002 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Transport of choline and its relationship to the expression of the organic cation transporters in a rat brain microvessel endothelial cell line (RBE4)
    • Friedrich A., George R.L., Bridges C.C., Prasad P.D., Ganapathy V. Transport of choline and its relationship to the expression of the organic cation transporters in a rat brain microvessel endothelial cell line (RBE4). Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1512:2001;299-307
    • (2001) Biochim. Biophys. Acta , vol.1512 , pp. 299-307
    • Friedrich, A.1    George, R.L.2    Bridges, C.C.3    Prasad, P.D.4    Ganapathy, V.5
  • 29
    • 0037375478 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cytosolic choline acetyltransferase binds specifically to cholinergic plasma membrane of rat brain synaptosomes to generate membrane-bound enzyme
    • Gabrielle P., Jeana M., Lorenza E.C. Cytosolic choline acetyltransferase binds specifically to cholinergic plasma membrane of rat brain synaptosomes to generate membrane-bound enzyme. Neurochem. Res. 28:2003;543-559
    • (2003) Neurochem. Res. , vol.28 , pp. 543-559
    • Gabrielle, P.1    Jeana, M.2    Lorenza, E.C.3
  • 30
    • 0026756904 scopus 로고
    • Ouabain-sensitive choline transport system in capillaries isolated from bovine brain
    • Galea E., Estrada C. Ouabain-sensitive choline transport system in capillaries isolated from bovine brain. J. Neurochem. 59:1992;936-941
    • (1992) J. Neurochem. , vol.59 , pp. 936-941
    • Galea, E.1    Estrada, C.2
  • 32
    • 0032859340 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Localization of the organic anion transporting polypeptide 2 (Oatp2) in capillary endothelium and choroid plexus epithelium of rat brain
    • Gao B., Stieger B., Noe B., Fritschy J.M., Meier P.J. Localization of the organic anion transporting polypeptide 2 (Oatp2) in capillary endothelium and choroid plexus epithelium of rat brain. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 47:1999;1255-1264
    • (1999) J. Histochem. Cytochem. , vol.47 , pp. 1255-1264
    • Gao, B.1    Stieger, B.2    Noe, B.3    Fritschy, J.M.4    Meier, P.J.5
  • 33
    • 0030837750 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Expression of monocarboxylate transporter MCT1 by brain endothelium and glia in adult and suckling rats
    • Gerhart D.Z., Enerson B.E., Zhdankina O.Y., Leino R.L., Drewes L.R. Expression of monocarboxylate transporter MCT1 by brain endothelium and glia in adult and suckling rats. Am. J. Physiol. 273:1997;E207-213
    • (1997) Am. J. Physiol. , vol.273 , pp. 207-213
    • Gerhart, D.Z.1    Enerson, B.E.2    Zhdankina, O.Y.3    Leino, R.L.4    Drewes, L.R.5
  • 34
    • 0018903541 scopus 로고
    • Studies on the metabolic pathway of the acetyl group for acetylcholine synthesis
    • Gibson G.E., Shimada M. Studies on the metabolic pathway of the acetyl group for acetylcholine synthesis. Biochem. Pharmacol. 29:1980;167-174
    • (1980) Biochem. Pharmacol. , vol.29 , pp. 167-174
    • Gibson, G.E.1    Shimada, M.2
  • 35
    • 0021345813 scopus 로고
    • Evidence for the extreme overestimation of choline acetyltransferase in human sperm, human seminal plasma and rat heart: A case of mistaking carnitine acetyltransferase for choline acetyltransferase
    • Goodman D.R., Adatsi F.K., Harbison R.D. Evidence for the extreme overestimation of choline acetyltransferase in human sperm, human seminal plasma and rat heart: a case of mistaking carnitine acetyltransferase for choline acetyltransferase. Chem. Biol. Interact. 49:1984;39-53
    • (1984) Chem. Biol. Interact. , vol.49 , pp. 39-53
    • Goodman, D.R.1    Adatsi, F.K.2    Harbison, R.D.3
  • 36
    • 0023907143 scopus 로고
    • L-Carnitine uptake by mouse brain synaptosomal preparations: Competitive inhibition by GABA
    • Hannuniemi R., Kontro P. L-Carnitine uptake by mouse brain synaptosomal preparations: competitive inhibition by GABA. Neurochem. Res. 13:1988;317-323
    • (1988) Neurochem. Res. , vol.13 , pp. 317-323
    • Hannuniemi, R.1    Kontro, P.2
  • 37
    • 0034494263 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alteration of the membrane lipid environment by L-palmitoylcarnitine modulates K(ATP) channels in guinea-pig ventricular myocytes
    • Haruna T., Horie M., Takano M., Kono Y., Yoshida H., Otani H., Kubota T., Ninomiya T., Akao M., Sasayama S. Alteration of the membrane lipid environment by L-palmitoylcarnitine modulates K(ATP) channels in guinea-pig ventricular myocytes. Pflugers Arch. 441:2000;200-207
    • (2000) Pflugers Arch. , vol.441 , pp. 200-207
    • Haruna, T.1    Horie, M.2    Takano, M.3    Kono, Y.4    Yoshida, H.5    Otani, H.6    Kubota, T.7    Ninomiya, T.8    Akao, M.9    Sasayama, S.10
  • 40
    • 0242624720 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acetyl-L-carnitine permeability across the blood-brain barrier and involvement of carnitine transporter OCTN2
    • Inano A., Sai Y., Nikaido H,, Hasimoto N., Asano M., Tsuji A., Tamai I. Acetyl-L-carnitine permeability across the blood-brain barrier and involvement of carnitine transporter OCTN2. Biopharm. Drug Dispos. 24:2003;357-365
    • (2003) Biopharm. Drug Dispos. , vol.24 , pp. 357-365
    • Inano, A.1    Sai, Y.2    Nikaido, H.3    Hasimoto, N.4    Asano, M.5    Tsuji, A.6    Tamai, I.7
  • 41
    • 0037428082 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Crystal structure of carnitine acetyltransferase and implications for the catalytic mechanism and fatty acid transport
    • Jogl G., Tong L. Crystal structure of carnitine acetyltransferase and implications for the catalytic mechanism and fatty acid transport. Cell. 112:2003;113-122
    • (2003) Cell , vol.112 , pp. 113-122
    • Jogl, G.1    Tong, L.2
  • 42
    • 0026800665 scopus 로고
    • Carnitine acetyltransferase activity in the human brain and its microvessels is decreased in Alzheimer's disease
    • Kalaria R.N., Harik S.I. Carnitine acetyltransferase activity in the human brain and its microvessels is decreased in Alzheimer's disease. Ann. Neurol. 32:1992;583-586
    • (1992) Ann. Neurol. , vol.32 , pp. 583-586
    • Kalaria, R.N.1    Harik, S.I.2
  • 43
    • 0028934847 scopus 로고
    • Mechanism of carnitine transport catalyzed by carnitine carrier from rat brain mitochondria
    • Kamińska J., Nalecz K.A., Nalecz M.J. Mechanism of carnitine transport catalyzed by carnitine carrier from rat brain mitochondria. Acta Neurobiol. Exp. (Wars.). 55:1995;1-9
    • (1995) Acta Neurobiol. Exp. (Wars.) , vol.55 , pp. 1-9
    • Kamińska, J.1    Nalecz, K.A.2    Nalecz, M.J.3
  • 44
    • 0036892753 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regulation of taurine transport at the blood-brain barrier by tumor necrosis factor-alpha, taurine and hypertonicity
    • Kang Y.S., Ohtsuki S., Takanaga H., Tomi M., Hosoya K., Terasaki T. Regulation of taurine transport at the blood-brain barrier by tumor necrosis factor-alpha, taurine and hypertonicity. J. Neurochem. 83:2002;1188-1195
    • (2002) J. Neurochem. , vol.83 , pp. 1188-1195
    • Kang, Y.S.1    Ohtsuki, S.2    Takanaga, H.3    Tomi, M.4    Hosoya, K.5    Terasaki, T.6
  • 45
    • 0034717940 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fatty acid import into mitochondria
    • Kerner J., Hoppel C. Fatty acid import into mitochondria. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1486:2000;1-17
    • (2000) Biochim. Biophys. Acta , vol.1486 , pp. 1-17
    • Kerner, J.1    Hoppel, C.2
  • 46
    • 0034053017 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Functional clarification of MCT1-mediated transport of monocarboxylic acids at the blood-brain barrier using in vitro cultured cells and in vivo BUI studies
    • Kido Y., Tamai I., Okamoto M., Suzuki F., Tsuji A. Functional clarification of MCT1-mediated transport of monocarboxylic acids at the blood-brain barrier using in vitro cultured cells and in vivo BUI studies. Pharm. Res. 17:2000;55-62
    • (2000) Pharm. Res. , vol.17 , pp. 55-62
    • Kido, Y.1    Tamai, I.2    Okamoto, M.3    Suzuki, F.4    Tsuji, A.5
  • 47
    • 0035209172 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Functional relevance of carnitine transporter OCTN2 to brain distribution of L-carnitine and acetyl-L-carnitine across the blood-brain barrier
    • Kido Y., Tamai I., Ohnari A., Sai Y., Kagami T., Nezu J., Nikaido H., Hashimoto N., Asano M., Tsuji A. Functional relevance of carnitine transporter OCTN2 to brain distribution of L-carnitine and acetyl-L-carnitine across the blood-brain barrier. J. Neurochem. 79:2001;959-969
    • (2001) J. Neurochem. , vol.79 , pp. 959-969
    • Kido, Y.1    Tamai, I.2    Ohnari, A.3    Sai, Y.4    Kagami, T.5    Nezu, J.6    Nikaido, H.7    Hashimoto, N.8    Asano, M.9    Tsuji, A.10
  • 48
    • 0023837255 scopus 로고
    • Infantile disease with microvesicular fatty infiltration of viscera spontaneously occurring in the C3H-H-2(0) strain of mouse with similarities to Reye's syndrome
    • Koizumi T., Nikaido H., Hayakawa J., Nonomura A., Yoneda T. Infantile disease with microvesicular fatty infiltration of viscera spontaneously occurring in the C3H-H-2(0) strain of mouse with similarities to Reye's syndrome. Lab. Anim. 22:1988;83-87
    • (1988) Lab. Anim. , vol.22 , pp. 83-87
    • Koizumi, T.1    Nikaido, H.2    Hayakawa, J.3    Nonomura, A.4    Yoneda, T.5
  • 49
    • 0029948024 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sodium and chloride ion-dependent transport of beta-alanine across the blood-brain barrier
    • Komura J., Tamai I., Senmaru M., Terasaki T., Sai Y., Tsuji A. Sodium and chloride ion-dependent transport of beta-alanine across the blood-brain barrier. J. Neurochem. 67:1996;330-335
    • (1996) J. Neurochem. , vol.67 , pp. 330-335
    • Komura, J.1    Tamai, I.2    Senmaru, M.3    Terasaki, T.4    Sai, Y.5    Tsuji, A.6
  • 50
    • 0031013754 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Brain-to-blood active transport of beta-alanine across the blood-brain barrier
    • Komura J., Tamai I., Senmaru M., Terasaki T., Sai Y., Tsuji A. Brain-to-blood active transport of beta-alanine across the blood-brain barrier. FEBS Lett. 400:1997;131-135
    • (1997) FEBS Lett. , vol.400 , pp. 131-135
    • Komura, J.1    Tamai, I.2    Senmaru, M.3    Terasaki, T.4    Sai, Y.5    Tsuji, A.6
  • 51
    • 0842308112 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Expression of three carnitine palmitoyltransferase-I isoforms in 10 regions of the rat brain during feeding, fasting, and diabetes
    • Lavrentyev E.N., Matta S.G., Cook G.A. Expression of three carnitine palmitoyltransferase-I isoforms in 10 regions of the rat brain during feeding, fasting, and diabetes. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 315:2004;174-178
    • (2004) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. , vol.315 , pp. 174-178
    • Lavrentyev, E.N.1    Matta, S.G.2    Cook, G.A.3
  • 52
    • 0031958583 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glutamine transport by the blood-brain barrier: A possible mechanism for nitrogen removal
    • Lee W.J., Hawkins R.A., Vina J.R., Peterson D.R. Glutamine transport by the blood-brain barrier: a possible mechanism for nitrogen removal. Am. J. Physiol. 274:1998;C1101-C1107
    • (1998) Am. J. Physiol. , vol.274
    • Lee, W.J.1    Hawkins, R.A.2    Vina, J.R.3    Peterson, D.R.4
  • 53
    • 0033548527 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Monocarboxylate transporter (MCT1) abundance in brains of suckling and adult rats: A quantitative electron microscopic immunogold study
    • Leino R.L., Gerhart D.Z., Drewes L.R. Monocarboxylate transporter (MCT1) abundance in brains of suckling and adult rats: a quantitative electron microscopic immunogold study. Brain Res. Dev. Brain Res. 113:1999;47-54
    • (1999) Brain Res. Dev. Brain Res. , vol.113 , pp. 47-54
    • Leino, R.L.1    Gerhart, D.Z.2    Drewes, L.R.3
  • 54
    • 0035106634 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diet-induced ketosis increases monocarboxylate transporter (MCT1) levels in rat brain
    • Leino R.L., Gerhart D.Z., Duelli R., Enerson B.E., Drewes L.R. Diet-induced ketosis increases monocarboxylate transporter (MCT1) levels in rat brain. Neurochem. Int. 38:2001;519-527
    • (2001) Neurochem. Int. , vol.38 , pp. 519-527
    • Leino, R.L.1    Gerhart, D.Z.2    Duelli, R.3    Enerson, B.E.4    Drewes, L.R.5
  • 56
    • 0027391644 scopus 로고
    • Molecular characterization of four pharmacologically distinct gamma-aminobutyric acid transporters in mouse brain
    • Liu Q.R., Lopez-Corcuera B., Mandiyan S., Nelson H., Nelson N. Molecular characterization of four pharmacologically distinct gamma-aminobutyric acid transporters in mouse brain. J. Biol. Chem. 268:1993;2106-2112
    • (1993) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.268 , pp. 2106-2112
    • Liu, Q.R.1    Lopez-Corcuera, B.2    Mandiyan, S.3    Nelson, H.4    Nelson, N.5
  • 57
    • 0030581644 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Activation and inhibition of reconstituted cardiac L-type calcium channels by palmitoyl-L-carnitine
    • Liu Q.Y., Rosenberg R.L. Activation and inhibition of reconstituted cardiac L-type calcium channels by palmitoyl-L-carnitine. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 228:1996;252-258
    • (1996) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. , vol.228 , pp. 252-258
    • Liu, Q.Y.1    Rosenberg, R.L.2
  • 58
    • 0036984785 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevention of ammonia and glutamate neurotoxicity by carnitine: Molecular mechanisms
    • Llansola M., Erceg S., Hernandez-Viadel M., Felipo V. Prevention of ammonia and glutamate neurotoxicity by carnitine: molecular mechanisms. Metab. Brain Dis. 17:2002;389-397
    • (2002) Metab. Brain Dis. , vol.17 , pp. 389-397
    • Llansola, M.1    Erceg, S.2    Hernandez-Viadel, M.3    Felipo, V.4
  • 59
    • 0042805025 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of blood-brain barrier thiamine efflux using the in situ rat brain perfusion method
    • Lockman P.R., Mumper R.J., Allen D.D. Evaluation of blood-brain barrier thiamine efflux using the in situ rat brain perfusion method. J. Neurochem. 86:2003;627-634
    • (2003) J. Neurochem. , vol.86 , pp. 627-634
    • Lockman, P.R.1    Mumper, R.J.2    Allen, D.D.3
  • 60
    • 0033614973 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cellular mechanisms of brain energy metabolism and their relevance to functional brain imaging
    • Magistretti P.J., Pellerin L. Cellular mechanisms of brain energy metabolism and their relevance to functional brain imaging. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B. Biol. Sci. 354:1999;1155-1163
    • (1999) Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B. Biol. Sci. , vol.354 , pp. 1155-1163
    • Magistretti, P.J.1    Pellerin, L.2
  • 62
    • 0031897255 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Accumulation of palmitoylcarnitine in neuroblastoma NB-2a cells affects expression, phosphorylation and localization of B-50 protein
    • Mizgalska J., Berent U., Mac M., Oestreicher A., De Graan P., Gispen W., Nalecz M., Nalecz K. Accumulation of palmitoylcarnitine in neuroblastoma NB-2a cells affects expression, phosphorylation and localization of B-50 protein. Neurosci. Res. Com. 22:1998;73-81
    • (1998) Neurosci. Res. Com. , vol.22 , pp. 73-81
    • Mizgalska, J.1    Berent, U.2    Mac, M.3    Oestreicher, A.4    De Graan, P.5    Gispen, W.6    Nalecz, M.7    Nalecz, K.8
  • 65
    • 0034614356 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Blood-brain barrier controls carnitine level in the brain: A study on a model system with RBE4 cells
    • Mroczkowska J.E., Roux F.S., Nalecz M.J., Nalecz K.A. Blood-brain barrier controls carnitine level in the brain: a study on a model system with RBE4 cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 267:2000;433-437
    • (2000) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. , vol.267 , pp. 433-437
    • Mroczkowska, J.E.1    Roux, F.S.2    Nalecz, M.J.3    Nalecz, K.A.4
  • 66
    • 0043066788 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A novel action of palmitoyl-L-carnitine in human vascular endothelial cells
    • Muraki K., Imaizumi Y. A novel action of palmitoyl-L-carnitine in human vascular endothelial cells. J. Pharmacol. Sci. 92:2003;252-258
    • (2003) J. Pharmacol. Sci. , vol.92 , pp. 252-258
    • Muraki, K.1    Imaizumi, Y.2
  • 70
    • 0031456381 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of palmitoylcarnitine on the cellular differentiation, proliferation and protein kinase C activity in neuroblastoma nb-2a cells
    • Nalecz K.A., Mroczkowska J.E., Berent U., Nalecz M.J. Effect of palmitoylcarnitine on the cellular differentiation, proliferation and protein kinase C activity in neuroblastoma nb-2a cells. Acta Neurobiol. Exp. (Wars.). 57:1997;263-274
    • (1997) Acta Neurobiol. Exp. (Wars.) , vol.57 , pp. 263-274
    • Nalecz, K.A.1    Mroczkowska, J.E.2    Berent, U.3    Nalecz, M.J.4
  • 71
    • 0027294367 scopus 로고
    • Glucose and ketone body utilization by the brain of neonatal rats
    • Nehlig A., Pereira de Vasconcelos A. Glucose and ketone body utilization by the brain of neonatal rats. Prog. Neurobiol. 40:1993;163-221
    • (1993) Prog. Neurobiol. , vol.40 , pp. 163-221
    • Nehlig, A.1    Pereira De Vasconcelos, A.2
  • 72
    • 0031753789 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • - neurotransmitter transporters
    • - neurotransmitter transporters. J. Neurochem. 71:1998;1785-1803
    • (1998) J. Neurochem. , vol.71 , pp. 1785-1803
    • Nelson, N.1
  • 74
    • 0039967156 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Na(+)-dependent glutamate transporters (EAAT1, EAAT2, and EAAT3) of the blood-brain barrier. A mechanism for glutamate removal
    • O'Kane R.L., Martinez-Lopez I., DeJoseph M.R., Vina J.R., Hawkins R.A. Na(+)-dependent glutamate transporters (EAAT1, EAAT2, and EAAT3) of the blood-brain barrier. A mechanism for glutamate removal. J. Biol. Chem. 274:1999;31891-31895
    • (1999) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.274 , pp. 31891-31895
    • O'Kane, R.L.1    Martinez-Lopez, I.2    Dejoseph, M.R.3    Vina, J.R.4    Hawkins, R.A.5
  • 75
    • 0021923812 scopus 로고
    • Restricted transport of vitamin D and a derivatives through the rat blood-brain barrier
    • Pardridge W.M., Sakiyama R., Coty W.A. Restricted transport of vitamin D and A derivatives through the rat blood-brain barrier. J. Neurochem. 44:1985;1138-1141
    • (1985) J. Neurochem. , vol.44 , pp. 1138-1141
    • Pardridge, W.M.1    Sakiyama, R.2    Coty, W.A.3
  • 76
    • 0025123704 scopus 로고
    • Brain-type glucose transporter (GLUT-1) is selectively localized to the blood-brain barrier. Studies with quantitative western blotting and in situ hybridization
    • Pardridge W.M., Boado R.J., Farrell C.R. Brain-type glucose transporter (GLUT-1) is selectively localized to the blood-brain barrier. Studies with quantitative western blotting and in situ hybridization. J. Biol. Chem. 265:1990;18035-18040
    • (1990) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.265 , pp. 18035-18040
    • Pardridge, W.M.1    Boado, R.J.2    Farrell, C.R.3
  • 78
    • 0033966463 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The carnitine acyltransferases: Modulators of acyl-CoA-dependent reactions
    • Ramsay R.R. The carnitine acyltransferases: modulators of acyl-CoA-dependent reactions. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 28:2000;182-186
    • (2000) Biochem. Soc. Trans. , vol.28 , pp. 182-186
    • Ramsay, R.R.1
  • 79
    • 0026511885 scopus 로고
    • Acetylcarnitine, carnitine and glucose diminish the effect of muscarinic antagonist quinuclidinyl benzilate on striatal acetylcholine content
    • Ričny J., Tuček S., Novakova J. Acetylcarnitine, carnitine and glucose diminish the effect of muscarinic antagonist quinuclidinyl benzilate on striatal acetylcholine content. Brain Res. 576:1992;215-219
    • (1992) Brain Res. , vol.576 , pp. 215-219
    • Ričny, J.1    Tuček, S.2    Novakova, J.3
  • 80
    • 0026808818 scopus 로고
    • Potencies of protein kinase C inhibitors are dependent on the activators used to stimulate the enzyme
    • Robinson P.J. Potencies of protein kinase C inhibitors are dependent on the activators used to stimulate the enzyme. Biochem. Pharmacol. 44:1992;1325-1334
    • (1992) Biochem. Pharmacol. , vol.44 , pp. 1325-1334
    • Robinson, P.J.1
  • 83
    • 0032951920 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Primary and secondary alterations of neonatal carnitine metabolism
    • Scaglia F., Longo N. Primary and secondary alterations of neonatal carnitine metabolism. Semin. Perinatol. 23:1999;152-161
    • (1999) Semin. Perinatol. , vol.23 , pp. 152-161
    • Scaglia, F.1    Longo, N.2
  • 84
    • 0033117742 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Functional characterization of the carnitine transporter defective in primary carnitine deficiency
    • Scaglia F., Wang Y., Longo N. Functional characterization of the carnitine transporter defective in primary carnitine deficiency. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 364:1999;99-106
    • (1999) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. , vol.364 , pp. 99-106
    • Scaglia, F.1    Wang, Y.2    Longo, N.3
  • 85
    • 1842451615 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Repeated acetyl-l-carnitine administration increases phospho-Thr34 DARPP-32 levels and antagonizes cocaine-induced increase in Cdk5 and phospho-Thr75 DARPP-32 levels in rat striatum
    • Scheggi S., Rauggi R., Nanni G., Tagliamonte A., Gambarana C. Repeated acetyl-l-carnitine administration increases phospho-Thr34 DARPP-32 levels and antagonizes cocaine-induced increase in Cdk5 and phospho-Thr75 DARPP-32 levels in rat striatum. Eur. J. Neurosci. 19:2004;1609-1620
    • (2004) Eur. J. Neurosci. , vol.19 , pp. 1609-1620
    • Scheggi, S.1    Rauggi, R.2    Nanni, G.3    Tagliamonte, A.4    Gambarana, C.5
  • 88
    • 0842279581 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Choline acetyltransferase: Regulation and coupling with protein kinase and vesicular acetylcholine transporter on synaptic vesicles
    • Sha D., Jin H., Kopke R.D., Wu J.Y. Choline acetyltransferase: regulation and coupling with protein kinase and vesicular acetylcholine transporter on synaptic vesicles. Neurochem. Res. 29:2004;199-207
    • (2004) Neurochem. Res. , vol.29 , pp. 199-207
    • Sha, D.1    Jin, H.2    Kopke, R.D.3    Wu, J.Y.4
  • 89
    • 0028911037 scopus 로고
    • Palmitoyl-L-carnitine acts like ouabain on voltage, current, and contraction in guinea pig ventricular cells
    • Shen J.B., Pappano A.J. Palmitoyl-L-carnitine acts like ouabain on voltage, current, and contraction in guinea pig ventricular cells. Am. J. Physiol. 268:1995;H1027-36
    • (1995) Am. J. Physiol. , vol.268 , pp. 1027-1036
    • Shen, J.B.1    Pappano, A.J.2
  • 90
    • 0031777332 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CSF levels of carnitine in children with meningitis, neurologic disorders, acute gastroenteritis, and seizure
    • Shinawi M., Gruener N., Lerner A. CSF levels of carnitine in children with meningitis, neurologic disorders, acute gastroenteritis, and seizure. Neurology. 50:1998;1869-1871
    • (1998) Neurology , vol.50 , pp. 1869-1871
    • Shinawi, M.1    Gruener, N.2    Lerner, A.3
  • 91
    • 0019770715 scopus 로고
    • Choline acetyltransferase in the heart of adult rats
    • Slavikova J., Tuček S. Choline acetyltransferase in the heart of adult rats. Pflugers Arch. 392:1982;225-229
    • (1982) Pflugers Arch. , vol.392 , pp. 225-229
    • Slavikova, J.1    Tuček, S.2
  • 92
    • 0033588179 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cloning and functional expression of a human Na(+) and Cl(-)-dependent neutral and cationic amino acid transporter B(0+)
    • Sloan J.L., Mager S. Cloning and functional expression of a human Na(+) and Cl(-)-dependent neutral and cationic amino acid transporter B(0+). J. Biol. Chem. 274:1999;23740-23745
    • (1999) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.274 , pp. 23740-23745
    • Sloan, J.L.1    Mager, S.2
  • 93
    • 0036295159 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Palmitoylcarnitine modulates interaction protein kinase C delta-GAP-43
    • Sobiesiak-Mirska J., Nalecz K.A. Palmitoylcarnitine modulates interaction protein kinase C delta-GAP-43. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 294:2002;823-828
    • (2002) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. , vol.294 , pp. 823-828
    • Sobiesiak-Mirska, J.1    Nalecz, K.A.2
  • 94
    • 0037210368 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interaction of palmitoylcarnitine with protein kinase C in neuroblastoma NB-2a cells
    • Sobiesiak-Mirska J., Nalecz M.J., Nalecz K.A. Interaction of palmitoylcarnitine with protein kinase C in neuroblastoma NB-2a cells. Neurochem. Int. 42:2003;45-55
    • (2003) Neurochem. Int. , vol.42 , pp. 45-55
    • Sobiesiak-Mirska, J.1    Nalecz, M.J.2    Nalecz, K.A.3
  • 96
    • 0024454694 scopus 로고
    • Micronutrient homeostasis in mammalian brain and cerebrospinal fluid
    • Spector R. Micronutrient homeostasis in mammalian brain and cerebrospinal fluid. J. Neurochem. 53:1989;1667-1674
    • (1989) J. Neurochem. , vol.53 , pp. 1667-1674
    • Spector, R.1
  • 97
    • 0018186957 scopus 로고
    • Citrate as the precursor of the acetyl moiety of acetylcholine
    • Sterling G.H., O'Neill J.J. Citrate as the precursor of the acetyl moiety of acetylcholine. J. Neurochem. 31:1978;525-530
    • (1978) J. Neurochem. , vol.31 , pp. 525-530
    • Sterling, G.H.1    O'Neill, J.J.2
  • 99
    • 0037010123 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Why glycine transporters have different stoichiometries
    • Supplisson S., Roux M.J. Why glycine transporters have different stoichiometries. FEBS Lett. 529:2002;93-101
    • (2002) FEBS Lett. , vol.529 , pp. 93-101
    • Supplisson, S.1    Roux, M.J.2
  • 100
  • 101
    • 0034985293 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Carnitine-dependent metabolic activities in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Three carnitine acetyltransferases are essential in a carnitine-dependent strain
    • Swiegers J.H., Dippenaar N., Pretorius I.S., Bauer F.F. Carnitine-dependent metabolic activities in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: three carnitine acetyltransferases are essential in a carnitine-dependent strain. Yeast. 18:2001;585-595
    • (2001) Yeast , vol.18 , pp. 585-595
    • Swiegers, J.H.1    Dippenaar, N.2    Pretorius, I.S.3    Bauer, F.F.4
  • 102
    • 0037375697 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Palmitoylcarnitine modulates palmitoylation of proteins: Implication for differentiation of neural cells
    • Szczepankowska D., Nalecz K.A. Palmitoylcarnitine modulates palmitoylation of proteins: implication for differentiation of neural cells. Neurochem. Res. 28:2003;645-651
    • (2003) Neurochem. Res. , vol.28 , pp. 645-651
    • Szczepankowska, D.1    Nalecz, K.A.2
  • 103
    • 0036262643 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ATA2 is predominantly expressed as system a at the blood-brain barrier and acts as brain-to-blood efflux transport for L-proline
    • Takanaga H., Tokuda N., Ohtsuki S., Hosoya K., Terasaki T. ATA2 is predominantly expressed as system A at the blood-brain barrier and acts as brain-to-blood efflux transport for L-proline. Mol. Pharmacol. 61:2002;1289-1296
    • (2002) Mol. Pharmacol. , vol.61 , pp. 1289-1296
    • Takanaga, H.1    Tokuda, N.2    Ohtsuki, S.3    Hosoya, K.4    Terasaki, T.5
  • 104
    • 0031434178 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cloning and characterization of a novel human pH-dependent organic cation transporter, OCTN1
    • Tamai I., Yabuuchi H., Nezu J., Sai Y., Oku A., Shimane M., Tsuji A. Cloning and characterization of a novel human pH-dependent organic cation transporter, OCTN1. FEBS Lett. 419:1997;107-111
    • (1997) FEBS Lett. , vol.419 , pp. 107-111
    • Tamai, I.1    Yabuuchi, H.2    Nezu, J.3    Sai, Y.4    Oku, A.5    Shimane, M.6    Tsuji, A.7
  • 105
    • 0032493741 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular and functional identification of sodium ion-dependent, high affinity human carnitine transporter OCTN2
    • Tamai I., Ohashi R., Nezu J., Yabuuchi H., Oku A., Shimane M., Sai Y., Tsuji A. Molecular and functional identification of sodium ion-dependent, high affinity human carnitine transporter OCTN2. J. Biol. Chem. 273:1998;20378-20382
    • (1998) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.273 , pp. 20378-20382
    • Tamai, I.1    Ohashi, R.2    Nezu, J.3    Yabuuchi, H.4    Oku, A.5    Shimane, M.6    Sai, Y.7    Tsuji, A.8
  • 106
    • 0034704135 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular and functional characterization of organic cation/carnitine transporter family in mice
    • Tamai I., Ohashi R., Nezu J.I., Sai Y., Kobayashi D., Oku A., Shimane M., Tsuji A. Molecular and functional characterization of organic cation/carnitine transporter family in mice. J. Biol. Chem. 275:2000;40064-40072
    • (2000) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.275 , pp. 40064-40072
    • Tamai, I.1    Ohashi, R.2    Nezu, J.I.3    Sai, Y.4    Kobayashi, D.5    Oku, A.6    Shimane, M.7    Tsuji, A.8
  • 108
    • 0030831293 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Saturation kinetics, specificity and NBMPR sensitivity of thymidine entry into the central nervous system
    • Thomas S.A., Segal M.B. Saturation kinetics, specificity and NBMPR sensitivity of thymidine entry into the central nervous system. Brain Res. 760:1997;59-67
    • (1997) Brain Res. , vol.760 , pp. 59-67
    • Thomas, S.A.1    Segal, M.B.2
  • 109
    • 0036184214 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Induction of xCT gene expression and L-cystine transport activity by diethyl maleate at the inner blood-retinal barrier
    • Tomi M., Hosoya K., Takanaga H., Ohtsuki S., Terasaki T. Induction of xCT gene expression and L-cystine transport activity by diethyl maleate at the inner blood-retinal barrier. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 43:2002;774-779
    • (2002) Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. , vol.43 , pp. 774-779
    • Tomi, M.1    Hosoya, K.2    Takanaga, H.3    Ohtsuki, S.4    Terasaki, T.5
  • 110
    • 0033526179 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Carrier-mediated or specialized transport of drugs across the blood-brain barrier
    • Tsuji A., Tamai I.I. Carrier-mediated or specialized transport of drugs across the blood-brain barrier. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 36:1999;277-290
    • (1999) Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. , vol.36 , pp. 277-290
    • Tsuji, A.1    Tamai, I.I.2
  • 111
    • 0014807388 scopus 로고
    • Precursors of acetyl groups in acetylcholine in the brain in vivo
    • Tuček S., Cheng S.C. Precursors of acetyl groups in acetylcholine in the brain in vivo. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 208:1970;538-540
    • (1970) Biochim. Biophys. Acta. , vol.208 , pp. 538-540
    • Tuček, S.1    Cheng, S.C.2
  • 112
    • 0016150472 scopus 로고
    • Provenance of the acetyl group of acetylcholine and compartmentation of acetyl-CoA and Krebs cycle intermediates in the brain in vivo
    • Tuček S., Cheng S.C. Provenance of the acetyl group of acetylcholine and compartmentation of acetyl-CoA and Krebs cycle intermediates in the brain in vivo. J. Neurochem. 22:1974;893-914
    • (1974) J. Neurochem. , vol.22 , pp. 893-914
    • Tuček, S.1    Cheng, S.C.2
  • 113
    • 0019828292 scopus 로고
    • Inhibition of the synthesis of acetylcholine in rat brain slices by (-)-hydroxycitrate and citrate
    • Tuček S., Doležal V., Sullivan A.C. Inhibition of the synthesis of acetylcholine in rat brain slices by (-)-hydroxycitrate and citrate. J. Neurochem. 36:1981;1331-1337
    • (1981) J. Neurochem. , vol.36 , pp. 1331-1337
    • Tuček, S.1    Doležal, V.2    Sullivan, A.C.3
  • 114
    • 0020426776 scopus 로고
    • Acetylcoenzyme a and the control of the synthesis of acetylcholine in the brain
    • Tuček S., Ričny J., Doležal V. Acetylcoenzyme A and the control of the synthesis of acetylcholine in the brain. Acta Neurobiol. Exp. (Wars.). 42:1982;59-68
    • (1982) Acta Neurobiol. Exp. (Wars.) , vol.42 , pp. 59-68
    • Tuček, S.1    Ričny, J.2    Doležal, V.3
  • 115
    • 0020797760 scopus 로고
    • Acetylcoenzyme a and the synthesis of acetylcholine in neurones: Review of recent progress
    • Tuček S. Acetylcoenzyme A and the synthesis of acetylcholine in neurones: review of recent progress. Gen. Physiol. Biophys. 2:1983;313-324
    • (1983) Gen. Physiol. Biophys. , vol.2 , pp. 313-324
    • Tuček, S.1
  • 116
    • 0022006126 scopus 로고
    • Regulation of acetylcholine synthesis in the brain
    • Tuček S. Regulation of acetylcholine synthesis in the brain. J. Neurochem. 44:1985;11-24
    • (1985) J. Neurochem. , vol.44 , pp. 11-24
    • Tuček, S.1
  • 117
    • 0025119804 scopus 로고
    • The synthesis of acetylcholine: Twenty years of progress
    • Tuček S. The synthesis of acetylcholine: twenty years of progress. Prog. Brain Res. 84:1990;467-477
    • (1990) Prog. Brain Res. , vol.84 , pp. 467-477
    • Tuček, S.1
  • 118
    • 0036779690 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Localization of norepinephrine and serotonin transporter in mouse brain capillary endothelial cells
    • Wakayama K., Ohtsuki S., Takanaga H., Hosoya K., Terasaki T. Localization of norepinephrine and serotonin transporter in mouse brain capillary endothelial cells. Neurosci. Res. 44:2002;173-180
    • (2002) Neurosci. Res. , vol.44 , pp. 173-180
    • Wakayama, K.1    Ohtsuki, S.2    Takanaga, H.3    Hosoya, K.4    Terasaki, T.5
  • 120
    • 0017135710 scopus 로고
    • Cellular energy metabolism during fetal development. VI. Fatty acid oxidation by developing brain
    • Warshaw J.B., Terry M.L. Cellular energy metabolism during fetal development. VI. Fatty acid oxidation by developing brain. Dev. Biol. 52:1976;161-166
    • (1976) Dev. Biol. , vol.52 , pp. 161-166
    • Warshaw, J.B.1    Terry, M.L.2
  • 121
    • 0028085615 scopus 로고
    • Synergistic effect of choline and carnitine on acetylcholine synthesis in neuroblastoma NB-2a cells
    • Wawrzeńczyk A., Nalecz K.A., Nalecz M.J. Synergistic effect of choline and carnitine on acetylcholine synthesis in neuroblastoma NB-2a cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 202:1994;354-359
    • (1994) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. , vol.202 , pp. 354-359
    • Wawrzeńczyk, A.1    Nalecz, K.A.2    Nalecz, M.J.3
  • 122
    • 0028978188 scopus 로고
    • Effect of gamma-aminobutyric acid on the carnitine metabolism in neural cells
    • Wawrzeńczyk A., Nalecz K.A., Nalecz M.J. Effect of gamma-aminobutyric acid on the carnitine metabolism in neural cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 213:1995;383-388
    • (1995) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. , vol.213 , pp. 383-388
    • Wawrzeńczyk, A.1    Nalecz, K.A.2    Nalecz, M.J.3
  • 123
    • 0029010899 scopus 로고
    • Effect of externally added carnitine on the synthesis of acetylcholine in rat cerebral cortex cells
    • Wawrzeńczyk A., Nalecz K.A., Nalecz M.J. Effect of externally added carnitine on the synthesis of acetylcholine in rat cerebral cortex cells. Neurochem. Int. 26:1995;635-641
    • (1995) Neurochem. Int. , vol.26 , pp. 635-641
    • Wawrzeńczyk, A.1    Nalecz, K.A.2    Nalecz, M.J.3
  • 125
    • 0025284835 scopus 로고
    • Acetyl-L-carnitine as a precursor of acetylcholine
    • White H.L., Scates P.W. Acetyl-L-carnitine as a precursor of acetylcholine. Neurochem. Res. 15:1990;597-601
    • (1990) Neurochem. Res. , vol.15 , pp. 597-601
    • White, H.L.1    Scates, P.W.2
  • 126
    • 0032577202 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CDNA sequence, transport function, and genomic organization of human OCTN2, a new member of the organic cation transporter family
    • Wu X., Prasad P.D., Leibach F.H., Ganapathy V. cDNA sequence, transport function, and genomic organization of human OCTN2, a new member of the organic cation transporter family. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 246:1998;589-595
    • (1998) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. , vol.246 , pp. 589-595
    • Wu, X.1    Prasad, P.D.2    Leibach, F.H.3    Ganapathy, V.4
  • 127
    • 0032767691 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Functional characteristics and tissue distribution pattern of organic cation transporter 2 (OCTN2), an organic cation/carnitine transporter
    • Wu X., Huang W., Prasad P.D., Seth P., Rajan D.P., Leibach F.H., Chen J., Conway S.J., Ganapathy V. Functional characteristics and tissue distribution pattern of organic cation transporter 2 (OCTN2), an organic cation/carnitine transporter. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 290:1999;1482-1492
    • (1999) J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. , vol.290 , pp. 1482-1492
    • Wu, X.1    Huang, W.2    Prasad, P.D.3    Seth, P.4    Rajan, D.P.5    Leibach, F.H.6    Chen, J.7    Conway, S.J.8    Ganapathy, V.9
  • 128
    • 0034212998 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Structural and functional characteristics and tissue distribution pattern of rat OCTN1, an organic cation transporter, cloned from placenta
    • Wu X., George R.L., Huang W., Wang H., Conway S.J., Leibach F.H., Ganapathy V. Structural and functional characteristics and tissue distribution pattern of rat OCTN1, an organic cation transporter, cloned from placenta. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1466:2000;315-327
    • (2000) Biochim. Biophys. Acta , vol.1466 , pp. 315-327
    • Wu, X.1    George, R.L.2    Huang, W.3    Wang, H.4    Conway, S.J.5    Leibach, F.H.6    Ganapathy, V.7
  • 130
    • 0020607552 scopus 로고
    • Studies on the transport of carnitine in the brain using synaptosomes isolated from guinea-pig cerebral cortex
    • Zoccarato F., Siliprandi N., Rugolo M. Studies on the transport of carnitine in the brain using synaptosomes isolated from guinea-pig cerebral cortex. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 734:1983;381-383
    • (1983) Biochim. Biophys. Acta , vol.734 , pp. 381-383
    • Zoccarato, F.1    Siliprandi, N.2    Rugolo, M.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.