Dietary manipulation in musculoskeletal conditions

Best Practice and Research: Clinical Rheumatology

Volumn 22, Issue 3, 2008, Pages 535-561

  Rayman, Margaret P ^a   Pattison, Dorothy J ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SURREY   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

ankylosing spondylitis; antioxidants; BMI; dietary exclusion; fish oil; gout; micronutrients; obesity; osteoarthritis; rheumatoid arthritis; vitamin D

Indexed keywords

ALFACALCIDOL; ALPHA TOCOPHEROL; ANTIGOUT AGENT; ANTIOXIDANT; ASCORBIC ACID; BETA CAROTENE; BETA CRYPTOXANTHIN; CAROTENOID; COPPER; DICLOFENAC; DISEASE MODIFYING ANTIRHEUMATIC DRUG; FISH OIL; GAMMA LINOLENIC ACID; IRON; LINOLENIC ACID; LYCOPENE; NONSTEROID ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; OLEIC ACID; OLIVE OIL; PLACEBO; RAPESEED OIL; RETINOL; SELENIUM; STEROID; TRACE ELEMENT; UNINDEXED DRUG; VITAMIN D; XANTHOPHYLL; ZEAXANTHIN; ZINC;

ADIPOSE TISSUE; ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; ANTIINFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY; BODY MASS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CLINICAL TRIAL; DIET RESTRICTION; DIET SUPPLEMENTATION; DIET THERAPY; DISEASE CONTROL; DRUG ABSORPTION; DRUG ANTAGONISM; DRUG BLOOD LEVEL; DRUG EFFECT; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG MEGADOSE; ELEMENTAL DIET; EXERCISE; FAT INTAKE; FOOD COMPOSITION; GASTROINTESTINAL HEMORRHAGE; GLUTEN FREE DIET; GOUT; HEALTH PROGRAM; HUMAN; IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA; LIFESTYLE MODIFICATION; LOAD CARRYING CAPACITY; MEDITERRANEAN DIET; METABOLIC DISORDER; MUSCLE MASS; MUSCULOSKELETAL DISEASE; NONHUMAN; NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCY; NUTRITIONAL STATUS; OBESITY; OSTEOARTHRITIS; PATIENT SAFETY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RECOMMENDED DRUG DOSE; REVIEW; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; SYMPTOM; TREATMENT DURATION; TREATMENT OUTCOME; VEGETABLE; WEIGHT REDUCTION;

DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS; HUMANS; MUSCULOSKELETAL DISEASES; OBESITY;

EID: 44349125715     PISSN: 15216942     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.berh.2007.12.010     Document Type: Review

References (128)

1. Panush R., Carter R., Katz P., et al. Diet therapy for rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis and Rheumatism 26 (1983) 462-471
2. Garrett S.L., Kennedy L.G., and Calin A. Patients' perceptions of disease modulation by diet in inflammatory (rheumatoid arthritis/ankylosing spondylitis) and degenerative joint disease. British Journal of Rheumatology 32 (1993) 24
3. Rayman M.P., and Callaghan A. Nutrition and arthritis (2006), Blackwell Publishing, Oxford
4. Darlington L.G., Ramsey N.W., and Mansfield J.R. Placebo-controlled, blind study of dietary manipulation therapy in rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet 1 (1986) 236-238
5. Darlington L.G., and Ramsey N.W. Review of dietary therapy for rheumatoid arthritis. British Journal of Rheumatology 32 (1993) 507-514
6. Haugen M.A., Kjeldsen-Kragh J., and Førre Ø. A pilot study of the effect of an elemental diet in the management of rheumatoid arthritis. Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology 12 (1994) 275-279
7. Kavanagh R., Workman E., Nash P., et al. The effects of elemental diet and subsequent food reintroduction on rheumatoid arthritis. British Journal of Rheumatology 34 (1995) 270-273
8. Podas T., Nightingale J.M.D., Oldham R., et al. Is rheumatoid arthritis a disease that starts in the intestine? A pilot study comparing an elemental diet with oral prednisolone. Postgraduate Medical Journal 83 (2007) 128-131
9. Udén A., Trang L., Venizelos N., and Palmblad J. Neutrophil functions and clinical performance after total fasting in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 42 (1983) 45-51
10. Haugen M., Fraser D., and Førre Ø. Diet therapy for the patient with rheumatoid arthritis?. Rheumatology (Oxford) 38 (1999) 1039-1044
11. Müller H., de Toledo F.W., and Resch K.L. Fasting followed by vegetarian diet in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review. Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology 30 (2001) 1-10
12. Sköldstam L., Hagfors L., and Johansson G. An experimental study of a Mediterranean diet intervention for patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 62 (2003) 208-214
13. McKellar G., Morrison E., McEntegart A., et al. A pilot study of a Mediterranean-type diet intervention in female patients with rheumatoid arthritis living in areas of social deprivation in Glasgow. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 66 (2007) 1239-1243
14. Hafström I., Ringertz B., Spångberg A., et al. A vegan diet free of gluten improves the signs and symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis: the effects on arthritis correlate with a reduction in antibodies to food antigens. Rheumatology (Oxford, England) 40 (2001) 1175-1179
15. Cordain L., Toohey L., Smith M.J., and Hickey M.S. Modulation of immune function by dietary lectins in rheumatoid arthritis. The British Journal of Nutrition 83 (2000) 207-217
16. Peltonen R., Nenonen M., Helve T., et al. Faecal microbial flora and disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis during a vegan diet. British Journal of Rheumatology 36 (1997) 64-68
17. Pusztai A. Dietary lectins are metabolic signals for the gut and modulate immune and hormone functions. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 47 (1993) 691-699
18. Darlington L.G. Joints and arthritic disease. In: Brostoff J., and Challacombe S.J. (Eds). Food allergy and intolerance. 2nd edn (2002), WB Saunders, London 747-760
19. Zhang W., Doherty M., Bardin T., et al. EULAR evidence based recommendations for gout. Part II: Management. Report of a task force of the EULAR Standing Committee For International Clinical Studies Including Therapeutics (ESCISIT). Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 65 (2006) 1312-1324
20. Jordan K.M., Cameron J.S., Snaith M., et al., on behalf of the British Society for Rheumatology and British Health Professionals in Rheumatology Standards, Guidelines and Audit Working Group (SGAWG). British Society for Rheumatology and British Health Professionals in Rheumatology Guideline for the Management of Gout. Rheumatology (Oxford) (2007) 10.1093/rheumatology/kem056a
21. Ebringer A., and Wilson C. The use of a low starch diet in the treatment of patients suffering from ankylosing spondylitis. Clinical Rheumatology 15 Suppl. 1 (1996) 62-66
22. Zochling J., van der Heijde D., Dougados M., et al. Current evidence for the management of ankylosing spondylitis: a systematic literature review for the ASAS/EULAR management recommendations in ankylosing spondylitis. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 65 (2006) 423-432
23. Morgan S.L., Anderson A.M., Hood S.M., et al. Nutrient intake patterns, body mass index, and vitamin levels in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Care and Research 10 (1997) 9-17
24. Kaufmann J., Kielstein V., Kilian S., et al. Relation between body mass index and radiological progression in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The Journal of Rheumatology 30 (2003) 2350-2355
25. Stavropoulos-Kalinoglou A., Metsiod G.S., Koutedakis Y., et al. Redefining overweight and obesity in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 66 (2007) 1316-1321
26. Dessein P.H., Shipton E.A., Stanwix A.E., et al. Beneficial effects of weight loss associated with moderate calorie/carbohydrate restriction, and increased proportional intake of protein and unsaturated fat on serum urate and lipoprotein levels in gout: a pilot study. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 59 (2000) 539-543
27. Fam A.G. Gout, diet and the insulin resistance syndrome. The Journal of Rheumatology 29 (2002) 1350-1355
28. Marks R. Obesity profiles with knee osteoarthritis: correlation with pain, disability, disease progression. Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.) 15 (2007) 1867-1874
29. Cooper C., Inskip H., Croft P., et al. Individual risk factors for hip osteoarthritis: obesity, hip injury, and physical activity. American Journal of Epidemiology 147 (1998) 516-522
30. Liu B., Balkwill A., Banks E., et al. Relationship of height, weight and body mass index to the risk of hip and knee replacements in middle-aged women. Rheumatology (Oxford, England) 46 (2007) 861-867
31. Messier S.P., Gutekunst D.J., Davis C., and DeVita P. Weight loss reduces knee-joint loads in overweight and obese older adults with knee osteoarthritis. Arthritis and Rheumatism 52 (2005) 2026-2032
32. Felson D.T., Goggins J., Niu J., et al. The effect of body weight on progression of knee osteoarthritis is dependent on alignment. Arthritis and Rheumatism 50 (2004) 3904-3909
33. Reijman M., Pols H.A., Bergink A.P., et al. Body mass index associated with onset and progression of osteoarthritis of the knee but not of the hip: the Rotterdam Study. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 66 (2007) 158-162
34. Felson D.T., Lawrence R.C., Dieppe P.A., et al. Osteoarthritis: new insights. Part 1: the disease and its risk factors. Annals of Internal Medicine 133 (2000) 635-646
35. Creamer P., and Hochberg M.C. Osteoarthritis. Lancet 350 (1997) 503-508
36. Hauner H., and Hochberg Z. Endocrinology of adipose tissue. Hormone and Metabolic Research 34 (2002) 605-606
37. Hauner H. Secretory factors from human adipose tissue and their functional role. The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 64 (2005) 163-169
38. Fontana L., Eagon J.C., Trujillo M.E., et al. Visceral fat adipokine secretion is associated with systemic inflammation in obese humans. Diabetes 56 (2007) 1010-1013
39. Toda Y., Toda T., Takemura S., et al. Change in body fat, but not body weight or metabolic correlates of obesity, is related to symptomatic relief of obese patients with knee osteoarthritis after a weight control program. The Journal of Rheumatology 25 (1998) 2181-2186
40. Wang Y., Wluka A.E., English D.R., et al. Body composition and knee cartilage properties in healthy, community-based adults. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 66 (2007) 1244-1248
41. Adam O. Anti-inflammatory diet in rheumatic diseases. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 49 (1995) 703-717
42. Calder P.C., and Zurier R.B. Polyunsaturated fatty acids and rheumatoid arthritis. Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care 4 (2001) 115-121
43. MacLean C.H., Mojica W.A., Morton S.C., et al. Effects of omega-3 fatty acids on lipids and glycemic control in Type II diabetes and the metabolic syndrome and on inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis, renal disease, systemic lupus erythematosus, and osteoporosis. Summary, Evidence Report/Technology Assessment No. 89. (prepared by the Southern California/RAND Evidence-based Practice Center, Los Angeles, CA.) AHRQ Publication No. 04-E012 (March 2004), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville, MD
44. James M.J., Proudmann S.M., and Cleland L.G. Dietary n-3 fats as adjunctive therapy in a prototypic inflammatory disease: issues and obstacles for use in rheumatoid arthritis. Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes, and Essential Fatty Acids 68 (2003) 399-405
45. Yaqoob P., Pala H.S., Cortina-Borja M., et al. Encapsulated fish oil enriched in alpha-tocopherol alters plasma phospholipid and mononuclear cell fatty acid compositions but not mononuclear cell functions. European Journal of Clinical Investigation 30 (2000) 260-274
46. Calder P.C. N-3 Polyunsaturated fatty acids, inflammation, and inflammatory diseases. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 83 Suppl. (2006) 1505S-1519S
47. Goldberg R.J., and Katz J. A meta-analysis of the analgesic effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation for inflammatory joint pain. Pain 129 (2007) 210-223
48. Leventhal L.J., Boyce E.G., and Zurier R.B. Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with gamma-linolenic acid. Annals of Internal Medicine 119 (1993) 867-873
49. Watson L., Byars M.L., McGill P., et al. Cytokine and prostaglandin production by monocytes of volunteers and rheumatoid arthritis patients treated with dietary supplements of blackcurrant seed oils. British Journal of Rheumatology 32 (1993) 1055-1058
50. Little C., and Parsons T. Herbal therapy for treating rheumatoid arthritis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (Online) 1 (2001) p. CD002948
51. Zurier R.B., Rossetti R.G., Jacobsen E.W., et al. Gamma-linolenic acid treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Arthritis and Rheumatism 39 (1996) 1808-1817
52. Nordstrom D.C.E., Honkanen V.E.A., Nasu Y., et al. Alpha-linolenic acid in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: a double-blind, placebo-controlled and randomized study: flaxseed vs safflower seed. Rheumatology International 14 (1995) 231-234
53. Ariza-Ariza R., Mestanza-Peralta M., and Cardiel M.H. Omega-3 fatty acids in rheumatoid arthritis: an overview. Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism 27 (1998) 366-370
54. Darlington L.G., and Stone T.W. Antioxidants and fatty acids in the amelioration of rheumatoid arthritis and related disorders. The British Journal of Nutrition 85 (2001) 251-269
55. Kremer J.M. n-3 fatty acid supplements in rheumatoid arthritis. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 71 (2000) 349S-351S
56. Fortin P.R., Lew R.A., Liang M.H., et al. Validation of a Meta-Analysis: the effects of fish oil in rheumatoid arthritis. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 48 (1995) 1379-1390
57. Volker D., Fitzgerald P., Major G., et al. Efficacy of fish oil concentrate in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. The Journal of Rheumatology 27 (2000) 2343-2346
58. Adam O., Beringer C., Kless T., et al. Anti-inflammatory effects of a low arachidonic acid diet and fish oil in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology International 23 (2003) 27-36
59. Sundrarjun T., Komindr S., Archararit N., et al. Effects of n-3 fatty acids on serum interleukin-6, tumour necrosis factor-alpha and soluble tumour necrosis factor receptor p55 in active rheumatoid arthritis. The Journal of International Medical Research 32 (2004) 443-454
60. Mead A., Atkinson D., Albin D., et al., on behalf of the UK Heart Health and Thoracic Dietitians Interest Group. Dietetic guidelines on food and nutrition in the secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease - evidence from systematic reviews of randomized controlled trials. [second update, January 2006]. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics 19 (2006) 401-419
61. Cleland L.G., and James M.J. Fish oil and rheumatoid arthritis: antiinflammatory and collateral health benefits. The Journal of Rheumatology 27 (2000) 2305-2307
62. British Nutrition Foundation. Briefing paper: N-3 fatty acids and health (1999), British Nutrition Foundation, London
63. Food Standards Agency. Survey of dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs in fish oil supplements. [Number 26/02] (2002), Food Standards Agency, London
64. Kris-Etherton P.M., Taylor D.S., Yu-Poth S., et al. Polyunsaturated fatty acids in the food chain in the United States. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 71 (2000) 179-188
65. UK Expert Group on Vitamins and Minerals. Safe upper levels for vitamins and minerals (2003), Food Standards Agency, London
66. Beauchamp G.K., Keast R.S., Morel D., et al. Phytochemistry: ibuprofen-like activity in extra-virgin olive oil. Nature 437 (2005) 45-46
67. Pattison D.J., Lunt M., Welch A., et al. Diet and disability in early inflammatory polyarthritis. Rheumatology 46 Suppl. 1 (2007) i122
68. McAlindon T.E., Felson D.T., Zhang Y., et al. Do antioxidant micronutrients protect against the development and progression of knee osteoarthritis?. Arthritis and Rheumatism 39 (1996) 648-656
69. Canter P.H., Wider B., and Ernst E. The antioxidant vitamins A, C, E and selenium in the treatment of arthritis: a systematic review of randomized clinical trials. Rheumatology (Oxford, England) 46 (2007) 1223-1233
70. Scherak O., and Kolarz M.D. Vitamin E and rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis and Rheumatism 34 (1991) 1205-1206
71. Edmonds S.E., Winyard P.G., Guo R., et al. Durative analgesic activity of repeated oral doses of vitamin E in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Results of a prospective placebo-controlled double-blind trial. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 56 (1997) 649-655
72. Wittenborg A., Petersen G., Lorkowski G., and Brabant T. Effectiveness of vitamin E in comparison with diclofenac sodium in treatment of patients with chronic polyarthritis. Zeitschrift für Rheumatologie 57 (1998) 215-221 [in German]
73. Food Standards Agency. McCance & Widdowson's the composition of foods. 6th Summary ed. (2002), Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge
74. Brigelius-Flohé R., Banning A., and Schnurr K. Selenium-dependent enzymes in endothelial function. Antioxidants & Redox Signaling 5 (2003) 205-215
75. Vunta H., Davis F., Palempalli U.D., et al. The Anti-inflammatory Effects of Selenium Are Mediated through 15-Deoxy-{Delta}12,14-prostaglandin J2 in Macrophages. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 282 (2007) 17964-17973
76. Arteel G.E., Briviba K., and Sies H. Protection against peroxynitrite. FEBS Letters 445 (1999) 226-230
77. Yoon S.O., Kim M.M., and Chung A.S. Inhibitory effect of selenite on invasion of HT1080 tumor cells. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 276 (2001) 20085-20092
78. Jiang C., Jiang W., Ip C., et al. Selenium-induced inhibition of angiogenesis in mammary cancer at chemopreventive levels of intake. Molecular Carcinogenesis 26 (1999) 213-225
79. Jordan J, Fang F, Arab L, et al. Low selenium levels are associated with increased risk for osteoarthritis of the knee. Abstract no. 1189, American College of Rheumatology/Association of Rheumatology Health Professionals Annual Scientific Meeting, 2005; November 12-17, San Diego, California.
80. Peretz A., Neve J., Duchateau J., and Famaey J.P. Adjuvant treatment of recent onset rheumatoid arthritis by selenium supplementation: preliminary observations. British Journal of Rheumatology 31 (1992) 281-286
81. Heinle K., Adam A., Gradl M., et al. Selenium concentration in erythrocytes of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Clinical and laboratory chemistry infection markers during administration of selenium. Medizinische Klinik (Munich) 92 Suppl. 3 (1997) 29-31 [in German]
82. Aaseth J., Haugen M., and Førre Ø. Rheumatoid arthritis and metal compounds - perspectives on the role of oxygen radical detoxification. Analyst 123 (1998) 3-6
83. Rayman M.P. The use of high-selenium yeast to raise selenium status: how does it measure up?. The British Journal of Nutrition 92 (2004) 557-573
84. Rayman M.P. The importance of selenium to human health. Lancet 356 (2000) 233-241
85. Fang Y.Z., Yang S., and Wu G. Free radicals, antioxidants, and nutrition. Nutrition 18 (2002) 872-879
86. Johnson A.R., Pavlovsky A.G., Ortwine D.F., et al. Discovery and characterization of a novel inhibitor of matrix metalloprotease-13 that reduces cartilage damage in vivo without joint fibroplasia side effects. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 282 (2007) 27781-27791
87. O'Dell B. Roles for iron and copper in connective tissue biosynthesis. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences 294 (1981) 91-104
88. Brewer G.J. Anti-copper therapy against cancer and diseases of inflammation and fibrosis. Drug Discovery Today 10 (2005) 1103-1109
89. Omoto A., Kawahito Y., Prudovsky I., et al. Copper chelation with tetrathiomolybdate suppresses adjuvant-induced arthritis and inflammation-associated cachexia in rats. Arthritis Research & Therapy 7 (2005) R1174-R1182
90. Stone J., Doube A., Dudson D., and Wallace J. Inadequate calcium, folic acid, vitamin E, zinc, and selenium intake in rheumatoid arthritis patients: results of a dietary survey. Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism 27 (1997) 180-185
91. Peretz A., Neve J., Jeghers O., and Pelen F. Zinc distribution in blood components, inflammatory status and clinical indexes of disease activity during zinc supplementation in inflammatory rheumatic diseases. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 57 (1993) 690-694
92. Naveh Y., Schapira D., Ravel Y., et al. Zinc metabolism in rheumatoid arthritis: plasma and urinary zinc and relationship to disease activity. The Journal of Rheumatology 24 (1997) 643-646
93. Shenkin A. Trace elements and inflammatory response: implications for nutritional support. Nutrition 11 Suppl. 1 (1995) 100-105
94. DiSilvestro R.A., Marten J., and Skehan M. Effects of copper supplementation on ceruloplasmin and copper-zinc superoxide dismutase in free-living rheumatoid arthritis patients. Journal of the American College of Nutrition 11 (1992) 177-180
95. Bae S.-C., Kim S.-J., and Sung M.-K. Inadequate antioxidant nutrient intake and altered plasma antioxidant status of rheumatoid arthritis patients. Journal of the American College of Nutrition 22 (2003) 311-315
96. Simkin P.A. Zinc sulphate in rheumatoid arthritis. Progress in Clinical and Biological Research 14 (1977) 343-356
97. Bates C.J., Prentice A., Cole T.J., et al. Micronutrients: highlights and research challenges from the 1994-5 National Diet and Nutrition Survey of people aged 65 years and over. The British Journal of Nutrition 82 (1999) 7-15
98. Henderson L., Irving K., Gregory J., et al. Food Standards Agency. The National Diet & Nutrition Survey: adults aged 19 to 64 years (2003). www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_health/NDNS
99. Berger A. What does zinc do?. British Medical Journal 325 (2002) 1062-1063
100. Blake D.R., Merry P., Stevens C., et al. Iron free radicals and arthritis. The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 49 (1990) 239-245
101. Wilson A., Yu H.T., Goodnough L.T., and Nissenson A.R. Prevalence and outcomes of anaemia in rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review of the literature. The American Journal of Medicine 116 Suppl. 7A (2004) 50S-57S
102. Punnonen K., Kaipiainen-Seppanen O., Riittinen L., et al. Evaluation of iron status in anemic patients with rheumatoid arthritis using an automated immunoturbidimetric assay for transferrin receptor. Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine 38 (2000) 1297-1300
103. Fitzsimons E.J., and Sturrock R.D. The chronic anaemia of rheumatoid arthritis: iron banking or blocking?. Lancet 360 (2002) 1713-1714
104. Zittermann A. Vitamin D in preventive medicine: are we ignoring the evidence?. The British Journal of Nutrition 89 (2003) 552-572
105. Scharla S.H., Schacht E., and Lempert U.G. Alfacalcidol versus plain vitamin D in inflammation induced bone loss. The Journal of Rheumatology 76 Suppl. (2005) 26-32
106. Maalej A., Petit-Teixeira E., Michou L., et al. Association study of VDR gene with rheumatoid arthritis in the French population. Genes and Immunity 6 (2005) 707-711
107. Garcia-Lozano J.R., Gonzalez-Escribano M.F., Valenzuela A., et al. Association of vitamin D receptor genotypes with early onset rheumatoid arthritis. European Journal of Immunogenetics 28 (2001) 89-93
108. Gomez-Vaquero C., Fiter J., Enjuanes A., et al. Influence of the BsmI polymorphism of the vitamin D receptor gene on rheumatoid arthritis clinical activity. The Journal of Rheumatology 34 (2007) 1823-1826
109. Gough A., Sambrook P., Devlin J., et al. Effect of vitamin D receptor gene alleles on bone loss in early rheumatoid arthritis. The Journal of Rheumatology 25 (1998) 864-868
110. Keen R.W., Hart D.J., Lanchbury J.S., and Spector T.D. Association of early osteoarthritis of the knee with a Taq I polymorphism of the vitamin D receptor gene. Arthritis and Rheumatism 40 (1997) 1444-1449
111. Uitterlinden A.G., Burger H., van Duijn C.M., et al. Adjacent genes, for COL2A1 and the vitamin D receptor, are associated with separate features of radiographic osteoarthritis of the knee. Arthritis and Rheumatism 43 (2000) 1456-1464
112. Cantorna M.T., and Mahon B.D. Mounting evidence for vitamin D as an environmental factor affecting autoimmune disease prevalence. Experimental Biology and Medicine (Maywood, N.J.) 229 (2004) 1136-1142
113. Merlino L.A., Curtis J., Mikulus T.R., et al. Vitamin D intake is inversely associated with rheumatoid arthritis: results from the Iowa Women's Health Study. Arthritis and Rheumatism 50 (2004) 72-77
114. Oelzner P., Müller A., Deschner F., et al. Relationship between disease activity and serum levels of vitamin D metabolites and PTH in rheumatoid arthritis. Calcified Tissue International 62 (1998) 193-198
115. Patel S., Farragher T., Berry J., et al. Association between serum vitamin D metabolite levels and disease activity in patients with early inflammatory polyarthritis. Arthritis and Rheumatism 56 (2007) 2143-2149
116. DeLuca H.F., and Cantorna M.T. Vitamin D: its role and uses in immunology. The FASEB Journal 15 (2001) 2579-2585
117. Brohult J., and Jonson B. Effects of large doses of calciferol on patients with rheumatoid arthritis. A double-blind clinical trial. Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology 2 (1973) 173-176
118. Dottori L., D'Ottavio D., and Brundisini B. Calcifediol and calcitonin in the therapy of rheumatoid arthritis. A short-term controlled study. Minerva Medica 73 (1982) 3033-3040
119. Andjelkovic Z., Vojinovic J., Pejnovic N., et al. Disease modifying and immunomodulatory effects of high dose 1 alpha (OH) D3 in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology 17 (1999) 453-456
120. Hypponen E., and Power C. Hypovitaminosis D in British adults at age 45 y: nationwide cohort study of dietary and lifestyle predictors. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 85 (2007) 860-868
121. Holick M.F. Vitamin D deficiency. The New England Journal of Medicine 357 (2007) 266-281
122. McAlindon T., and Felson D.T. Nutrition: risk factors for osteoarthritis. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 56 (1997) 397-402
123. McAlindon T.E., Felson D.T., Zhang Y., et al. Relation of dietary intake and serum levels of vitamin D to progression of osteoarthritis of the knee among participants in the Framingham Study. Annals of Internal Medicine 125 (1996) 353-359
124. Lane N.E., Gore L.R., Cummings S.R., et al. Serum vitamin D levels and incident changes of radiographic hip osteoarthritis: a longitudinal study. Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group. Arthritis and Rheumatism 42 (1999) 854-860
125. Felson D.T., Niu J., Clancy M., et al. Low levels of vitamin D and worsening of knee osteoarthritis: results of two longitudinal studies. Arthritis and Rheumatism 56 (2007) 129-136
126. Cantorna M.T., and Mahon B.D. D-hormone and the immune system. The Journal of Rheumatology 76 Suppl. (2005) 11-20
127. Bischoff-Ferrari H.A., Zhang Y., Kiel D.P., and Felson D.T. Positive association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level and bone density in osteoarthritis. Arthritis and Rheumatism 53 (2005) 821-826
128. 3 in humans. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 89 (2004) 5387-5391