Acute lung injury and cell death: How many ways can cells die?

American Journal of Physiology - Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology

Volumn 294, Issue 4, 2008, Pages

  Tang, Peter S ^a,b   Mura, Marco ^a   Seth, Rashmi ^a   Liu, Mingyao ^a,b,c  

^a UNIVERSITY HEALTH NETWORK   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

^c UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

Author keywords

Acute respiratory distress syndrome; Apoptosis; Caspase independent cell death; Necrosis; Oncosis

Indexed keywords

ANGIOPOIETIN 2; CALPAIN; CASPASE; CATHEPSIN; CYTOCHROME C; FAS LIGAND; GAMMA INTERFERON; LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE; PROTEINASE; REACTIVE OXYGEN METABOLITE; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA RECEPTOR;

ACUTE LUNG INJURY; ADULT RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME; APOPTOSIS; AUTOPHAGY; CELL DEATH; DNA FRAGMENTATION; ENZYME ACTIVATION; HUMAN; HYPEROXIA; ISCHEMIA; LUNG TRANSPLANTATION; MEMBRANE PERMEABILITY; MITOCHONDRION; NECROSIS; NEUTROPHIL; NONHUMAN; PATHOGENESIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REPERFUSION INJURY; REVIEW;

APOPTOSIS; CASPASES; CELL DEATH; ENZYME ACTIVATION; HUMANS; LUNG; LYSOSOMES; MULTIPLE ORGAN FAILURE; PERMEABILITY; RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME, ADULT;

EID: 42049096321     PISSN: 10400605     EISSN: 15221504     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00262.2007     Document Type: Review

References (119)

1. Aliprantis AO, Yang RB, Weiss DS, Godowski P, Zychlinsky A. The apoptotic signaling pathway activated by Toll-like receptor-2. EMBO J 19: 3325-3336, 2000.
2. Andrade CF, Waddell TK, Keshavjee S, Liu M. Innate immunity and organ transplantation: the potential role of toll-like receptors. Am J Transplant 5: 969-975, 2005.
3. Aravind L, Dixit VM, Koonin EV. Apoptotic molecular machinery: vastly increased complexity in vertebrates revealed by genome comparisons. Science 291: 1279-1284, 2001.
4. Ashbaugh DG, Bigelow DB, Petty TL, Levine BE. Acute respiratory distress in adults. Lancet 2: 319-323, 1967.
5. Bhandari V, Choo-Wing R, Lee CG, Zhu Z, Nedrelow JH, Chupp GL, Zhang X, Matthay MA, Ware LB, Homer RJ, Lee PJ, Geick A, de Fougerolles AR, Elias JA. Hyperoxia causes angiopoietin 2-mediated acute lung injury and necrotic cell death. Nat Med 12: 1286-1293, 2006.
6. Bratton SB, Walker G, Srinivasula SM, Sun XM, Butterworth M, Alnemri ES, Cohen GM. Recruitment, activation and retention of caspases-9 and -3 by Apaf-1 apoptosome and associated XIAP complexes. EMBO J 20: 998-1009, 2001.
7. Broker LE, Huisman C, Span SW, Rodriguez JA, Kruyt FA, Giaccone G. Cathepsin B mediates caspase-independent cell death induced by microtubule stabilizing agents in non-small cell lung cancer cells. Cancer Res 64: 27-30, 2004.
8. Bursch W. The autophagosomal-lysosomal compartment in programmed cell death. Cell Death Differ 8: 569-581, 2001.
9. 2. Nat Immunol 4: 387-393, 2003.
10. Chang HY, Yang X. Proteases for cell suicide: functions and regulation of caspases. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 64: 821-846, 2000.
11. Chen M, He H, Zhan S, Krajewski S, Reed JC, Gottlieb RA. Bid is cleaved by calpain to an active fragment in vitro and during myocardial ischemia/reperfusion. J Biol Chem 276: 30724-30728, 2001.
12. Chen M, Won DJ, Krajewski S, Gottlieb RA. Calpain and mitochondria in ischemia/reperfusion injury. J Biol Chem 277: 29181-29186, 2002.
13. Chipuk JE, Green DR. Do inducers of apoptosis trigger caspase-independent cell death? Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 6: 268-275, 2005.
14. Cregan SP, Dawson VL, Slack RS. Role of AIF in caspase-dependent and caspase-independent cell death. Oncogene 23: 2785-2796, 2004.
15. Danial NN, Korsmeyer SJ. Cell death: critical control points. Cell 116: 205-219, 2004.
16. De Paepe ME, Mao Q, Chao Y, Powell JL, Rubin LP, Sharma S. Hyperoxia-induced apoptosis and Fas/FasL expression in lung epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 289: L647-L659, 2005.
17. De Perrot M, Fischer S, Liu M, Jin R, Bai XH, Waddell TK, Keshavjee S. Prostaglandin E1 protects lung transplants from ischemia-reperfusion injury: a shift from pro- to anti-inflammatory cytokines. Transplantation 72: 1505-1512, 2001.
18. de Perrot M, Liu M, Waddell TK, Keshavjee S. Ischemia-reperfusion- induced lung injury. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 167: 490-511, 2003.
19. Dos Santos CC, Han B, Andrade CF, Bai X, Uhlig S, Hubmayr R, Tsang M, Lodyga M, Keshavjee S, Slutsky AS, Liu M. DNA microarray analysis of gene expression in alveolar epithelial cells in response to TNFalpha, LPS, and cyclic stretch. Physiol Genomics 19: 331-342, 2004.
20. Elias JA, Kang MJ, Crouthers K, Homer R, Lee CG. State of the art. Mechanistic heterogeneity in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: insights from transgenic mice. Proc Am Thorac Soc 3: 494-498, 2006.
21. Elsasser A, Schlepper M, Klovekorn WP, Cai WJ, Zimmermann R, Muller KD, Strasser R, Kostin S, Gagel C, Munkel B, Schaper W, Schaper J. Hibernating myocardium: an incomplete adaptation to ischemia. Circulation 96: 2920-2931, 1997.
22. Fadeel B, Orrenius S. Apoptosis: a basic biological phenomenon with wide-ranging implications in human disease. J Intern Med 258: 479-517, 2005.
23. 2, and PAF. J Clin Invest 101: 890-898, 1998.
24. Fialkow L, Fochesatto Filho L, Bozzetti MC, Milani AR, Rodrigues Filho EM, Ladniuk RM, Pierozan P, de Moura RM, Prolla JC, Vachon E, Downey GP. Neutrophil apoptosis: a marker of disease severity in sepsis and sepsis-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome. Crit Care 10: R155, 2006.
25. Fink SL, Cookson BT. Apoptosis, pyroptosis, and necrosis: mechanistic description of dead and dying eukaryotic cells. Infect Immun 73: 1907-1916, 2005.
26. Fischer S, Cassivi SD, Xavier AM, Cardella JA, Cutz E, Edwards V, Liu M, Keshavjee S. Cell death in human lung transplantation: apoptosis induction in human lungs during ischemia and after transplantation. Ann Surg 231: 424-431, 2000.
27. Fischer S, de Perrot M, Liu M, MacLean AA, Cardella JA, Imai Y, Suga M, Keshavjee S. Interleukin 10 gene transfection of donor lungs ameliorates posttransplant cell death by a switch from cellular necrosis to apoptosis. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 126: 1174-1180, 2003.
28. Fischer S, Maclean AA, Liu M, Cardella JA, Slutsky AS, Suga M, Moreira JF, Keshavjee S. Dynamic changes in apoptotic and necrotic cell death correlate with severity of ischemia-reperfusion injury in lung transplantation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 162: 1932-1939, 2000.
29. Foghsgaard L, Wissing D, Mauch D, Lademann U, Bastholm L, Boes M, Elling F, Leist M, Jaattela M. Cathepsin B acts as a dominant execution protease in tumor cell apoptosis induced by tumor necrosis factor. J Cell Biol 153: 999-1010, 2001.
30. Fujita M, Kuwano K, Kunitake R, Hagimoto N, Miyazaki H, Kaneko Y, Kawasaki M, Maeyama T, Hara N. Endothelial cell apoptosis in lipopolysaccharide-induced lung injury in mice. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 117: 202-208, 1998.
31. Green DR, Kroemer G. The pathophysiology of mitochondrial cell death. Science 305: 626-629, 2004.
32. Guicciardi ME, Leist M, Gores GJ. Lysosomes in cell death. Oncogene 23: 2881-2890, 2004.
33. Hamacher J, Lucas R, Lijnen HR, Buschke S, Dunant Y, Wendel A, Grau GE, Suter PM, Ricou B. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha and angiostatin are mediators of endothelial cytotoxicity in bronchoalveolar lavages of patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 166: 651-656, 2002.
34. Han B, Mura M, Andrade CF, Okutani D, Lodyga M, dos Santos CC, Keshavjee S, Matthay M, Liu M. TNFalpha-induced long pentraxin PTX3 expression in human lung epithelial cells via JNK. J Immunol 175: 8303-8311, 2005.
35. 2+ signaling and calpains mediate renal cell death. Cell Death Differ 9: 734-741, 2002.
36. Haunstetter A, Izumo S. Apoptosis: basic mechanisms and implications for cardiovascular disease. Circ Res 82: 1111-1129, 1998.
37. He X, Han B, Liu M. Long pentraxin 3 in pulmonary infection and acute lung injury. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 292: L1039-L1049, 2007.
38. He X, Han B, Mura M, Xia S, Wang S, Ma T, Liu M, Liu Z. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor captopril prevents oleic acid-induced severe acute lung injury in rats. Shock 28: 106-111, 2007.
39. Hengartner MO. The biochemistry of apoptosis. Nature 407: 770-776, 2000.
40. Hosenpud JD, Bennett LE, Keck BM, Boucek MM, Novick RJ. The Registry of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: eighteenth Official Report-2001. J Heart Lung Transplant 20: 805-815, 2001.
41. Hussain N, Wu F, Zhu L, Thrall RS, Kresch MJ. Neutrophil apoptosis during the development and resolution of oleic acid-induced acute lung injury in the rat. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 19: 867-874, 1998.
42. Huynh ML, Fadok VA, Henson PM. Phosphatidylserine-dependent ingestion of apoptotic cells promotes TGF-β1 secretion and the resolution of inflammation. J Clin Invest 109: 41-50, 2002.
43. Isowa N, Keshavjee SH, Liu M. Role of microtubules in LPS-induced macrophage inflammatory protein-2 production from rat pneumocytes. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 279: L1075-L1082, 2000.
44. Isowa N, Liu M. Role of LPS-induced microfilament depolymerization in MIP-2 production from rat pneumocytes. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 280: L762-L770, 2001.
45. Isowa N, Xavier AM, Dziak E, Opas M, McRitchie DI, Slutsky AS, Keshavjee SH, Liu M. LPS-induced depolymerization of cytoskeleton and its role in TNF-α production by rat pneumocytes. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 277: L606-L615, 1999.
46. Jaattela M. Programmed cell death: many ways for cells to die decently. Ann Med 34: 480-488, 2002.
47. Jacobson MD, Weil M, Raff MC. Programmed cell death in animal development. Cell 88: 347-354, 1997.
48. Jaeschke H, Lemasters JJ. Apoptosis versus oncotic necrosis in hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury. Gastroenterology 125: 1246-1257, 2003.
49. Jernigan TW, Croce MA, Fabian TC. Apoptosis and necrosis in the development of acute lung injury after hemorrhagic shock. Am Surg 70: 1094-1098, 2004.
50. Jia SH, Li Y, Parodo J, Kapus A, Fan L, Rotstein OD, Marshall JC. Pre-B cell colony-enhancing factor inhibits neutrophil apoptosis in experimental inflammation and clinical sepsis. J Clin Invest 113: 1318-1327, 2004.
51. Jin Z, El-Deiry WS. Overview of cell death signaling pathways. Cancer Biol Ther 4: 139-163, 2005.
52. Kawasaki M, Kuwano K, Hagimoto N, Matsuba T, Kunitake R, Tanaka T, Maeyama T, Hara N. Protection from lethal apoptosis in lipopolysaccharide- induced acute lung injury in mice by a caspase inhibitor. Am J Pathol 157: 597-603, 2000.
53. Kerr JF, Wyllie AH, Currie AR. Apoptosis: a basic biological phenomenon with wide-ranging implications in tissue kinetics. Br J Cancer 26: 239-257, 1972.
54. Kitamura Y, Hashimoto S, Mizuta N, Kobayashi A, Kooguchi K, Fujiwara I, Nakajima H. Fas/FasL-dependent apoptosis of alveolar cells after lipopolysaccharide-induced lung injury in mice. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 163: 762-769, 2001.
55. Kitanaka C, Kuchino Y. Caspase-independent programmed cell death with necrotic morphology. Cell Death Differ 6: 508-515, 1999.
56. Klionsky DJ, Emr SD. Autophagy as a regulated pathway of cellular degradation. Science 290: 1717-1721, 2000.
57. Kollef MH, Schuster DP. The acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med 332: 27-37, 1995.
58. Koslowski R, Knoch K, Kuhlisch E, Seidel D, Kasper M. Cathepsins in bleomycin-induced lung injury in rat. Eur Respir J 22: 427-435, 2003.
59. Kostin S, Pool L, Elsasser A, Hein S, Drexler HC, Arnon E, Hayakawa Y, Zimmermann R, Bauer E, Klovekorn WP, Schaper J. Myocytes die by multiple mechanisms in failing human hearts. Circ Res 92: 715-724, 2003.
60. Koyama S, Sato E, Nomura H, Kubo K, Miura M, Yamashita T, Nagai S, Izumi T. The potential of various lipopolysaccharides to release IL-8 and G-CSF. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 278: L658-L666, 2000.
61. Kroemer G, Jaattela M. Lysosomes and autophagy in cell death control. Nat Rev Cancer 5: 886-897, 2005.
62. Kroemer G, Martin SJ. Caspase-independent cell death. Nat Med 11: 725-730, 2005.
63. Lee JH, Del Sorbo L, Uhlig S, Porro GA, Whitehead T, Voglis S, Liu M, Slutsky AS, Zhang H. Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 mediates cellular cross-talk between parenchymal and immune cells after lipopolysaccharide neutralization. J Immunol 172: 608-616, 2004.
64. Lee JS, Frevert CW, Matute-Bello G, Wurfel MM, Wong VA, Lin SM, Ruzinski J, Mongovin S, Goodman RB, Martin TR. TLR-4 pathway mediates the inflammatory response but not bacterial elimination in E. coli pneumonia. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 289: L731-L738, 2005.
65. Lee PJ, Zhang X, Shan P, Ma B, Lee CG, Homer RJ, Zhu Z, Rincon M, Mossman BT, Elias JA. ERK1/2 mitogen-activated protein kinase selectively mediates IL-13-induced lung inflammation and remodeling in vivo. J Clin Invest 116: 163-173, 2006.
66. Leist M, Jaattela M. Four deaths and a funeral: from caspases to alternative mechanisms. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2: 589-598, 2001.
67. Li X, Rayford H, Shu R, Zhuang J, Uhal BD. Essential role for cathepsin D in bleomycin-induced apoptosis of alveolar epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 287: L46-L51, 2004.
68. Li X, Shu R, Filippatos G, Uhal BD. Apoptosis in lung injury and remodeling. J Appl Physiol 97: 1535-1542, 2004.
69. Liu M. Alveolar epithelium in host defence: cytokine production. In: Sepsis and Organ Dysfunctionfrom Chaos to Rationale, edited by Baue AE, Berlot G, Gullo A, and Vincent JL. Milan, Italy: Springer, 2002, p. 37-50.
70. Liu M. Searching for acute respiratory distress syndrome genes: aren't we there yet? Am J Respir Crit Care Med 171: 298-299, 2005.
71. Liu M, Slutsky AS. Anti-inflammatory therapies: application of molecular biology techniques in intensive care medicine. Intensive Care Med 23: 718-731, 1997.
72. Liu PL, Chen YL, Chen YH, Lin SJ, Kou YR. Wood smoke extract induces oxidative stress-mediated caspase-independent apoptosis in human lung endothelial cells: role of AIF and EndoG. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 289: L739-L749, 2005.
73. Liu X, Van Vleet T, Schnellmann RG. The role of calpain in oncotic cell death. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 44: 349-370, 2004.
74. Majno G, Joris I. Apoptosis, oncosis, necrosis. An overview of cell death. Am J Pathol 146: 3-15, 1995.
75. Mantell LL, Horowitz S, Davis JM, Kazzaz JA. Hyperoxia-induced cell death in the lung - the correlation of apoptosis, necrosis, and inflammation. Ann NY Acad Sci 887: 171-180, 1999.
76. Mantell LL, Kazzaz JA, Xu J, Palaia TA, Piedboeuf B, Hall S, Rhodes GC, Niu G, Fein AF, Horowitz S. Unscheduled apoptosis during acute inflammatory lung injury. Cell Death Differ 4: 600-607, 1997.
77. Mantell LL, Lee PJ. Signal transduction pathways in hyperoxia-induced lung cell death. Mol Genet Metab 71: 359-370, 2000.
78. Marshall JC, Malam Z, Jia S. Modulating neutrophil apoptosis. Novartis Found Symp 280: 53-66; discussion 67-72, 160-164, 2007.
79. Martin TR, Hagimoto N, Nakamura M, Matute-Bello G. Apoptosis and epithelial injury in the lungs. Proc Am Thorac Soc 2: 214-220, 2005.
80. Martin TR, Nakamura M, Matute-Bello G. The role of apoptosis in acute lung injury. Crit Care Med 31: S184-S188, 2003.
81. Matute-Bello G, Liles WC, Radella F 2nd, Steinberg KP, Ruzinski JT, Hudson LD, Martin TR. Modulation of neutrophil apoptosis by granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor during the course of acute respiratory distress syndrome. Crit Care Med 28: 1-7, 2000.
82. Matute-Bello G, Liles WC, Radella F 2nd, Steinberg KP, Ruzinski JT, Jonas M, Chi EY, Hudson LD, Martin TR. Neutrophil apoptosis in the acute respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 156: 1969-1977, 1997.
83. Matute-Bello G, Liles WC, Steinberg KP, Kiener PA, Mongovin S, Chi EY, Jonas M, Martin TR. Soluble Fas ligand induces epithelial cell apoptosis in humans with acute lung injury (ARDS). J Immunol 163: 2217-2225, 1999.
84. Matute-Bello G, Martin TR. Science review: apoptosis in acute lung injury. Crit Care 7: 355-358, 2003.
85. Matute-Bello G, Winn RK, Jonas M, Chi EY, Martin TR, Liles WC. Fas (CD95) induces alveolar epithelial cell apoptosis in vivo: implications for acute pulmonary inflammation. Am J Pathol 158: 153-161, 2001.
86. Matute-Bello G, Winn RK, Martin TR, Liles WC. Sustained lipopolysaccharide-induced lung inflammation in mice is attenuated by functional deficiency of the Fas/Fas ligand system. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 11: 358-361, 2004.
87. McRitchie DI, Isowa N, Edelson JD, Xavier AM, Cai L, Man HY, Wang YT, Keshavjee SH, Slutsky AS, Liu M. Production of tumour necrosis factor alpha by primary cultured rat alveolar epithelial cells. Cytokine 12: 644-654, 2000.
88. Mura M, Andrade CF, Han B, Seth R, Zhang Y, Bai XH, Waddell TK, Hwang D, Keshavjee S, Liu M. Intestinal ischemia-reperfusion-induced acute lung injury and oncotic cell death in multiple organs. Shock 28: 227-238, 2007.
89. Nara C, Tateda K, Matsumoto T, Ohara A, Miyazaki S, Standiford TJ, Yamaguchi K. Legionella-induced acute lung injury in the setting of hyperoxia: protective role of tumour necrosis factor-alpha. J Med Microbiol 53: 727-733, 2004.
90. Neff SB, Z'Graggen BR, Neff TA, Jamnicki-Abegg M, Suter D, Schimmer RC, Booy C, Joch H, Pasch T, Ward PA, Beck-Schimmer B. Inflammatory response of tracheobronchial epithelial cells to endotoxin. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 290: L86-L96, 2006.
91. Newmeyer DD, Ferguson-Miller S. Mitochondria: releasing power for life and unleashing the machineries of death. Cell 112: 481-490, 2003.
92. Nicholson DW. Caspase structure, proteolytic substrates, and function during apoptotic cell death. Cell Death Differ 6: 1028-1042, 1999.
93. Quadri SM, Segall L, de Perrot M, Han B, Edwards V, Jones N, Waddell TK, Liu M, Keshavjee S. Caspase inhibition improves ischemia-reperfusion injury after lung transplantation. Am J Transplant 5: 292-299, 2005.
94. Rubenfeld GD, Caldwell E, Peabody E, Weaver J, Martin DP, Neff M, Stern EJ, Hudson LD. Incidence and outcomes of acute lung injury. N Engl J Med 353: 1685-1693, 2005.
95. Rudkowski JC, Barreiro E, Harfouche R, Goldberg P, Kishta O, D'Orleans-Juste P, Labonte J, Lesur O, Hussain SN. Roles of iNOS and nNOS in sepsis-induced pulmonary apoptosis. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 286: L793-L800, 2004.
96. Saelens X, Festjens N, Vande Walle L, van Gurp M, van Loo G, Vandenabeele P. Toxic proteins released from mitochondria in cell death. Oncogene 23: 2861-2874, 2004.
97. Sakiyama S, dePerrot M, Han B, Waddell TK, Keshavjee S, Liu M. Ischemia-reperfusion decreases protein tyrosine phosphorylation and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylation in rat lung transplants. J Heart Lung Transplant 22: 338-346, 2003.
98. Sakiyama S, Hamilton J, Han B, Jiao Y, Shen-Tu G, de Perrot M, Keshavjee S, Liu M. Activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases during human lung transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 24: 2079-2085, 2005.
99. Sanders EJ, Wride MA. Programmed cell death in development. Int Rev Cytol 163: 105-173, 1995.
100. Schanne FA, Kane AB, Young EE, Farber JL. Calcium dependence of toxic cell death: a final common pathway. Science 206: 700-702, 1979.
101. Schwartz SM, Bennett MR. Death by any other name. Am J Pathol 147: 229-234, 1995.
102. Serrao KL, Fortenberry JD, Owens ML, Harris FL, Brown LA. Neutrophils induce apoptosis of lung epithelial cells via release of soluble Fas ligand. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 280: L298-L305, 2001.
103. Sorimachi H, Ishiura S, Suzuki K. Structure and physiological function of calpains. Biochem J 328: 721-732, 1997.
104. Sperandio S, de Belle I, Bredesen DE. An alternative, nonapoptotic form of programmed cell death. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97: 14376-14381, 2000.
105. Strasser A, O'Connor L, Dixit VM. Apoptosis signaling. Annu Rev Biochem 69: 217-245, 2000.
106. Taneja R, Parodo J, Jia SH, Kapus A, Rotstein OD, Marshall JC. Delayed neutrophil apoptosis in sepsis is associated with maintenance of mitochondrial transmembrane potential and reduced caspase-9 activity. Crit Care Med 32: 1460-1469, 2004.
107. Tang PS, Tsang ME, Lodyga M, Bai XH, Miller A, Han B, Liu M. Lipopolysaccharide accelerates caspase-independent but cathepsin B-dependent death of human lung epithelial cells. J Cell Physiol 209: 457-467, 2006.
108. Tateda K, Deng JC, Moore TA, Newstead MW, Paine R 3rd, Kobayashi N, Yamaguchi K, Standiford TJ. Hyperoxia mediates acute lung injury and increased lethality in murine Legionella pneumonia: the role of apoptosis. J Immunol 170: 4209-4216, 2003.
109. Van Cruchten S, Van Den Broeck W. Morphological and biochemical aspects of apoptosis, oncosis and necrosis. Anat Histol Embryol 31: 214-223, 2002.
110. Vernooy JH, Dentener MA, van Suylen RJ, Buurman WA, Wouters EF. Intratracheal instillation of lipopolysaccharide in mice induces apoptosis in bronchial epithelial cells: no role for tumor necrosis factor-alpha and infiltrating neutrophils. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 24: 569-576, 2001.
111. Walisser JA, Thies RL. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibition in oxidant-stressed endothelial cells prevents oncosis and permits caspase activation and apoptosis. Exp Cell Res 251: 401-413, 1999.
112. Wang HC, Shun CT, Hsu SM, Kuo SH, Luh KT, Yang PC. Fas/Fas ligand pathway is involved in the resolution of type II pneumocyte hyperplasia after acute lung injury: evidence from a rat model. Crit Care Med 30: 1528-1534, 2002.
113. Wang Z, Zheng T, Zhu Z, Homer RJ, Riese RJ, Chapman HA Jr, Shapiro SD, Elias JA. Interferon gamma induction of pulmonary emphysema in the adult murine lung. J Exp Med 192: 1587-1600, 2000.
114. Wyllie AH, Golstein P. More than one way to go. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98: 11-13, 2001.
115. Xavier AM, Isowa N, Cai L, Dziak E, Opas M, McRitchie DI, Slutsky AS, Keshavjee SH, Liu M. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha mediates lipopolysaccharide-induced macrophage inflammatory protein-2 release from alveolar epithelial cells. Autoregulation in host defense. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 21: 510-520, 1999.
116. Xu J, Bai XH, Lodyga M, Han B, Xiao H, Keshavjee S, Hu J, Zhang H, Yang BB, Liu M. XB130, a novel adaptor protein for signal transduction. J Biol Chem 282: 16401-16412, 2007.
117. Zhang X, Shan P, Sasidhar M, Chupp GL, Flavell RA, Choi AM, Lee PJ. Reactive oxygen species and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 mitogen-activated protein kinase mediate hyperoxia-induced cell death in lung epithelium. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 28: 305-315, 2003.
118. Zheng T, Kang MJ, Crothers K, Zhu Z, Liu W, Lee CG, Rabach LA, Chapman HA, Homer RJ, Aldous D, De Sanctis GT, Underwood S, Graupe M, Flavell RA, Schmidt JA, Elias JA. Role of cathepsin S-dependent epithelial cell apoptosis in IFN-gamma-induced alveolar remodeling and pulmonary emphysema. J Immunol 174: 8106-8115, 2005.
119. Zheng T, Zhu Z, Wang Z, Homer RJ, Ma B, Riese RJ Jr, Chapman HA Jr, Shapiro SD, Elias JA. Inducible targeting of IL-13 to the adult lung causes matrix metalloproteinase- and cathepsin-dependent emphysema. J Clin Invest 106: 1081-1093, 2000.