Coronaviruses maintain viability despite dramatic rearrangements of the strictly conserved genome organization

Journal of Virology

Volumn 76, Issue 24, 2002, Pages 12491-12502

  De Haan, Cornelis A M ^a,c   Volders, Haukeline ^a   Koetzner, Cheri A ^b   Masters, Paul S ^b   Rottier, Peter J M ^a  

^a UTRECHT UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

^b WADSWORTH CENTER   (United States)

^c Virology Division   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL MODEL; ANIMAL TISSUE; ARTICLE; CELL CULTURE; CONTROLLED STUDY; CORONAVIRUS; FEMALE; GENE FREQUENCY; GENE REARRANGEMENT; GENOME ANALYSIS; IN VITRO STUDY; IN VIVO STUDY; MOUSE; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RNA RECOMBINATION; VIROGENESIS; VIRUS CELL INTERACTION; VIRUS REPLICATION; VIRUS SURVIVAL;

AMINO ACID SEQUENCE; ANIMALS; BASE SEQUENCE; CELLS, CULTURED; FEMALE; GENE REARRANGEMENT; GENOME, VIRAL; MICE; MICE, INBRED BALB C; MOLECULAR SEQUENCE DATA; MURINE HEPATITIS VIRUS; RECOMBINATION, GENETIC; RNA, VIRAL; VIRAL PROTEINS; VIRUS REPLICATION;

EID: 0036893517     PISSN: 0022538X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1128/JVI.76.24.12491-12502.2002     Document Type: Article

References (36)

1. Ball, L. A., C. R. Pringle, B. Flanagan, V. P. Perepelitsa, and G. W. Wertz. 1999. Phenotypic consequences of rearranging the P, M, and G genes of vesicular stomatitis virus. J. Virol. 73:4705-4712.
2. de Haan, C. A. M., L. Kuo, P. S. Masters, H. Vennema, and P. J. M. Rottier. 1998. Coronavirus particle assembly: Primary structure requirements of the membrane protein. J. Virol. 72:6838-6850.
3. de Haan, C. A. M., P. S. Masters, X. Shen, S. Weiss, and P. J. M. Rottier. 2002. The group-specific murine coronavirus genes are not essential, but their deletion, by reverse genetics, is attenuating in the natural host. Virology 296:177-189.
4. de Vries, A. A. F., A. L. Glaser, M. J. Raamsman, C. A. M. de Haan, S. Sarnataro, G. J. Godeke, and P. J. M. Rottier. 2000. Genetic manipulation of equine arteritis virus using full-length cDNA clones: Separation of overlapping genes and expression of a foreign epitope. Virology 270:84-97.
5. de Vries, A. A. F., A. L. Glaser, M. J. Raamsman, and P. J. M. Rottier. 2001. Recombinant equine arteritis virus as an expression vector. Virology 284: 259-276.
6. de Vries, A. A. F., M. C. Horzinek, P. J. M. Rottier, and R. J. de Groot. 1997. The genome organization of the Nidovirales: Similarities and differences between arteri-, toro-, and coronaviruses. Semin. Virol. 8:33-47.
7. Enjuanes, L., I. Sola, F. Almazan, J. Ortego, A. Izeta, J. M. Gonzalez, S. Alonso, J. M. Sanchez, D. Escors, E. Calvo, C. Riquelme, and C. Sanchez. 2001. Coronavirus derived expression systems. J. Biotechnol. 88:183-204.
8. Fischer, F., D. Peng, S. T. Hingley, S. R. Weiss, and P. S. Masters. 1997. The internal open reading frame within the nucleocapsid gene of mouse hepatitis virus encodes a structural protein that is not essential for viral replication. J. Virol. 71:996-1003.
9. Flanagan, E. B., J. M. Zamparo, L. A. Ball, L. L. Rodriguez, and G. W. Wertz. 2001. Rearrangement of the genes of vesicular stomatitis virus eliminates clinical disease in the natural host: New strategy for vaccine development. J. Virol. 75:6107-6114.
10. Hofmann, M. A., R. Y. Chang, S. Ku, and D. A. Brian. 1993. Leader-mRNA junction sequences are unique for each subgenomic mRNA species in the bovine coronavirus and remain so throughout persistent infection. Virology 196:163-171.
11. Hsue, B., T. Hartshorne, and P. S. Masters. 2000. Characterization of an essential RNA secondary structure in the 3′ untranslated region of the murine coronavirus genome. J. Virol. 74:6911-6921.
12. Hsue, B., and P. S. Masters. 1999. Insertion of a new transcriptional unit into the genome of mouse hepatitis virus. J. Virol. 73:6128-6135.
13. Jeong, Y. S., J. F. Repass, Y. N. Kim, S. M. Hwang, and S. Makino. 1996. Coronavirus transcription mediated by sequences flanking the transcription consensus sequence. Virology 217:311-322.
14. Joo, M., and S. Makino. 1995. The effect of two closely inserted transcription consensus sequences on coronavirus transcription. J. Virol. 69:272-280.
15. Konings, D. A., P. J. Bredenbeek, J. F. Noten, P. Hogeweg, and W. J. Spaan. 1988. Differential premature termination of transcription as a proposed mechanism for the regulation of coronavirus gene expression. Nucleic Acids Res. 16:10849-10860.
16. Krishnan, R., R. Y. Chang, and D. A. Brian. 1996. Tandem placement of a coronavirus promoter results in enhanced mRNA synthesis from the downstream-most initiation site. Virology 218:400-405.
17. Kuo, L., G. J. Godeke, M. J. Raamsman, P. S. Masters, and P. J. M. Rottier. 2000. Retargeting of coronavirus by substitution of the spike glycoprotein ectodomain: Crossing the host cell species barrier. J. Virol. 74:1393-1406.
18. Lai, M. C. 1996. Recombination in large RNA viruses: Coronaviruses. Semin. Virol. 7:381-388.
19. Lai, M. M., and D. Cavanagh. 1997. The molecular biology of coronaviruses. Adv. Virus Res. 48:1-100.
20. Leibowitz, J. L., K. C. Wilhelmsen, and C. W. Bond. 1981. The virus-specific intracellular RNA species of two murine coronaviruses: MHV-a59 and MHV-JHM. Virology 114:39-51.
21. Luytjes, W. 1995. Coronavirus gene expression, p. 33-54. In S. G. Siddell (ed.), The Coronaviridae. Plenum Press, New York, N. Y.
22. Makino, S., and M. Joo. 1993. Effect of intergenic consensus sequence flanking sequences on coronavirus transcription. J. Virol. 67:3304-3311.
23. Masters, P. S., C. A. Koetzner, C. A. Kerr, and Y. Heo. 1994. Optimization of targeted RNA recombination and mapping of a novel nucleocapsid gene mutation in the coronavirus mouse hepatitis virus. J. Virol. 68:328-337.
24. Meulenberg, J. J. 2000. PRRSV, the virus. Vet Res. 31:11-21.
25. Molenkamp, R., H. van Tol, B. C. Rozier, Y. van der Meer, W. J. Spaan, and E. J. Snijder. 2000. The arterivirus replicase is the only viral protein required for genome replication and subgenomic mRNA transcription. J. Gen. Virol. 81:2491-2496.
26. Ontiveros, E., L. Kuo, P. S. Masters, and S. Perlman. 2001. Inactivation of expression of gene 4 of mouse hepatitis virus strain JHM does not affect virulence in the murine CNS. Virology 289:230-238.
27. Ozdarendeli, A., S. Ku, S. Rochat, G. D. Williams, S. D. Senanayake, and D. A. Brian. 2001. Downstream sequences influence the choice between a naturally occurring noncanonical and closely positioned upstream canonical heptameric fusion motif during bovine coronavirus subgenomic mRNA synthesis. J. Virol. 75:7362-7374.
28. Raamsman, M. J. B., J. Krijnse Locker, A. de Hooghe, A. A. F. de Vries, G. Grifiths, H. Vennema, and P. J. M. Rottier. 2000. Characterization of the coronavirus mouse hepatitis virus strain A59 small membrane protein E. J. Virol. 74:2333-2342.
29. Rottier, P. J. M., M. C. Horzinek, and B. A. van der Zeijst. 1981. Viral protein synthesis in mouse hepatitis virus strain A59-infected cells: Effect of tunicamycin. J. Virol. 40:350-357.
30. Sawicki, S. G., and D. L. Sawicki. 1998. A new model for coronavirus transcription. Adv. Exp. Med. 280:215-218.
31. Sethna, P. B., S. L. Hung, and D. A. Brian. 1989. Coronavirus subgenomic minus-strand RNAs and the potential for mRNA replicons. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:5626-5630.
32. Siddell, S. G. 1995. The Coronaviridae: An introduction, p. 1-10. In S. G. Siddell (ed.), The Coronaviridae. Plenum Press, New York, N. Y.
33. Snijder, E. J., and J. J. Meulenberg. 1998. The molecular biology of arteriviruses. J. Gen. Virol. 79:961-979.
34. van der Most, R. G., R. J. de Groot, and W. J. Spaan. 1994. Subgenomic RNA synthesis directed by a synthetic defective interfering RNA of mouse hepatitis virus: A study of coronavirus transcription initiation. J. Virol. 68: 3656-3666.
35. van Marle, G., W. Luytjes, R. G. van der Most, T. van der Straaten, and W. J. Spaan. 1995. Regulation of coronavirus mRNA transcription. J. Virol. 69: 7851-7856.
36. Wertz, G. W., V. P. Perepelitsa, and L. A. Ball. 1998. Gene rearrangement attenuates expression and lethality of a nonsegmented negative strand RNA virus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95:3501-3506.