Diacylglycerol kinases: At the hub of cell signalling

Biochemical Journal

Volumn 409, Issue 1, 2008, Pages 1-18

  Mérida, Isabel ^a   Ávila Flores, Antonia ^b   Merino, Ernesto ^a  

^a CENTRO NACIONAL DE BIOTECNOLOGÍA   (Spain)

^b UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE MADRID   (Spain)

Author keywords

Cancer; Diabetes; Diacylglycerol kinase; Lipid kinase; Phosphatidic acid; Ras signalling

Indexed keywords

CELL GROWTH; DISEASES; LIPIDS; METABOLISM; PATHOLOGY; PROTEINS; REACTION KINETICS;

DIACYLGLYCEROL KINASE; IMMUNE DYSFUNCTIONS; LIPID KINASE; MEMBRANE TRAFFICKING; PHOSPHATIDIC ACID; RAS SIGNALLING;

ENZYME ACTIVITY;

DIACYLGLYCEROL; DIACYLGLYCEROL KINASE; LIPID; PHOSPHATIDIC ACID; ISOPROTEIN;

ATTENUATION; BRAIN DISEASE; CAENORHABDITIS ELEGANS; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CELL GROWTH; CELL MEMBRANE; CELL MIGRATION; CHEMICAL REACTION; DIABETES MELLITUS; DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER; ENZYME ACTIVATION; ENZYME MECHANISM; ENZYME PHOSPHORYLATION; ENZYME REGULATION; EUKARYOTE; GENETIC ANALYSIS; HEART DISEASE; HUMAN; IMMUNOPATHOLOGY; INNATE IMMUNITY; INTERVENTION STUDY; INTROSPECTION; LIPID METABOLISM; MEDICAL RESEARCH; NEOPLASM; NONHUMAN; PATHOLOGY; PHOTORECEPTOR; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN BINDING; PROTEIN FAMILY; REGULATORY MECHANISM; REVIEW; SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION; ANIMAL; BIOCHEMISTRY; BIOLOGICAL MODEL; INFLAMMATION; METABOLISM; METHODOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; T LYMPHOCYTE;

CAENORHABDITIS ELEGANS; DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER; EUKARYOTA; MUS;

ANIMALS; BIOCHEMISTRY; DIACYLGLYCEROL KINASE; HUMANS; INFLAMMATION; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; NEOPLASMS; PHOTORECEPTORS; PROTEIN ISOFORMS; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; T-LYMPHOCYTES;

EID: 38149018650     PISSN: 02646021     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1042/BJ20071040     Document Type: Review

References (189)

1. Hokin, L. E. and Hokin, M. R. (1959) Diglyceride Phosphokinase: an enzyme which catalyzes the synthesis of phosphatidic acid. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 31, 285-287
2. Kanoh, H., Yamada, K. and Sakane, F. (1990) Diacylglycerol kinase: a key modulator of signal transduction? Trends Biochem. Sci. 15, 47-50
3. Hokin, L. E. and Hokin, M. R. (1955) Effects of acetylcholine on the turnover of phosphoryl units in individual phospholipids of pancreas slices and brain cortex slices. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 18, 102-110
4. Hokin, L. E. and Hokin, M. R. (1961) Diglyceride kinase and phosphatidic acid phosphatase in erythrocyte membranes. Nature 189, 836-837.
5. Lapetina, E. G. and Hawthorne, J. N. (1971) The diglyceride kinase of rat cerebral cortex. Biochem. J. 122, 171-179.
6. Kanoh, H. and Akesson, B. (1978) Properties of microsomal and soluble diacylglycerol kinase in rat liver. Eur. J. Biochem. 85, 225-232
7. Farese, R. V., Sabir, M. A. and Larson, R. E. (1981) Effects of adrenocorticotropin and cycloheximide on adrenal diglyceride kinase. Biochemistry 20, 6047-6051
8. Ide, H. and Weinhold, P. A. (1982) Properties of diacylglycerol kinase in adult and fetal rat lung. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 713, 547-554
9. Kanoh, H., Kondoh, H. and Ono, T. (1983) Diacylglycerol kinase from pig brain: purification and phospholipid dependencies. J. Biol. Chem. 258, 1767-1774
10. Yamada, K., Sakane, F. and Kanoh, H. (1989) Immunoquantitation of 80 kDa diacylglycerol kinase in pig and human lymphocytes and several other cells. FEBS Lett. 244, 402-406
11. Kanoh, H., Yamada, K., Sakane, F. and Imaizumi, T. (1989) Phosphorylation of diacylglycerol kinase in vitro by protein kinase C. Biochem. J. 258, 455-462
12. Yoshioka, T., Inoue, H. and Hotta, Y. (1984) Absence of diglyceride kinase activity in the photoreceptor cells of Drosophila mutants. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 119, 389-395
13. Loomis, C. R., Walsh, J. P. and Bell, R. M. (1985) sn-1,2- Diacylglycerol kinase of Escherichia coli: purification, reconstitution, and partial amino- and carboxyl-terminal analysis. J. Biol. Chem. 260, 4091-4097
14. de Chaffoy de Courcelles, D. C., Roevens, P. and Van Belle, H. (1985) R 59 022, a diacylglycerol kinase inhibitor: its effect on diacylglycerol and thrombin-induced C kinase activation in the intact platelet. J. Biol. Chem. 260, 15762-15770
15. de Chaffoy de Courcelles, D., Roevens, P., Van Belle, H., Kennis, L., Somers, Y. and De Clerck, F. (1989) The role of endogenously formed diacylglycerol in the propagation and termination of platelet activation: a biochemical and functional analysis using the novel diacylglycerol kinase inhibitor, R 59 949. J. Biol. Chem. 264, 3274-3285
16. Kato, H. and Takenawa, T. (1987) Phospholipase C activation and diacylglycerol kinase inactivation lead to an increase in diacylglycerol content in spontaneously hypertensive rat. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 146, 1419-1424
17. Setty, B. N., Graeber, J. E. and Stuart, M. J. (1987) The mitogenic effect of 15- and 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoicacid on endothelial cells may be mediated via diacylglycerol kinase inhibition. J. Biol. Chem. 262, 17613-17622
18. Gomez-Cambronero, J., Molski, T. F., Becker, E. L. and Sha'afi, R. I. (1987) The diacylglycerol kinase inhibitor R59022 potentiates superoxide production but not secretion induced by fMet-Leu-Phe: effects of leupeptin and the protein kinase C inhibitor H-7. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 148, 38-46
19. Cantwell, M. E. and Foreman, J. C. (1987) The actions of inhibitors of diacylglycerol kinase and diacylglycerol lipase on histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells. Br. J. Pharmacol. 92, 597-601
20. Besterman, J. M., Pollenz, R. S., Booker, Jr, E. L. and Cuatrecasas, P. (1986) Diacylglycerol-induced translocation of diacylglycerol kinase: use of affinity-purified enzyme in a reconstitution system. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 83, 9378-9382
21. Ishitoya, J., Yamakawa, A. and Takenawa, T. (1987) Translocation of diacylglycerol kinase in response to chemotactic peptide and phorbol ester in neutrophils. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 144, 1025-1030
22. Jimenez, B., Van Lookeren Campagne, M. M., Pestana, A. and Fernandez-Renart, M. (1988) Regulation of diacylglycerol kinase in the transition from quiescence to proliferation in Dictyostelium discoideum. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 150, 118-125
23. Sakane, F., Yamada, K., Kanoh, H., Yokoyama, C. and Tanabe, T. (1990) Porcine diacylglycerol kinase sequence has zinc finger and E-F hand motifs. Nature 344, 345-348
24. Schaap, D., de Widt, J., van der Wal, J., Vandekerckhove, J., van Damme, J., Gussow, D., Ploegh, H. L., van Blitterswijk, W. J. and van der Bend, R. L. (1990) Purification, cDNA-cloning and expression of human diacylglycerol kinase. FEBS Lett. 275, 151-158
25. Sakane, F., Yamada, K., Imai, S. and Kanoh, H. (1991) Porcine 80-kDa diacylglycerol kinase is a calcium-binding and calcium/phospholipid-dependent enzyme and undergoes calcium-dependent translocation. J. Biol. Chem. 266, 7096-7100
26. Goto, K., Funayama, M. and Kondo, H. (1994) Cloning and expression of a cytoskeleton-associated diacylglycerol kinase that is dominantly expressed in cerebellum. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 91, 13042-13046
27. Kai, M., Sakane, F., Imai, S., Wada, I. and Kanoh, H. (1994) Molecular cloning of a diacylglycerol kinase isozyme predominantly expressed in human retina with a truncated and inactive enzyme expression in most other human cells. J. Biol. Chem. 269, 18492-18498
28. Masai, I., Okazaki, A., Hosoya, T. and Hotta, Y. (1993) Drosophila retinal degeneration A gene encodes an eye-specific diacylglycerol kinase with cysteine-rich zinc-finger motifs and ankyrin repeats. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 90, 11157-11161
29. Imai, S., Kai, M., Yasuda, S., Kanoh, H. and Sakane, F. (2005) Identification and characterization of a novel human type II diacylglycerol kinase, DGKκ. J. Biol. Chem. 280, 39870-39881
30. Caricasole, A., Bettini, E., Sala, C., Roncarati, R., Kobayashi, N., Caldara, F., Goto, K. and Terstappen, G. C. (2002) Molecular cloning and characterization of the human diacylglycerol kinase β (DGKβ) gene: alternative splicing generates DGKβ isotypes with different properties. J. Biol. Chem. 277, 4790-4796
31. Ding, L., Bunting, M., Topham, M. K., McIntyre, T. M., Zimmerman, G. A. and Prescott, S. M. (1997) Alternative splicing of the human diacylglycerol kinase ζ gene in muscle. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 94, 5519-5524
32. Ito, T., Hozumi, Y., Sakane, F., Saino-Saito, S., Kanoh, H., Aoyagi, M., Kondo, H. and Goto, K. (2004) Cloning and characterization of diacylglycerol kinase ι splice variants in rat brain. J. Biol. Chem. 279, 23317-23326
33. Murakami, T., Sakane, F., Imai, S., Houkin, K. and Kanoh, H. (2003) Identification and characterization of two splice variants of human diacylglycerol kinase η. J. Biol. Chem. 278, 34364-34372
34. Sakane, F., Imai, S., Yamada, K., Murakami, T., Tsushima, S. and Kanoh, H. (2002) Alternative splicing of the human diacylglycerol kinase δ gene generates two isoforms differing in their expression patterns and in regulatory functions. J. Biol. Chem. 277, 43519-43526
35. De La Roche, M. A., Smith, J. L., Rico, M., Carrasco, S., Merida, I., Licate, L., Cote, G. P. and Egelhoff, T. T. (2002) Dictyostelium discoideum has a single diacylglycerol kinase gene with similarity to mammalian θ isoforms. Biochem. J. 368, 809-815
36. Ostroski, M., Tu-Sekine, B. and Raben, D. M. (2005) Analysis of a novel diacylglycerol kinase from Dictyostelium discoideum: DGKA. Biochemistry 44, 10199-10207
37. Wanga, X., P., S., Devaiaha, S. P., Zhang, W. and Weltid, R. (2006) Signaling functions of phosphatidic acid. Prog. Lipid Res. 45, 250-278
38. den Hartog, M., Verhoef, N. and Munnik, T. (2003) Nod factor and elicitors activate different phospholipid signaling pathways in suspension-cultured alfalfa cells. Plant Physiol. 132, 311-317
39. Meijer, H. J. and Munnik, T. (2003) Phospholipid-based signaling in plants. Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 54, 265-306
40. Ruelland, E., Cantrel, C., Gawer, M., Kader, J. C. and Zachowski, A. (2002) Activation of phospholipases C and D is an early response to a cold exposure in Arabidopsis suspension cells. Plant Physiol. 130, 999-1007
41. Gomez-Merino, F. C., Arana-Ceballos, F. A., Trejo-Tellez, L. I., Skirycz, A., Brearley, C. A. and Dormann, P. (2005) Arabidopsis AtDGK7, the smallest member of plant diacylglycerol kinases (DGKs), displays unique biochemical features and saturates at low substrate concentration: the DGK inhibitor R59022 differentially affects AtDGK2 and AtDGK7 activity in vitro and alters plant growth and development. J. Biol. Chem. 280, 34888-34899
42. Vinogradova, O., Badola, P., Czerski, L., Sonnichsen, F. D. and Sanders, 2nd, C. R. (1997) Escherichia coli diacylglycerol kinase: a case study in the application of solution NMR methods to an integral membrane protein. Biophys. J. 72, 2688-2701
43. Walsh, J. P. and Bell, R. M. (1992) Diacylglycerol kinase from Escherichia coli. Methods Enzymol. 209, 153-162
44. Yamashita, Y., Takehara, T. and Kuramitsu, H. K. (1993) Molecular characterization of a Streptococcus mutans mutant altered in environmental stress responses. J. Bacteriol. 175, 6220-6228
45. Fanani, M. L., Topham, M. K., Walsh, J. P. and Epand, R. M. (2004) Lipid modulation of the activity of diacylglycerol kinase α- and ζ-isoforms: activation by phosphatidylethanolamine and cholesterol. Biochemistry 43, 14767-14777
46. Sakane, F., Kai, M., Wada, I., Imai, S. and Kanoh, H. (1996) The C-terminal part of diacylglycerol kinase α lacking zinc fingers serves as a catalytic domain. Biochem. J. 318, 583-590
47. Thirugnanam, S., Topham, M. K. and Epand, R. M. (2001) Physiological implications of the contrasting modulation of the activities of the ε- and ζ-isoforms of diacylglycerol kinase. Biochemistry 40, 10607-10613
48. 2+-independent, diacylglycerol kinase to unilamellar phosphoglyceride vesicles. Biochemistry 38, 3310-3319
49. Tu-Sekine, B., Ostroski, M. and Raben, D. M. (2007) Modulation of diacylglycerol kinase θ activity by α-thrombin and phospholipids. Biochemistry 46, 924-932
50. Kohama, T., Olivera, A., Edsall, L., Nagiec, M. M., Dickson, R. and Spiegel, S. and (1998) Molecular cloning and functional characterization of murine sphingosine kinase. J. Biol. Chem. 273, 23722-23728
51. Sugiura, M., Kono, K., Liu, H., Shimizugawa, T., Minekura, H., Spiegel, S. and Kohama, T. (2002) Ceramide kinase, a novel lipid kinase: molecular cloning and functional characterization. J. Biol. Chem. 277, 23294-23300
52. Pitson, S. M., Moretti, P. A. B., Zebol, J. R., Zareie, R., Derian, C. K., Darrow, A. L., Qi, J., D'Andrea, R. J., Bagley, C. J., Vadas, M. A. and Wattenberg, B. W. (2002) The nucleotide-binding site of human sphingosine kinase 1. J. Biol. Chem. 277, 49545-49553
53. Sanjuan, M. A., Jones, D. R., Izquierdo, M. and Merida, I. (2001) Role of diacylglycerol kinase α in the attenuation of receptor signaling. J. Cell Biol. 153, 207-220
54. Topham, M. K., Bunting, M., Zimmerman, G. A., McIntyre, T. M., Blackshear, P. J. and Prescott, S. M. (1998) Protein kinase C regulates the nuclear localization of diacylglycerol kinase-ζ. Nature 394, 697-700
55. Los, A. P., van Baal, J., de Widt, J., Divecha, N. and van Blitterswijk, W. J. (2004) Structure-activity relationship of diacylglycerol kinase θ. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1636, 169-174
56. Labesse, G., Douguet, D., Assairi, L. and Gilles, A. M. (2002) Diacylglyceride kinases, sphingosine kinases and NAD kinases: distant relatives of 6-phosphofructokinases. Trends Biochem. Sci. 27, 273-275
57. Wattenberg, B. W., Pitson, S. M. and Raben, D. M. (2006) The sphingosine and diacylglycerol kinase superfamily of signaling kinases: localization as a key to signaling function. J. Lipid Res. 47, 1128-1139
58. Abe, T., Lu, X., Jiang, Y., Boccone, C. E., Qian, S., Vattem, K. M., Wek, R. C. and Walsh, J. P. (2003) Site-directed mutagenesis of the active site of diacylglycerol kinase α: calcium and phosphatidylserine stimulate enzyme activity via distinct mechanisms. Biochem. J. 375, 673-680
59. Cho, W. (2001) Membrane targeting by C1 and C2 domains. J. Biol. Chem. 276, 32407-32410
60. Shindo, M., Irie, K., Masuda, A., Ohigashi, H., Shirai, Y., Miyasaka, K. and Saito, N. (2003) Synthesis and phorbol ester binding of the cysteine-rich domains of diacylglycerol kinase (DGK) isozymes: DGKγ and DGKβ are new targets of tumor-promoting phorbol esters. J. Biol. Chem. 278, 18448-18454
61. Hurley, J. and Misra, S. (2000) Signaling and subcellular targeting by membrane-binding domains. Annu. Rev. Biophys. Biomol. Struct. 29, 49-79
62. Houssa, B., Schaap, D., van der Wal, J., Goto, K., Kondo, H., Yamakawa, A., Shibata, M., Takenawa, T. and van Blitterswijk, W. J. (1997) Cloning of a novel human diacylglycerol kinase (DGKθ) containing three cysteine-rich domains, a proline-rich region, and a pleckstrin homology domain with an overlapping Ras-associating domain. J. Biol. Chem. 272, 10422-10428
63. Snedden, W. A. and Blumwald, E. (2000) Alternative splicing of a novel diacylglycerol kinase in tomato leads to a calmodulin-binding isoform. Plant J. 24, 317-326
64. Santos, T., Carrasco, S., Jones, D. R., Merida, I. and Eguinoa, A. (2002) Dynamics of diacylglycerol kinase ζ translocation in living T-cells: study of the structural domain requirements for translocation and activity. J. Biol. Chem. 277, 30300-30309
65. van Baal, J., de Widt, J., Divecha, N. and van Blitterswijk, W. J. (2005) Translocation of diacylglycerol kinase θ from cytosol to plasma membrane in response to activation of G protein-coupled receptors and protein kinase C. J. Biol. Chem. 280, 9870-9878
66. Shirai, Y., Segawa, S., Kuriyama, M., Goto, K., Sakai, N. and Saito, N. (2000) Subtype-specific translocation of diacylglycerol kinase α and γ and its correlation with protein kinase C. J. Biol. Chem. 275, 24760-24766
67. Cipres, A., Carrasco, S., Merino, E., Diaz, E., Krishna, U. M., Falck, J. R., Martinez, A. C. and Merida, I. (2003) Regulation of diacylglycerol kinase α by phosphoinositide 3-kinase lipid products. J. Biol. Chem. 278, 35629-35635
68. McMullan, R., Hiley, E., Morrison, P. and Nurrish, S. J. (2006) Rho is a presynaptic activator of neurotransmitter release at pre-existing synapses in C. elegans. Genes Dev. 20, 65-76
69. 1 muscarinic receptors by β-arrestins. Science 315, 663-666
70. Rincon, E., Santos, T., Avila-Flores, A., Albar, J. P., Lalioti, V., Lei, C., Hong, W. and Merida, I. (2007) Proteomic identification of sorting nexin 27 as a diacylglycerol kinase ζ-associated protein: new diacylglycerol kinase roles in endocytic recycling. Mol. Cell. Proteomics 6, 1073-1087
71. Abramovici, H., Hogan, A. B., Obagi, C., Topham, M. K. and Gee, S. H. (2003) Diacylglycerol kinase-ζ localization in skeletal muscle is regulated by phosphorylation and interaction with syntrophins. Mol. Biol. Cell 14, 4499-4511
72. Luo, B., Prescott, S. M. and Topham, M. K. (2003) Protein kinase Cα phosphorylates and negatively regulates diacylglycerol kinase ζ. J. Biol. Chem. 278, 39542-39547
73. Bregoli, L., Baldassare, J. J. and Raben, D. M. (2001) Nuclear diacylglycerol kinase-θ is activated in response to α-thrombin. J. Biol. Chem. 276, 23288-23295
74. Evangelisti, C., Tazzari, P. L., Riccio, M., Fiume, R., Hozumi, Y., Fala, F., Goto, K., Manzoli, L., Cocco, L. and Martelli, A. M. (2007) Nuclear diacylglycerol kinase-ζ is a negative regulator of cell cycle progression in C2C12 mouse myoblasts. FASEB J. 12, 3297-3307
75. Flores, I., Casaseca, T., Martinez, A. C., Kanoh, H. and Merida, I. (1996) Phosphatidic acid generation through interleukin 2 (IL-2)-induced α-diacylglycerol kinase activation is an essential step in IL-2-mediated lymphocyte proliferation. J. Biol. Chem. 271, 10334-10340
76. Los, A. P., de Widt, J., Topham, M. K., van Blitterswijk, W. J. and Divecha, N. (2007) Protein kinase C inhibits binding of diacylglycerol kinase-ζ to the retinoblastoma protein. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1773, 352-357
77. Matsubara, T., Shirai, Y., Miyasaka, K., Murakami, T., Yamaguchi, Y., Ueyama, T., Kai, M., Sakane, F., Kanoh, H., Hashimoto, T. et al. (2006) Nuclear transportation of diacylglycerol kinase γ and its possible function in the nucleus. J. Biol. Chem. 281, 6152-6164
78. Tu-Sekine, B. and Raben, D. M. (2004) Nuclear production and metabolism of diacylglycerol. Eur. J. Histochem. 48, 77-82
79. Evangelisti, C., Bortul, R., Fala, F., Tabellini, G., Goto, K. and Martelli, A. M. (2007) Nuclear diacylglycerol kinases: emerging downstream regulators in cell signaling networks. Histol. Histopathol. 22, 573-579
80. Goto, K., Hozumi, Y. and Kondo, H. (2006) Diacylglycerol, phosphatidic acid, and the converting enzyme, diacylglycerol kinase, in the nucleus. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1761, 535-541
81. Yamaguchi, Y., Shirai, Y., Matsubara, T., Sanse, K., Kuriyama, M., Oshiro, N., Yoshino, K., Yonezawa, K., Ono, Y. and Saito, N. (2006) Phosphorylation and up-regulation of diacylglycerol kinase γ via its interaction with protein kinase Cγ. J. Biol. Chem. 281, 31627-31637
82. Luo, B., Prescott, S. M. and Topham, M. K. (2003) Association of diacylglycerol kinase ζ with protein kinase Cα: spatial regulation of diacylglycerol signaling. J. Cell Biol. 160, 929-937
83. Chase, D. L., Pepper, J. S. and Koelle, M. R. (2004) Mechanism of extrasynaptic dopamine signaling in Caenorhabditis elegans. Nat. Neurosci. 7, 1096-1103
84. 0 decreases the abundance of unc-13 at release sites. Neuron 24, 231-242
85. Sanjuan, M. A., Pradet-Balade, B., Jones, D. R., Martinez, A. C., Stone, J. C., Garcia-Sanz, J. A. and Merida, I. (2003) T cell activation in vivo targets diacylglycerol kinase α to the membrane: a novel mechanism for Ras attenuation. J. Immunol. 170, 2877-2883
86. Topham, M. K. and Prescott, S. M. (2001) Diacylglycerol kinase ζ regulates Ras activation by a novel mechanism. J. Cell Biol. 152, 1135-1143
87. Regier, D. S., Higbee, J., Lund, K. M., Sakane, F., Prescott, S. M. and Topham, M. K. (2005) Diacylglycerol kinase ι regulates Ras guanyl-releasing protein 3 and inhibits Rap1 signaling, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 102, 7595-7600
88. 2- chimaerin, a Rac-specific GAP, in response to epidermal growth factor. FEBS Lett. 581, 551-557
89. 2+-triggered membrane association with selectivity for interaction with phosphatidic acid. J. Biol. Chem. 277, 28298-28309
90. Rizzo, M. A., Shome, K., Watkins, S. C. and Romero, G. (2000) The recruitment of Raf-1 to membranes is mediated by direct interaction with phosphatidic acid and is independent of association with Ras. J. Biol. Chem. 275, 23911-23918
91. Karima, M., Kantarci, A., Ohira, T., Hasturk, H., Jones, V. L., Nam, B. H., Malabanan, A., Trackman, P. C., Badwey, J. A. and Van Dyke, T. E. (2005) Enhanced superoxide release and elevated protein kinase C activity in neutrophils from diabetic patients: association with periodontitis. J. Leukocyte Biol. 78, 862-870
92. 2-generated phosphatidic acid couples EGFR stimulation to Ras activation by Sos. Nat. Cell Biol. 9, 706-712
93. Fang, Y., Vilella-Bach, M., Bachmann, R., Flanigan, A. and Chen, J. (2001) Phosphatidic acid-mediated mitogenic activation of mTOR signaling. Science 294, 1942-1945
94. Fang, Y., Park, I. H., Wu, A. L., Du, G., Huang, P., Frohman, M. A., Walker, S. J., Brown, H. A. and Chen, J. (2003) PLD1 regulates mTOR signaling and mediates Cdc42 activation of S6K1. Curr. Biol. 13, 2037-2044
95. Avila-Flores, A., Santos, T., Rincon, E. and Merida, I. (2005) Modulation of the mammalian target of rapamycin pathway by diacylglycerol kinase-produced phosphatidic acid. J. Biol. Chem. 280, 10091-10099
96. Anthony, R. G., Khan, S., Costa, J., Pais, M. S. and Bogre, L. (2006) The Arabidopsis protein kinase PTI1-2 is activated by convergent phosphatidic acid and oxidative stress signaling pathways downstream of PDK1 and OXI1. J. Biol. Chem. 28, 37536-37546
97. Testerink, C., Dekker, H. L., Lim, Z. Y., Johns, M. K., Holmes, A. B., Koster, C. G., Ktistakis, N. T. and Munnik, T. (2004) Isolation and identification of phosphatidic acid targets from plants. Plant J. 39, 527-536
98. Loewen, C. J., Gaspar, M. L., Jesch, S. A., Delon, C., Ktistakis, N. T., Henry, S. A. and Levine, T. P. (2004) Phospholipid metabolism regulated by a transcription factor sensing phosphatidic acid. Science 302, 1644-1647
99. Jenkins, G., Fisette, P. and Anderson, R. (1994) Type I phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate 5-kinase isoforms are specifically stimulated by phosphatidic acid,. J. Biol. Chem. 269, 11547-11554
100. Yakubchyk, Y., Abramovici, H., Maillet, J. C., Daher, E., Obagi, C., Parks, R. J., Topham, M. K. and Gee, S. H. (2005) Regulation of neurite outgrowth in N1E-115 cells through PDZ-mediated recruitment of diacylglycerol kinase ζ. Mol. Cell. Biol. 25, 7289-7302
101. Sakane, F., Imai, S., Kai, M., Yasuda, S. and Kanoh, H. (2007) Diacylglycerol kinases: why so many of them? Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1771, 793-806
102. Matthews, S. A. and Cantrell, D. A. (2006) The role of serine/threonine kinases in T-cell activation. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 18, 314-320
103. Zhong, X. P., Hainey, E. A., Olenchock, B. A., Zhao, H., Topham, M. K. and Koretzky, G. A. (2002) Regulation of T cell receptor-induced activation of the Ras-ERK pathway by diacylglycerol kinase ζ. J. Biol. Chem. 277, 31089-31098
104. Olenchock, B. A., Guo, R., Carpenter, J. H., Jordan, M., Topham, M. K., Koretzky, G. A. and Zhong, X. P. (2006) Disruption of diacylglycerol metabolism impairs the induction of T cell anergy. Nat. Immunol. 7, 1174-1181
105. Zhong, X. P., Hainey, E. A., Olenchock, B. A., Jordan, M. S., Maltzman, J. S., Nichols, K. E., Shen, H. and Koretzky, G. A. (2003) Enhanced T cell responses due to diacylglycerol kinase ζ deficiency. Nat. Immunol. 4, 882-890
106. Jones, D. R., Sanjuan, M. A., Stone, J. C. and Merida, I. (2002) Expression of a catalytically inactive form of diacylglycerol kinase α induces sustained signaling through RasGRP. FASEB J. 16, 595-597
107. Diaz-Flores, E., Siliceo, M., Martinez, A. C. and Merida, I. (2003) Membrane translocation of protein kinase Cθ during T lymphocyte activation requires phospholipase Cγ-generated diacylglycerol. J. Biol. Chem. 278, 29208-29215
108. Choi, S. and Schwartz, R. H. (2007) Molecular mechanisms for adaptive tolerance and other T cell anergy models. Semin. Immunol. 19, 140-152.
109. Macian, F., Garcia-Cozar, F., Im, S. H., Horton, H. F., Byrne, M. C. and Rao, A. (2002) Transcriptional mechanisms underlying lymphocyte tolerance. Cell 109, 719-731
110. Schwartz, R. H. (2003) T cell anergy. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 21, 305-334
111. Zha, Y., Marks, R., Ho, A. W., Peterson, A. C., Janardhan, S., Brown, I., Praveen, K., Stang, S., Stone, J. C. and Gajewski, T. F. (2006) T cell anergy is reversed by active Ras and is regulated by diacylglycerol kinase-α. Nat. Immunol. 7, 1166-1173
112. 1 to S transition through a phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase-independent mechanism. J. Immunol. 163, 708-714
113. Bacchiocchi, R., Baldanzi, G., Carbonari, D., Capomagi, C., Colombo, E., van Blitterswijk, W. J., Graziani, A. and Fazioli, F. (2005) Activation of α-diacylglycerol kinase is critical for the mitogenic properties of anaplastic lymphoma kinase. Blood 106, 2175-2182
114. Green, D. R., Droin, N. and Pinkoski, M. (2003) Activation-induced cell death in T cells. Immunol. Rev. 193, 70-81
115. Zhang, J., Xu, X. and Liu, Y. (2004) Activation-induced cell death in T cells and autoimmunity. Cell. Mol. Immunol. 1, 186-192
116. Alonso, R., Rodriguez, M. C., Pindado, J., Merino, E., Merida, I. and Izquierdo, M. (2005) Diacylglycerol kinase α regulates the secretion of lethal exosomes bearing Fas ligand during activation-induced cell death of T lymphocytes. J. Biol. Chem. 280, 28439-28450
117. Kumar, A., Humphreys, T. D., Kremer, K. N., Bramati, P. S., Bradfield, L., Edgar, C. E. and Hedin, K. E. (2006) CXCR4 physically associates with the T cell receptor to signal in T cells. Immunity 25, 213-224
118. Mariathasan, S., Zakarian, A., Bouchard, D., Michie, A. M., Zuniga-Pflucker, J. C. and Ohashi, P. S. (2001) Duration and strength of extracellular signal-regulated kinase signals are altered during positive versus negative thymocyte selection. J. Immunol. 167, 4966-4973
119. Alberola-Ila, J. and Hernandez-Hoyos, G. (2003) The Ras/MAPK cascade and the control of positive selection. Immunol. Rev. 191, 79-96
120. Daniels, M. A., Teixeiro, E., Gill, J., Hausmann, B., Roubaty, D., Holmberg, K., Werlen, G., Hollander, G. A., Gascoigne, N. R. and Palmer, E. (2006) Thymic selection threshold defined by compartmentalization of Ras/MAPK signalling. Nature 444, 724-729
121. + double positive cells during thymocyte development. Immunology 105, 391-398
122. Liu, C. H., Machado, F. S., Guo, R., Nichols, K. E., Burks, A. W., Aliberti, J. C. and Zhong, X. P. (2007) Diacylglycerol kinase ζ regulates microbial recognition and host resistance to Toxoplasma gondii. J. Exp. Med. 204, 781-792
123. Olenchock, B. A., Guo, R., Silverman, M. A., Wu, J. N., Carpenter, J. H., Koretzky, G. A. and Zhong, X. P. (2006) Impaired degranulation but enhanced cytokine production after FcεRI stimulation of diacylglycerol kinase ζ-deficient mast cells. J. Exp. Med. 203, 1471-1480
124. Van Dyke, T. E. and Serhan, C. N. (2003) Resolution of inflammation: a new paradigm for the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases. J. Dent. Res. 82, 82-90
125. Gronert, K., Kantarci, A., Levy, B. D., Clish, C. B., Odparlik, S., Hasturk, H., Badwey, J. A., Colgan, S. P., Van Dyke, T. E. and Serhan, C. N. (2004) A molecular defect in intracellular lipid signaling in human neutrophils in localized aggressive periodontal tissue damage. J. Immunol. 172, 1856-1861
126. phox and on NADPH oxidase activation. Biochemistry 41, 7743-7750
127. Williams, J. M., Pettitt, T. R., Powell, W., Grove, J., Savage, C. O. and Wakelam, M. J. (2007) Antineutrophil cytoplasm antibody-stimulated neutrophil adhesion depends on diacylglycerol kinase-catalyzed phosphatidic acid formation. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 18, 1112-1120
128. qα activity. Genes Dev. 13, 1780-1793
129. qα-DAG signaling in Caenorhabditis elegans. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 103, 1112-1117
130. Biron, D., Shibuya, M., Gabel, C., Wasserman, S. M., Clark, D. A., Brown, A., Sengupta, P. and Samuel, A. D. (2006) A diacylglycerol kinase modulates long-term thermotactic behavioral plasticity in C. elegans. Nat. Neurosci. 9, 1499-1505
131. Aravamudan, B., Fergestad, T., Davis, W. S., Rodesch, C. K. and Broadie, K. (1999) Drosophila UNC-13 is essential for synaptic transmission. Nat. Neurosci. 2, 965-971
132. Brose, N. and Rosenmund, C. (2002) Move over protein kinase C, you've got company: alternative cellular effectors of diacylglycerol and phorbol esters. J. Cell Sci. 115, 4399-4411
133. Feldmann, J., Callebaut, I., Raposo, G., Certain, S., Bacq, D., Dumont, C., Lambert, N., Ouachee-Chardin, M., Chedeville, G., Tamary, H. et al. (2003) Munc13-4 is essential for cytolytic granules fusion and is mutated in a form of familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (FHL3). Cell 115, 461-473
134. Kang, L., He, Z., Xu, P., Fan, J., Betz, A., Brose, N. and Xu, T. (2006) Munc13-1 is required for the sustained release of insulin from pancreatic β cells. Cell Metab. 3, 463-468
135. Rhee, J. S., Betz, A., Pyott, S., Reim, K., Varoqueaux, F., Augustin, I., Hesse, D., Sudhof, T. C., Takahashi, M., Rosenmund, C. and Brose, N. (2002) β-Phorbol ester- and diacylglycerol-induced augmentation of transmitter release is mediated by Munc13s and not by PKCs. Cell 108, 121-133
136. Wierda, K. D. B., Toonen, R. F. G., de Wit, H., Brussaard, A. B. and Verhage, M. (2007) In Interdependence of PKC-dependent and PKC-independent pathways for presynaptic plasticity. Neuron 54, 275-290
137. Raghu, P. (2006) Regulation of Drosophila TRPC channels by protein and lipid interactions. Semin. Cell Dev. Biol. 17, 646-653
138. Raghu, P., Usher, K., Jonas, S., Chyb, S., Polyanovsky, A. and Hardie, R. C. (2000) Constitutive activity of the light-sensitive channels TRP and TRPL in the Drosophila diacylglycerol kinase mutant, rdgA. Neuron 26, 169-179
139. Hardie, R. C., Martin, F., Chyb, S. and Raghu, P. (2003) Rescue of light responses in the Drosophila "null" phospholipase C mutant, norpAP24, by the diacylglycerol kinase mutant, rdgA, and by metabolic inhibition. J. Biol. Chem. 278, 18851-18858
140. 2-DAG pathway lipase required for Drosophila phototransduction. Nat. Neurosci. 7, 1070-1078
141. Garcia-Murillas, I., Pettitt, T., Macdonald, E., Okkenhaug, H., Georgiev, P., Trivedi, D., Hassan, B., Wakelam, M. and Raghu, P. (2006) lazaro encodes a lipid phosphate phosphohydrolase that regulates phosphatidylinositol turnover during Drosophila phototransduction. Neuron 49, 533-546
142. Kwon, Y. and Montell, C. (2006) Dependence on the Lazaro phosphatidic acid phosphatase for the maximum light response. Curr. Biol. 16, 723-729
143. LaLonde, M. M., Janssens, H., Rosenbaum, E., Choi, S. Y., Gergen, J. P., Colley, N. J., Stark, W. S. and Frohman, M. A. (2005) Regulation of phototransduction responsiveness and retinal degeneration by a phospholipase D-generated signaling lipid. J. Cell Biol. 169, 471-479
144. Nilius, B., Owsianik, G., Voets, T. and Peters, J. A. (2007) Transient receptor potential cation channels in disease. Physiol. Rev. 87, 165-217
145. Goto, K. and Kondo, H. (1999) Diacylglycerol kinase: molecular diversity and gene expression in central nervous system. Tanpakushitsu Kakusan Koso 44, 976-982
146. Kahn, D. W. and Morell, P. (1989) Evidence for the presence of diacylglycerol kinase in rat brain myelin. Neurochem. Res. 14, 541-546
147. Merida, I., Williamson, P., Smith, K. and Gaulton, G. N. (1993) The role of diacylglycerol kinase activation and phosphatidate accumulation in interleukin-2-dependent lymphocyte proliferation. DNA Cell Biol. 12, 473-479
148. Chakraborty, G., Reddy, R., Drivas, A. and Ledeen, R. W. (2003) Interleukin-2 receptors and interleukin-2-mediated signaling in myelin: activation of diacylglycerol kinase and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. Neuroscience 122, 967-973
149. Sivasankaran, R., Pei, J., Wang, K. C., Zhang, Y. P., Shields, C. B., Xu, X. M. and He, Z. (2004) PKC mediates inhibitory effects of myelin and chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans on axonal regeneration. Nat. Neurosci. 7, 261-268
150. Goto, K. and Kondo, H. (1999) Diacylglycerol kinase in the central nervous system: molecular heterogeneity and gene expression. Chem. Phys. Lipids 98, 109-117
151. Baum, A. E., Akula, N., Cabanero, M., Cardona, I., Corona, W., Klemens, S., Schulze, T. G., Cichon, S., Rietschel, M., Nothen, M. M. et al. (2007) A genome-wide association study implicates diacylglycerol kinase η (DGKH) and several other genes in the etiology of bipolar disorder. Mol, Psychiatry, doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4002012
152. Kohyama-Koganeya, A., Watanabe, M. and Hotta, Y. (1997) Molecular cloning of a diacylglycerol kinase isozyme predominantly expressed in rat retina. FEBS Lett. 409, 258-264
153. Rodriguez de Turco, E. B., Tang, W., Topham, M. K., Sakane, F., Marcheselli, V. L., Chen, C., Taketomi, A., Prescott, S. M. and Bazan, N. G. (2001) Diacylglycerol kinase ε regulates seizure susceptibility and long-term potentiation through arachidonoyl-inositol lipid signaling. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 98, 4740-4745
154. Lukiw, W. J., Cui, J. G., Musto, A. E., Musto, B. C. and Bazan, N. G. (2005) Epileptogenesis in diacylglycerol kinase epsilon deficiency up-regulates COX-2 and tyrosine hydroxylase in hippocampus. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 338, 77-81
155. Musto, A. and Bazan, N. G. (2006) Diacylglycerol kinase epsilon modulates rapid kindling epileptogenesis. Epilepsia 47, 267-276
156. Tang, W., Bardien, S., Bhattacharya, S. S. and Prescott, S. M. (1999) Characterization of the human diacylglycerol kinase epsilon gene and its assessment as a candidate for inherited retinitis pigmentosa. Gene 239, 185-192
157. Ding, L., McIntyre, T. M., Zimmerman, G. A. and Prescott, S. M. (1998) The cloning and developmental regulation of murine diacylglycerol kinase ζ. FEBS Lett. 429, 109-114
158. Goto, K. and Kondo, H. (1996) A 104-kDa diacylglycerol kinase containing ankyrin-like repeats localizes in the cell nucleus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 93, 11196-11201
159. Tsushima, S., Kai, M., Yamada, K., Imai, S., Houkin, K., Kanoh, H. and Sakane, F. (2004) Diacylglycerol kinase y serves as an upstream suppressor of Rad and lamellipodium formation. J. Biol. Chem. 279, 28603-28613
160. Ali, H., Nakano, T., Saino-Saito, S., Hozumi, Y., Katagiri, Y., Kamii, H., Sato, S., Kayama, T., Kondo, H. and Goto, K. (2004) Selective translocation of diacylglycerol kinase ζ in hippocampal neurons under transient forebrain ischemia. Neurosci. Lett. 372, 190-195
161. Nakano, T., Hozumi, Y., Ali, H., Saino-Saito, S., Kamii, H., Sato, S., Kayama, T., Watanabe, M., Kondo, H. and Goto, K. (2006) Diacylglycerol kinase ζ is involved in the process of cerebral infarction. Eur. J. Neurosci. 23, 1427-1435
162. Aragones, J., Jones, D. R., Martin, S., San Juan, M. A., Alfranca, A., Vidal, F., Vara, A., Merida, I. and Landazuri, M. O. (2001) Evidence for the involvement of diacylglycerol kinase in the activation of hypoxia-inducible transcription factor 1 by low oxygen tension. J. Biol. Chem. 276, 10548-10555
163. Fruhbeck, G. (2006) Intracellular signalling pathways activated by leptin. Biochem. J. 393, 7-20
164. Liu, Z., Chang, G. Q. and Leibowitz, S. F. (2001) Diacylglycerol kinase ζ in hypothalamus interacts with long form leptin receptor: relation to dietary fat and body weight regulation. J. Biol. Chem. 276, 5900-5907
165. Brownlee, M. (2001) Biochemistry and molecular cell biology of diabetic complications. Nature 414, 813-820
166. Way, K. J., Katai, N. and King, G. L. (2001) Protein kinase C and the development of diabetic vascular complications. Diabetic Med. 18, 945-959
167. Fukunaga-Takenaka, R., Shirai, Y., Yagi, K., Adachi, N., Sakai, N., Merino, E., Merida, I. and Saito, N. (2005) Importance of chroman ring and tyrosine phosphorylation in the subtype-specific translocation and activation of diacylglycerol kinase α by D-α-tocopherol. Genes Cells 10, 311-319
168. Ricote, M., Valledor, A. F. and Glass, C. K. (2004) Decoding transcriptional programs regulated by PPARs and LXRs in the macrophage: effects on lipid homeostasis, inflammation, and atherosclerosis. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 24, 230-239
169. Verrier, E., Wang, L., Wadham, C., Albanese, N., Hahn, C., Gamble, J. R., Chatterjee, V. K., Vadas, M. A. and Xia, P. (2004) PPARy agonists ameliorate endothelial cell activation via inhibition of diacylglycerol-protein kinase C signaling pathway: role of diacylglycerol kinase. Circ. Res. 94, 1515-1522
170. Sabri, A. and Steinberg, S. F. (2003) Protein kinase C isoform-selective signals that lead to cardiac hypertrophy and the progression of heart failure. Mol. Cell. Biochem. 251, 97-101
171. Takeda, M., Kagaya, Y., Takahashi, J., Sugie, T., Ohta, J., Watanabe, J., Shirato, K., Kondo, H. and Goto, K. (2001) Gene expression and in situ localization of diacylglycerol kinase isozymes in normal and infarcted rat hearts: effects of captopril treatment. Circ. Res. 89, 265-272
172. Takahashi, H., Takeishi, Y., Seidler, T., Arimoto, T., Akiyama, H., Hozumi, Y., Koyama, Y., Shishido, T., Tsunoda, Y., Niizeki, T. et al. (2005) Adenovirus-mediated overexpression of diacylglycerol kinase-ζ inhibits endothelin-1-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. Circulation 111, 1510-1516
173. Arimoto, T., Takeishi, Y., Takahashi, H., Shishido, T., Niizeki, T., Koyama, Y., Shiga, R., Nozaki, N., Nakajima, O., Nishimaru, K. et al. (2006) Cardiac-specific overexpression of diacylglycerol kinase ζ prevents Gq protein-coupled receptor agonist-induced cardiac hypertrophy in transgenic mice. Circulation 113, 60-66
174. Niizeki, T., Takeishi, Y., Arimoto, T., Takahashi, H., Shishido, T., Koyama, Y., Goto, K., Walsh, R. A. and Kubota, I. (2007) Cardiac-specific overexpression of diacylglycerol kinase ζ attenuates left ventricular remodeling and improves survival after myocardial infarction. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 292, H1105-H1112
175. Griner, E. M. and Kazanietz, M. G. (2007) Protein kinase C and other diacylglycerol effectors in cancer. Nat. Rev. Cancer 7, 281-294
176. Filigheddu, N., Cutrupi, S., Porporato, P. E., Riboni, F., Baldanzi, G., Chianale, F., Fortina, E., Piantanida, P., De Bortoli, M., Vacca, G. et al. (2007) Diacylglycerol kinase is required for HGF-induced invasiveness and anchorage-independent growth of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Anticancer Res. 27, 1489-1492
177. Berrar, D., Sturgeon, B., Bradbury, I., Downes, C. S. and Dubitzky, W. (2005) Survival trees for analyzing clinical outcome in lung adenocarcinomas based on gene expression profiles: identification of neogenin and diacylglycerol kinase α expression as critical factors. J. Comput. Biol. 12, 534-544
178. Satoh, J. T. H., Nanri, Y., Arima, K. and Yamamura, T. (2006) Human astrocytes express 14-3-3σ in response to oxidative and DNA-damaging stresses. Neurosci. Res. 56, 61-72
179. Kannan, K., Amariglio, N., Rechavi, G., Jakob-Hirsch, J., Kela, I., Kaminski, N., Getz, G., Domany, E. and Givol, D. (2001) DNA microarrays identification of primary and secondary target genes regulated by p53. Oncogene 20, 2225-2234
180. Hammond, E. M., Mandell, D. J., Salim, A., Krieg, A. J., Johnson, T. M., Shirazi, H. A., Attardi, L. D. and Giaccia, A. J. (2006) Genome-wide analysis of p53 under hypoxic conditions. Mol. Cell. Biol. 26, 3492-3504
181. Jacobs, S. B. R., Basak, S., Murray, J. I., Pathak, N. and Attardi, L. D. (2007) Siva is an apoptosis-selective p53 target gene important for neuronal cell death. Cell Death Differ. 14, 1374-1385
182. Yanagisawa, K., Yasuda, S., Kai, M., Imai, S., Yamada, K., Yamashita, T., Jimbow, K., Kanoh, H. and Sakane, F. (2007) Diacylglycerol kinase α suppresses tumor necrosis factor-α-induced apoptosis of human melanoma cells through NF-κB activation. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1771, 462-474
183. Baldanzi, G., Mitola, S., Cutrupi, S., Filigheddu, N., van Blitterswijk, W. J., Sinigaglia, F., Bussolino, F. and Graziani, A. (2004) Activation of diacylglycerol kinase α is required for VEGF-induced angiogenic signaling in vitro. Oncogene 23, 4828-4838
184. Cutrupi, S., Baldanzi, G., Gramaglia, D., Maffe, A., Schaap, D., Giraudo, E., van Blitterswijk, W., Bussolino, F., Comoglio, P. M. and Graziani, A. (2000) Src-mediated activation of α-diacylglycerol kinase is required for hepatocyte growth factor-induced cell motility. EMBO J. 19, 4614-4622
185. Los, A. P., Vinke, F. P., de Widt, J., Topham, M. K., van Blitterswijk, W. J. and Divecha, N. (2006) The retinoblastoma family proteins bind to and activate diacylglycerol kinase ζ. J. Biol. Chem. 281, 858-866
186. Tang, W., Yuan, J., Chen, X., Gu, X., Luo, K., Li, J., Wan, B., Wang, Y. and Yu, L. (2006) Identification of a novel human lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase, LPAAT-θ, which activates mTOR pathway. J. Biochem. Mol. Biol. 39, 626-635
187. Hornberger, T. A., Chu, W. K., Mak, Y. W., Hsiung, J. W., Huang, S. A. and Chien, S. (2006) The role of phospholipase D and phosphatidic acid in the mechanical activation of mTOR signaling in skeletal muscle. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 103, 4741-4746
188. Foster, D. A. (2007) Regulation of mTOR by phosphatidic acid? Cancer Res. 67, 1-4
189. Crotty, T., Cai, J., Sakane, F., Taketomi, A., Prescott, S. M. and Topham, M. K. (2006) Diacylglycerol kinase δ regulates protein kinase C and epidermal growth factor receptor signaling. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 103, 15485-15490