메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 99, Issue 3, 2007, Pages 545-560

Stereotype Threat Among Schoolgirls in Quasi-Ordinary Classroom Circumstances

Author keywords

classroom; ROCF task; schoolgirls; stereotype threat; visual memory

Indexed keywords


EID: 34548841676     PISSN: 00220663     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/0022-0663.99.3.545     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (176)

References (102)
  • 2
    • 0029095754 scopus 로고
    • Developmental trends in visuospatial analysis and planning: 1. Copying a complex figure
    • Akshoomoff N.A., and Stiles J. Developmental trends in visuospatial analysis and planning: 1. Copying a complex figure. Neuropsychology 9 (1995) 364-377
    • (1995) Neuropsychology , vol.9 , pp. 364-377
    • Akshoomoff, N.A.1    Stiles, J.2
  • 3
    • 0035464223 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stereotype susceptibility in children: Effects of identity activation on quantitative performance
    • Ambady N., Shih M., Kim A., and Pittinsky T.L. Stereotype susceptibility in children: Effects of identity activation on quantitative performance. Psychological Science 12 (2001) 385-390
    • (2001) Psychological Science , vol.12 , pp. 385-390
    • Ambady, N.1    Shih, M.2    Kim, A.3    Pittinsky, T.L.4
  • 4
    • 0036125462 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reducing the effects of stereotype threat on African American college students by shaping theories of intelligence
    • Aronson J., Fried C.B., and Good C. Reducing the effects of stereotype threat on African American college students by shaping theories of intelligence. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 38 (2002) 113-125
    • (2002) Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , vol.38 , pp. 113-125
    • Aronson, J.1    Fried, C.B.2    Good, C.3
  • 5
    • 84903997242 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The relationships among working memory, math anxiety, and performance
    • Aschcraft M.H., and Kirk E.P. The relationships among working memory, math anxiety, and performance. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 130 (2001) 224-237
    • (2001) Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , vol.130 , pp. 224-237
    • Aschcraft, M.H.1    Kirk, E.P.2
  • 7
    • 0023020183 scopus 로고
    • The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations
    • Baron R.M., and Kenny D.A. The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 51 (1986) 1173-1182
    • (1986) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.51 , pp. 1173-1182
    • Baron, R.M.1    Kenny, D.A.2
  • 8
    • 84974045758 scopus 로고
    • Sex differences in mathematical-reasoning ability in intellectually talented preadolescents: Their nature, effects, and possible causes
    • Benbow C.P. Sex differences in mathematical-reasoning ability in intellectually talented preadolescents: Their nature, effects, and possible causes. Behavioral Brain Sciences 11 (1988) 169-232
    • (1988) Behavioral Brain Sciences , vol.11 , pp. 169-232
    • Benbow, C.P.1
  • 10
    • 0019323353 scopus 로고
    • Sex differences in mathematical ability: Fact or artifact?
    • Benbow C.P., and Stanley J.C. Sex differences in mathematical ability: Fact or artifact?. Science 210 (1980, December 12) 1262-1264
    • (1980) Science , vol.210 , pp. 1262-1264
    • Benbow, C.P.1    Stanley, J.C.2
  • 11
    • 0021067189 scopus 로고
    • Sex differences in mathematical reasoning ability: More facts
    • Benbow C.P., and Stanley J.C. Sex differences in mathematical reasoning ability: More facts. Science 222 (1983) 1029-1031
    • (1983) Science , vol.222 , pp. 1029-1031
    • Benbow, C.P.1    Stanley, J.C.2
  • 12
    • 0021263685 scopus 로고
    • Determinants of performance on the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test: An analysis, and a new technique for single-case assessment
    • Bennett-Levy J. Determinants of performance on the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test: An analysis, and a new technique for single-case assessment. British Journal of Clinical Psychology 23 (1984) 109-119
    • (1984) British Journal of Clinical Psychology , vol.23 , pp. 109-119
    • Bennett-Levy, J.1
  • 13
    • 33747818254 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stereotypes and math performance
    • Campbell J.I.D. (Ed), Psychology Press, New York
    • Ben-Zeev T., Duncan S., and Forbes C. Stereotypes and math performance. In: Campbell J.I.D. (Ed). Handbook of mathematical cognition (2005), Psychology Press, New York 235-249
    • (2005) Handbook of mathematical cognition , pp. 235-249
    • Ben-Zeev, T.1    Duncan, S.2    Forbes, C.3
  • 14
    • 0025877918 scopus 로고
    • Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure: Psychometric characteristics in a geriatric sample
    • Berry D.T., Allen R., and Schmitt F.A. Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure: Psychometric characteristics in a geriatric sample. Clinical Neuropsychologist 5 (1991) 143-153
    • (1991) Clinical Neuropsychologist , vol.5 , pp. 143-153
    • Berry, D.T.1    Allen, R.2    Schmitt, F.A.3
  • 15
    • 0039374561 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • When better-than-others compare upward: Choice of comparison and comparative evaluation as independent predictors of academic performance
    • Blanton H., Buunk B.P., Gibbons F.X., and Kuyper H. When better-than-others compare upward: Choice of comparison and comparative evaluation as independent predictors of academic performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 76 (1999) 420-430
    • (1999) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.76 , pp. 420-430
    • Blanton, H.1    Buunk, B.P.2    Gibbons, F.X.3    Kuyper, H.4
  • 16
    • 0034374912 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of in-group versus out-group social comparison on self-esteem in the context of a negative stereotype
    • Blanton H., Crocker J., and Miller D.T. The effects of in-group versus out-group social comparison on self-esteem in the context of a negative stereotype. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 36 (2000) 519-530
    • (2000) Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , vol.36 , pp. 519-530
    • Blanton, H.1    Crocker, J.2    Miller, D.T.3
  • 17
    • 0027315055 scopus 로고
    • Rey-Osterrieth complex figure performance in healthy, older adults: Relationship to age, education, sex, and IQ
    • Boone K.B., Lesser I.A., Hill-Gutierrez E., Berman N.G., and D'Elia L.S. Rey-Osterrieth complex figure performance in healthy, older adults: Relationship to age, education, sex, and IQ. Clinical Neuropsychologist 7 (1993) 22-28
    • (1993) Clinical Neuropsychologist , vol.7 , pp. 22-28
    • Boone, K.B.1    Lesser, I.A.2    Hill-Gutierrez, E.3    Berman, N.G.4    D'Elia, L.S.5
  • 18
    • 0033456798 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A burden of proof: Stereotype relevance and gender differences in math performances
    • Brown R.P., and Josephs R.A. A burden of proof: Stereotype relevance and gender differences in math performances. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 76 (1999) 246-257
    • (1999) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.76 , pp. 246-257
    • Brown, R.P.1    Josephs, R.A.2
  • 21
    • 23944477328 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Why do women underperform under stereotype threat? Evidence for the role of negative thinking
    • Cadinu M., Maass A., Rosabianca A., and Kiesner J. Why do women underperform under stereotype threat? Evidence for the role of negative thinking. Psychological Science 16 (2005) 572-578
    • (2005) Psychological Science , vol.16 , pp. 572-578
    • Cadinu, M.1    Maass, A.2    Rosabianca, A.3    Kiesner, J.4
  • 22
    • 0030119501 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Self-anchoring and differentiation processes in the minimal group setting
    • Cadinu M., and Rothbart M. Self-anchoring and differentiation processes in the minimal group setting. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 70 (1996) 661-677
    • (1996) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.70 , pp. 661-677
    • Cadinu, M.1    Rothbart, M.2
  • 23
    • 0031184063 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mediators of gender differences in mathematics college entrance test scores: A comparison of spatial skills with internalized beliefs and anxieties
    • Casey M.B., Nuttall R.L., and Pezaris E. Mediators of gender differences in mathematics college entrance test scores: A comparison of spatial skills with internalized beliefs and anxieties. Developmental Psychology 33 (1997) 669-680
    • (1997) Developmental Psychology , vol.33 , pp. 669-680
    • Casey, M.B.1    Nuttall, R.L.2    Pezaris, E.3
  • 24
    • 33748297429 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reducing the racial achievement gap: A social-psychological intervention
    • Cohen G.L., Garcia J., Apfel N., and Master A. Reducing the racial achievement gap: A social-psychological intervention. Science 313 (2006, September 1) 1307-1310
    • (2006) Science , vol.313 , pp. 1307-1310
    • Cohen, G.L.1    Garcia, J.2    Apfel, N.3    Master, A.4
  • 25
    • 0032219993 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Extending the concept of stereotype threat to social class: The intellectual underperformance of students from low socioeconomic backgrounds
    • Croizet J.-C., and Claire T. Extending the concept of stereotype threat to social class: The intellectual underperformance of students from low socioeconomic backgrounds. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 24 (1998) 588-594
    • (1998) Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , vol.24 , pp. 588-594
    • Croizet, J.-C.1    Claire, T.2
  • 26
    • 34548846450 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Croizet, J. C., & Després, G. (2003, February). How does stereotype threat undermine performance? Presentation at the annual meeting of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Los Angeles, CA.
  • 28
    • 1842810180 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Using SAT-grade and ability-job performance relationships to test predictions derived from stereotype threat theory
    • Cullen M.J., Hardison C.M., and Sackett P.R. Using SAT-grade and ability-job performance relationships to test predictions derived from stereotype threat theory. Journal of Applied Psychology 89 (2004) 220-230
    • (2004) Journal of Applied Psychology , vol.89 , pp. 220-230
    • Cullen, M.J.1    Hardison, C.M.2    Sackett, P.R.3
  • 33
    • 84979403771 scopus 로고
    • Gender role stereotypes, expectancy effects, and parents' socialization of gender differences
    • Eccles J.S., Jacobs J.E., and Harold R.E. Gender role stereotypes, expectancy effects, and parents' socialization of gender differences. Journal of Social Issues 46 (1990) 183-201
    • (1990) Journal of Social Issues , vol.46 , pp. 183-201
    • Eccles, J.S.1    Jacobs, J.E.2    Harold, R.E.3
  • 34
    • 0027620650 scopus 로고
    • Age and gender differences in children's self- and task perceptions during elementary school
    • Eccles J.S., Wigfield A., Harold R.D., and Blumenfeld P. Age and gender differences in children's self- and task perceptions during elementary school. Child Development 64 (1993) 830-847
    • (1993) Child Development , vol.64 , pp. 830-847
    • Eccles, J.S.1    Wigfield, A.2    Harold, R.D.3    Blumenfeld, P.4
  • 35
    • 34548838907 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • European Research Council Available at http://europa.eu.int/comm/research/sitemap/sitemap.cfm?lang=en#14
    • European Research Council. Women and science (2003). http://europa.eu.int/comm/research/sitemap/sitemap.cfm?lang=en#14 Available at http://europa.eu.int/comm/research/sitemap/sitemap.cfm?lang=en#14
    • (2003) Women and science
  • 36
    • 39549086393 scopus 로고
    • Cognitive gender differences are disappearing
    • Feingold A. Cognitive gender differences are disappearing. American Psychologist 43 (1988) 95-103
    • (1988) American Psychologist , vol.43 , pp. 95-103
    • Feingold, A.1
  • 37
    • 0034222282 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intergroup discrimination in the minimal group paradigm: Categorization, reciprocation, or fear?
    • Gaertner L., and Insko C.A. Intergroup discrimination in the minimal group paradigm: Categorization, reciprocation, or fear?. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 78 (2000) 77-94
    • (2000) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.78 , pp. 77-94
    • Gaertner, L.1    Insko, C.A.2
  • 39
    • 0002193125 scopus 로고
    • Social comparison theory: Self-evaluation and group life
    • Mullen B., and Goethals G.R. (Eds), Springer-Verlag, New York
    • Goethals G.R., and Darley J. Social comparison theory: Self-evaluation and group life. In: Mullen B., and Goethals G.R. (Eds). Theories of group behavior (1987), Springer-Verlag, New York 21-47
    • (1987) Theories of group behavior , pp. 21-47
    • Goethals, G.R.1    Darley, J.2
  • 40
    • 0344467232 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Improving adolescents' standardized test performance: An intervention to reduce the effects of stereotype threat
    • Good C., Aronson J., and Inzlicht M. Improving adolescents' standardized test performance: An intervention to reduce the effects of stereotype threat. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology 24 (2003) 645-662
    • (2003) Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology , vol.24 , pp. 645-662
    • Good, C.1    Aronson, J.2    Inzlicht, M.3
  • 43
    • 0029007354 scopus 로고
    • Sex differences in mental test scores, variability, and numbers of high-scoring individuals
    • Hedges L.V., and Nowell A. Sex differences in mental test scores, variability, and numbers of high-scoring individuals. Science 269 (1995, July 7) 41-45
    • (1995) Science , vol.269 , pp. 41-45
    • Hedges, L.V.1    Nowell, A.2
  • 45
    • 34548844812 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Geometry versus drawing: Changing the meaning of the task as a means to change performance
    • Huguet P., Brunot S., and Monteil J.-M. Geometry versus drawing: Changing the meaning of the task as a means to change performance. Social Psychology of Education 4 (2001) 219-234
    • (2001) Social Psychology of Education , vol.4 , pp. 219-234
    • Huguet, P.1    Brunot, S.2    Monteil, J.-M.3
  • 46
    • 0035438206 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Social comparison choices in the classroom: Further evidence for students' upward comparison tendency and its beneficial impact on performance
    • Huguet P., Dumas F., Monteil J.-M., and Genestoux N. Social comparison choices in the classroom: Further evidence for students' upward comparison tendency and its beneficial impact on performance. European Journal of Social Psychology 31 (2001) 557-578
    • (2001) European Journal of Social Psychology , vol.31 , pp. 557-578
    • Huguet, P.1    Dumas, F.2    Monteil, J.-M.3    Genestoux, N.4
  • 47
    • 0033228372 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Social presence effects in the Stroop task: Further evidence for an attentional view of social facilitation
    • Huguet P., Galvaing M.P., Monteil J.-M., and Dumas F. Social presence effects in the Stroop task: Further evidence for an attentional view of social facilitation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 77 (1999) 1011-1025
    • (1999) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.77 , pp. 1011-1025
    • Huguet, P.1    Galvaing, M.P.2    Monteil, J.-M.3    Dumas, F.4
  • 48
    • 0038828484 scopus 로고
    • The development of sex typing: Themes from recent research
    • Chess S., and Thomas A. (Eds), Brunner/Mazel, New York
    • Huston A.C. The development of sex typing: Themes from recent research. In: Chess S., and Thomas A. (Eds). Annual progress in child psychiatry and child development (1987), Brunner/Mazel, New York 168-186
    • (1987) Annual progress in child psychiatry and child development , pp. 168-186
    • Huston, A.C.1
  • 49
    • 0025395097 scopus 로고
    • Gender differences in mathematics performance: A meta-analysis
    • Hyde J.S., Fennema E., and Lamon S.J. Gender differences in mathematics performance: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin 107 (1990) 139-155
    • (1990) Psychological Bulletin , vol.107 , pp. 139-155
    • Hyde, J.S.1    Fennema, E.2    Lamon, S.J.3
  • 50
    • 0034279620 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A threatening intellectual environment: Why females are susceptible to experiencing problem-solving deficits in the presence of males
    • Inzlicht M., and Ben-Zeev T. A threatening intellectual environment: Why females are susceptible to experiencing problem-solving deficits in the presence of males. Psychological Science 11 (2000) 365-371
    • (2000) Psychological Science , vol.11 , pp. 365-371
    • Inzlicht, M.1    Ben-Zeev, T.2
  • 51
    • 0345581710 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Do high-achievement female students underperform in private? The implications of threatening environments on intellectual processing
    • Inzlicht M., and Ben-Zeev T. Do high-achievement female students underperform in private? The implications of threatening environments on intellectual processing. Journal of Educational Psychology 95 (2003) 796-805
    • (2003) Journal of Educational Psychology , vol.95 , pp. 796-805
    • Inzlicht, M.1    Ben-Zeev, T.2
  • 52
    • 33644757639 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stigma as ego depletion: How being the target of prejudice affects self-control
    • Inzlicht M., McKay L., and Aronson J. Stigma as ego depletion: How being the target of prejudice affects self-control. Psychological Science 17 (2006) 262-269
    • (2006) Psychological Science , vol.17 , pp. 262-269
    • Inzlicht, M.1    McKay, L.2    Aronson, J.3
  • 53
    • 0027013891 scopus 로고
    • The impact of mothers' gender-role stereotypic beliefs on mothers' and children's ability perceptions
    • Jacobs J., and Eccles J.S. The impact of mothers' gender-role stereotypic beliefs on mothers' and children's ability perceptions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 63 (1992) 932-944
    • (1992) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.63 , pp. 932-944
    • Jacobs, J.1    Eccles, J.S.2
  • 54
    • 15944403999 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Knowing is half the battle: Teaching stereotype threat as a means of improving women's math performance
    • Johns M., Schmader T., and Martens A. Knowing is half the battle: Teaching stereotype threat as a means of improving women's math performance. Psychological Science 16 (2005) 175-179
    • (2005) Psychological Science , vol.16 , pp. 175-179
    • Johns, M.1    Schmader, T.2    Martens, A.3
  • 56
    • 0036430819 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Blatant stereotype threat and women's math performance: Self-handicapping as a strategic means to cope with obtrusive negative performance expectations
    • Keller J. Blatant stereotype threat and women's math performance: Self-handicapping as a strategic means to cope with obtrusive negative performance expectations. Sex Roles 47 (2002) 193-198
    • (2002) Sex Roles , vol.47 , pp. 193-198
    • Keller, J.1
  • 57
    • 0037217198 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stereotype threat in the classroom: Dejection mediates the disrupting threat effect on women's math performance
    • Keller J., and Dauenheimer D. Stereotype threat in the classroom: Dejection mediates the disrupting threat effect on women's math performance. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 29 (2003) 371-381
    • (2003) Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , vol.29 , pp. 371-381
    • Keller, J.1    Dauenheimer, D.2
  • 58
    • 0035659656 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sources of poor performance on the Rey-Osterrieth complex figure test among children with learning difficulties: A dynamic assessment approach
    • Kirkwood M.W., Weiler M.D., Bernstein J.H., Forbes P.W., and Waber D.P. Sources of poor performance on the Rey-Osterrieth complex figure test among children with learning difficulties: A dynamic assessment approach. Clinical Neuropsychologist 15 (2001) 345-356
    • (2001) Clinical Neuropsychologist , vol.15 , pp. 345-356
    • Kirkwood, M.W.1    Weiler, M.D.2    Bernstein, J.H.3    Forbes, P.W.4    Waber, D.P.5
  • 59
    • 0034340235 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stereotype threat: Are lower status and history of stigmatization preconditions of stereotype threat?
    • Leyens J.P., Désert M., Croizet J.-C., and Darcis C. Stereotype threat: Are lower status and history of stigmatization preconditions of stereotype threat?. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 26 (2000) 1189-1199
    • (2000) Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , vol.26 , pp. 1189-1199
    • Leyens, J.P.1    Désert, M.2    Croizet, J.-C.3    Darcis, C.4
  • 60
    • 0001256674 scopus 로고
    • Gender differences in beliefs and achievement in mathematics: A cross-cultural study
    • Lummis M., and Stevenson H.W. Gender differences in beliefs and achievement in mathematics: A cross-cultural study. Developmental Psychology 26 (1990) 254-263
    • (1990) Developmental Psychology , vol.26 , pp. 254-263
    • Lummis, M.1    Stevenson, H.W.2
  • 61
    • 14644444731 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stereotype threat: When minority members underperform
    • Stroebe W., and Hewstone M. (Eds), Taylor & Francis, New York
    • Maass A., and Cadinu M. Stereotype threat: When minority members underperform. In: Stroebe W., and Hewstone M. (Eds). European review of social psychology 14 (2003), Taylor & Francis, New York 243-275
    • (2003) European review of social psychology , vol.14 , pp. 243-275
    • Maass, A.1    Cadinu, M.2
  • 62
    • 23044534555 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Female role models: Protecting female students' math test performance
    • Marx D.M., and Roman J.S. Female role models: Protecting female students' math test performance. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 28 (2002) 1185-1197
    • (2002) Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , vol.28 , pp. 1185-1197
    • Marx, D.M.1    Roman, J.S.2
  • 63
    • 14644407384 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • We can do it: The interplay of construal orientation and social comparisons under threat
    • Marx D.M., Stapel D.A., and Muller D. We can do it: The interplay of construal orientation and social comparisons under threat. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 88 (2005) 432-446
    • (2005) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.88 , pp. 432-446
    • Marx, D.M.1    Stapel, D.A.2    Muller, D.3
  • 65
    • 2442618673 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An examination of stereotype threat in a motivational context
    • McFarland L.A., Lev Arey D.M., and Ziegert J.C. An examination of stereotype threat in a motivational context. Human Performance 16 (2003) 181-205
    • (2003) Human Performance , vol.16 , pp. 181-205
    • McFarland, L.A.1    Lev Arey, D.M.2    Ziegert, J.C.3
  • 67
    • 0042344784 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The development and consequences of stereotype consciousness in middle childhood
    • McKown C., and Weinstein R.S. The development and consequences of stereotype consciousness in middle childhood. Child Development 74 (2003) 498-515
    • (2003) Child Development , vol.74 , pp. 498-515
    • McKown, C.1    Weinstein, R.S.2
  • 68
    • 21144464359 scopus 로고
    • Gender differences in academically talented young students' mathematical reasoning: Patterns across age and subskills
    • Mills C.J., Ablard K.E., and Stumpf H. Gender differences in academically talented young students' mathematical reasoning: Patterns across age and subskills. Journal of Educational Psychology 85 (1993) 340-346
    • (1993) Journal of Educational Psychology , vol.85 , pp. 340-346
    • Mills, C.J.1    Ablard, K.E.2    Stumpf, H.3
  • 70
    • 0034222710 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The "relative self": Informational and judgmental consequences of comparative self-evaluation
    • Mussweiler T., and Strack F. The "relative self": Informational and judgmental consequences of comparative self-evaluation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 79 (2000) 23-38
    • (2000) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.79 , pp. 23-38
    • Mussweiler, T.1    Strack, F.2
  • 71
    • 12344273115 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • National Science Foundation Retrieved March 14, 2006, from http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/wmpd/
    • National Science Foundation. Women, minorities and persons with disabilities in science and engineering (2004). http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/wmpd/ Retrieved March 14, 2006, from http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/wmpd/
    • (2004) Women, minorities and persons with disabilities in science and engineering
  • 72
    • 12344273115 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • National Science Foundation Retrieved March 14, 2006, from http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/wmpd/
    • National Science Foundation. Women, minorities and persons with disabilities in science and engineering (2006). http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/wmpd/ Retrieved March 14, 2006, from http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/wmpd/
    • (2006) Women, minorities and persons with disabilities in science and engineering
  • 73
    • 2442442524 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relating test-taking attitudes and skills and stereotype threat effects to the racial gap in cognitive ability test performance
    • Nguyen H.H.D., O'Neal A., and Ryan A.M. Relating test-taking attitudes and skills and stereotype threat effects to the racial gap in cognitive ability test performance. Human Performance 16 (2003) 261-293
    • (2003) Human Performance , vol.16 , pp. 261-293
    • Nguyen, H.H.D.1    O'Neal, A.2    Ryan, A.M.3
  • 75
    • 0000258901 scopus 로고
    • Le test de copie d'une figure complexe [The complex figure copy test]
    • Osterrieth P.A. Le test de copie d'une figure complexe [The complex figure copy test]. Archives de Psychologie 30 (1944) 206-356
    • (1944) Archives de Psychologie , vol.30 , pp. 206-356
    • Osterrieth, P.A.1
  • 76
    • 0034386417 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence for implicit evaluative in-group bias: Affect-biased spontaneous trait inference in a minimal group paradigm
    • Otten S., and Moskowitz G.B. Evidence for implicit evaluative in-group bias: Affect-biased spontaneous trait inference in a minimal group paradigm. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 36 (2000) 77-89
    • (2000) Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , vol.36 , pp. 77-89
    • Otten, S.1    Moskowitz, G.B.2
  • 77
    • 0141819223 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • International Gender x Item Difficulty interactions in mathematics and science achievement tests
    • Penner A.M. International Gender x Item Difficulty interactions in mathematics and science achievement tests. Journal of Educational Psychology 95 (2003) 650-655
    • (2003) Journal of Educational Psychology , vol.95 , pp. 650-655
    • Penner, A.M.1
  • 78
    • 2442522803 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Understanding racial differences on cognitive ability tests in selection contexts: An integration of stereotype threat and applicant reactions research
    • Ployhart R.E., Ziegert J.C., and McFarland L.A. Understanding racial differences on cognitive ability tests in selection contexts: An integration of stereotype threat and applicant reactions research. Human Performance 16 (2003) 231-259
    • (2003) Human Performance , vol.16 , pp. 231-259
    • Ployhart, R.E.1    Ziegert, J.C.2    McFarland, L.A.3
  • 79
    • 0034999641 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The interference of stereotype threat with women's generation of mathematical problem-solving strategies
    • Quinn D.M., and Spencer S.J. The interference of stereotype threat with women's generation of mathematical problem-solving strategies. Journal of Social Issues 57 (2001) 55-71
    • (2001) Journal of Social Issues , vol.57 , pp. 55-71
    • Quinn, D.M.1    Spencer, S.J.2
  • 80
    • 0000054945 scopus 로고
    • L'examen psychologique dans le cas d'encephalopathie traumatique [Psychological examination of traumatic encephalopathy]
    • Rey A. L'examen psychologique dans le cas d'encephalopathie traumatique [Psychological examination of traumatic encephalopathy]. Archives de Psychologie 28 (1941) 286-340
    • (1941) Archives de Psychologie , vol.28 , pp. 286-340
    • Rey, A.1
  • 81
    • 0030534468 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The structure of abilities in math-precocious young children: Gender similarities and differences
    • Robinson N.M., Abbott R.D., Berninger V.W., and Busse J. The structure of abilities in math-precocious young children: Gender similarities and differences. Journal of Educational Psychology 88 (1996) 341-352
    • (1996) Journal of Educational Psychology , vol.88 , pp. 341-352
    • Robinson, N.M.1    Abbott, R.D.2    Berninger, V.W.3    Busse, J.4
  • 83
    • 2442486178 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stereotype threat in applied selection settings: A commentary
    • Sackett P.R. Stereotype threat in applied selection settings: A commentary. Human Performance 16 (2003) 295-309
    • (2003) Human Performance , vol.16 , pp. 295-309
    • Sackett, P.R.1
  • 84
    • 0141483797 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Converging evidence that stereotype threat reduces working memory capacity
    • Schmader T., and Johns M. Converging evidence that stereotype threat reduces working memory capacity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 85 (2003) 440-452
    • (2003) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.85 , pp. 440-452
    • Schmader, T.1    Johns, M.2
  • 85
    • 0037279516 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Solo status, stereotype threat, and performance expectancies: Their effects on women's performance
    • Sekaquaptewa D., and Thompson M. Solo status, stereotype threat, and performance expectancies: Their effects on women's performance. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 39 (2003) 68-74
    • (2003) Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , vol.39 , pp. 68-74
    • Sekaquaptewa, D.1    Thompson, M.2
  • 86
    • 0002445476 scopus 로고
    • High school mathematics as the critical filter in the job market
    • Thomas R.T. (Ed), University of California Press, Berkeley
    • Sells L.W. High school mathematics as the critical filter in the job market. In: Thomas R.T. (Ed). Developing opportunities for minorities in graduate education (1973), University of California Press, Berkeley 37-39
    • (1973) Developing opportunities for minorities in graduate education , pp. 37-39
    • Sells, L.W.1
  • 87
    • 0036429431 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An examination of implicitly activated, explicitly activated, and nullified stereotypes on mathematical performance: It's not just a woman's issue
    • Smith J.L. An examination of implicitly activated, explicitly activated, and nullified stereotypes on mathematical performance: It's not just a woman's issue. Sex Roles 47 (2002) 179-191
    • (2002) Sex Roles , vol.47 , pp. 179-191
    • Smith, J.L.1
  • 88
    • 0035608014 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Maintaining one's self-image vis-à-vis others: The role of self-affirmation in the social evaluation of the self
    • Spencer S.J., Fein S., and Lomore C.D. Maintaining one's self-image vis-à-vis others: The role of self-affirmation in the social evaluation of the self. Motivation and Emotion 25 (2001) 41-64
    • (2001) Motivation and Emotion , vol.25 , pp. 41-64
    • Spencer, S.J.1    Fein, S.2    Lomore, C.D.3
  • 90
    • 10244246647 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Method matters: Effects of explicit versus implicit social comparisons on activation, behavior, and self-views
    • Stapel D.A., and Suls J. Method matters: Effects of explicit versus implicit social comparisons on activation, behavior, and self-views. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 87 (2004) 860-875
    • (2004) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.87 , pp. 860-875
    • Stapel, D.A.1    Suls, J.2
  • 91
    • 0031155092 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A threat in the air. How stereotypes shape intellectual identity and performance
    • Steele C.M. A threat in the air. How stereotypes shape intellectual identity and performance. American Psychologist 52 (1997) 613-629
    • (1997) American Psychologist , vol.52 , pp. 613-629
    • Steele, C.M.1
  • 92
    • 0029411777 scopus 로고
    • Stereotype threat and the intellectual test performance of African Americans
    • Steele C.M., and Aronson J. Stereotype threat and the intellectual test performance of African Americans. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 69 (1995) 797-811
    • (1995) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.69 , pp. 797-811
    • Steele, C.M.1    Aronson, J.2
  • 93
    • 35448985860 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Contending with group image: The psychology of stereotype and social identity threat
    • Zanna M. (Ed), Academic Press, San Diego, CA
    • Steele C.M., Spencer S.J., and Aronson J. Contending with group image: The psychology of stereotype and social identity threat. In: Zanna M. (Ed). Advances in experimental social psychology 34 (2002), Academic Press, San Diego, CA 379-440
    • (2002) Advances in experimental social psychology , vol.34 , pp. 379-440
    • Steele, C.M.1    Spencer, S.J.2    Aronson, J.3
  • 94
    • 2642545953 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Test difficulty and stereotype threat on the GRE general test
    • Stricker L.W., and Bejar I.I. Test difficulty and stereotype threat on the GRE general test. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 34 (2004) 563-597
    • (2004) Journal of Applied Social Psychology , vol.34 , pp. 563-597
    • Stricker, L.W.1    Bejar, I.I.2
  • 95
    • 3542991460 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stereotype threat, inquiring about test takers' ethnicity and sex, and standardized test performance
    • Stricker L.W., and Ward W.C. Stereotype threat, inquiring about test takers' ethnicity and sex, and standardized test performance. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 34 (2004) 665-693
    • (2004) Journal of Applied Social Psychology , vol.34 , pp. 665-693
    • Stricker, L.W.1    Ward, W.C.2
  • 96
    • 0038382615 scopus 로고
    • An integrative theory of intergroup conflict
    • Austin W., and Worchel S. (Eds), Brooks/Cole, Pacific Grove, CA
    • Tajfel H., and Turner J.C. An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. In: Austin W., and Worchel S. (Eds). The social psychology of intergroup relations (1979), Brooks/Cole, Pacific Grove, CA 33-48
    • (1979) The social psychology of intergroup relations , pp. 33-48
    • Tajfel, H.1    Turner, J.C.2
  • 97
    • 0040757488 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparing the Rey-Osterrieth and Taylor Complex Figures: Empirical data and meta-analysis
    • Vingerhoets G., Lannoo E., and Wolters M. Comparing the Rey-Osterrieth and Taylor Complex Figures: Empirical data and meta-analysis. Psychologica Belgica 38 (1998) 109-119
    • (1998) Psychologica Belgica , vol.38 , pp. 109-119
    • Vingerhoets, G.1    Lannoo, E.2    Wolters, M.3
  • 98
    • 0002628645 scopus 로고
    • Remembering the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure: A dual-code, cognitive neuropsychological model
    • Waber D.P., Bernstein J.H., and Merola J. Remembering the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure: A dual-code, cognitive neuropsychological model. Developmental Neuropsychology 5 (1989) 1-15
    • (1989) Developmental Neuropsychology , vol.5 , pp. 1-15
    • Waber, D.P.1    Bernstein, J.H.2    Merola, J.3
  • 100
    • 32644464671 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stereotype threat and group differences in test performance: A question of measurement invariance
    • Wicherts J.M., Dolan C.V., and Hessen D.J. Stereotype threat and group differences in test performance: A question of measurement invariance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 89 (2005) 696-716
    • (2005) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.89 , pp. 696-716
    • Wicherts, J.M.1    Dolan, C.V.2    Hessen, D.J.3
  • 101
    • 0348050201 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changes in children's competence beliefs and subjective task values across the elementary school years: A three-year study
    • Wigfield A., Eccles J.S., Yoon K.S., Harold R.D., Arbreton A., Freedman-Doan K., et al. Changes in children's competence beliefs and subjective task values across the elementary school years: A three-year study. Journal of Educational Psychology 89 (1997) 451-469
    • (1997) Journal of Educational Psychology , vol.89 , pp. 451-469
    • Wigfield, A.1    Eccles, J.S.2    Yoon, K.S.3    Harold, R.D.4    Arbreton, A.5    Freedman-Doan, K.6
  • 102
    • 2342509103 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adjusting researchers' approach to adjustment: On the use of covariates when testing interactions
    • Yzerbyt V.Y., Muller D., and Judd C.M. Adjusting researchers' approach to adjustment: On the use of covariates when testing interactions. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 40 (2004) 424-431
    • (2004) Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , vol.40 , pp. 424-431
    • Yzerbyt, V.Y.1    Muller, D.2    Judd, C.M.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.