Relating test-taking attitudes and skills and stereotype threat effects to the racial gap in cognitive ability test performance

Human Performance

Volumn 16, Issue 3, 2003, Pages 261-293

  Nguyen, Hannah Hanh D ^a   O'Neal, Alisha ^a   Ryan, Ann Marie ^a  

^a MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 2442442524     PISSN: 08959285     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1207/S15327043HUP1603_5     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (60)

1. Arvey, R. D., Strickland, W., Drauden, G., & Martin, C. (1990). Motivational components of test-taking. Personnel Psychology, 43, 695-716.
2. Barbera, K. M. (1995). Multimedia employment tests: The effects of attitudes and experiences on validity. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH.
3. Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator - mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173-1182.
4. Bartlett, C. J., Bobko, P., Mosier, S. B., & Hannan, R. (1978). Testing for fairness with a moderated multiple regression strategy: An alternative to differential analysis. Personnel Psychology, 31, 233-241.
5. Baumeister, R. F. (1984). Choking under pressure: Self-consciousness and paradoxical effects of incentives on skillful performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 610-620.
6. Chambers, B. A. (2001). The dynamics of state goal orientations: Examining the roles of affect and performance evaluations. Unpublished master's thesis, Michigan State University, MI.
7. Chan, D., Schmitt, N., DeShon, R. P., Clause, C. S., & Delbridge, K. (1997). Reactions to cognitive ability tests: The relationship between race, test performance, face validity and test-taking motivation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 82, 300-310.
8. Chan, D., Schmitt, N., Sacco, J. M., & DeShon, R. P. (1998). Understanding pretest and posttest reactions to cognitive ability and personality tests. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83, 471-485.
9. Chen, G., Gully, S. M., Whiteman, J.-A., & Kilcullen, R. N. (2000). Examination of relationships among trait-like individual differences, state-like individual differences, and learning performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85, 835-847.
10. Clark, K. B. (1965). Dark ghetto: Dilemmas of social power. New York: Harper & Row.
11. Cohen, J. (1978). Partialed products are interactions; partialed powers are curve components. Psychological Bulletin, 85, 858-866.
12. Crocker, J., Major, B., & Steele, C. (1998). Social stigma. In D. T. Gilbert, S.T. Fiske, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), The handbook of social psychology (4th ed., Vol. 2, pp. 504-553). Boston: McGraw-Hill.
13. Cullen, M. J., Hardison, C. M., & Lippe, Z. (2002). Depictions of stereotype threat in the popular and scientific media. Paper presented at the meeting of the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychologists, Toronto, Canada.
14. Davis, C., III. (1999). Identity in context: The relationship between Black racial identity and stereotype threat. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Texas at Austin.
15. Deffenbacher, J. L., Deitz, S. R., & Hazaleus, S. L. (1981). Effects of humor and test anxiety on performance, worry, and emotionality in naturally occurring exams. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 5, 225-228.
16. Dodge, T. L., Williams, K. J., & Blanton, H. (2001, April). Motivational mediators of the stereotype threat effect. Paper presented at the meeting of Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology, San Diego, CA.
17. Doverspike, D., & Miguel-Feruito, R. (2001, April). Test-wiseness training as a mechanism for reducing adverse impact: Effects on responses to reading comprehension test items with omitted passages. Paper presented at the meeting of the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology, San Diego, CA.
18. Ellis, A., & Ryan, A. M. (in press). Race and cognitive ability test performance: The mediating effects of test-taking strategy use, test preparation, and test-taking self-efficacy. Journal of Applied Social Psychology
19. Finn, J. D. (1989). Withdrawing from school. Review of Educational Research, 59, 117-142.
20. Geen, R. G. (1980). Test anxiety and cue utilization. In I. G. Sarason (Ed.), Test anxiety: Theory, research, and applications (pp. 43-62). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
21. Goffman, I. (1963). Stigma. New York: Simon & Shuster.
22. Gonzales, T., Blanton, H., & Williams, K. J. (2000, June). The effects of stereotype threat and double-minority status on the test performance of Latino women. Paper presented at the meeting of American Psychological Society, Washington, DC.
23. Gully, S. M., Payne, S. C., Kiechel, K. L., & Whiteman, J. K. (1999, April). Affective reactions and performance outcomes of error-based training. Paper presented at the meeting of the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology, Atlanta, GA.
24. Higgins, E. T. (1987). Self-discrepancy: A theory of relating self and affect. Psychological Review, 94, 319-340.
25. Higgins, E. T., Roney, C. J. R., Crowe, E., & Hymes, C. (1994). Ideal versus ought predilections for approach and avoidance: Distinct self-regulatory systems. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 276-286.
26. Hollandsworth, J. G., Glazeski, R. C., Kirkland, K., Jones, G., & van Norman, L. R. (1979). An analysis of the nature and effects of test anxiety: Cognitive, behavioral, and physiological components. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 3, 165-180.
27. Hunter, J. E., Schmidt, F. L., & Hunter, R. (1979). Differential validity of employment tests by race: A comprehensive review and analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 86, 721-735.
28. Judd, C. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1981). Process analysis: Estimating mediation in treatment evaluations. Evaluation Review, 5, 602-619.
29. Kanfer, R., & Ackerman, P. L. (1989). Motivation and cognitive abilities: An integrative/aptitude-treatment interaction approach to skill acquisition. Journal of Applied Psychology, 74, 657-690.
30. Kenny, D. A. (2001). Mediation. Retrieved March 15, 2001, from http://www.adv-energy.com/~dakenny/mediate.htm
31. Kenny, D. A., Kashy, D. A., & Bolger, N. (1998). Data analysis in social psychology. In D. Gilbert, S. Fiske, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), The handbook of social psychology (4th ed., Vol. 1., pp. 233-265). Boston: McGraw-Hill.
32. Kirkland, K., & Hollandsworth, J. G., Jr. (1980). Effective test taking: Skills acquisition versus anxiety-reduction techniques. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 48, 431-438.
33. Lautenschlager, G. J., & Mendoza, J. L. (1986). A step-down hierarchical multiple regression analysis for examining hypotheses about test bias in prediction. Applied Psychological Measurement, 10, 133-139.
34. Lewis, P. B. (1998). Stereotype threat, implicit theories of intelligence, and racial differences in standardized test performance. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Kent State University, OH.
35. Leyens, J. P., Desert, M., Croizet, J. C., & Darcis, C. (2000). Stereotype threat: Are lower status and history of stigmatization preconditions of stereotype threat? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26, 1189-1199.
36. Millman, J., Bishop, C. H., & Ebel, R. (1965). An analysis of test-wiseness. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 25, 707-726.
37. Ogbu, J. U. (1991). Immigrant and involuntary minorities in comparative perspective. In M. A. Gibson & J. U. Ogbu (Eds.), Minority status and schooling: A comparative study of immigrant and involuntary minorities (pp. 3-33). New York: Garland.
38. Pike, L. (1978). Short term instruction, test-wiseness, and the Scholastic Aptitude Test: A literature review with research recommendations. Princeton, NJ: ETS.
39. Pintrich, P. R., & DeGroot, E. V. (1990). Motivational and self-regulated, learning components of classroom academic performance. Journal of Educational Psychology, 82, 33-40.
40. Powers, D. E. (1993). Coaching for the SAT: A summary of the summaries and an update. Educational Measurement: Issues and Practice, 12, 24-30.
41. Roth, P. L., Bevier, C. A., Bobko, P., Switzer, F. S., III, & Tyler, P. (2001). Ethnic group differences in cognitive ability in employment and educational settings: A meta-analysis. Personnel Psychology, 54, 297-330.
42. Ryan, A. M. (2001). Explaining the Black-White test score gap: The role of test perceptions. Human Performance, 14, 45-76.
43. Sackett, P. R., Schmitt, N., Ellingson, J. E., & Kabin, M. B. (2001). High-stakes testing in employment, credentialing, and higher education: Prospects in a post-affirmative-action world. American Psychologist, 56, 302-318.
44. Sanchez, R. J., Truxillo, D. M., & Bauer, T. N. (2000). Development and examination of an expectancy-based measure of test-taking motivation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85, 739-750.
45. Sarason, I. G. (1984). Stress, anxiety, and cognitive interference: Reactions to tests. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 929-938.
46. Sarnacki, R. E., (1979). An examination of test-wiseness in the cognitive test domain. Review of Educational Research, 49, 252-279.
47. Schmit, M. J., & Ryan, A. M. (1997). Applicant withdrawal: The role of test-taking attitudes and racial differences. Personnel Psychology, 50, 855-876.
48. Schraw, G. (1994). The effect of metacognitive knowledge on local and global monitoring. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 19, 143-154.
49. Schraw, G. (1997). The effect of generalized metacognitive knowledge on test performance and confidence judgments. The Journal of Experimental Education, 65, 135-146.
50. Shah, J., Higgins, E. T., & Friedman, R. S. (1998). Performance incentives and means: How regulatory focus influences goal attainment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 285-293.
51. Smith, J. L., & White, P. H. (2001). Development of the Domain Identification Measure: A tool for investigating stereotype threat effects. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 61, 1040-1057.
52. Stanford University: Facts - The Stanford Undergraduate Program. Retrieved March 15, 2001, from http://www.stanford.edu/home/stanford/facts/undergraduate.html#profile
53. Stangor, C., Carr, C., & Kiang, L. (1998). Activating stereotype undermines task performance expectations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 1191-1197.
54. Steele, C. M. (1975). Name-calling and compliance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 31, 361-369.
55. Steele, C. M. (1997). A threat in the air: How stereotypes shape intellectual identity and performance. American Psychologist, 52, 613-629.
56. Steele, C. M. (1998). Stereotype and its threat are real. American Psychologists, 53, 680-681.
57. Steele, C. M., & Aronson, J. (1995). Stereotype threat and the intellectual test performance of African Americans. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 797-811.
58. Steele, C. M., & Aronson, J. (1998). Stereotype threat and the test performance of academically successful African Americans. In C. Jencks & M. Phillips (Eds.), The Black-White test score gap (pp. 401-427). Washington, DC: Brookings Institution.
59. Steele, S. (1990). The content of our character. New York: St. Martin's Press.
60. Stone, J., Lynch, C., Sjomeling, M., & Darley, J. M. (1999). Stereotype threat effects on Black and White Athletic Performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 1213-1227.