Personalized nutrition: Nutritional genomics as a potential tool for targeted medical nutrition therapy

Nutrition Reviews

Volumn 65, Issue 7, 2007, Pages 301-315

  Vakili, Sina ^b   Caudill, Marie A ^a  

^a CALIFORNIA STATE POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b NONE

Author keywords

Heart health susceptiblity genes; Medical nutrition therapy; Nutritional genomics

Indexed keywords

5,10 METHYLENETETRAHYDROFOLATE REDUCTASE (FADH2); APOLIPOPROTEIN C3; CHOLESTEROL ESTER TRANSFER PROTEIN; HOMOCYSTEINE; INTERLEUKIN 6; LIPOPROTEIN LIPASE;

AFRICAN AMERICAN; ASIAN; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CAUCASIAN; DIET THERAPY; GENE FREQUENCY; GENE LOCUS; GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY; GENETIC VARIABILITY; HUMAN; NUTRIGENOMICS; NUTRITION; PROTEIN FUNCTION; REVIEW; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; DIET; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION; GENETICS; GENOMICS; METHODOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; STANDARD;

CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; DIET; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION; GENOMICS; HUMANS; NUTRITION PHYSIOLOGY; NUTRITION THERAPY; VARIATION (GENETICS);

MLCS; MLOWN;

EID: 34548543670     PISSN: 00296643     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1301/nr.2007.jul.301-315     Document Type: Review

References (120)

1. Enattah BS, Sahi T., Savilahti E., Terwilliger JD, Peltonen L., Jarvela I. Identification of a variant associated with adult-type hypolactasia. Nat Genet 2002 30 : 233 237.
2. Deckelbaum RJ, Worgall TS, Seo T. n-3 Fatty acids and gene expression. Am J Clin Nutr 2006 83 : 1520S 1525S.
3. International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium. Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome. Nature 2001 409 : 860 921.
4. International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium. Finishing the euchromatic sequence of the human genome. Nature 2004 431 : 931 934.
5. The International HapMap Consortium. The International HapMap Project. Nature 2003 426 : 789 796.
6. Center of Disease Control (CDC). Division for Heart Disease and Stroke Prevention. Addressing the Nation's Leading Killers 2007. Available online at :. Accessed May 31, 2007.
7. Ross R. Atherosclerosis - an inflammatory disease. N Engl J Med 1999 340 : 115 126.
8. Steffens S., Mach F. Inflammation and atherosclerosis. Herz 2004 29 : 741 748.
9. LaRosa JC, Hunninghake DU, Bush D., et al. The cholesterol facts. A summary of the evidence relating dietary fats, serum cholesterol, and coronary heart disease. A joint statement by the American Heart Association and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. The Task Force on Cholesterol Issues, American Heart Association. Circulation 1990 8 : 1721 1733.
10. The Homocysteine Studies Collaboration. Homo-cysteine and risk of ischemic heart disease and stroke: a meta-analysis. JAMA 2002 288 : 2015 2022.
11. Rosenblatt DS, Fenton W. Inherited disorders of folate and cobalamin transport and metabolism. In : Scriver CR, Beaudet AL, Sly WS, Valle D., eds. The Metabolic and Molecular Bases of Inherited Disease. 8th ed. New York : McGraw-Hill 2001 : 3897 3933.
12. Goyette P., Pai A., Milos R., et al. Gene structure of human and mouse methylenetetrahydrofolate re-ductase (MTHFR). Mammal Genome 1998 9 : 652 656.
13. Frosst P., Blom HJ, Milos R., et al. A candidate genetic risk factor for vascular disease: a common mutation in methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase. Nat Genet 1995 10 : 111 113.
14. Guenther BD, Sheppard CA, Tran P., Rozen R., Matthews RG, Ludwig ML. The structure and properties of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase from Escherichia coli suggest how folate ameliorates human hyperhomocysteinemia. Nat Struct Biol 1999 6 : 359 365.
15. Schwahn B., Rozen R. Polymorphisms in the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene: clinical consequences. Am J Pharm Genom 2001 1 : 189 201.
16. Guinotte CL, Burns MG, Axume JA, et al. Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase 677C°T variant modulates folate status response to controlled folate intakes in young women. J Nutr 2003 133 : 1272 1280.
17. Klerk M., Verhoef P., Clarke R., Blom HJ, Kok JF, Schouten EG. MTHFR 677C°T polymorphism and risk of coronary heart disease. A meta-analysis. JAMA 2002 288 : 2023 2031.
18. Wald DS, Law M., Morris JK. Homocysteine and cardiovascular disease: evidence on causality from a meta-analysis. BMJ 2002 325 : 1202 1208.
19. van der Put NMJ, Gabreels F., Stevens EMB, et al. A second common mutation in the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene: an additional risk factor for neural tube defects Am J Hum Genet 1998 62 : 1044 1051.
20. Weisberg I., Tran P., Christensen B., Sibani S., Rozen R. A second genetic polymorphism in methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) associated with decreased enzyme activity. Mol Genet Metab 1998 64 : 169 172.
21. Weisberg IS, Jacques PF, Selhub J., et al. The 1298A°C polymorphism in methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR): in vitro expression and association with homocysteine. Atherosclerosis 2001 156 : 409 415.
22. Stegmann K., Zielger A., Ngo ETKM, et al. Linkage disequilibrium of MTHFR genotypes 677C/T-1298A/C in the German population and association studies in probands with neural tube defects (NTDs). Am J Med Genet 1999 87 : 23 29.
23. Esfahani ST, Cogger EA, Caudill MA. Heterogeneity in the prevalence of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene polymorphisms in women of different ethnic groups. J Am Diet Assoc 2003 103 : 200 207.
24. Szczeklik A., Sanak M., Jankowski M., et al. Mutation A1298C of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase: risk for early coronary disease not associated with hyperhomocysteinemia. Am J Med Genet 2001 101 : 36 39.
25. Goyette P., Sumner JS, Milos R., et al. Human methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase: isolation of cDNA, mapping and mutation identification. Nat Genet 1994 7 : 195 200.
26. Jacques PF, Bostom AG, Williams RR, et al. Relation between folate status, a common mutation in methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase, and plasma homocysteine concentrations. Circulation 1996 93 : 7 9.
27. Shelnutt KP, Kauwell GP, Gregory JF, et al. Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase 677C°T polymorphism affects DNA methylation in response to controlled folate intake in young women. J Nutr Biochem 2004 15 : 554 560.
28. Quinlivan EP, Gregory JF. Effect of food fortification on folic acid intake in the United States. Am J Clin Nutr 2003 77 : 221 225.
29. Ishigami M., Yamashita S., Sakai N., et al. High-density lipoproteins from probucol-treated patients have increased capacity to promote cholesterol efflux from mouse peritoneal macrophages loaded with acetylated low-density lipoproteins. Eur J Clin Invest 1997 27 : 285 292.
30. Corbex M., Poirier O., Fumeron F., et al. Extensive association analysis between the CETP gene and coronary heart disease phenotypes reveals several putative functional polymorphisms and gene-environment interaction. Genetic Epidemiol 2000 19 : 64 80.
31. Thompson JF, Lira ME, Durham LK, Clark RW, Bamberger MJ, Milos PM. Polymorphisms in the CETP gene and association with CETP mass and HDL levels. Atherosclerosis 2003 167 : 195 204.
32. Boekholdt SM, Sacks FM, Jukema JW, et al. Cho-lesteryl ester transfer protein TaqIB variant, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, cardiovascular risk, and efficacy of pravastatin treatment: individual patient meta-analysis of 13, 677 subjects. Circulation 2005 111 : 278 287.
33. Stein O., Stein Y. Lipid transfer proteins (LTP) and atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 2005 178 : 217 230.
34. Thompson JF, Durham LK, Lira ME, Shear C., Milos PM. CETP polymorphisms associated with HDL cholesterol may differ from those associated with cardiovascular disease. Atherosclerosis 2005 181 : 45 53.
35. Drayna D., Jarnagin AS, McLean J., et al. Cloning and sequencing of human cholesteryl ester transfer protein cDNA. Nature 1987 327 : 632 634.
36. Agellon LB, Quinet EM, Gillett TG, Drayna DT, Brown ML, Tall AR. Organization of the human cholesteryl ester transfer protein gene. Biochemistry 1990 29 : 1372 1376.
37. Kuivenhoven JA, de Knijff P., Boer JMA, et al. Heterogeneity at the CETP gene locus. Influence on plasma CETP concentrations and HDL cholesterol levels. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1997 17 : 560 568.
38. Boekholdt SM, Thompson JF. Natural genetic variation as a tool in understanding the role of CETP in lipid levels and disease. J Lipid Res 2003 44 : 1040 1093.
39. Freeman DJ, Samani NJ, Wilson V., et al. West of Scotland Study Group. A polymorphism of the cholesteryl ester transfer protein gene predicts cardiovascular events in non-smokers in the West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study. Eur Heart J 2003 24 : 1833 1842.
40. Elosua R., Cupples LA, Fox CS, et al. Association between well-characterized lipoprotein-related genetic variants and carotid intimal medial thickness and stenosis: The Framingham Heart Study. Atherosclerosis 2006 189 : 222 228.
41. Agerholm-Larsen B., Nordestgaard BG, Steffensen R., Jensen G., Tybjaerg-Hansen A. Elevated HDL cholesterol is a risk factor for ischemic heart disease in white women when caused by a common mutation in the cholesteryl ester transfer protein gene. Circulation 2000 101 : 1907 1912.
42. Kolovou GD, Anagnostopoulou KK, Karyofillis P., et al. Cholesteryl ester transfer protein gene polymorphisms and severity of coronary stenosis. Clin Invest Med 2006 29 : 14 19.
43. Clifton P., Kind K., Jones C., Noakes M. Response to dietary fat and cholesterol and genetic polymorphisms. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 1997 24 : A21 A25.
44. Wallace AJ, Mann JI, Sutherland WHF, et al. Variants in the cholesterol ester transfer protein and lipoprotein lipase genes are predictors of plasma cholesterol response to dietary change. Atherosclerosis 2000 152 : 327 336.
45. McPherson R., Lau P., Kussie P., Barrett H., Tall AR. Plasma kinetics of cholesteryl ester transfer protein in the rabbit. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1997 17 : 203 210.
46. Cheema SK, Agarwal-Mawal A., Murray CM, Tucker S. Lack of stimulation of cholesteryl ester transfer protein by cholesterol in the presence of a high-fat diet. J Lipid Res 2005 46 : 2356 2366.
47. Schwab US, Maliranta HM, Sarkkinen ES, Savol-ainen MJ, Kesaniemi YA, Uusitupa MI. Different effects of palmitic and stearic acid-enriched diets on serum lipids and lipoproteins and plasma cholesteryl ester transfer protein activity in healthy young women. Metabolism 1996 45 : 143 149.
48. Groener JE, van Ramshorst EM, Katan MB, Men-sink RP, van Tol A. Diet-induced alteration in the activity of plasma lipid transfer protein in normo-lipidemic human subjects. Atherosclerosis 1991 87 : 221 226.
49. Kwon MJ, Song YS, Choi MS, Park SJ, Jeong KS, Song YO. Cholesteryl ester transfer protein activity and atherogenic parameters in rabbits supplemented with cholesterol and garlic powder. Life Sciences 2003 72 : 2953 2964.
50. Kwon MJ, Song YS, Choi MS, Song YO. Red pepper attenuates Cholesteryl ester transfer protein activity and atherosclerosis in cholesterol-fed rabbits. Clinica Chimica Acta 2003 332 : 37 44.
51. Jansen S., Lopez-Miranda J., Castro P., et al. Low-fat and high-monounsaturated fatty acid diets decrease plasma cholesterol ester transfer protein concentrations in young, normolipemic men. Am J Clin Nutr 2000 72 : 36 41.
52. Morabia A., Cayanis E., Costanza MC, et al. Association between lipoprotein lipase (LPL) gene and blood lipids: A common variant for a common trait Genetic Epidemiol 2003 24 : 309 321.
53. Sparkes RS, Zollman S., Klisak I., et al. Human genes involved in lipolysis of plasma lipoproteins: mapping of loci for lipoprotein lipase to 8p22 and hepatic lipase to 15q21. Genomics 1987 1 : 138 144.
54. Deeb SS, Peng R. Structure of the human lipoprotein lipase gene. Biochemistry 1989 28 : 4131 4135.
55. van Bockxmeer FM, Liu Q., Mamotte C., Burke V., Taylor R. Lipoprotein lipase D9N, N291S and S447X polymorphisms: their influence on premature coronary heart disease and plasma lipids. Atherosclerosis 2001 157 : 123 129.
56. Murthy V., Julien P., Gagne C. Molecular pathobiol-ogy of the human lipoprotein lipase gene. Pharmacol Ther 1996 70 : 101 135.
57. Fisher RM, Humphries SE, Talmud PJ. Common variation in the lipoprotein lipase gene: effects on plasma lipids and risk of atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 1997 135 : 145 159.
58. Chen W., Srinivasan SR, Elkasabany A., Ellsworth DL, Boerwinkle E., Berenson GS. Influence of lipoprotein lipase serine 447 stop polymorphism on tracking of triglycerides and HDL cholesterol from childhood to adulthood and familial risk of coronary artery disease: the Bogalusa heart study. Atherosclerosis 2001 159 : 367 373.
59. Gagne SE, Larson MG, Pimstone SN, et al. A common truncation variant of lipoprotein lipase (Ser447X) confers protection again coronary heart disease: The Framingham Offspring Study. Clin Genet 1999 55 : 450 454.
60. Wittrup HH, Tybjaerg-Hansen A., Nordestgaard BG. Lipoprotein lipase mutations, plasma lipids and lipoproteins, and risk of ischemic heart disease. A meta-analysis. Circulation 1999 99 : 2901 2907.
61. Kuivenhoven JA, Groenemeyere BE, Boer JMA, et al. Ser447stop mutation in lipoprotein lipase is associated with elevated HDL cholesterol levels in normolipidemic males. Arterioscler. Thromb Vasc Biol 1997 17 : 595 599.
62. Clee SM, Loubser O., Collins J., Kastelein JJ, Hay-den MR. The LPL S447X cSNP is associated with decreased blood pressure and plasma triglycerides, and reduced risk of coronary artery disease. Clin Genet 2001 : 60 : 293 300.
63. Zhang H., Henderson H., Gagne SE, et al. Common sequence variants of lipoprotein lipase: standardized studies of in vitro expression and catalytic function. Biochim Biophys Acta 1996 1302 : 159 166.
64. Zhang Q., Liu Y., Liu BW, Fan P., Cavanna J., Galton DJ. Common genetic variants of lipoprotein lipase and apolipoproteins AI-CIII that relate to coronary artery disease: a study in Chinese and European subjects. Mol Genet Metab 1998 64 : 177 183.
65. Lopez-Miranda J., Cruz G., Gomez P., et al. The influence of lipoprotein lipase gene variation on postprandial lipoprotein metabolism. J Clin Endo-crinol Metab 2004 89 : 4721 4728.
66. Talmud PJ, Hawe E., Miller GJ. Analysis of gene-environment interaction in coronary artery disease: lipoprotein lipase and smoking as examples. Ital Heart J 2002 3 : 6 9.
67. Wittrup HH, Nordestgaard BG, Steffensen R., Jensen G., Tybjaerg-Hansen A. Effect of gender on phenotypic expression of the S447X mutation in LPL: the Copenhagen City Heart Study. Atherosclerosis 2002 165 : 119 126.
68. Brousseau ME, Goldkamp AL, Collins D., et al. Polymorphisms in the gene encoding lipoprotein lipase in men with low HDL-C and coronary heart disease: The Veterans Affairs HDL Intervention Trial. J Lipid Res 2004 45 : 1885 1891.
69. Sawano M., Watanabe Y., Ohmura H., et al. Potentially protective effects of the Ser447-Ter mutation of the lipoprotein lipase gene against the development of coronary artery disease in Japanese subjects via a beneficial lipid profile. Jpn Circ J 2001 65 : 310 314.
70. Ukkola O., Tremblay A., Bouchard C. Lipoprotein lipase polymorphisms and responses to long-term overfeeding. J Intern Med 2002 251 : 429 436.
71. Khan S., Minihane AM, Talmud PJ, et al. Dietary long-chain n-3 PUFAs increase LPL gene expression in adipose tissue of subjects with an atherogenic lipoprotein phenotype. J Lipid Res 2002 43 : 979 985.
72. Park MY, Lee KS, Sung MK. Effects of dietary mulberry, Korean red ginseng, and banaba on glucose homeostasis in relation to PPAR-alpha, PPAR-gamma, and LPL mRNA expressions. Life Sci 2005 77 : 3344 3354.
73. Wang SC, McConathy WJ, Kloer HU, Alaupovic P. Modulation of lipoprotein lipase activity by apolipoproteins. Effect of apolipoprotein CIII. J Clin Invest 1985 75 : 384 390.
74. Aalto-Setala K., Fisher EA, Chen X., et al. Mechanism of hypertriglyceridemia in human apolipoprotein CIII transgenic mice. J Clin Invest 1992 90 : 1889 1890.
75. Karathanasis SK. Apolipoprotein multigene family: tandem organization of human apolipoprotein AI, CIII and AIV genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1985 2 : 6374 6378.
76. Marasco O., Melina F., Mele E., et al. Linkage disequilibrium of three polymorphic RFLP markers in the apolipoprotein AI-CIII gene cluster on chromosome 11. Hum Genet 1993 91 : 169 174.
77. Liu S., Song Y., Hu FB, et al. A prospective study of the APOA1 XmnI and APOC3 SstI polymorphisms in the APOA1/C3/A4 gene cluster and risk of incident myocardial infarction in men. Atherosclerosis 2004 177 : 119 126.
78. Waterworth DM, Talmud PJ, Bujac SR, Fisher RM, Miller GJ, Humphries SE. Contribution of apolipoprotein C-III gene variants to determination of triglyceride levels and interaction with smoking in middle-aged men. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2000 20 : 2663 2669.
79. Groenendijk M., Cantor RM, Funke H., Dallinga-Thie GM. Two newly identified SNPs in the APO A-CIII intergenic region are strongly associated with familial combined hyperlipidaemia. Eur J Clin Invest 2001 31 : 852 859.
80. Groenendijk M., Cantor RM, de Bruin TW, Dallinga-Thie GM. The apoAI-CIII-AIV gene cluster. Atherosclerosis 2001 157 : 1 11.
81. Tobin MD, Braund PS, Burton PR, et al. Genotypes and haplotypes predisposing to myocardial infarction: a multilocus case-control study. Eur Heart J 2004 25 : 459 467.
82. Sijbrands EJ, Hoffer MJ, Meinders AE, et al. Severe hyperlipidemia in apolipoprotein E2 homozy-gotes due to a combined effect of hyperinsulin-emia and an SstI polymorphism. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1999 19 : 2722 2729.
83. Ordovas JM, Civeira F., Genest J. Jr., et al. Restriction fragment length polymorphisms of the apolipoprotein A-I, C-III, A-IV gene locus. Relationships with lipids, apolipoproteins, and premature coronary artery disease. Atherosclerosis 1991 87 : 75 86.
84. Surguchov AP, Page GP, Smith L., Patsch W., Boer-winkle E. Polymorphic markers in apolipoprotein CIII gene flanking regions and hypertriglyceridemia. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1996 16 : 941 947.
85. Russo GT, Meigs JB, Cupples LA, Demissie S., Otvos JD, Wilson PW. Association of the Sst-I polymorphism at the APOC3 gene locus with variations in lipid levels, lipoprotein subclass profiles and coronary heart disease risk: the Framingham offspring study. Atherosclerosis 2001 158 : 173 181.
86. Wu JH, Kao JT, Wen MS, Lo SK. DNA polymorphisms at the apolipoprotein A1-CIII loci in Taiwanese: correlation of plasma APOCIII with triglyc-eride level and body mass index. J Formos Med Assoc 2000 99 : 367 374.
87. Buzza M., Fripp Y., Mitchell RJ. Apolipoprotein AI and CIII gene polymorphisms and their association with lipid levels in Italian, Greek and Anglo-Irish populations of Australia. Ann Hum Biol 2001 28 : 481 490.
88. Dallongeville J., Meirhaeghe A., Cottel D., Fruchart JC, Amouyel P., Helbecque N. Gender related association between genetic variations of APOC-III gene and lipid and lipoprotein variables in northern France. Atherosclerosis 2000 150 : 149 157.
89. Corella D., Guillen M., Saiz C., et al. Associations of LPL and APOC3 gene polymorphisms on plasma lipids in a Mediterranean population: interaction with tobacco smoking and the APOE locus. J Lipid Res 2002 43 : 416 427.
90. Salas J., Jansen S., Lopez-Miranda J., et al. The SstI polymorphism of the apolipoprotein C-III gene determines the insulin response to an oral-glucose-tolerance test after consumption of a diet rich in saturated fats. Am J Clin Nutr 1998 68 : 396 401.
91. Lopez-Miranda J., Jansen S., Ordovas JM, et al. Influence of the SstI polymorphism at the apolipoprotein C-III gene locus on the plasma low-density-lipoprotein-cholesterol response to dietary monounsaturated fat. Am J Clin Nutr 1997 66 : 97 103.
92. Olivieri O., Martinelli N., Sandri M., et al. Apolipoprotein C-III, n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, and "insulin-resistant" T-455C APOC3 gene polymorphism in heart disease patients: example of gene-diet interaction. Clin Chem 2005 51 : 360 367.
93. Baumann H., Gauldie J. Regulation of hepatic acute phase plasma protein genes by hepatocyte stimulating factors and other mediators of inflammation. Mol Biol Med 1990 7 : 147 159.
94. Humphries SE, Luong LA, Ogg MS, Hawe E., Miller GJ. The interleukin-6-174 G/C promoter polymorphism is associated with risk of coronary heart disease and systolic blood pressure in healthy men. Eur Heart J 2001 22 : 2243 2252.
95. Mohamed-Ali V., Goodrick S., Rawesh A., et al. Subcutaneous adipose tissue releases interleukin-6, but not tumor necrosis factor-alpha, in vivo. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997 82 : 4196 4200.
96. Luc G., Bard JM, Juhan-Vague I., et al. C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and fibrinogen as predictors of coronary heart disease: the PRIME Study. Arte-rioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2003 23 : 1255 1261.
97. Ridker PM, Rifai N., Stampfer MJ, Hennekens CH. Plasma concentration of interleukin-6 and the risk of future myocardial infarction among apparently healthy men. Circulation 2000 101 : 1767 1772.
98. Biasucci LM, Vitelli A., Liuzzo G., et al. Elevated levels of interleukin-6 in unstable angina. Circulation 1996 94 : 874 877.
99. Seino Y., Ikeda U., Ikeda M., et al. Interleukin 6 genetranscripts are expressed in human atherosclerotic lesions. Cytokine 1994 6 : 87 91.
100. Kishimoto T., Hibi M., Murakami M., Narazaki M., Saito M., Taga T. The molecular biology of interleukin 6 and its receptor. Ciba Found Symp 1992 167 : 5 16.
101. Sehgal PB, Zilberstein A., Ruggieri RM, et al. Human chromosome 7 carries the beta 2 interferon gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1986 83 : 5219 5222.
102. Fishman D., Faulds G., Jeffery R., et al. The effect of novel polymorphisms in the interleukin-6 (IL-6) gene on IL-6 transcription and plasma IL-6 levels, and an association with systemic-onset juvenile chronic arthritis. J Clin Invest 1998 102 : 1369 1376.
103. Terry CF, Loukaci V., Green FR. Cooperative influence of genetic polymorphisms on interleukin 6 transcriptional regulation. J Biol Chem 2000 275 : 18138 18144.
104. Sie MP, Sayed-Tabatabaei FA, Oei HH, et al. Interleukin 6-174 g/c promoter polymorphism and risk of coronary heart disease: results from the Rotterdam study and meta-analysis. Arterioscler. Thromb Vasc Biol 2006 26 : 212 217.
105. Libra M., Signorelli SS, Bevelacqua Y., et al. Analysis of G(-174)C IL-6 polymorphism and plasma concentrations of inflammatory markers in patients with type 2 diabetes and peripheral arterial disease. J Clin Pathol 2006 59 : 211 215.
106. Jones KG, Brull DJ, Brown LC, et al. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and the prognosis of abdominal aortic aneu-rysms. Circulation 2001 103 : 2260 2265.
107. Brull DJ, Montgomery HE, Sanders J., et al. Interleukin-6 gene -174G3C and -572G3C promoter polymorphisms are strong predictors of plasma interleukin-6 levels after coronary artery bypass surgery. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2001 21 : 1458 1463.
108. Georges JL, Loukaci V., Poirier O., et al. Interleukin-6 gene polymorphisms and susceptibility to myocardial infarction: the ECTIM study. Etude Cas-Temoin de l'Infarctus du Myocarde. J Mol Med 2001 79 : 300 305.
109. Rauramaa R., Vaisanen SB, Luong LA, et al. Stromelysin-1 and interleukin-6 gene promoter polymorphisms are determinants of asymptomatic carotid artery atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2000 20 : 2657 2662.
110. Vickers MA, Green FR, Terry C., et al. Genotype at a promoter polymorphism of the interleukin-6 gene is associated with baseline levels of plasma C-reactive protein. Cardiovasc Res 2002 53 : 1029 1034.
111. Markovic O., O'Reilly G., Fussell HM, et al. Role of single nucleotide polymorphisms of pro-inflammatory cytokine genes in the relationship between serum lipids and inflammatory parameters, and the lipid-lowering effect of fish oil in healthy males. Clin Nutr 2004 23 : 1084 1095.
112. Eklund C., Jahan F., Pessi T., Lehtimaki T., Hurme M. Interleukin 1B gene polymorphism is associated with baseline C-reactive protein levels in healthy individuals. Eur Cytokine Netw 2003 14 : 168 171.
113. Latkovskis G., Licis N., Kalnins U. C-reactive protein levels and common polymorphisms of the interleukin-1 gene cluster and interleukin-6 gene in patients with coronary heart disease. Eur J Immuno-genet 2004 31 : 207 213.
114. Eklund C., Nenonen A., Kukkonen-Harjula K., et al. Association of the IL6-174(G/C) polymorphism with C-reactive protein concentration after weight loss in obese men. Eur Cytokine Netw 2006 17 : 131 135.
115. Basu A., Devaraj S., Jialal I. Dietary factors that promote or retard inflammation. Arterioscler Thromb Vascu Biol 2006 26 : 992 1001.
116. Giugliano D., Ceriello A., Esposito K. The effects of diet on inflammation: emphasis on the metabolic syndrome. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006 48 : 677 685.
117. Rallidis LS, Paschos G., Liakos GK, Velissaridou AH, Anastasiadis G., Zampelas A. Dietary alpha-linolenic acid decreases C-reactive protein, serum amyloid A and interleukin-6 in dyslipidaemic patients. Atherosclerosis 2003 167 : 237 242.
118. Lopez-Garcia E., Schulze MB, Meigs JB et al. Consumption of trans fatty acids is related to plasma biomarkers of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction. J Nutr 2005 135 : 562 566.
119. Baer DJ, Judd JT, Clevidence BA, Tracy RP. Dietary fatty acids affect plasma markers of inflammation in healthy men fed controlled diets: A randomized crossover study. Am J Clin Nutr 2004 79 : 969 973.
120. Zhang J., Liang F., Dassen WRM, Doevendans PA, de Gunst M. Search for haplotype interactions that influence susceptibility to type 1 diabetes, through use of unphased genotype data. Am J Hum Genet 2003 73 : 1385 1401.