Optical molecular imaging in drug discovery and clinical development

Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery

Volumn 2, Issue 1, 2007, Pages 65-85

  Bednar, Bohumil ^a   Zhang, Guo Jun ^a   Williams Jr , David L ^a   Hargreaves, Richard ^a   Sur, Cyrille ^a  

^a MERCK RESEARCH LABORATORIES   (United States)

Author keywords

Animal model; Bioluminescence; Cardiovascular; Diabetes; Fluorescence; Luciferase; Near infrared probes; Neurological disorders; Oncology; Optical imaging

Indexed keywords

AMINOLEVULINIC ACID; AMYLOID BETA PROTEIN; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; BISPHOSPHONIC ACID DERIVATIVE; CYCLOOXYGENASE 2; CYTOCHROME P450 3A4; FIREFLY LUCIFERASE; FLUORESCENT DYE; GLIAL FIBRILLARY ACIDIC PROTEIN; HYPOXIA INDUCIBLE FACTOR 1; QUANTUM DOT; RECOMBINANT ANTIBODY; TECHNETIUM 99M; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR;

ALGORITHM; ALZHEIMER DISEASE; ANGIOGENESIS; APOPTOSIS; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; BIOLUMINESCENCE; BIOMEDICAL TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT; BLADDER CANCER; BONE STRUCTURE; BREAST CANCER; CALIBRATION; CANCER; CARCINOGENESIS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CELL CYCLE REGULATION; CELL PROLIFERATION; CHRONIC INFLAMMATION; CYSTOSCOPY; DEGENERATIVE DISEASE; DIABETES MELLITUS; DNA REPAIR; DRUG DESIGN; DRUG RESEARCH; DRUG SCREENING; ENDOSCOPY; EQUIPMENT DESIGN; EYE DISEASE; FLUORESCENCE ANALYSIS; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION; HEART INFARCTION; HOLLOW FIBER; HUMAN; HYPOXIA; IMAGING SYSTEM; INFECTION; ISOTOPE LABELING; LIGHT SCATTERING; MAMMOGRAPHY; METASTASIS; MOLECULAR IMAGING; MOLECULAR PROBE; NOCICEPTION; NONHUMAN; OPHTHALMOLOGY; OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN PROTEIN INTERACTION; REVIEW; SCINTIGRAPHY; STROKE; THERMOREGULATION; THREE DIMENSIONAL IMAGING; TRANSGENIC ANIMAL; TREATMENT RESPONSE; TUMOR XENOGRAFT;

EID: 34447528673     PISSN: 17460441     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2.1.65     Document Type: Review

References (113)

1. GREER LF 3RD, SZALAY AA: Imaging of light emission from the expression of luciferases in living cells and organisms: a review. Luminescence (2002) 17(1):43-74.
2. GIEPMANS BN, ADAMS SR, ELLISMAN MH, TSIEN RY: The fluorescent toolbox for assessing protein location and function. Science (2006) 312(5771):217-224.
3. GIBSON AP, HEBDEN JC, ARRIDGE SR: Recent advences in diffuses optical imaging. Phys. Med. Biol. (2005) 50R1-50R43.
4. INTES X, CHANCE B: Non-PET functional imaging techniques: optical. Radiol. Clin. North Am. (2005) 43(1):221-234, xii.
5. SIEGEL A, MAROTA J, BOSAS DA: Design and evaluation of a continuous-wave diffuse optical tomography system. Opt. Express (1999) 4287-4298.
6. NTZIACHRISTOS V, MA X, YODH AG, CHANCE B: Multichanel phton counting instrument for spatially resolved near infrared spectroscopy. Rev. Sci. Instrum. (1999) 70193-70201.
7. NTZIACHRISTOS V, WEISSLEDER R: Charge-coupled-device based scanner for tomography of fluorescent near-infrared probes in turbid media. Med. Phys. (2002) 29(5):803-809.
8. GRAVES EE, RIPOLL J, WEISSLEDER R, NTZIACHRISTOS V: A submillimeter resolution fluorescence molecular imaging system for small animal imaging. Med. Phys. (2003) 30(5):901-911.
9. TROY TL, STEARNS DG, NILSON DN, RICE BW: Development of 3D optical imaging system for in vivo detection of bioluminescence. OSA Biomedical Topical Meetings (Optical Society of America): (2002) 513-515.
10. RUDIN M, WEISSLEDER R: Molecular imaging in drug discovery and development. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. (2003) 2(2):123-131.
11. LICHA K, OLBRICH C: Optical imaging in drug discovery and diagnostic applications. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. (2005) 57(8):1087-1108.
12. BLASBERG RG, GELOVANI J: Molecular-genetic imaging: a nuclear medicine-based perspective. Mol. Imaging (2002) 1(3):280-300.
13. GELOVANI TJUVAJEV J, BLASBERG RG: In vivo imaging of molecular-genetic targets for cancer therapy. Cancer Cell (2003) 3(4):327-332.
14. HOFFMAN R: Green fluorescent protein imaging of tumour growth, metastasis, and angiogenesis in mouse models. Lancet Oncol. (2002) 3(9):546-556.
15. GROSS S, PIWNICA-WORMS D: Spying on cancer: molecular imaging in vivo with genetically encoded reporters. Cancer Cell (2005) 7 (1):5-15.
16. TROY T, JEKIC-MCMULLEN D, SAMBUCETTI L, RICE B: Quantitative comparison of the sensitivity of detection of fluorescent and bioluminescent reporters in animal models. Mol. Imaging (2004) 3(1):9-23.
17. TUNG CH, ZENG Q, SHAH K, KIM DE, SCHELLINGERHOUT D, WEISSLEDER R: In vivo imaging of beta-galactosidase activity using far red fluorescent switch. Cancer Res. (2004) 64(5):1579-1583.
18. ACHILEFU S: Lighting up tumours with receptor-specific optical molecular probes. Technol. Cancer Res. Treat. (2004) 3(4):393-409.
19. NTZIACHRISTOS V, BREMER C, WEISSLEDER R: Fluorescence imaging with near-infrared light: new technological advances that enable in vivo molecular imaging. Eur. Radiol. (2003) 13(1):195-208.
20. BERLIER JE, ROTHE A, BULLER G et al.: Quantitative comparison of long-wavelength Alexa Fluor dyes to Cy dyes: fluorescence of the dyes and their bioconjugates, J Histochem. Cytochem. (2003) 51(12):1699-1712.
21. NTZIACHRISTOS V, YODH AG, SCHNALL M, CHANCE B: Concurrent MRI and diffuse optical tomography of breast after indocyanine green enhancement. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (2000) 97(6):2767-2772.
22. YE Y, BLOCH S, XU B, ACHILEFU S: Design, synthesis, and evaluation of near infrared fluorescent multimeric RGD peptides for targeting tumours. J. Med. Chem. (2006) 49(7):2268-2275.
23. 3 in brain tumour xenografts. Cancer Res. (2004) 64(21):8009-8014.
24. NTZIACHRISTOS V, SCHELLENBERGER EA, RIPOLL J et al.: Visualization of antitumour treatment by means of fluorescence molecular tomography with an annexin V-Cy5.5 conjugate. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (2004) 101(33): 12294-12299.
25. OKARVI SM, AL-JAMMAZ I: Synthesis, radiolabelling and biological characteristics of a bombesin peptide analog as a mmour imaging agent. Anti-Cancer Res. (2003) 23(3B):2745-2750.
26. LICHA K, HESSENIUS C, BECKER A et al.: Synthesis, characterization, and biological properties of cyanine-labelled somatostatin analogues as receptor-targeted fluorescent probes. Bioconjug. Chem. (2001) 12(1):44-50.
27. WEISSLEDER R, TUNG CH, MAHMOOD U, BOGDANOV A Jr: In vivo imaging of tumours with protease-activated near-infrared fluorescent probes. Nat. Biotechnol. (1999) 17(4):375-378.
28. BREMER C, TUNG CH, WEISSLEDER R: In vivo molecular target assessment of matrix metalloproteinase inhibition. Nat. Med. (2001) 7(6):743-748.
29. MAHMOOD U, WEISSLEDER R: Near-infrared optical imaging of proteases in cancer. Mol. Cancer Ther. (2003) 2(5):489-496.
30. JIANG T, OLSON ES, NGUYEN QT, ROY M, JENNINGS PA, TSIEN RY: Tumour imaging by means of proteolytic activation of cell-penetrating peptides. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (2004) 101(51):17867-17872.
31. GAO X, CUI Y, LEVENSON RM, CHUNG LW, NIE S: In vivo cancer targeting and imaging with semiconductor quantum dots. Nat. Biotechnol. (2004) 22(8):969-976.
32. MEDINTZ IL, UYEDA HT, GOLDMAN ER, MATTOUSSI H: Quantum dot bioconjugates for imaging, labelling and sensing. Nat. Mater. (2005) 4(6):435-446.
33. MICHALET X, PINAUD FF, BENTOLILA LA et al.: Quantum dots for live cells, in vivo imaging, and diagnostics. Science (2005) 307(5709):538-544.
34. LAXMAN B, HALL DE, BHOJANI MS et al.: Noninvasive real-time imaging of apoptosis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (2002) 99(26):16551-16555.
35. ZHANG GJ, SAFRAN M, WEI W et al.: Bioluminescent imaging of Cdk2 inhibition in vivo. Nat Med. (2004) 10(6):643-648.
36. HARADA H, KIZAKA-KONDOH S, HIRAOKA M: Optical imaging of tumour hypoxia and evaluation of efficacy of a hypoxia-targeting drug in living animals. Mol. Imaging (2005) 4(3):182-193.
37. WANG W, EL-DEIRY WS: Bioluminescent molecular imaging of endogenous and exogenous p53-mediated transcription in vitro and in vivo using an HCT116 human colon carcinoma xenograft model. Cancer Biol. Ther. (2003) 2(2): 196-202.
38. LUKER GD, SHARMA V, PIWNICA-WORMS D: Visualizing protein-protein interactions in living animals. Methods (2003) 29(1):110-122.
39. GROSS S, PIWNICA-WORMS D: Monitoring proteasome activity in cellulo and in living animals by bioluminescent imaging: technical considerations for design and use of genetically encoded reporters. Methods Enzymol. (2005) 399512-399530.
40. REED JC: Apoptosis-based therapies. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. (2002) 1(2):111-121.
41. SHAH K, TUNG CH, BREAKEFIELD XO, WEISSLEDER R. In vivo imaging of S-TRAIL-mediated tumour regression and apoptosis. Mol. Ther. (2005) 11(6):926-931.
42. MESSERLI SM, PRABHAKAR S, TANG Y et al.: A novel method for imaging apoptosis using a caspase-1 near-infrared fluorescent probe. Neoplasia (2004) 6(2):95-105.
43. SCHELLENBERGER EA, BOGDANOVA Jr, PETROVSKY A, NTZIACHRISTOS V, WEISSLEDER R, JOSEPHSON L: Optical imaging of apoptosis as a biomarker of tumour response to chemotherapy. Neoplasia (2003) 5(3):187-192.
44. UHRBOM L, NERIO E, HOLLAND EC: Dissecting tumour maintenance requirements using bioluminescence imaging of cell proliferation in a mouse glioma model. Nat. Med. (2004) 10(11):1257-1260.
45. KAELIN WG: Proline hydroxylation and gene expression. Ann. Rev. Biochem. (2005) 74115-74128.
46. VORDERMARK D, SHIBATA T, BROWN JM: Green fluorescent protein is a suitable reporter of tumour hypoxia despite an oxygen requirement for chromophore formation. Neoplasia (2001) 3(6):527-534.
47. SAFRAN M, KIM WY, O'CONNELL F et al.: Mouse model for noninvasive imaging of HIF prolyl hydroxylase activity: assessment of an oral agent that stimulates erythropoietin production. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (2006) 103(1):105-110.
48. YANG M, BARANOV E, LI XM et al.: Whole-body and intravital optical imaging of angiogenesis in orthotopically implanted tumours. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (2001) 98(5):2616-2621.
49. YANG M, LI L, JIANG P, MOOSSA AR, PENMAN S, HOFFMAN RM: Dual-color fluorescence imaging distinguishes tumour cells from induced host angiogenic vessels and stromal cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (2003) 100(24):14259-14262.
50. AMOH Y, YANG M, LI L, REYNOSO J et al.: Nestin-linked green fluorescent protein transgenic nude mouse for imaging human tumour angiogenesis. Cancer Res. (2005) 65(12):5352-5357.
51. HOFFMAN RM: Imagingtumour angiogenesis with fluorescent proteins. Apmis (2004) 112(7-8):441-449.
52. MONTET X, NTZIACHRISTOS V, GRIMM J, WEISSLEDER R: Tomographic fluorescence mapping of tumour targets. Cancer Res. (2005) 65(14):6330-6336.
53. LYONS SK, CLERMONT AO, NEBEN TY et al.: Non-invasive in vivo bioluminescent imaging of tumour angiogenesis in mice. Proceedings of the 96th annual meeting of AACR (2005).
54. BIRCHLER M, NERI G, TARLI L, HALIN C, VITI F, NERI D: Infrared photodetection for the in vivo localisation of phage-derived antibodies directed against angiogenic markers. J. Immunol. Methods (1999) 231(1-2):239-248.
55. KARIN M, GRETEN FR: NF-κB: linking inflammation and immunity to cancer development and progression. Nat. Rev. Immunol. (2005) 5(10):749-759.
56. CARLSEN H, MOSKAUG JO, FROMM SH, BLOMHOFF R: In vivo imaging of NF-κB activity. J. Immunol. (2002) 168(3):1441-1446.
57. TILLMANNS J, CARLSEN H, BLOMHOFF R et al.: Caught in the act: in vivo molecular imaging of the transcription factor NF-κB after myocardial infarction. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. (2006) 342(3):773-774.
58. ILAGAN R, ZHANG LJ, POTTRATZ J et al.: Imaging androgen receptor function during flutamide treatment in the LAPC9 xenograft model. Mol. Cancer Ther. (2005) 4(11):1662-1669.
59. CIANA P, RAVISCIONI M, MUSSI P et al.: In vivo imaging of transcriptionally active estrogen receptors. Nat. Med. (2003) 9(1):82-86.
60. NGUYEN JT, MACHADO H, HERSCHMAN HR: Repetitive, noninvasive imaging of COX-2 gene expression in living mice. Mol. Imaging Biol. (2003) 5(4):248-256.
61. ISHIKAWA TO, JAIN NK, TAKETO MM, HERSCHMAN HR: Imaging COX-2 (Cox-2) gene expression in living animals with a luciferase knock-in reporter gene. Mol. Imaging Biol. (2006) 8(3):171-187.
62. PAULMURUGAN R, UMEZAWA Y, GAMBHIR SS: Noninvasive imaging of protein-protein interactions in living subjects by using reporter protein complementation and reconstitution strategies. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (2002) 99(24):15608-15613.
63. PAULMURUGAN R, GAMBHIR SS: Monitoring protein-protein interactions using split synthetic renilla luciferase protein-fragment-assisted complementation. Anal Chem. (2003) 75(7):1584-1589.
64. PAULMURUGAN R, MASSOUD TF, HUANG J, GAMBHIR SS: Molecular imaging of drug-modulated protein-protein interactions in living subjects. Cancer Res. (2004) 64(6):2113-2119.
65. LUKER KE, PIWNICA-WORMS D: Optimizing luciferase protein fragment complementation for bioluminescent imaging of protein-protein interactions in live cells and animals. Methods Enzymol. (2004) 385349-385360.
66. SUGGITT M, BIBBY MC: 50 years of preclinical anticancer drug screening: empirical to target-driven approaches. Clin. Cancer Res. (2005) 11(3):971-981.
67. HOLLINGSHEAD MG, ALLEY MC, CAMALIER RF et al.: In vivo cultivation of tumour cells in hollow fibres. Life Sci. (1995) 57(2):131-141.
68. ZHANG GJ, KAELIN WG Jr: Bioluminescent imaging of ubiquitin ligase activity: measuring Cdk2 activity In vivo through changes in p27 turnover. Methods Enzymol. (2005) 399530-399549.
69. HOLLINGSHEAD MG, BONOMI CA, BORGEL SD: A potential role for imaging technology in anticancer efficacy evaluations. Eur. J. Cancer (2004) 40(6):890-898.
70. PHILLIPS RM, PEARCE J, LOADMAN PM et al.: Angiogenesis in the hollow fibre tumour model influences drug delivery to tumour cells: implications for anticancer drug screening programs. Cancer Res. (1998) 58(23):5263-5266.
71. HOFFMAN RM: Orthotopic metastatic (MetaMouse) models for discovery and development of novel chemotherapy. Methods Mol. Med. (2005) 111297-111322.
72. BREMER C, NTZIACHRISTOS V, WEITKAMP B, THEILMEIER G, HEINDEL W, WEISSLEDER R: Optical imaging of spontaneous breast tumours using protease sensing 'smart' optical probes. Invest. Radiol. (2005) 40(6):321-327.
73. JENKINS DE, HORNIG YS, OEI Y, DUSICH J, PURCHIO T: Bioluminescent human breast cancer cell lines that permit rapid and sensitive in vivo detection of mammary turnouts and multiple metastases in immune deficient mice. Breast Cancer Res. (2005) 7(4):R444-R454.
74. JENKINS DE, OEI Y, HORNIG YS et al.: Bioluminescent imaging (BLI) to improve and refine traditional murine models of tumour growth and metastasis. Clin. Exp. Metastasis (2003) 20(8):733-744.
75. SCATENA CD, HEPNER MA, OEI YA et al.: Imaging of bioluminescent LNCaP-luc-M6 tumours: a new animal model for the study of metastatic human prostate cancer. Prostate (2004) 59(3):292-303.
76. JENKINS DE, YU SF, HORNIG YS et al.: In vivo monitoring of tumour relapse and metastasis using bioluminescent PC-3M-luc-C6 cells in murine models of human prostate cancer. Clin. Exp. Metastasis (2003) 20(8):745-756.
77. KANG Y, SIEGEL PM, SHU W et al.: A multigenic programme mediating breast cancer metastasis to bone. Cancer Cell (2003) 3(6):537-549.
78. MINN AJ, GUPTA GP, SIEGEL PM et al.: Genes that mediate breast cancer metastasis to lung. Nature (2005) 436(7050):518-524.
79. MINN AJ, KANG Y, SERGANOVA I et al.: Distinct organ-specific metastatic potential of individual breast cancer cells and primary tumours. J. Clin. Invest. (2005) 115(1):44-55.
80. JACKS T, FAZELI A, SCHMITT EM, BRONSON RT, GOODELL MA, WEINBERG RA: Effects of an Rb mutation in the mouse. Nature (1992) 359(6393):295-300.
81. DONEHOWER LA, HARVEY M, SLAGLE BL et al.: Mice deficient for p53 are developmentally normal but susceptible to spontaneous tumours. Nature (1992) 356(6366):215-221.
82. GNARRA JR, WARD JM, PORTER FD et al.: Defective placental vasculogenesis causes embryonic lethality in VHL-deficient mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1997) 94(17):9102-9107.
83. WANG S, GAO J, LEI Q et al.: Prostate-specific deletion of the murine Pten tumour suppressor gene leads to metastatic prostate cancer. Cancer Cell (2003) 4(3):209-221.
84. MOODY SE, PEREZ D, PAN TC et al.: The transcriptional repressor Snail promotes mammary tumour recurrence. Cancer Cell (2005) 8(3):197-209.
85. MOSHITCH-MOSHKOVITZ S, TSARFATY G et al.: In vivo direct molecular imaging of early tumourigenesis and malignant progression induced by transgenic expression of GFP-Met. Neoplasia (2006) 8(5):353-363.
86. VOOIJS M, JONKERS J, LYONS S, BERNS A: Noninvasive imaging of spontaneous retinoblastoma pathway-dependent tumours in mice. Cancer Res. (2002) 62(6):1862-1867.
87. LYONS SK, MEUWISSEN R, KRIMPENFORT P, BERNS A: The generation of a conditional reporter that enables bioluminescence imaging of Cre/ loxP-dependent tumourigenesis in mice. Cancer Res. (2003) 63(21):7042-7046.
88. LYONS SK, LIM E, CLERMONT AO et al.: Noninvasive bioluminescence imaging of normal and spontaneously transformed prostate tissue in mice. Cancer Res. (2006) 66(9):4701-4707.
89. SAFRAN M, KIM WY, KUNG AL, HORNER JW, DEPINHO RA, KAELIN WG Jr: Mouse reporter strain for noninvasive bioluminescent imaging of cells that have undergone Cre-mediated recombination. Mol. Imaging (2003) 2(4):297-302.
90. HINTERSTEINER M, ENZ A, FREY P, et al.: In vivo detection of amyloid-beta deposits by near-infrared imaging using an oxazine-derivative probe. Nat. Biotechnol. (2005) 23(5):577-583.
91. GOLDSTEIN LE, MUFFAT JA, CHERNY RA et al.: Cytosolic beta-amyloid deposition and supranuclear cataracts in lenses from people with Alzheimer's disease. Lancet (2003) 361(9365):1258-1265.
92. ZHU L, RAMBOZ S, HEWITT D, BORING L, GRASS DS, PURCHIO AF: Non-invasive imaging of GFAP expression after neuronal damage in mice. Neurosci. Lett. (2004) 367(2):210-212.
93. FUJIMOTO JG: Optical coherence tomography for ultrahigh resolution in vivo imaging. Nat. Biotechnol. (2003) 21(11):1361-1367.
94. THOMAS D, DUGUID G: Optical coherence tomography-a review of the principles and contemporary uses in retinal investigation. Eye (2004) 18(6):561-570.
95. DOYLE TC, BURNS SM, CONTAG CH: In vivo bioluminescence imaging for integrated studies of infection. Cell Microbiol. (2004) 6(4):303-317.
96. PIWNICA-WORMS D, SCHUSTER DP, GARBOW JR: Molecular imaging of host-pathogen interactions in intact small animals. Cell Microbiol. (2004) 6(4):319-331.
97. HEUSSLER V, DOERIG C: In vivo imaging enters parasitology. Trends Parasitol. (2006) 22(5):192-195; discussion 195-196.
98. DOYLE TC, NAWOTKA KA, KAWAHARA CB, FRANCIS KP, CONTAG PR: Visualizing fungal infections in living mice using bioluminescent pathogenic Candida albicans strains transformed with the firefly luciferase gene. Microb. Pathog. (2006) 40(2):82-90.
99. LANG T, GOYARD S, LEBASTARD M, MILON G: Bioluminescent Leishmania expressing luciferase for rapid and high-throughput screening of drugs acting on amastigote-harbouring macrophages and for quantitative real-time monitoring of parasitism features in living mice. Cell Microbiol. (2005) 7(3):383-392.
100. LUKER KE, SCHULTZ T, ROMINE J, LEIB DA, LUKER GD: Transgenic reporter mouse for bioluminescence imaging of herpes simplex virus 1 infection in living mice. Virology (2006) 347(2):286-295.
101. JAFFER FA, LIBBY P, WEISSLEDER R: Molecular and cellular imaging of atherosclerosis: emerging applications. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. (2006) 47(7):1328-1338.
102. JADVAR H, XIANKUI L, SHAHINIAN A et al.: Glucose metabolism of human prostate cancer mouse xenografts. Mol. Imaging (2005) 4(2):91-97.
103. CHEN J, TUNG CH, MAHMOOD U et al.: In vivo imaging of proteolytic activity in atherosclerosis. Circulation (2002) 105(23):2766-2771.
104. HARA M, WANG X, KAWAMURA T et al.: Transgenic mice with green fluorescent protein-labelled pancreatic beta-cells. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. (2003) 284(1):E177-E183.
105. PARK SY, WANG X, CHEN Z et al.: Optical imaging of pancreatic beta cells in living mice expressing a mouse insulin I promoter-firefly luciferase transgene. Genesis (2005) 43(2):80-86.
106. ZAHEERA, LENKINSKI RE, MAHMOOD A, JONES AG, CANTLEY LC, FRANGIONI JV: In vivo near-infrared fluorescence imaging of osteoblastic activity. Nat. Biotechnol. (2001) 19(12):1148-1154.
107. SLAKTER JS, YANNUZZI LA, GUYER DR, SORENSON JA, ORLOCK DA: Indocyanine-green angiography. Curr. Opin. Ophthalmol. (1995) 6(3):25-32.
108. KAMOLZ LP, ANDEL H, AUER T, MEISSL G, FREY M: Evaluation of skin perfusion by use of indocyanine green video angiography: Rational design and planning of trauma surgery. J. Trauma (2006) 61 (3):635-641.
109. JOCHAM D, WITJES F, WAGNER S et al.: Improved detection and treatment of bladder cancer using hexaminolevulinate imaging: a prospective, Phase III multicenter study. J. Urol. (2005) 174(3):862-866; discussion 866.
110. COLAK SB, VAN DER MARK MB, HOOFT GW, HOOGENRAAD JH, VAN DER LINDEN ES, KUIJPERS FA: Clinical optical tomography and NIR, spectroscopy for breast cancer detection. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics (1999) 51143-51158.
111. SCHMITZ CH, KLEMER DP, HARDIN R et al.: Design and implementation of dynamic near-infrared optical tomographic imaging instrumentation for simultaneous dual-breast measurements. Appl. Opt. (2005) 44(11):2140-2153.
112. RINNEBERG H, GROSENICK D, MOESTA KT et al.: Scanning time-domain optical mammography: detection and characterization of breast tumours in vivo. Technol. Cancer Res. Treat (2005) 4(5):483-496.
113. ZHANG W, PURCHIO AF, CHEN K et al.: A transgenic mouse model with a luciferase reporter for studying in vivo transcriptional regulation of the human CYP3A4 gene. Drug Metab. Dispos. (2003) 31(8):1054-1064.