Imaging of light emission from the expression of luciferases in living cells and organisms: A review

Luminescence

Volumn 17, Issue 1, 2002, Pages 43-74

  Greer III, Lee F ^a   Szalay, Aladar A ^a  

^a LOMA LINDA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Gene expression; Low light imaging; Luciferase expression constructs; Luciferases

Indexed keywords

CELL CULTURE; PLANTS (BOTANY);

EXPRESSION CONSTRUCTS; GENES EXPRESSION; LIGHT IMAGING; LIVING CELL; LIVING ORGANISMS; LOW LIGHT; LOW-LIGHT IMAGING; LUCIFERASE; LUCIFERASE EXPRESSION; LUCIFERASE EXPRESSION CONSTRUCT;

GENE EXPRESSION;

AEQUOREA; ANIMALIA; BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS); EUKARYOTA; PHOTINUS; PHOTORHABDUS; PHOTORHABDUS LUMINESCENS; RENILLA; RENILLA RENIFORMIS; SCYPHOZOA; VIBRIO; VIBRIO HARVEYI;

DIAGNOSTIC AGENT; LUCIFERASE;

ANIMAL; CELL; CYTOLOGY; DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING; GENE VECTOR; GENETICS; HUMAN; INSTRUMENTATION; LUMINESCENCE; METABOLISM; METHODOLOGY; REPORTER GENE; REVIEW; TRANSGENIC ORGANISM;

ANIMALS; CELLS; DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING; GENES, REPORTER; GENETIC VECTORS; HUMANS; LUCIFERASES; LUMINESCENCE; ORGANISMS, GENETICALLY MODIFIED;

EID: 0036363666     PISSN: 15227235     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/bio.676     Document Type: Review

References (231)

1. McElroy WD, Seliger HH, White EH. Mechanism of bioluminescence, chemiluminescence and enzyme function in the oxidation of firefly luciferin. Photochem. Phorobiol. 1969; 10(3): 153-170.
2. Johnson FH, Shimomura O. Enzymatic and non-enzymatic bioluminescence. Review. Photophysiology 1972; 7: 275-334.
3. Ruby EG, Lee KH. MiniReview. The Vibrio fischeri-Euprymna scolopes light organ association: current ecological paradigms. Appl. Environm. Microbiol. 1998; 64: 805-812.
4. Visick KL, McFall-Ngai MJ. Review. An exclusive contract: specificity in the Vibrio fischeri-Euprymna scolopes partnership. J. Bacteriol. 2000; 182(7): 1779-1787.
5. Hastings JW. Bioluminescence. In Cell Physiology, 2nd edn, Sperelakis N (ed.). Academic Press: New York, 1998; 984-1000.
6. Widder EA, Latz MF, Herring PJ, Case JF. Far-red bioluminescence from two deep-sea fishes. Science 1984; 225: 512-514.
7. Partridge JC, Douglas RH. Far-red sensitivity of dragon fish. Nature 1995; 375: 21-22.
8. O'Day WT, Fernandez HR. Aristostomias scintillans (Malacosteidae): a deep-sea fish with visual pigments apparently adapted to its own bioluminescence. Vision Res. 1974; 14: 545-550.
9. Douglas RH, Partridge JC, Marshall NJ. The eyes of deep-sea fish. I: lens pigmentation, tapeta and visual pigments. Prog. Ret. Eye Res. 1998; 17: 597-636.
10. Douglas RH, Partridge JC, Dulai K, Hunt D et al. Dragon fish see using chlorophyll. Nature 1998; 393: 423-424.
11. Douglas RH, Partridge JC, Dulai KS, Hunt DM et al. Enhanced retinal longwave sensitivity using a chlorophyll-derived photosensitiser in Malacosteus niger, a deep-sea dragon fish with far red bioluminescence. Vision Res. 1999; 39: 2817-2832.
12. Haddock SHD, McDougall CM, Case JF. The Bioluminescence Web Page, http://lifesci.ucsb.edu/∼biolum/2000.
13. Thomson CM, Herring PJ, Campbell AK. The widespread occurrence and tissue distribution of the imidazolopyrazine luciferins. J. Biolumin. Chemilumin. 1997; 12(2): 87-91.
14. Hastings JW. Biological diversity, chemical mechanisms, and the evolutionary origins of bioluminescent systems. J. Mol. Evol. 1983; 19: 309-321.
15. Wilson T, Hastings JW. Bioluminescence. Ann. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. 1998; 14: 197-230.
16. Herring PJ. Systematic distribution of bioluminescence in living organisms. J. Biolumin. Chemilumin. 1987; 1: 147-163.
17. Bowie LJ, Irwin R, Loken M, De Luca M, Brand L. Excited-state proton transfer and the mechanism of action of firefly luciferase. Biochemistry 1973; 12(10): 1852-1857.
18. DeLuca M, McElroy WD. Purification and properties of firefly luciferase. In Methods in Enzymology, vol LVII, DeLuca M (ed.). New York: Academic Press, 1978; 3-15.
19. Gates BJ, DeLuca M. The production of oxyluciferin during the firefly luciferase light reaction. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 1975; 169(2): 616-621.
20. Henry JP, Monny C, Michelson AM. Characterization and properties of Pholas luciferase as a metalloglycoprotein. Biochemistry 1975; 14(15): 3458-3466.
21. Deluca M. Firefly luciferase. Review. Adv. Enzymol. Relat. Areas. Mol. Biol. 1976; 44: 37-68.
22. Shimomura O, Johnson FH. Chemical nature of bioluminescence systems in coelenterates. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 1975; 72(4): 1546-1549.
23. Neufeld HA, Towner RD et al. A rapid method for determining ATP by the firefly luciferin-luciferase system. Experientiu 1975; 31(3): 391-392.
24. Baumgardner JD, Doeller J et al. Effect of nickel-based dental casting alloys on tibroblast metabolism and ultrastructural organization. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 1995; 29(5): 611-617.
25. Hastings JW, Nealson KH. Bacterial bioluminescence. Ann. Rev. Microbiol. 1977; 31: 549-595.
26. Engebrecht J, Simon M, Silverman M. Measuring gene expression with light. Science 1985; 227: 1345-1347.
27. Cline TW, Hastings JW. Mutationally altered bacterial luciferase. Implications for subunit functions. Biochemistry 1972; 11: 3359-3370.
28. Belas R, Mileham A, Cohn D, Hilmen M, Simon M, Silverman M. Isolation and expression of the luciferase genes from Vibrio harveyi. Science 1982; 218: 791-793.
29. Olsson O, Koncz C, Szalay AA. The use of the luxA gene of the bacterial luciferase operon as a reporter gene. Mol. Gen. Genet. 1988; 215: 1-9.
30. Olsson O, Escher A, Sandberg G, Schell J, Koncz C, Szalay AA. Engineering of monomeric bacterial luciferases by fusion of luxA and luxB genes in Vibrio harveyi. Gene 1989; 81: 335-347.
31. Baldwin TO, Berends T, Bunch TA et al. Cloning of luciferase structural genes from Vibrio harveyi and expression of bioluminescence in Escherichia coli. Biochemistry 1984; 23: 3663-3667.
32. Cohn DH, Mileham AJ et al. Nucleotide sequence of the luxA gene of Vibrio harveyi and the complete amino acid sequence of the a subunit of bacterial luciferase. J. Biol. Chem. 1985; 260: 6139-6146.
33. Johnston TC, Thompson RB et al. Nucleotide sequence of the luxB gene of Vibrio harveyi and the complete amino acid sequence of the B subunit of bacterial luciferase. J. Biol. Chem. 1986; 261: 4805-4811.
34. Xi L, Cho KW, Tu SC. Cloning and nucleotide sequences of lux genes and characterization of luciferase of Xenorhabdus luminescens from a human wound. J. Bacteriol. 1991; 173(4): 1399-1405.
35. Travis J, McElroy WD. Isolation and sequence of an essential sulfhydryl peptide at the active site of firefly luciferase. Biochemistry 1966; 5(7): 2170-2176.
36. Lee R, McElroy WD. Role and reactivity of sulfhydryl groups in firefly luciferase. Biochemistry 1969: 8(1): 130-136.
37. DeLuca M. Hydrophobic nature of the active site of firefly luciferase. Biochemistry 1969; 8(1): 160-166.
38. De Wet JR, Wood KV, Helinski DR, DeLuca M. Cloning of firefly luciferase cDNA and the expression of active luciferase in Escherichia coli. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 1985; 82(23): 7870-7873.
39. Thompson EM, Nagata S et al. Cloning and expression of cDNA for the luciferase from the marine ostracod Vargula hilgendorfii. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 1989; 86(17): 6567-6571.
40. Thompson EM, Nagata S et al. Vargula hilgendorfii luciferase: a secreted reporter enzyme for monitoring gene expression in mammalian cells. Gene 1990; 96(2): 257-262.
41. Yamaguchi I. Oplophorus oxyluciferin and a model luciferin compound biologically active with Oplophorus luciferase. Biochem. J. 1975; 151(1): 9-15.
42. Shimomura O, Johnson FH, Saiga Y. Extraction, purification, and properties of aequorin, a bioluminescent protein from the luminous hydromedusan Aequorea. J. Cell Comp. Physiol. 1962; 59: 223-229.
43. Ward WW, Cormier MJ. Extraction of Renilla-type luciferin from the calcium-activated photoproteins aequorin, mnemiopsin, and berovin. Proc. Natl Acad Sci. USA 1975; 72(7): 2530-2534.
44. Hart RC, Matthews JC et al. Renilla reniformis bioluminescence: luciferase-catalyzed production of non-radiating excited states from luciferin analogues and elucidation of the excited state species involved in energy transfer to Renilla green fluorescent protein. Biochemistry 1979; 18(11): 2204-2210.
45. Ward WW, Cormier MJ. An energy transfer protein in coelenterate bioluminescence: characterization of the Renilla green fluorescence protein. J. Biol. Chem. 1979; 254: 781-788.
46. Inouye S, Noguchi M et al. Cloning and sequence analysis for the luminescent protein aequorin. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 1985; 89: 3901-3907.
47. Prasher D, McCann R, Cormier MJ. Cloning and expression of the cDNA coding for aequorin, a bioluminescent calcium-binding protein. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1985; 126: 1259-1268.
48. Campbell AK, Sala-Newby G et al. From Luc and Phot genes to the hospital bed. J. Biolumin. Chemilumin. 1990; 5(2): 131-139.
49. Prasher DC, Eckenrode VK et al. Primary structure of the Aequorea victoria green fluorescent protein. Gene 1992; 111(2): 229-233.
50. Shimomura O, Masugi T et al. Properties and reaction mechanism of the bioluminescence system of the deep-sea shrimp Oplophorus gracilorostris. Biochemistry 1978; 17(6): 994-998.
51. Inouye S, Shimomura O. The use of Renilla luciferase, Oplophorus luciferase, and apoaequorin as bioluminescent reporter protein in the presence of coelenterazine analogues as substrate. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1997; 233(2): 349-353.
52. Inouye S, Watanabe K et al. Secretional luciferase of the luminous shrimp Oplophorus gracilirostris: cDNA cloning of a novel imidazopyrazinone luciferase(1). FEBS Lett 2000; 481(1): 19-25.
53. Hori K, Cormier MJ. Studies on the bioluminescence of Renilla reniformis. VI. Some chemical properties and the tentative partial structure of luciferin. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1966; 130(2): 420-425.
54. Kreis P, Cormier MJ. Inhibition of Renilla reniformis bioluminescence by light: effects on luciferase and its substrates. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1967; 141(1): 181-183.
55. Karkhanis YD, Cormier MJ. Isolation and properties of Renilla reniformis luciferase, a low molecular weight energy conversion enzyme. Biochemistry 1971; 10(2): 317-326.
56. DeLuca M, Dempsey ME et al. Mechanism of oxidative carbon dioxide production during Renilla reniformis bioluminescence. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 1971; 68(7): 1658-1660.
57. Anderson JM. Charbonneau H et al. Mechanism of calcium induction of Renilla bioluminescence. Involvement of a calcium-triggered luciferin binding protein. Biochemistry 1974; 13(6): 1195-1200.
58. Matthews JC, Hori K, Cormier MJ. Purification and properties of Renilla reniformis luciferase. Biochemistry 1977; 16: 85-95.
59. Lorenz WW, McCann RO, Longiaru M, Cormier MJ. Isolation and expression of a cDNA encoding Renilla luciferase. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 1991; 88: 4438-4442.
60. Mayerhofer R, Langridge WHR, Cormier MJ, Szalay AA. Expression of recombinant Renilla luciferase in transgenic plants results in high levels of light emission. Plant J 1995; 7(6): 1031-1038.
61. Lorenz WW, Cormier MJ et al. Expression of the reniformis luciferase gene in mammalian cells. J. Biolumin. Chemilumin. 1996; 11: 31-37.
62. Magalhaes PJ, Rizzuto R. Mitochondria and calcium homeostasis: a tale of three luminescent proteins. Luminescence 2001; 16(2): 67-71.
63. Kricka LJ, Stroebel J, Stanley PE. Bioluminescent fusion conjugates and bioluminescent immunoassays: 1988-1998. Luminescence 1999; 14(1): 39-46 (R).
64. Kunert A, Hagemann M, Erdmann N. Construction of promoter probe vectors for Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 using the light-emitting reporter systems Gfp and LuxAB. J. Microbiol. Methods 2000; 41(3): 185-194.
65. Wang D, Yang W et al. MGSA/GRO-mediated melanocyte transformation involves induction of Ras expression. Oncogene 2000; 19(40): 4647-4659.
66. Escher A, O'Kane DJ, Lee J, Szalay AA. Bacterial luciferase αβ fusion protein is fully active as a monomer and highly sensitive in vivo to elevated temperature. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 1989; 86: 6528-6532.
67. Hill PJ, Throup JP, Steward GSAB. Novel bacterial luciferases. In Bioluminescence and Chemiluminescence: Status Report. Proceedings of the VIIth International Symposium on Bioluminescence and Chemiluminescence 1993, Szalay AA, Kricka LJ, Stanley P (eds). Wiley: Chichester, 1994; 122-126.
68. Unge A, Tombolini R, Molbak L, Jansson JK. Simultaneous monitoring of cell number and metabolic activity of specific bacterial populations with a dual gfp-luxAB marker system. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1999; 65(2): 813-821.
69. Wang G, Czeh S, Wang Y, Szalay AA. Imaging of luciferase fusion gene expression in transformed cells and embryos. In Bioluminescence and Chemiluminescence: Molecular reporting with photons. Proceedings of the 9th International Symposium 1996, Hastings JW, Kricka LJ, Stanley PE (eds). Chichester: Wiley, 1997; 415-418.
70. Wang Y, Wang G, O'Kane DJ, Szalay AA. The Renilla luciferase-modified GFP fusion protein is functional in transformed cells. In Bioluminescence and Chemiluminescence: Molecular Reporting with Photons. Proceedings of the 9th International Symposium 1996, Hastings JW, Kricka LJ, Stanley PE (eds). Chichester: Wiley, 1997; 419-422.
71. Wang Y, Wang G, O'Kane DJ, Szalay AA. The study of protein-protein interactions using chemiluminescence energy transfer. In Bioluminescence and Chemiluminescence: Perspectives for the 21st Century 1999. Roda APM, Kricka LJ, Staley PE (eds). Chichester: Wiley, 2000; 475-478.
72. Wang Y, Wang G et al. A study of protein-protein interactions in living cells using luminescence resonance energy transfer (LRET) from Renilla luciferase to Aequorea GFP. Mol. Gen. Genet. 2001; 264(5): 578-587.
73. Liu J, Wang Y, Szalay AA, Escher A. Visualizing and quantifying protein secretion using a Renilla luciferase-GFP fusion protein. Luminescence 2000; 15(1): 45-49.
74. Van Dyk T, Gonye G, Reeve M et al. Genome-wide expression profiling with luxCDABE gene fusions. In Proceedings of the 11th International Symposium on Bioluminescence and Chemiluminescence 2000, Case JF, Herring PJ, Robison BH, Haddock SHD, Kricka LJ, Stanley PE (eds). Chichester: Wiley, 2001; 461-464.
75. Wick RA. Photon counting imaging: applications in biomedical research. Biotechniques 1989; 7(3): 262-269.
76. Stanley PE. A survey of more than 90 commercially available luminometers and imaging devices for low-light measurements of chemiluminescence and bioluminescence, including instruments for manual, automatic and specialized operation, for HPLC, LC, GLC and microtitre plates. Part 1: Descriptions. J. Biolumin. Chemilumin. 1992; 7(2): 77-108 (R).
77. Stanley PE. A survey of more than 90 commercially available luminometers and imaging devices for low-light measurements of chemiluminescence and bioluminescence, including instruments for manual, automatic and specialized operation, for HPLC, LC, GLC and microtitre plates. Part 2: Photographs. J. Biolumin. Chemilumin. 1992; 7(3): 157-169 (R).
78. Stanley PE. A survey of some commercially available kits and reagents which include bioluminescence or chemiluminescence for their operation: including immunoassays, hybridization, labels, probes, blots and ATP-based rapid microbiology. Products from more than forty companies. J. Biolumin. Chemilumin. 1993; 8(2): 51-63 (R).
79. Stanley PE. Commercially available luminometers and imaging devices for low-light measurements and kits and reagents utilizing bioluminescence or chemiluminescence: survey update 1. J. Biolumin. Chemilumin. 1993; 8(5): 237-240 (R).
80. Stanley PE. Commercially available luminometers and imaging devices for low-light level measurements and kits and reagents utilizing bioluminescence or chemiluminescence: survey update 2. J. Biolumin. Chemilumin. 1994; 9(2): 51-53 (R).
81. Stanley PE. Commercially available luminometers and imaging devices for low-light level measurements and kits and reagents utilizing bioluminescence or chemiluminescence: survey update 3. J. Biolumin. Chemilumin. 1994; 9(3): 123-125 (R).
82. Stanley PE. Commercially available luminometers and imaging devices for low-light level measurements and kits and reagents utilizing bioluminescence or chemiluminescence: survey update 4. J. Biolumin. Chemilumin. 1996; 11(4-5): 175-191 (R).
83. Stanley PE. Commercially available luminometers and imaging devices for low-light level measurements and kits and reagents utilizing bioluminescence or chemiluminescence: survey update 5. J. Biolumin. Chemilumin. 1997; 12(2): 61-78 (R).
84. Stanley PE. Commercially available fluorometers, luminometers and imaging devices for low-light level measurements and allied kits and reagents: survey update 6. Luminescence 1999; 14(4): 201-213 (R).
85. Stanley PE. Some brief notes on nomenclature and units and standards used in bioluminescence and chemiluminescence. Methods Enzymol. 2000; 305: 47-50 (R).
86. Stanley PE. Commercially available luminometers and low-level light imaging devices. Methods Enzymol. 2000; 305: 96-103 (R).
87. Hill PJ, Stewart GS. Use of lux genes in applied biochemistry. J. Biolumin. Chemilumin. 1994; 9(3): 211-215 (R).
88. Contag CH, Fraser S, Weissleder R. Strategies in in vivo molecular imaging. NeoReviews 2000; 1: 225-232 (R).
89. Contag CH, Weissleder R, Bachmann MH, Fraser SE. Applications of in vivo molecular imaging in biology and medicine, NeoReviews 2000; 1: 233-240 (R).
90. Ulitzur S, Khun J. Introduction of lux genes into bacteria, a new approach for specific detection of bacteria and their antibiotic susceptibility. In Bioluminescence and Chemiluminescence: New Perspectives Chichester: Wiley 1987; 463-472.
91. Schauer A, Ranes M, Santamaria R et al. Visualizing gene expression in time and space in the filamentous bacteria Streptomyces coelicolor. Science 1988; 240: 768-772.
92. Langridge WH, Escher A, Koncz C, Schell J, Szalay AA. Bacterial luciferase genes: a light emitting reporter system for in vivo measurement of gene expression. Technique 1991; 3(3): 91-97.
93. Langridge W, Jiang C, Wang G et al. Use of a luciferase marker gene system to monitor gene expression in bacteria, plant and virus infected animal cells. In Bioluminescence and Chemiluminescence: Status Report. Proceedings of the VIIth International Symposium on Bioluminescence and Chemiluminescence 1993, Szalay AA, Kricka LJ, Stanley P (eds). Chichester: Wiley, 1994; 222-226.
94. Langridge WHR, Baga M, Ayer W, Koorneef M, Szalay AA. Use of an auxin-stimulated promoter-luciferase gene fusion to monitor hormone stimulated gene expression in transgenic plants. In Bioluminescence and Chemiluminescence: Status Report. Proceedings of the VIIth International Symposium on Bioluminescence and Chemiluminescence 1993, Szalay AA, Kricka LJ, Stanley P (eds). Chichester: Wiley, 1994; 227-231.
95. Wang G, Mayerhofer R, Langridge WHR, Szalay AA. Expression of a bacterial luciferase marker gene in Bacillus species. In Bioluminescence and Chemiluminescence: Status Report. Proceedings of the VIIth International Symposium on Bioluminescence and Chemiluminescence 1993, Szalay AA, Kricka LJ, Stanley P (eds). Chichester: Wiley, 1994; 232-236.
96. Jiang C, Langridge WHR, Szalay AA. Isolation of developmentally regulated promoter elements from tobacco by T-DNA insertional activation with promoterless luciferase marker gene. In Bioluminescence and Chemiluminescence: Status Report. Proceedings of the VIIth International Symposium on Bioluminescence and Chemiluminescence 1993. Szalay AA, Kricka LJ, Stanley P (eds). Chichester: Wiley, 1994; 217-221.
97. Langridge W, Escher A et al. Low-light image analysis of transgenic organisms using bacterial luciferase as a marker. J. Biolumin. Chemilumin. 1994; 9(3): 185-200.
98. Kondo T, Strayer CA, Kulkarni RD et al. Circadian rhythms in prokaryotes: luciferase as a reporter of circadian gene expression in cyanobacteria. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 1993; 90: 5672-5676.
99. Liu Y, Golden SS, Kondo T, Ishiura M, Johnson CH. Bacterial luciferase as a reporter of circadian gene expression in cyanobacteria. J. Bacteriol. 1995; 177(8): 2080-2086.
100. Liu Y, Tsinoremas NF, Johnson CH et al. Circadian orchestration of gene expression in cyanobacteria. Genes Dev. 1995; 9(12): 1469-1478.
101. Waddell TE, Poppe C. Construction of mini-Tn101uxABcam/ Ptac-ATS and its use for developing a bacteriophage that transduces bioluminescence to Escherichia coli O157:H7. FEMS Microbiol. Lett 2000; 182(2): 285-289.
102. Levin GV, Chen CS et al. Development of the firefly bioluminescent assay for the rapid, quantitative detection of microbial contamination of water. Amrl. Tr. 1967; 1-73.
103. Prosser JI, Killham K et al. Luminescence-based systems for detection of bacteria in the environment. Crit. Rev. Biotechnol. 1996; 16(2): 157-183.
104. Sarkis GJ, Jacobs Jr. WR, Hatfull GF. L5 luciferase reporter mycobacteriophages: a sensitive tool for the detection and assay of live mycobacteria. Mol. Microbiol. 1995; 15: 1055-1067.
105. Loessner MJ, Rees CE, Stewart GS, Scherer S. Construction of luciferase reporter bacteriophage A511::luxAB for rapid and sensitive detection of viable Listeria cells. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1996; 62: 1133-1140.
106. Loessner MJ, Rudolf M, Scherer S. Evaluation of luciferase reporter bacteriophage A511::luxAB for detection of Listeria monocytogenes in contaminated foods. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1997; 63: 2961-2965.
107. Moller A, Jansson JK. Quantification of genetically tagged cyanobacteria in Baltic Sea sediment by competitive PCR. Biotechniques 1997; 22(3): 512-518.
108. Siragusa GR, Nawotka K, Spilman SD, Contag PR, Contag CH. Real-time monitoring of Escherichia coli O157:H7 adherence to beef carcass surface tissues with a bioluminescent reporter. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1999; 65: 1738-1745.
109. Keller GA, Gould S et al. Firefly luciferase is targeted to peroxisomes in mammalian cells. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 1987; 84(10): 3264-3268.
110. Gould SJ, Krisans S et al. Antibodies directed against the peroxisomal targeting signal of firefly luciferase recognize multiple mammalian peroxisomal proteins. J. Cell biol. 1990a; 110(1): 27-34.
111. Gould SJ, Keller GA et al. Peroxisomal protein import is conserved between yeast, plants, insects and mammals. EMBO J 1990b; 9(1): 85-90.
112. White MRH, Craig FF, Watmore D, McCapra F, Simmonds AC. Applications of the direct imaging of firefly luciferase expression in single intact mammalian cells using charge-coupled device cameras. In Bioluminescence and Chemiluminescence: Current Status. Proceedings of the VIth International Symposium on Bioluminescence and Chemiluminescence 1990. Chichester: Wiley, 1990; 357-360.
113. Hornsby PJ, Yang L et al. A modified procedure for replica plating of mammalian cells allowing selection of clones based on gene expression. Biotechniques 1990; 12(2): 244-251.
114. Inouye S, Ohmiya Y et al. Imaging of luciferase secretion from transformed Chinese hamster ovary cells. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 1992; 89(20): 9584-9587.
115. James TW, Wagner R et al. Induction of collagenase and stromelysin gene expression by mechanical injury in a vascular smooth muscle-derived cell line. J. Cell Physiol. 1993; 157(2): 426-437.
116. Frawley LS, Faught WJ et al. Real-time measurement of gene expression in living endocrine cells. Endocrinology 1994; 135(1): 468-471.
117. Jausons-Loffreda N, Balaguer P et al. Chimeric receptors as a tool for luminescent measurement of biological activities of steroid hormones. J. Biolumin. Chemilumin. 1994; 9(3): 217-221.
118. Castano JP, Kineman RD et al. Dynamic monitoring and quantification of gene expression in single, living cells: a molecular basis for secretory cell heterogeneity. Mol. Endocrinol. 1996; 10(5): 599-605.
119. 2+ and ATP permeability thresholds in live cells attacked by complement. Immunology 1998; 93(4): 601-609.
120. Dorr RT, Bozak KA et al. In vitro rat myocyte cardiotoxicity model for antitumor antibiotics using adenosine triphosphate/ protein ratios. Cancer Res. 1988; 48(18): 5222-5227.
121. Takasuka N, White MR et al. Dynamic changes in prolactin promoter activation in individual living lactotrophic cells. Endocrinology 1998; 139(3): 1361-1368.
122. Ziady AG, Ferkol T et al. Ligand substitution of receptor targeted DNA complexes affects gene transfer into hepatoma cells. Gene Ther. 1998; 5(12): 1685-1697.
123. 2+ concentration and insulin secretion. Biochem J. 1999a; 342(Pt 2): 275-280.
124. Kennedy HJ, Pouli AE et al. Glucose generates sub-plasma membrane ATP microdomains in single islet β-cells. Potential role for strategically located mitochondria. J. Biol. Chem. 1999b; 274(19): 13281-13291.
125. Goetz AS, Liacos L et al. A combination assay for simultaneous assessment of multiple signaling pathways. J. Pharmacol. Toxicol. Methods 1999; 42(4): 225-235.
126. da Silva Xavier G, Varadi A et al. Regulation of gene expression by glucose in pancreatic beta-cells (MIN6) via insulin secretion and activation of phosphatidylinositol 3′-kinase. J. Biol. Chem. 2000; 275(46): 36269-36277.
127. da Silva Xavier G, Leclerc I et al. Role of AMP-activated protein kinase in the regulation by glucose of islet beta cell gene expression. Pror. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 2000; 97(8): 4023-4028.
128. Leclerc GM, Boockfor FR et al. Development of a destabilized firefly luciferase enzyme for measurement of gene expression. Biotechniques 2000; 29(3): 590-591, 594-596, 598 passim.
129. Jouaville LS, Pinton P, Bastianutto C, Rutter GA, Rizzuto R. Regulation of mitochondrial ATP synthesis by calcium: evidence for a long-term metabolic priming. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 1999; 96(24): 13807-13812.
130. 2+ oscillations and insulin secretion in pancreatic islets. Biochem. J. 2001; 353(pt 2): 175-180.
131. Craig FF, Simmonds AC, Watmore D, McCapra F, White MRH. Membrane-permeable luciferin esters for assay of firefly luciferase in live intact cells. Biochem. J. 1991; 276: 637-641.
132. Gallie DR, Lucas WJ et al. Visualizing mRNA expression in plant protoplasts: factors influencing efficient mRNA uptake and translation. Plant Cell 1989; 1(3): 301-311.
133. Qazi SN, Counil E, Morrissey J et al. agr expression precedes escape of internalized Staphylococcus aureus from the host endosome. Infect. Immun. 2001; 69(11): 7074-7082.
134. Wood KV, DeLuca M. Photographic detection of luminescence in Escherichia coli containing the gene for firefly luciferase. Anal. Biochem. 1987; 161(2): 501-507.
135. Hooper CE, Ansorge RE et al. CCD imaging of luciferase gene expression in single mammalian cells. J. Biolumin. Chemilumin. 1990; 5(2): 123-130.
136. Kennedy HJ, Viollet B et al. Upstream stimulatory factor-2 (USF2) activity is required for glucose stimulation of L-pyruvate kinase promoter activity in single living islet β-cells. J. Biol. Chem. 1997; 272(33): 20636-20640.
137. Rutter GA, White MR et al. Involvement of MAP kinase in insulin signalling revealed by non-invasive imaging of luciferase gene expression in single living cells. Curr. Biol. 1995; 5(8): 890-899.
138. 2+ with recominbinant targed aequorin: significance for the regulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase activity. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 1996; 93: 5489-5494.
139. White MR, Masuko M et al. Real-time analysis of the transcriptional regulation of HIV and hCMV promoters in single mammalian cells. J. Cell Sci. 1995; 108(pt 2): 441-455.
140. Hill PJ, Eberl L, Molin S, Stewart GSAB. Imaging bioluminescence in single bacteria. In Bioluminescence and Chemiluminescence: Fundamentals and Applied Aspects. Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium on Bioluminescence and Chemiluminescence 1994. Campbell AK, Kricka LJ, Stanley PE (eds). Chichester: Wiley, 1994; 629-632.
141. Sternberg C, Eberl L, Poulsen LK. Molin S. Detection of bioluminescence from individual bacterial cells: a comparison of two different low-light imaging systems. J. Biolumin. Chemilumin. 1997; 12: 7-13.
142. Phiefer CB, Palmer RJ, White DC. Comparison of relative photon flux from single cells of the bioluminescent marine bacteria Vibrio fischeri and Vibrio harveyi using photon-counting microscopy. Luminescence 1999; 14: 147-151.
143. Behrmann G, Hardeland R. Intracellular imaging of bioluminescence in Pyrocystis noctiluca. In Proceedings of the 11th International Symposium on Bioluminescence and Chemiluminescence 2000, Case JF, Herring PJ, Robison BH, Haddock SHD, Kricka LJ, Stanley PE (eds). Chichester: Wiley, 2001; 19-22.
144. Hooper CE, Ansorge RE et al. Low-light imaging technology in the life sciences. J. Biolumin. Chemilumin. 1994; 9(3): 113-122.
145. Nicolas JC. Applications of low-light imaging to life sciences. J. Biolumin. Chemilumin. 1994; 9(3): 139-144.
146. Hohn-Berlage M, Okada Y et al. Imaging of brain tissue pH and metabolites. A new approach for the validation of volume-selective NMR spectroscopy. NMR Biomed 1989; 2(5-6): 240-245.
147. Paschen J. Regional quantitative determination of lactate in brain sections. A bioluminescent approach. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 1985; 5(4): 609-612.
148. Paschen W. Imaging of energy metabolites (ATP, glucose and lactate) in tissue sections: a bioluminescent technique. Prog. Histochem. Cytochem. 1990; 20(4): 1-122.
149. Leclerc G, Gal D et al. Percutaneous arterial gene transfer in a rabbit model. Efficiency in normal and balloon-dilated atherosclerotic arteries. J. Clin. Invest. 1992; 90(3): 936-944.
150. Yao A, Wang DH. Heterogeneity of adenovirus-mediated gene transfer in cultured thoracic aorta and renal artery of rats. Hypertension 1995; 26(6, pt 2): 1046-1050.
151. Mueller-Klieser W, Walenta S. Geographical mapping of metabolites in biological tissue with quantitative bioluminescence and single photon imaging. Histochem. J. 1993; 25(6): 407-420.
152. Tamulevicius P, Streffer C. Metabolic imaging in tumours by means of bioluminescence. Br. J. Cancer 1995; 72(5): 1102-1112.
153. 2+] in rat tail artery with targeted apoaequorin delivered by an adenoviral vector. Cell Calcium 1997; 21(1): 69-79.
154. Thierry AR, Rabinovich P et al. Characterization of liposome-mediated gene delivery: expression, stability and pharmacokinetics of plasmid DNA. Gene Ther. 1997; 4(3): 226-237.
155. Davis HL, Millan CL et al. Immune-mediated destruction of transfected muscle fibers after direct gene transfer with antigen-expressing plasmid DNA. Gene Ther. 1997; 4(3): 181-188.
156. Wisner ER, Aho-Sharon KL et al. A modular lymphographic magnetic resonance imaging contrast agent: contrast enhancement with DNA transfection potential. J. Med. Chem. 1997; 40(25): 3992-3996.
157. Contag CH, Spilman SD, Contag PR et al. Visualizing gene expression in living mammals using a bioluminescent reporter. Photochem. Photobiol. 1997; 66(4): 523-531.
158. Vizi ES, Liang SD et al. Studies on the release and extracellular metabolism of endogenous ATP in rat superior cervical ganglion: support for neurotransmitter role of ATP. Neuroscience 1997; 79(3): 893-903.
159. March KL. Woody M et al. Efficient in vivo catheter-based pericardia! gene transfer mediated by adenoviral vectors. Clin. Cardiol. 1999; 22(1, suppl 1): 123-129.
160. Edinger M, Sweeney TJ et al. Noninvasive assessment of tumor cell proliferation in animal models. Neoplasia 1999; 1(4): 303-310.
161. Reynolds PN, Zinn KR et al. A targetable, injectable adenoviral vector for selective gene delivery to pulmonary endothelium in vivo. Mol. Ther. 2000; 2(6): 562-578.
162. Orson FM, Kinsey BM et al. Genetic immunization with lung-targeting macroaggregated polyethyleneimine-albumin conjugates elicits combined systemic and mucosal immune responses. J. Immunol. 2000; 164(12): 6313-6321.
163. Sugihara K, Park HM et al. In vivo gene electroporation confers strong transient expression of foreign genes in the chicken testis. Poult. Sci. 2000; 79(8): 1116-1119.
164. Hasan MT, Schonig K et al. Long-term, non-invasive imaging of regulated gene expression in living mice. Genesis 2001; 29(3): 116-122.
165. Lipshutz GS, Gruber CA et al. In utero delivery of adenoassociated viral vectors: intraperitoneal gene transfer produces long-term expression. Mol. Ther. 2001; 3(3): 284-292.
166. Muramatsu T, Ito N et al. In vivo gene electroporation confers nutritionally-regulated foreign gene expression in the liver. Int. J. Mol. Med. 2001; 7(1): 61-66.
167. Yu Y, Caltharp S, Szalay AA. Inducible gene expression in vivo using a Renilla luciferase-GFP fusion construct. In Proceedings of the 11th International Symposium on Bioluminescence and Chemiluminescence 2000. Case JF, Herring PJ, Robison BH, Haddock SHD, Kricka LJ, Stanley PE (eds). Chichester: Wiley, 2001; 465-468.
168. Ow DW, Wood KV, Deluca M, De Wet JR, Helinski DR, Howell SH. Transient and stable expression of the firefly luciferase gene in plant cells and transgenic plants. Science 1986; 234: 856-859.
169. Koncz C, Schell J. The promoter of TL-DNA gene 5 controls the tissue-specitic expression of chimaeric genes carried by a novel type of Agrobacterium binary vector. Mol. Gen. Genet. 1986; 206: 383-396.
170. Koncz C, Olsson O, Langridge WHR, Schell J, Szalay AA. Expression and assembly of functional bacterial luciferases in plants. Plant J. 1987; 7(6): 1031-1038.
171. Koncz C, Langridge WHR, Olsson O, Schell J, Szalay AA. Bacterial and firefly luciferase genes in transgenic plants: advantages and disadvantages of a reporter gene. Dev. Genet. 1990; 11: 224-232.
172. Jiang C, Langridge WHR, Szalay AA. Protocol: identification of plant genes in vivo by tagging with T-DNA border-linked luciferase genes followed by inverse polymerase chain reaction amplification. Plant Mol. Biol. Reporter, 1992; 10(4): 345-361.
173. Mayerhofer R, Wang G, Hua D et al. 1994. Visualization of light emission from different luciferases in transgenic organisms. In Bioluminescence and Chemiluminescenee: Fundamentals and Applied Aspects. Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium on Bioluminescence and Chemiluminescence 1994, Campbell A, Kricka L, Stanley P (eds). Chichester: Wiley, 1995; 607-612.
174. Millar AJ, Short SR et al. A novel circadian phenotype based on firefly luciferase expression in transgenic plants. Plant Cell 1992; 4(9): 1075-1087.
175. Millar AJ, Carre IA et al. Circadian clock mutants in Arabidopsis identified by luciferase imaging [see comments]. Science 1995; 267(5201): 1161-1163.
176. Kolar C, Fejes E et al. Transcription of Arabidopsis and wheat Cab genes in single tobacco transgenic seedlings exhibits independent rhythms in a developmentally regulated fashion. Plant J. 1998; 13(4): 563-569.
177. Schutz I, Furuya M. Evidence for type II phytochrome-induced rapid signalling leading to cab::luciferase gene expression in tobacco cotyledons. Planta 2001; 212(5-6): 759-764.
178. Michelet B, Chua NH. Improvement of Arabidopsis mutant screens based on luciferase imaging in planta. Plant Mol. Biol. Reporter 1996; 14(4): 320-329.
179. Ishitani M, Xiong L et al. Genetic analysis of osmotic and cold stress signal transduction in Arabidopsis: interactions and convergence of abscisic acid-dependent and abscisic acid-independent pathways. Plant Cell 1997a; 9(11): 1935-1949.
180. Ishitani M, Xiong LM, Stevenson B et al. Isolation of stress signal transduction mutants by luciferase imaging in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Physiol. 1997b; 114(3): 1378-1378.
181. Ishitani M, Xiong L et al. HOSl, a genetic locus involved in cold-responsive gene expression in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 1998; 10(7): 1151-1161.
182. Langridge WH, Szalay AA. Bacterial and coelenterate luciferases as reporter genes in plant cells. Methods Mol. Biol. 1998; 82: 385-396.
183. Minko I, Holloway SP et al. Renilla luciferase as a vital reporter for chloroplast gene expression in Chlamydomonas. Mol. Gen. Genet. 1999; 262(3): 421-425.
184. Jelesko JG, Harper R et al. Rare germinal unequal crossing-over leading to recombinant gene formation and gene duplication in Arabidopsis thaliana. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 1999; 96(18): 10302-10307.
185. Xiong LM, David L, Stevenson B et al. High throughput screening of signal transduction mutants with luciferase imaging. Plant Mol. Biol. Reporter 1999; 17(2): 159-170.
186. Xiong L, Ishitani M, Zhu JK. Interaction of osmotic stress, temperature, and abscisic acid in the regulation of gene expression in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol. 1999; 119: 205-211.
187. Giacomin LT, Szalay AA. Expression of a PAL1 promoter luciferase gene fusion in Arabidopsis thaliana in response to infection by phytopathogenic bacteria. Plant Sci. 1996; 116: 59-72.
188. Grant JJ, Yun BW et al. Oxidative burst and cognate redox signalling reported by luciferase imaging: identification of a signal network that functions independently of ethylene. SA and Me-JA but is dependent on MAPKK activity. Plant J. 2000; 24(5): 569-582.
189. Urwin P, Yi L et al. Functional characterization of the EMCV IRES in plants. Plant J. 24(5): 583-589.
190. Nass N, Scheel D. Enhanced luciferin entry causes rapid wound-induced light emission in plants expressing high levels of luciferase. Planta 2001; 212(2): 149-154.
191. Meier C, Bouquin T et al. Gibberellin response mutants identified by luciferase imagina. Plant J. 2001; 25(5): 509-519.
192. van Leeuwen W, Ruttink T, Borst-Vrenssen AW, van Der Plas LH, van Der Krol AR. Characterization of position-induced spatial and temporal regulation of transgene promoter activity in plants. J. Exp. Bot. 2001; 52(358): 949-959.
193. van Leeuwen W, Mlynarova L, Nap JP, van Der Plas LH, van Der Krol AR. The effect of MAR elements on variation in spatial and temporal regulation of transgene expression. Plain Mol. Biol. 2001; 47(4): 543-554.
194. Tamiya E, Sugiyama T et al. Spatial imaging of luciferase gene expression in transgenic fish. Nucleic Acids Res. 1990; 18(4): 1072.
195. Mayerhofer R, Araki K et al. Monitoring of spatial expression of firefly luciferase in transformed zebrafish. J. Biolumin. Chemilumin. 1995; 10(5): 271-275.
196. Matsumoto K, Anzai M et al. Onset of paternal gene activation in early mouse embryos fertilized with transgenic mouse sperm. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 1994; 39(2): 136-140.
197. Thompson EM, Adenot P et al. Real-time imaging of transcriptional activity in live mouse preimplantation embryos using a secreted luciferase. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 1995; 92(5): 1317-1321.
198. Contag CH, Spilman SD, Contag PR et al. Visualizing gene expression in living mammals using a bioluminescent reporter. Photochem. Photobiol. 1997; 66(4): 523-531.
199. Menck M, Mercier Y et al. Prediction of transgene integration by noninvasive bioluminescent screening of microinjected bovine embryos. Transgen. Res. 1998; 7(5): 331-341.
200. Nakamura A, Okumura J et al. Quantitative analysis of luciferase activity of viral and hybrid promoters in bovine preimplantation embryos. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 1998; 49(4): 368-373.
201. Zhang W, Contag PR, Madan A, Stevenson DK, Contag CH. Bioluminescence for biological sensing in living mammals. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 1999; 471: 775-784.
202. Sigworth L, Chandler T, Liao L, Geusz M. Luciferase imaging reveals distinct patterns of gene regulation in live brain slices. In Proceedings of the 11th International Symposium on Bioluminescence and Chemiluminescence 2000, Case JF, Herring PJ, Robison BH, Haddock SHD, Kricka LJ, Stanley PE (eds). Chichester: Wiley, 2001; 185-188.
203. Wu JC, Sundaresan G, Iyer M, Gambhir SS. Noninvasive optical imaging of firefly luciferase reporter gene expression in skeletal muscles of living mice. Mol. Ther. 2001; 4(4): 297-306.
204. Chishima T, Miyagi Y et al. Cancer invasion and micrometastasis visualized in live tissue by green fluorescent protein expression. Cancer Res. 1997a; 57(10): 2042-2047.
205. Chishima T, Miyagi Y et al. Visualization of the metastatic process by green fluorescent protein expression. Anticancer Res. 1997b; 17(4A): 2377-2384.
206. Chishima T, Miyagi Y et al. Metastatic patterns of lung cancer visualized live and in process by green fluorescence protein expression. Clin. Exp. Metastasis 1997c; 15(5): 547-552.
207. Contag CH, Jenkins D et al. Use of reporter genes for optical measurements of neoplastic disease in vivo. Neoplasia 2000; 2(1-2): 41-52 (R).
208. Rehemtulla A, Stegman LD et al. Rapid and quantitative assessment of cancer treatment response using in vivo bioluminescence imaging. Neoplasia 2000; 2(6): 491-495.
209. Honigman A, Zeira E et al. Imaging transgene expression in live animals. Mol. Ther. 2001; 4(3): 239-249.
210. Legocki RP, Legocki M, Baldwin TO, Szalay AA. Bioluminescence in soybean root nodules: demonstration of a general approach to assay gene expression in vivo by using bacterial luciferase. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 1986; 83: 9080-9084.
211. O'Kane DJ, Lingle WL, Wampler JE, Legocki M, Legocki RP, Szalay AA. Visualization of bioluminescence as a marker of gene expression in Rhizobium-infected soybean root nodules. Plant Mol. Biol. 1988; 10: 387-399.
212. Rodriguez JF, Rodriguez D, Rodriguez JR, McGowan EB, Esteban M. Expression of the firefly luciferase gene in vaccinia virus: a highly sensitive gene marker to follow virus dissemination in tissues of infected animals. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci USA 1988; 85(5): 1667-1671.
213. Contag CH, Contag PR et al. Photonic detection of bacterial pathogens in living hosts. Mol. Microbiol. 1995; 18(4): 593-603.
214. Francis KP, Job D, Bellinger-Kawahara C, Hawkinson MJ, Purchio TF, Contag PR. Monitoring bioluminescent Staphylococcus aureus infections in living mice using a novel luxABCDE constract. Infect. Immun. 2000; 68(6): 3594-3600.
215. Francis KP, Yu J, Bellinger-Kawahara C et al. Visualizing pneumococcal infections in the lungs of live mice using bioluminescent Streptococcus pneumoniae transformed with a novel gram-positive lux transposon. Infect. Immun. 2001; 69(5): 3350-3358.
216. Rocchetta HL, Boylan CJ, Foley JW et al. Validation of a noninvasive, real-time imaging technology using bioluminescent Escherichia coli in the neutropenic mouse thigh model of infection. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2001; 45: 129-137.
217. Mettenleiter TC, Gräwe W. Video imaging of firefly luciferase activity to identify and monitor herpesvirus infection in cell culture. J. Virol. Methods 1996; 59(1-2): 155-160.
218. Langridge WH, Krausova VI et al. Detection of baculovirus gene expression in insect cells and larvae by low light video image analysis. J. Virol. Methods 1996; 61(1-2): 151-156.
219. Kratzer S, Mundigl O et al. Digital imaging microscopy of firefly luciferase activity to directly monitor differences in cell transduction efficiencies between AdCMVLuc and Ad5LucRGD vectors having different cell binding properties. J. Virol. Methods 2001; 93(1-2): 175-179.
220. Costa GL, Sandora MR, Nakajima A et al. Adoptive immunotherapy of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis via T Cell delivery of the IL-12 p40 subunit. J. Immunol 2001; 167(4): 2379-2387.
221. Shabahang S, Szalay AA. Visualization of bacteria in live animals using luciferase labeling. In Proceedings of the 11th International Symposium on Bioluminescence and Chemiluminescence 2000, Case JF, Herring PJ, Robison BH, Haddock SHD, Kricka LJ, Stanley PE (eds). Chichester: Wiley, 2001; 449-452.
222. Timiryasova T, Yu Y, Shabahang S, Fodor I, Szalay AA. Visualization of vaccinia virus infection using the Renilla luciferase-GFP fusion protein. In Proceedings of the 11th International Symposium on Bioluminescence and Chemiluminescence 2000, Case JF, Herring PJ, Robison BH, Haddock SHD, Kricka LJ, Stanley PE (eds). Chichester: Wiley, 2001; 457-460.
223. Johnston TC, Hruska KS, Adams LF. The nucleotide sequence of the luxE gene of Vibrio harveyi and a comparison of the amino acid sequences of the acyl-protein synthetases from V. harveyi and V. fischeri. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1989; 163: 93-101.
224. Foran DR, Brown WM. Nucleotide sequence of the luxA and luxB genes of the bioluminescent marine bacterium Vibrio fischeri. Nucleic Acids Res. 1988; 16(2): 777.
225. Fischer-Le Saux M, Viallard V, Brunel B et al. Polyphasic classification of the genus Photorhabdus and proposal of new taxa: P. luminescens subsp. luminescens subsp. nov., P. luminescens subsp. akhurstii subsp. nov., P. luminescens subsp. laumondii subsp. nov., P. temperata sp. nov., P. temperata subsp. temperata subsp. nov. and P. asvmbiotica sp. nov. Int. J. Syst. Bacterial. 1999; 49: 1645-1656.
226. de Wet JR, Wood KV, DeLuca M et al. Firefly luciferase gene: structure and expression in mammalian cells. Mol. Cell. Biol. 1987; 2987(7): 725-737.
227. Masuda T, Tatsumi H, Nakano E. Cloning and sequence analysis of cDNA for luciferase of a Japanese firefly. Luciola cruciata. Gene 1989; 77: 265-270.
228. Furederitsuku IT, Osada J, Eritsuku MT. DNA compound coding luciferase and manifestation vector containing the same compound. Patent: JP 1991030678-A 1.08 Feb 1991.
229. Prasher DC, McCann RO, Longiaru M, Cormier MJ. Sequence comparisons of complementary DNAs encoding aequorin isotypes. Biochemistry 1987; 26: 1326-1332.
230. Inouye S, Noguchi M, Sakaki Y, et al. Cloning and sequence analysis of cDNA for the luminescent protein aequorin. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1985; 82: 3154-3158.
231. Takagi Y, Sakaki Y, Inoue S, et al. Biosynthesis of photoprotein aequorin. Patent: JP 1990096597-A 1.09 Apr-1990; CHISSO CORP.