Disturbed Dreaming, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, and Affect Distress: A Review and Neurocognitive Model

Psychological Bulletin

Volumn 133, Issue 3, 2007, Pages 482-528

  Levin, Ross ^a   Nielsen, Tore A ^b,c  

^a YESHIVA UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITÉ DE MONTRÉAL   (Canada)

^c HÔPITAL DU SACRÉ COEUR DE MONTRÉAL   (Canada)

Author keywords

distress; neurophysiology of fear memory; nightmares; posttraumatic stress disorder; psychopathology

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AFFECT; ANIMAL; CHILD; COGNITION; DREAM; FEMALE; HUMAN; MALE; MENTAL STRESS; METHODOLOGY; MIDDLE AGED; MOOD DISORDER; NEUROSCIENCE; NIGHTMARE; POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; PSYCHOLOGICAL MODEL; REVIEW;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AFFECT; ANIMALS; CHILD; COGNITION; DREAMS; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; MODELS, PSYCHOLOGICAL; MOOD DISORDERS; NEUROSCIENCES; NIGHT TERRORS; STRESS DISORDERS, POST-TRAUMATIC; STRESS, PSYCHOLOGICAL;

EID: 34250211810     PISSN: 00332909     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.133.3.482     Document Type: Article

References (551)

1. Abercrombie H.C., Schaefer S.M., Larson C.L., Oakes T.R., Lindgren K.A., Holden J.E., et al. Metabolic rate in the right amygdala predicts negative affect in depressed patients. Neuroreport 9 (1998) 3301-3307
2. Abramson L.Y., Metalsky G.I., and Alloy L.B. Hopelessness depression: A theory-based subtype of depression. Psychological Review 96 (1989) 358-372
3. Agargun M.Y., Cilli A.S., Kara H., Tarhan N., Kincir F., and Oz H. Repetitive and frightening dreams and suicidal behavior in patients with major depression. Comprehensive Psychiatry 39 (1998) 198-202
4. Agargun M.Y., Cilli A.S., Sener S., Bilici M., Ozer O.A., Selvi Y., and Karacan E. The prevalence of parasomnias in preadolescent school-aged children: A Turkish sample. Sleep 27 (2004) 701-705
5. Agargun M.Y., Kara H., Ozer O.A., Selvi Y., Kiran U., and Kiran S. Nightmares and dissociative experiences: The key role of childhood traumatic events. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 57 (2003) 139-145
6. Agargun M.Y., Kara H., Ozer O.A., Selvi Y., Kiran U., and Ozer B. Clinical importance of nightmare disorder in patients with dissociative disorders. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 57 (2003) 575-579
7. Aggleton J.P. The amygdala: Neurobiological aspects of emotion, memory, and mental dysfunction (1992), Wiley, New York
8. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 3rd ed. (1980), Author, Washington, DC
9. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 4th ed. (1994), Author, Washington, DC
10. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 4th ed., text rev. (2000), Author, Washington, DC
11. American Sleep Disorders Association. International classification of sleep disorders, revised: Diagnostic and coding manual (1997), Author, Rochester, MN
12. American Academy of Sleep Medicine. International classification of sleep disorders: Diagnostic and coding manual. 2nd ed. (2005), Author, Westchester, IL
13. Amir N., Klumpp H., Elias J., Bedwell J.S., Yanasak N., and Miller L.S. Increased activation of the anterior cingulate cortex during processing of disgust faces in individuals with social phobia. Biological Psychiatry 57 (2005) 975-981
14. Arieti S. Interpretation of schizophrenia. 2nd ed. (1974), Basic Books, New York
15. Armony J.L., and LeDoux J.E. How the brain processes emotional information. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 821 (1997) 259-270
16. Asplund R. Nightmares, sleep and cardiac symptoms in the elderly. The Netherlands Journal of Medicine 61 (2003) 257-261
17. Badura A.S. Theoretical and empirical exploration of the similarities between emotional numbing in posttraumatic stress disorder and alexithymia. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 17 (2003) 349-360
18. Bannerman D.M., Rawlins J.N., McHugh S.B., Deacon R.M., Yee B.K., Bast T., et al. Regional dissociations within the hippocampus-memory and anxiety. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 28 (2004) 273-283
19. Barrett D. Trauma and dreams (1996), Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA
20. Baylor G.W., and Deslauriers D. Dreams: Nature, function, and a method of study (1985), Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
21. Beauchemin K., and Hays P. Prevailing mood, mood changes and dreams in bipolar disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders 35 (1995) 41-49
22. Beck A.T., and Steer R. Beck Depression Inventory (1987), Psychological Corporation, San Antonio, TX
23. Belicki D., and Belicki K. Nightmares in a university population. Sleep Research 11 (1982) 116
24. Belicki K. Nightmare frequency versus nightmare distress: Relations to psychopathology and cognitive style. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 101 (1992) 592-597
25. Belicki K. The relationship of nightmare frequency to nightmare suffering with implications for treatment and research. Dreaming 2 (1992) 143-148
26. Belicki K., and Belicki D. Predisposition for nightmares: A study of hypnotic ability, vividness of imagery, and absorption. Journal of Clinical Psychology 42 (1986) 714-718
27. Belicki K., and Cuddy M.A. Nightmares: Facts, fictions and future directions. In: Gackenbach J., and Sheikh A.A. (Eds). Dream images: A call to mental arms (1991), Baywood, Amityville, NY 99-115
28. Bengtsson C., Lennartsson J., Lindquist O., Noppa H., and Sigurdsson J. Sleep disturbances, nightmares and other possible central nervous disturbances in a population sample of women, with special reference to those on antihypertensive drugs. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 17 (1980) 173-177
29. Berlin R.M., Litovitz G.L., Diaz M.A., and Ahmed S.W. Sleep disorders on a psychiatric consultation service. American Journal of Psychiatry 141 (1984) 582-584
30. Bernert R.A., Joiner Jr. T.E., Cukrowicz K.C., Schmidt N.B., and Krakow B. Suicidality and sleep disturbances. Sleep 28 (2005) 1135-1141
31. Bernstein E.M., and Putnam F.W. Development, reliability, and validity of a dissociation scale. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 174 (1986) 727-735
32. Berquier A., and Ashton R. Characteristics of the frequent nightmare sufferer. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 101 (1992) 246-250
33. Berthoz S., Artiges E., van de Moortele P.F., Poline J.B., Rouquette S., Consoli S.M., and Martinot J.L. Effect of impaired recognition and expression of emotions on frontocingulate cortices: An fMRI study of men with alexithymia. American Journal of Psychiatry 159 (2002) 961-967
34. Birbaumer N., Veit R., Lotze M., Erb M., Hermann C., Grodd W., and Flor H. Deficient fear conditioning in psychopathy: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Archives of General Psychiatry 62 (2005) 799-805
35. Bishop S., Duncan J., Brett M., and Lawrence A.D. Prefrontal cortical function and anxiety: Controlling attention to threat-related stimuli. Nature Neuroscience 7 (2004) 184-188
36. Bishop S.J., Duncan J., and Lawrence A.D. State anxiety modulation of the amygdala response to unattended threat-related stimuli. Journal of Neuroscience 24 (2004) 10364-10368
37. Bixler E.O., Kales A., and Soldatos C.R. Sleep disorders encountered in medical practice. Behavioral Medicine 6 (1979) 13-21
38. Bixler E.O., Kales A., Soldatos C.R., Kales J.D., and Healy S. Prevalence of sleep disorders in the Los Angeles metropolitan area. American Journal of Psychiatry 136 (1979) 1257-1262
39. Blagrove M., Farmer L., and Williams E. The relationship of nightmare frequency and nightmare distress to well-being. Journal of Sleep Research 13 (2004) 129-136
40. Blatt S.J., and Wild C.M. Schizophrenia: A developmental analysis (1976), Academic Press, New York
41. Bleuler E. The fundamental symptoms. In: Bleuler E. (Ed). Dementia praecox; or the group of schizophrenias (1950), International Universities Press, New York 14-54
42. Bonne O., Brandes D., Gilboa A., Gomori J.M., Shenton M.E., Pitman R.K., and Shalev A.Y. Longitudinal MRI study of hippocampal volume in trauma survivors with PTSD. American Journal of Psychiatry 158 (2001) 1248-1251
43. Bonne O., Grillon C., Vythilingam M., Neumeister A., and Charney D.S. Adaptive and maladaptive psychobiological responses to severe psychological stress: Implications for the discovery of novel pharmacotherapy. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 28 (2004) 65-94
44. Bosinelli M., Cicogna P., and Molinari S. The tonic-phasic model and the feeling of self-participation in different stages of sleep. Giornale Italiano di Psicologia 1 (1974) 35-65
45. Botvinick M.M., Cohen J.D., and Carter C.S. Conflict monitoring and anterior cingulate cortex: An update. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 8 (2004) 539-546
46. Botvinick M., Jha A.P., Bylsma L.M., Fabian S.A., Solomon P.E., and Prkachin K.M. Viewing facial expressions of pain engages cortical areas involved in the direct experience of pain. NeuroImage 25 (2005) 312-319
47. Bouton M.E. Context, ambiguity, and unlearning: Sources of relapse after behavioral extinction. Biological Psychiatry 52 (2002) 976-986
48. Bouton M.E., Garcia-Gutierrez A., Zilski J., and Moody E.W. Extinction in multiple contexts does not necessarily make extinction less vulnerable to relapse. Behavior Research and Therapy 44 (2006) 983-994
49. Bowers G.H. Mood and memory. American Psychologist 36 (1981) 129-148
50. Bradley M.M., Codispoti M., Sabatinelli D., and Lang P. Emotion and motivation II: Sex differences in picture processing. Emotion 1 (2001) 300-319
51. Bradley M.M., Greenwald M.K., Petry M.C., and Lang P.J. Remembering pictures: Pleasure and arousal in memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 18 (1992) 379-390
52. Brady K.T., and Clary C.M. Affective and anxiety comorbidity in post-traumatic stress disorder treatment trials of sertraline. Comprehensive Psychiatry 44 (2003) 360-369
53. 15O PET study. Brain 120 (1997) 1173-1197
54. Braun A.R., Balkin T.J., Wesensten N.J., Gwadry F., Carson R.E., Varga M., et al. Dissociated pattern of activity in visual cortices and their projections during human rapid eye movement sleep. Science 279 (1998, January 2) 91-95
55. Breger L., Hunter I., and Lane R.W. The effect of stress on dreams. Psychological Issues 7 (1971) 1-213
56. Bremner J.D. Acute and chronic responses to psychological trauma: Where do we go from here? [editorial]. American Journal of Psychiatry 156 (1999) 349-351
57. Bremner J.D. Functional neuroanatomical correlates of traumatic stress revisited 7 years later, this time with data. Psychopharmacology Bulletin 37 (2003) 6-25
58. Bremner J.D., Mletzko T., Welter S., Quinn S., Williams C., Brummer M., et al. Effects of phenytoin on memory, cognition and brain structure in post-traumatic stress disorder: A pilot study. Journal of Psychopharmacology 19 (2005) 159-165
59. Bremner J.D., Randall P., Scott T.M., Capelli S., Delaney R., McCarthy G., and Charney D.S. Deficits in short-term memory in adult survivors of childhood abuse. Psychiatry Research 59 (1995) 97-107
60. Bremner J.D., Staib L.H., Kaloupek D., Southwick S.M., Soufer R., and Charney D.S. Neural correlates of exposure to traumatic pictures and sound in Vietnam combat veterans with and without posttraumatic stress disorder: A positron emission tomography study. Biological Psychiatry 45 (1999) 806-816
61. Bremner J.D., Vermetten E., Schmahl C., Vaccarino V., Vythilingam M., Afzal N., et al. Positron emission tomographic imaging of neural correlates of a fear acquisition and extinction paradigm in women with childhood sexual-abuse-related post-traumatic stress disorder. Psychological Medicine 35 (2005) 791-806
62. Bremner J.D., Vythilingam M., Vermetten E., Southwick S.M., McGlashan T., Staib L.H., et al. Neural correlates of declarative memory for emotionally valenced words in women with posttraumatic stress disorder related to early childhood sexual abuse. Biological Psychiatry 53 (2003) 879-889
63. Breslau N., Chilcoat H.D., Kessler R.C., and Davis G.C. Previous exposure to trauma and PTSD effects of subsequent trauma: Results from the Detroit area survey of trauma. American Journal of Psychiatry 156 (1999) 902-907
64. Breslau N., Davis G.C., Andreski P., Peterson E.L., and Schultz L.R. Sex differences in posttraumatic stress disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry 54 (1997) 1044-1048
65. Britton J.C., Phan K.L., Taylor S.F., Welsh R.C., Berridge K.C., and Liberzon I. Neural correlates of social and nonsocial emotions: An fMRI study. NeuroImage 31 (2006) 397-409
66. Brodman K., Erdman A.J., Lorge I., and Wolff H.G. The Cornell Medical Index: An adjunct to medical interview. Journal of the American Medical Association 140 (1949) 530-534
67. Brody A.L., Mandelkern M.A., Lee G., Smith E., Sadeghi M., Saxena S., et al. Attenuation of cue-induced cigarette craving and anterior cingulate cortex activation in bupropion-treated smokers: A preliminary study. Psychiatry Research 130 (2004) 269-281
68. Broughton R.J. Sleep disorders: Disorders of arousal? Enuresis, somnambulism, and nightmares occur in confusional states of arousal, not in "dreaming sleep". Science 159 (1968, March 8) 1070-1078
69. Brown R.J., and Donderi D.C. Dream content and self-reported well-being among recurrent dreamers, past-recurrent dreamers, and nonrecurrent dreamers. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 50 (1986) 612-623
70. Bryant R.A., Felmingham K.L., Kemp A.H., Barton M., Peduto A.S., Rennie C., et al. Neural networks of information processing in posttraumatic stress disorder: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Biological Psychiatry 58 (2005) 111-118
71. Brylowski A. Nightmares in crisis: Clinical applications of lucid dreaming techniques. Psychiatric Journal of the University of Ottawa 15 (1990) 79-84
72. Bucci W., Creelman M.L., and Severino S.K. The effects of menstrual cycle hormones on dreams. Dreaming 1 (1991) 263-276
73. Buchsbaum M.S., Gillin J.C., Wu J., Hazlett E., Sicotte N., Dupont R.M., and Bunney Jr. W.E. Regional cerebral glucose metabolic rate in human sleep assessed by positron emission tomography. Life Science 45 (1989) 1349-1356
74. Buchsbaum M.S., Hazlett E.A., Wu J., and Bunney Jr. W.E. Positron emission tomography with deoxyglucose-F18 imaging of sleep. Neuropsychopharmacology 25 (2001) S50-S56
75. Bush G., Luu P., and Posner M.I. Cognitive and emotional influences in anterior cingulate cortex. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 4 (2000) 215-222
76. Buss A. Personality: Evolutionary heritage and human distinctiveness (1988), Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ
77. Butler T., Pan H., Epstein J., Protopopescu X., Tuescher O., Goldstein M., et al. Fear-related activity in subgenual anterior cingulate differs between men and women. NeuroReport 16 (2005) 1233-1236
78. Buysse D.J., Hall M., Begley A., Cherry C.R., Houck P.R., Land S., et al. Sleep and treatment response in depression: New findings using power spectral analysis. Psychiatry Research 103 (2001) 51-67
79. Cambell B.C., and Udry R.J. Stress and age of menarche of mothers and daughters. Journal of Biosocial Science 27 (1995) 127-134
80. Cammarota M., Bevilaqua L.R., Kerr D., Medina J.H., and Izquierdo I. Inhibition of mRNA and protein synthesis in the CA1 region of the dorsal hippocampus blocks reinstallment of an extinguished conditioned fear response. Journal of Neuroscience 23 (2003) 737-741
81. Canli T., Zhao Z., Brewer J., Gabrieli J.D., and Cahill L. Event-related activation in the human amygdala associates with later memory for individual emotional experience. Journal of Neuroscience 20 (2000) RC99
82. Cartwright R.D. Affect and dream work from an information processing point of view. Journal of Mind and Behavior 7 (1986) 411-427
83. Cartwright R.D. Dreams that work: The relation of dream incorporation to adaptation to stressful events. Dreaming 1 (1991) 3-9
84. Cartwright R. How and why the brain makes dreams: A report card on current research on dreaming. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 23 (2000) 914-916
85. Cartwright R. Dreaming as a mood regulation system. In: Kryger M.H., Roth T., and Dement W.C. (Eds). Principles and practice of sleep medicine. 4th ed. (2005), Saunders, Philadelphia 565-572
86. Cartwright R.D., and Ratzel R.W. Effects of dream loss on waking behaviors. Archives of General Psychiatry 27 (1972) 277-280
87. Cellucci A.J., and Lawrence P.S. Individual differences in self-reported sleep variable correlations among nightmare sufferers. Journal of Clinical Psychology 34 (1978) 721-725
88. Cernovsky Z.Z. Content of waking life events and of nightmare themes. Perceptual and Motor Skills 58 (1984) 899-902
89. Cernovsky Z.Z. Dream recall and attitude toward dreams. Perceptual and Motor Skills 58 (1984) 911-914
90. Cernovsky Z.Z. Life stress measures and reported frequency of sleep disorders. Perceptual and Motor Skills 58 (1984) 39-49
91. Cernovsky Z.Z. MMPI and nightmares in male alcoholics. Perceptual and Motor Skills 61 (1985) 841-842
92. Cernovsky Z.Z. MMPI and nightmare reports in women addicted to alcohol and other drugs. Perceptual and Motor Skills 62 (1986) 717-718
93. Cernovsky Z.Z. Group nightmares about escape from ex-homeland. Journal of Clinical Psychology 46 (1990) 581-588
94. Chapman L.J., Chapman J.P., and Raulin M.L. Scales for physical and social anhedonia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 85 (1976) 374-382
95. Chelonis J.J., Calton J.L., Hart J.A., and Shachtman T.R. Attenuation of the renwal effect by extinction in multiple contexts. Learning and Motivation 30 (1999) 1-14
96. Chivers L., and Blagrove M. Nightmare frequency, personality, and acute psychopathology. Personality and Individual Differences 27 (1999) 843-851
97. Chorpita B.F., and Barlow D.H. The development of anxiety: The role of control in the early environment. Psychological Bulletin 124 (1998) 3-21
98. Cipolli C., Baroncini P., Fagioli I., Fumai A., and Salzarulo P. The thematic continuity of mental sleep experience in the same night. Sleep 10 (1987) 473-479
99. Cipolli C., Bolzani R., and Tuozzi G. Story-like organization of dream experience in different periods of REM sleep. Journal of Sleep Research 7 (1998) 13-19
100. Cipolli C., Bolzani R., Tuozzi G., and Fagioli I. Active processing of declarative knowledge during REM-sleep dreaming. Journal of Sleep Research 10 (2001) 277-284
101. Cirignotta F., Zucconi M., Mondini S., Lenzi P.L., and Lugaresi E. Enuresis, sleepwalking, and nightmares: An epidemiological survey in the republic of San Marino. In: Guilleminault C., and Lugaresi E. (Eds). Sleep/wake disorder: Natural history, epidemiology, and long-term evolution (1983), Raven Press, New York 237-241
102. Claridge G.K., Clark K., and Davis C. Nightmares, dreams, and schizotypy. British Journal of Clinical Psychology 36 (1997) 377-386
103. Claridge G., Davis C., Bellhouse M., and Kaptein S. Borderline personality, nightmares, and adverse life events in the risk for eating disorders. Personality and Individual Differences 25 (1998) 339-351
104. Clark D.M. A cognitive model of panic attacks. In: Rachman S., and Maser J.D. (Eds). Panic: Psychological perspectives (1988), Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ 71-89
105. Clark D.M., and Teasdale J.D. Diurnal variation in clinical depression and accessibility of memories of positive and negative experiences. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 91 (1982) 87-95
106. Cloninger C.R., Svrakic D.M., and Przybeck T.R. A psychobiological model of temperament and character. Archives of General Psychiatry 50 (1993) 975-990
107. Coalson B. Nightmare help: Treatment of trauma survivors with PTSD. Psychotherapy 32 (1995) 381-388
108. Cook C.L., Caplan R.D., and Wolowitz H. Nonwaking responses to waking stressors: Dreams and nightmares. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 20 (1990) 199-226
109. Cooper S.H., and Hartmann E. Hostility levels of lifetime nightmare sufferers: A test of a clinical hypothesis. Psychoanalytic Psychology 3 (1986) 373-377
110. Corcoran K.A., Desmond T.J., Frey K.A., and Maren S. Hippocampal inactivation disrupts the acquisition and contextual encoding of fear extinction. Journal of Neuroscience 25 (2005) 8978-8987
111. Corcoran K.A., and Maren S. Hippocampal inactivation disrupts contextual retrieval of fear memory after extinction. Journal of Neuroscience 21 (2001) 1720-1726
112. Corcoran K.A., and Maren S. Factors regulating the effects of hippocampal inactivation on renewal of conditional fear after extinction. Learning & Memory 11 (2004) 598-603
113. Coren S. The prevalence of self-reported sleep disturbances in young adults. International Journal of Neuroscience 79 (1994) 67-73
114. Costa Jr. P.T., and McCrae R.R. Influence of extraversion and neuroticism on subjective well-being: Happy and unhappy people. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 38 (1980) 668-678
115. Costa Jr. P.T., Terracciano A., and McCrae R.R. Gender differences in personality traits across cultures: Robust and surprising findings. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 81 (2001) 322-331
116. Cowen D., and Levin R. The use of the Hartmann boundary questionnaire with an adolescent population. Dreaming 5 (1995) 105-114
117. Craske M.G., and Barlow D.H. Nocturnal panic. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 177 (1989) 160-167
118. Das P., Kemp A.H., Liddell B.J., Brown K.J., Olivieri G., Peduto A., et al. Pathways for fear perception: Modulation of amygdala activity by thalamo-cortical systems. NeuroImage 26 (2005) 141-148
119. Davidson J.A., and Kelsey B.D. Incorporation of recent events in dreams. Perceptual and Motor Skills 65 (1987) 114
120. Davidson R.J., Putnam K.M., and Larson C.L. Dysfunction in the neural circuitry of emotion regulation-A possible prelude to violence. Science 289 (2000, July 28) 591-594
121. Davis M., and Whalen P.J. The amygdala: Vigilance and emotion. Molecular Psychiatry 6 (2001) 13-34
122. Dawson M.E., Nuechterlein K.H., Schell A.M., Gitlin M., and Ventura J. Autonomic abnormalities in schizophrenia. State or trait indicators? Archives of General Psychiatry 51 (1994) 813-824
123. De Koninck J.M., and Koulack D. Dream content and adaptation to a stressful situation. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 84 (1975) 250-260
124. de Leeuw R., Albuquerque R., Okeson J., and Carlson C. The contribution of neuroimaging techniques to the understanding of supraspinal pain circuits: Implications for orofacial pain. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontics 100 (2005) 308-314
125. Delorme M.A., Lortie-Lussier M., and De Koninck J. Stress and coping in the waking and dreaming states during an examination period. Dreaming 12 (2002) 171-183
126. Derogatis L. SCL-90-R: Administration, scoring and procedure manual (1994), National Computer Systems, Minneapolis, MN
127. Destun L.M., and Kuiper N.A. Phenomenal characteristics associated with real and imagined events: The effects of event valence and absorption. Applied Cognitive Psychology 13 (1999) 175-184
128. Domhoff G.W. Finding meaning in dreams: A quantitative approach (1996), Plenum Press, New York
129. Domhoff G.W. The repetition of dreams and dream elements: A possible clue to a function of dreams?. In: Moffitt A., Kramer M., and Hoffmann R. (Eds). The functions of dreaming (2000), SUNY Press, Albany 293-320
130. Donlon P.T., and Blacker K.H. Stages of schizophrenic decompensation and reintegration. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 157 (1973) 200-209
131. Downey G., Mougios V., Ayduk O., London B.E., and Shoda Y. Rejection sensitivity and the defensive motivational system: Insights from the startle response to rejection cues. Psychological Science 15 (2004) 668-673
132. Duke T., and Davidson J. Ordinary and recurrent dream recall of active, past and non-recurrent dreamers during and after academic stress. Dreaming 12 (2002) 185-197
133. Dunn K.K., and Barrett D. Characteristics of nightmare subjects and their nightmares. Psychiatric Journal of the University of Ottawa 13 (1988) 91-93
134. Eichenbaum H. The hippocampus and declarative memory: Cognitive mechanisms and neural codes. Behavioral Brain Research 127 (2001) 199-207
135. Eichenbaum H. Hippocampus: Cognitive processes and neural representations that underlie declarative memory. Neuron 44 (2004) 109-120
136. Eisenberger N.I., and Lieberman M.D. Why rejection hurts: A common neural alarm system for physical and social pain. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 8 (2004) 294-300
137. Eisenberger N.I., Lieberman M.D., and Satpute A.B. Personality from a controlled processing perspective: An fMRI study of neuroticism, extraversion, and self-consciousness. Cognitive, Affective and Behavioral Neuroscience 5 (2005) 169-181
138. Eisenberger N.I., Lieberman M.D., and Williams K.D. Does rejection hurt? An FMRI study of social exclusion. Science 302 (2003, October 10) 290-292
139. Etkin A., Klemenhagen K.C., Dudman J.T., Rogan M.T., Hen R., Kandel E.R., and Hirsch J. Individual differences in trait anxiety predict the response of the basolateral amygdala to unconsciously processed fearful faces. Neuron 44 (2004) 1043-1055
140. Eysenck H.J., and Eysenck S.B.G. Manual of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (1975), Hodder & Stoughton, London
141. Famularo R., Kinscherff R., and Fenton T. Symptom differences in acute and chronic presentation of childhood post-traumatic stress disorder. Child Abuse & Neglect 14 (1990) 439-444
142. Faw B. Pre-frontal executive committee for perception, working memory, attention, long-term memory, motor control, and thinking: A tutorial review. Consciousness and Cognition 12 (2003) 83-130
143. Federn P. Ego psychology and the psychoses (1953), Maresfield Reprints, London
144. Feldman M.J., and Hersen M. Attitudes toward death in nightmare subjects. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 72 (1967) 421-425
145. Fennig S., Salganik E., and Chayat M. Psychotic episodes and nightmares: A case study. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 180 (1992) 60
146. Fisher B.E., and McGuire K. Do diagnostic patterns exist in the sleep behaviors of normal children?. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 18 (1990) 179-186
147. Fisher B.E., Pauley C., and McGuire K. Children's Sleep Behavior Scale: Normative data on 870 children in grades 1 to 6. Perceptual and Motor Skills 68 (1989) 227-236
148. Fisher C., Byrne J., Edwards A., and Kahn E. A psychophysiological study of nightmares. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association 18 (1970) 747-782
149. Fisher C., Kahn E., Edwards A., Davis D.M., and Fine J. A psychophysiological study of nightmares and night terrors: 3. Mental content and recall of stage 4 night terrors. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 158 (1974) 174-188
150. Fisher H.J. Dreams and conversion in Black Africa. In: Leutzion N. (Ed). Conversion to Islam (1979), Holmes and Meier Publishing, New York 217-235
151. Foa E.B., Feske U., Murdock T.B., Kozak M.J., and McCarthy P.R. Processing of threat-related information in rape victims. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 100 (1991) 156-162
152. Foa E.B., and Kozak M.J. Emotional processing of fear: Exposure to corrective information. Psychological Bulletin 99 (1986) 20-35
153. Foa E.B., and Meadows E.A. Psychosocial treatments for post-traumatic stress disorder: A critical review. Annual Review of Psychology 48 (1997) 449-480
154. Foa E.B., Riggs D.S., and Gershuny B.S. Arousal, numbing, and intrusion: Symptom structure of PTSD following assault. Amerian Journal of Psychiatry 152 (1995) 116-120
155. Foa E.B., Stekete G., and Rothbaum B.O. Behavioral cognitive conceptualizations of posttraumatic stress disorder. Behavior Therapy 20 (1989) 155-176
156. Fosse M.J., Fosse R., Hobson J.A., and Stickgold R.J. Dreaming and episodic memory: A functional dissociation?. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 15 (2003) 1-9
157. Foulkes D. REM-dream perspectives on the development of affect and cognition. Psychiatric Journal of the University of Ottawa 7 (1982) 48-55
158. Foulkes D. Dreaming: A cognitive-psychological analysis (1985), Erlbaum, Hillsdale, New Jersey
159. Foulkes D., and Fleisher S. Mental activity in relaxed wakefulness. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 84 (1975) 66-75
160. Foulkes D., Sullivan B., Kerr N.H., and Brown L. Appropriateness of dream feelings to dreamed situations. Cognition and Emotion 2 (1988) 29-39
161. Freud S. Beyond the pleasure principle (1920), Hogarth Press, London
162. Freud S. The interpretation of dreams (1976), Penguin Books, New York Original work published 1900
163. Frohardt R.J., Guarraci F.A., and Bouton M.E. The effects of neurotoxic hippocampal lesions on two effects of context after fear extinction. Behavioral Neuroscience 114 (2000) 227-240
164. Fukuda K., Ogilvie R.D., and Takeuchi T. Recognition of sleep paralysis among normal adults in Canada and in Japan. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 54 (2000) 292-293
165. Furmark T., Fischer H., Wik G., Larsson M., and Fredrikson M. The amygdala and individual differences in human fear conditioning. NeuroReport 8 (1997) 3957-3960
166. Garrison C.Z., Bryant E.S., Addy C.L., Spurrier P.G., Freedy J.R., and Kilpatrick D.G. Posttraumatic stress disorder in adolescents after Hurricane Andrew. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 34 (1995) 1193-1201
167. Germain A., Buysse D.J., Ombao H., Kupfer D.J., and Hall M. Psychophysiological reactivity and coping styles influence the effects of acute stress exposure on rapid eye movement sleep. Psychosomatic Medicine 65 (2003) 857-864
168. Germain A., and Nielsen T.A. Impact of imagery rehearsal treatment on distressing dreams, psychological distress, and sleep parameters in nightmare patients. Behavioral Sleep Medicine 1 (2003) 140-154
169. Germain A., and Nielsen T.A. Sleep pathophysiology in PTSD and idiopathic nightmare sufferers. Biological Psychiatry 54 (2003) 1092-1098
170. Gilboa A., Shalev A.Y., Laor L., Lester H., Louzoun Y., Chisin R., and Bonne O. Functional connectivity of the prefrontal cortex and the amygdala in posttraumatic stress disorder. Biological Psychiatry 55 (2004) 263-272
171. Goldberg D., and Williams P. A user's guide to the General Health Inventory (1988), NFERNelson, Windsor, England
172. Goldstein R.Z., and Volkow N.D. Drug addiction and its underlying neurobiological basis: Neuroimaging evidence for the involvement of the frontal cortex. American Journal of Psychiatry 159 (2002) 1642-1652
173. Golier J.A., Yehuda R., De S.S., Segal S., Dolan S., and de Leon M.J. Absence of hippocampal volume differences in survivors of the Nazi Holocaust with and without posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging 139 (2005) 53-64
174. Gottschalk L.A., Buchsbaum M.S., Gillin J.C., Wu J., Reynolds C.A., and Herrera D.B. Positron-emission tomographic studies of the relationship of cerebral glucose metabolism and the magnitude of anxiety and hostility experienced during dreaming and waking. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 3 (1991) 131-142
175. Greenberg R., and Pearlman C. Delirium tremens and dreaming. American Journal of Psychiatry 124 (1967) 133-142
176. Greenberg R., Pillard R., and Pearlman C. The effect of dream (stage REM) deprivation on adaptation to stress. Psychosomatic Medicine 34 (1972) 257-262
177. Grenier J., Cappeliez P., St.-Onge M., Vachon J., Vinette S., Roussy F., et al. Temporal references in dreams and autobiographical memory. Memory & Cognition 33 (2005) 280-288
178. Grillon C., Pellowski M., and Merikangas K. Context and startle: Darkness facilitates startle amplitude. Psychophysiology 33 (1966) S42
179. Gross M.M., Goodenough D., Tobin M., Halpert E., Lepore D., Perlstein A., et al. Sleep disturbances and hallucinations in the acute alcoholic psychoses. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 142 (1966) 493-514
180. Guerrero J., and Crocq M.A. Sleep disorders in the elderly: Depression and post-traumatic stress disorder. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 38 Suppl. 1 (1994) 141-150
181. Gundel H., Lopez-Sala A., Ceballos-Baumann A.O., Deus J., Cardoner N., Marten-Mittag B., et al. Alexithymia correlates with the size of the right anterior cingulate. Psychosomatic Medicine 66 (2004) 132-140
182. Gundel H., O'Connor M.F., Littrell L., Fort C., and Lane R.D. Functional neuroanatomy of grief: An fMRI study. American Journal of Psychiatry 160 (2003) 1946-1953
183. Gunther L.M., Denniston J.C., and Miller R.R. Conducting exposure treatment in multiple contexts can prevent relapse. Behavior Research and Therapy 36 (1998) 75-91
184. Hadland K.A., Rushworth M.F., Gaffan D., and Passingham R.E. The effect of cingulate lesions on social behaviour and emotion. Neuropsychologia 41 (2003) 919-931
185. Hagstrom R. The acute psychological impact on survivors following a train accident. Journal of Traumatic Stress 8 (1995) 391-402
186. Hamm A.O., and Weike A.I. The neuropsychology of fear learning and fear regulation. International Journal of Psychophysiology 57 (2005) 5-14
187. Hamner M.B., Lorberbaum J.P., and George M.S. Potential role of the anterior cingulate cortex in PTSD: Review and hypothesis. Depression and Anxiety 9 (1999) 1-14
188. Hariri A.R., Mattay V.S., Tessitore A., Fera F., and Weinberger D.R. Neocortical modulation of the amygdala response to fearful stimuli. Biological Psychiatry 53 (2003) 494-501
189. Hartmann E. A note on the nightmare. International Psychiatry Clinics 7 (1970) 192-197
190. Hartmann E. The nightmare: The psychology and the biology of terrifying dreams (1984), Basic Books, New York
191. Hartmann E. The sleep book: Understanding and preventing sleep problems in people over 50 (1987), American Association of Retired Persons, Washington, DC
192. Hartmann E. Boundaries of dreams, boundaries of dreamers: Thin and thick boundaries as a new personality measure. Psychiatric Journal of the University of Ottawa 14 (1989) 557-560
193. Hartmann E. Boundaries in the mind: A new psychology of personality (1991), Basic Books, New York
194. Hartmann E. Dreams and nightmares: The new theory on the origin and meaning of dreams (1998), Plenum, New York
195. Hartmann E. Nightmare after trauma as paradigm for all dreams: A new approach to the nature and functions of dreaming. Psychiatry 61 (1998) 223-238
196. Hartmann E. We do not dream of the 3 R's: Implications for the nature of dreaming mentation. Dreaming 10 (2000) 103-110
197. Hartmann E., Elkin R., and Garg M. Personality and dreaming: The dreams of people with very thick or very thin boundaries. Dreaming 1 (1991) 311-324
198. Hartmann E., Falke R., Russ D., Oldfield M., Sivan I., and van der Kolk B. Who has nightmares? Persons with lifelong nightmares compared with vivid dreamers and non-vivid dreamers. Sleep Research 10 (1981) 171
199. Hartmann E., Mitchell W., Brune P., and Greenwald D. Childhood nightmares but not childhood insomnia may predict adult psychopathology. Sleep Research 13 (1984) 117
200. Hartmann E., and Russ D. Frequent nightmares and the vulnerability to schizophrenia: The personality of the nightmare sufferer. Psychopharmacology Bulletin 15 (1979) 10-12
201. Hartmann E., Russ D., Oldfield M., Sivan I., and Cooper S. Who has nightmares? The personality of the lifelong nightmare sufferer. Archives of General Psychiatry 44 (1987) 49-56
202. Hartmann E., Russ D., van der Kolk B., Falke R., and Oldfield M. A preliminary study of the personality of the nightmare sufferer: Relationship to schizophrenia and creativity?. American Journal of Psychiatry 138 (1981) 794-797
203. Harvey A.G., Jones C., and Schmidt D.A. Sleep and posttraumatic stress disorder: A review. Clinical Psychology Review 23 (2003) 377-407
204. Hathaway S.R., and McKinley J.C. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (1942), University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis
205. Hawkins C., and Williams T.I. Nightmares, life events and behaviour problems in preschool children. Child: Care, Health and Development 18 (1992) 117-128
206. Haynes S.N., and Mooney D.K. Nightmares: Etiological, theoretical, and behavioral treatment considerations. Psychological Record 25 (1975) 225-236
207. Hefez A., Metz L., and Lavie P. Long-term effects of extreme situational stress on sleep and dreaming. American Journal of Psychiatry 144 (1987) 344-347
208. Hendler T., Rotshtein P., Yeshurun Y., Weizmann T., Kahn I., Ben-Bashat D., et al. Sensing the invisible: Differential sensitivity of visual cortex and amygdala to traumatic context. NeuroImage 19 (2003) 587-600
209. Hersen M. Personality characteristics of nightmare sufferers. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 153 (1971) 27-31
210. Hersen M. Nightmare behavior: A review. Psychological Bulletin 78 (1972) 37-48
211. Hershon H.I. Alcohol withdrawal symptoms and drinking behavior. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 38 (1977) 953-971
212. Herz M.I., and Melville C. Relapse in schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry 137 (1980) 801-805
213. Hobson J.A. The dreaming brain: How the brain creates both the sense and the nonsense of dreams (1988), Basic Books, New York
214. Hobson J.A., Pace-Schott E., and Stickgold R. Dreaming and the brain: Towards a cognitive neuroscience of conscious states. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 23 (2000) 793-842
215. Hobson J.A., Stickgold R., and Pace-Schott E.F. The neuropsychology of REM sleep dreaming. NeuroReport 9 (1998) R1-R14
216. Hoelscher T.J., Klinger E., and Barta S.G. Incorporation of concern and nonconcern-related verbal stimuli into dream content. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 90 (1981) 88-91
217. Huba G., Aneshensel C., and Singer J. Development of scales for three second-order factors of human experience. Multivariate Behavioral Research 16 (1981) 181-206
218. Hublin C., Kaprio J., Partinen M., and Koskenvuo M. Limits of self-report in assessing sleep terrors in a population survey. Sleep 22 (1999) 89-93
219. Hublin C., Kaprio J., Partinen M., and Koskenvuo M. Nightmares: Familial aggregation and association with psychiatric disorders in a nationwide twin cohort. American Journal of Medical Genetics 88 (1999) 329-336
220. Hull A.M. Neuroimaging findings in post-traumatic stress disorder: Systematic review. British Journal of Psychiatry 181 (2002) 102-110
221. Husain A.M., Miller P.P., and Carwile S.T. REM sleep behavior disorder: Potential relationship to post-traumatic stress disorder. Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology 18 (2001) 148-157
222. Husni M., Cernovsky Z.Z., Koye N., and Haggarty J. Nightmares of refugees from Kurdistan. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 189 (2001) 557-558
223. Jackson P.L., Brunet E., Meltzoff A.N., and Decety J. Empathy examined through the neural mechanisms involved in imagining how I feel versus how you feel pain. Neuropsychologia 44 (2006) 752-761
224. Janson C., Gislason T., De Backer W., Plaschke P., Bjornsson E., Hetta J., et al. Prevalence of sleep disturbances among young adults in three European countries. Sleep 18 (1995) 589-597
225. Jelicic M., and Merckelbach H. Traumatic stress, brain changes, and memory deficits: A critical note. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 192 (2004) 548-553
226. Johnson J.D. REM sleep and the development of context memory. Medical Hypotheses 64 (2005) 499-504
227. Johnson M.K., Hashtroudi S., and Lindsay D.S. Source monitoring. Psychological Bulletin 114 (1993) 3-28
228. Johnson M.K., Kahan T.L., and Raye C.L. Dreams and reality monitoring. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 113 (1984) 329-344
229. Johnson M.K., and Raye C.L. Reality monitoring. Psychlogical Review 88 (1981) 67-85
230. Joncas S., Zadra A., Paquet J., and Montplaisir J. The value of sleep deprivation as a diagnostic tool in adult sleepwalkers. Neurology 58 (2002) 936-940
231. Jones E. On the nightmare (1951), Liveright, New York
232. Jung C.G. Dreams: The collected works of C. G. Jung (1974), Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ
233. Kabbaj M., and Akil H. Individual differences in novelty-seeking behavior in rats: A c-fos study. Neuroscience 106 (2001) 535-545
234. Kahan T.L., LaBerge S., Levitan L., and Zimbardo P. Similarities and differences between dreaming and waking cognition: An exploratory study. Consciousness and Cognition 6 (1997) 132-147
235. Kales A., Soldatos C.R., Caldwell A.B., Charney D.S., Kales J.D., Markel D., and Cadieux R. Nightmares: Clinical characteristics and personality patterns. American Journal of Psychiatry 137 (1980) 1197-1201
236. Kalisch R., Wiech K., Critchley H.D., Seymour B., O'Doherty J.P., Oakley D.A., et al. Anxiety reduction through detachment: Subjective, physiological, and neural effects. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 17 (2005) 874-883
237. Kaminer H., and Lavie P. Sleep and dreaming in Holocaust survivors. Dramatic decrease in dream recall in well-adjusted survivors. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 179 (1991) 664-669
238. Kaup B.A., Ruskin P.E., and Nyman G. Significant life events and PTSD in elderly World War II veterans. American Journal of Geriatric Research 2 (1994) 239-243
239. Kavey N.B., Whyte J., Resor Jr. S.R., and Gidro-Frank S. Somnambulism in adults. Neurology 40 (1990) 749-752
240. Keefauver S.P., and Guilleminault C. Sleep terrors and sleepwalking. In: Kryger M., Roth T., and Dement W.C. (Eds). Principles and practice of sleep medicine. 2nd ed. (1994), W. B. Saunders, Philadelphia 567-573
241. Kellett J., and Kokkinidis L. Extinction deficit and fear reinstatement after electrical stimulation of the amygdala: Implications for kindling-associated fear and anxiety. Neuroscience 127 (2004) 277-287
242. Kensinger E.A., and Corkin S. Two routes to emotional memory: Distinct neural processes for valence and arousal. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 101 (2004) 3310-3315
243. Kessler R.C., Sonnega A., Bromet E., Hughes M., and Nelson C.B. Posttraumatic stress disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey. Archives of General Psychiatry 52 (1995) 1048-1060
244. Kilpatrick D.G., Resnick H.S., Freedy J.R., Pelcovitz D., Resick P., Roth S., et al. Posttraumatic stress disorder field trial: Evaluation of the PTSD construct? Criteria A through E. In: Widiger T.A., Frances A.J., Pincus H.A., Ross R., First M.B., Davis W., and Kline M. (Eds). DSM-IV sourcebook 4 (1998), American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC 803-846
245. Kilts C.D., Gross R.E., Ely T.D., and Drexler K.P. The neural correlates of cue-induced craving in cocaine-dependent women. American Journal of Psychiatry 161 (2004) 233-241
246. Kim H., Somerville L.H., Johnstone T., Polis S., Alexander A.L., Shin L.M., and Whalen P.J. Contextual modulation of amygdala responsivity to surprised faces. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 16 (2004) 1730-1745
247. Kitayama N., Vaccarino V., Kutner M., Weiss P., and Bremner J.D. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measurement of hippocampal volume in posttraumatic stress disorder: A meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders 88 (2005) 79-86
248. Klinger E. Daydreaming: Using waking fantasy and imagery for self-knowledge and creativity (1990), Tarcher, Los Angeles
249. Klink M., and Quan S. Prevalence of reported sleep disturbances in a general adult population and their relationship to obstructive airways disease. Chest 91 (1987) 540-546
250. Koren D., Arnon I., Lavie P., and Klein E. Sleep complaints as early predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder: A 1-year prospective study of injured survivors of motor vehicle accidents. American Journal of Psychiatry 159 (2002) 855-857
251. Köthe M., and Pietrowsky R. Behavioral effects of nightmares and their correlations to personality patterns. Dreaming 11 (2001) 43-52
252. Koulack D., Prevost F., and de-Koninck J. Sleep, dreaming, and adaptation to a stressful intellectual activity. Sleep 8 (1985) 244-253
253. Koyama T., McHaffie J.G., Laurienti P.J., and Coghill R.C. The subjective experience of pain: Where expectations become reality. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102 (2005) 12950-12955
254. Krakow B., Hollifield M., Johnston L., Koss M., Schrader R., Warner T.D., et al. Imagery rehearsal therapy for chronic nightmares in sexual assault survivors with posttraumatic stress disorder: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Medical Association 286 (2001) 537-545
255. Krakow B., Hollifield M., Schrader R., Koss M., Tandberg D., Lauriello J., et al. A controlled study of imagery rehearsal for chronic nightmares in sexual assault survivors with PTSD: A preliminary report. Journal of Traumatic Stress 13 (2000) 589-609
256. Krakow B., Melendrez D., Pedersen B., Johnston L., Hollifield M., Germain A., et al. Complex insomnia: Insomnia and sleep-disordered breathing in a consecutive series of crime victims with nightmares and PTSD. Biological Psychiatry 49 (2001) 948-953
257. Krakow B., Schrader R., Tandberg D., Hollifield M., Koss M.P., Yau C.L., and Cheng D.T. Nightmare frequency in sexual assault survivors with PTSD. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 16 (2002) 175-190
258. Krakow B., Tandberg D., Scriggins L., and Barey M. A controlled comparison of self-rated sleep complaints in acute and chronic nightmare sufferers. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 183 (1995) 623-627
259. Krakow B., and Zadra A. Clinical management of chronic nightmares: Imagery rehearsal therapy. Behavioral Sleep Medicine 4 (2006) 45-70
260. Kramer M. The selective mood regulatory function of dreaming: An update and revision. In: Moffitt A., Kramer M., and Hoffmann R. (Eds). The functions of dreaming (1993), State University of New York, Albany 139-196
261. Kramer M., and Kinney L. Sleep patterns in trauma victims with disturbed dreaming. Psychiatric Journal of the University of Ottawa 13 (1988) 12-16
262. Kramer M., Schoen L.S., and Kinney L. The dream experience in dream-disturbed Vietnam veterans. In: van der Kolk B.A. (Ed). Post-traumatic stres disorder: Psychological and biological sequelae (1984), American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC 81-95
263. Kramer M., Schoen L.S., and Kinney L. Psychological and behavioral features of disturbed dreamers. Psychiatric Journal of the University of Ottawa 9 (1984) 102-106
264. Kramer M., Schoen L.S., and Kinney L. Nightmares in Vietnam veterans. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 15 (1987) 67-81
265. Kroth J., Thompson L., Jackson J., Pascali L., and Ferreira M. Dream characteristics of stock brokers after a major market downturn. Psychological Reports 90 (2002) 1097-1100
266. Kuiken D. Dreams and feeling realization. Dreaming 5 (1995) 129-157
267. Kunzendorf R.G., Hartmann E., Cohen R., and Cutler J. Bizarreness of the dreams and daydreams reported by individuals with thin and thick boundaries. Dreaming 7 (1997) 265-271
268. Kupers R., Faymonville M.E., and Laureys S. The cognitive modulation of pain: Hypnosis- and placebo-induced analgesia. Progress in Brain Research 150 (2005) 251-269
269. LaBar K.S., and Phelps E.A. Reinstatement of conditioned fear in humans is context dependent and impaired in amnesia. Behavioral Neuroscience 119 (2005) 677-686
270. Lang P.J. Imagery in therapy: An information processing analysis of fear. Behavior Therapy 8 (1977) 862-886
271. Lang P.J. Presidential address, 1978: A bio-informational theory of emotional imagery. Psychophysiology 16 (1979) 495-512
272. Lang P.J., Davis M., and Ohman A. Fear and anxiety: Animal models and human cognitive psychophysiology. Journal of Affective Disorders 61 (2000) 137-159
273. Lang P.J., Greenwald M.K., Bradley M.M., and Hamm A.O. Looking at pictures: Affective, facial, visceral, and behavioral reactions. Psychophysiology 30 (1993) 261-273
274. Lang P.J., Kozak M.J., Miller G.A., Levin D.N., and McLean A. Emotional imagery: Conceptual structure and pattern of somato-visceral response. Psychophysiology 17 (1980) 179-192
275. Lang R.J., and O'Connor K.P. Personality, dream content and dream coping style. Personality and Individual Differences 5 (1984) 211-219
276. Langenecker S.A., and Nielson K.A. Frontal recruitment during response inhibition in older adults replicated with fMRI. NeuroImage 20 (2003) 1384-1392
277. Lanius R.A., Williamson P.C., Densmore M., Boksman K., Gupta M.A., Neufeld R.W., et al. Neural correlates of traumatic memories in posttraumatic stress disorder: A functional MRI investigation. American Journal of Psychiatry 158 (2001) 1920-1922
278. Lanius R.A., Williamson P.C., Hopper J., Densmore M., Boksman K., Gupta M.A., et al. Recall of emotional states in posttraumatic stress disorder: An fMRI investigation. Biological Psychiatry 53 (2003) 204-210
279. Lansky M.R., and Bley C.R. The sense of inevitability following nightmares. Dreaming 2 (1992) 99-109
280. Lapouse R., and Monk M.A. Fears and worries in a representative sample of children. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 29 (1959) 803-818
281. Lavie P. Sleep disturbances in the wake of traumatic events. New England Journal of Medicine 345 (2001) 1825-1832
282. LeDoux J. Fear and the brain: Where have we been, and where are we going?. Biological Psychiatry 44 (1998) 1229-1238
283. LeDoux J.E. Emotion circuits in the brain. Annual Review of Neuroscience 23 (2000) 155-184
284. Leopold R.L., and Dillon H. Psycho-anatomy of a disaster: A long term study of post-traumatic neuroses in survivors of a marine explosion. American Journal of Psychiatry 119 (1963) 913-921
285. Lester D. The fear of death of those who have nightmares. Journal of Psychology 69 (1968) 245-247
286. Levin R. Relations among nightmare frequency and ego strength, death anxiety, and sex of college students. Perceptual and Motor Skills 69 (1989) 1107-1113
287. Levin R. Ego boundary impairment and thought disorder in frequent nightmare sufferers. Psychoanalytic Psychology 7 (1990) 529-543
288. Levin R. Psychoanalytic theories on the function of dreaming: A review of the empirical dream research. In: Masling J., and Bornstein B. (Eds). Empirical studies of psychoanalytic theories 3 (1990), Analytic Press, Mahwah, NJ 1-53
289. Levin R. Sleep and dreaming characteristics of frequent nightmare subjects in a university population. Dreaming 4 (1994) 127-137
290. Levin R. Nightmares and schizotypy. Psychiatry 61 (1998) 206-216
291. Levin R., and Basile R. Psychopathological correlates of contextualized images in dreams. Perceptual and Motor Skills 96 (2003) 224-226
292. Levin R., and Daly R.S. Nightmares and psychotic decompensation: A case study. Psychiatry 61 (1998) 217-222
293. Levin R., and Fireman G. The relation of fantasy proneness, psychological absorption, and imaginative involvement to nightmare prevalence and nightmare distress. Imagination, Cognition and Personality 21 (2001) 111-129
294. Levin R., and Fireman G. Nightmare prevalence, nightmare distress, and self-reported psychological disturbance. Sleep 25 (2002) 205-212
295. Levin R., and Fireman G. Phenomenal qualities of nightmare experience in a prospective study of college students. Dreaming 12 (2002) 109-120
296. Levin R., Galin J., and Zywiak B. Nightmares, boundaries, and creativity. Dreaming 1 (1991) 63-74
297. Levin R., Gilmartin L., and Lamontanaro L. Cognitive style and perception: The relationship of boundary thinness to visual-spatial processing in dreaming and waking thought. Imagination, Cognition and Personality 18 (1999) 25-41
298. Levin R., and Hurvich M.S. Nightmares and annihilation anxiety. Psychoanalytic Psychology 12 (1995) 247-258
299. Levin R., and Livingston G. Concordance between two measures of dream bizarreness. Perceptual and Motor Skills 72 (1991) 837-838
300. Levin R., and Raulin M.L. Preliminary evidence for the proposed relationship between frequent nightmares and schizotypal symptomatology. Journal of Personality Disorders 5 (1991) 8-14
301. Levin R., and Young H. The relation of waking fantasy to dreaming. Imagination, Cognition and Personality 21 (2001-2002) 201-219
302. Levitan H. Dreams which culminate in migraine headaches. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics 41 (1984) 161-166
303. Li C.S., Kosten T.R., and Sinha R. Sex differences in brain activation during stress imagery in abstinent cocaine users: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Biological Psychiatry 57 (2005) 487-494
304. Liberzon I., and Phan K.L. Brain-imaging studies of posttraumatic stress disorder. CNS Spectrums 8 (2003) 641-650
305. Liberzon I., Taylor S.F., Amdur R., Jung T.D., Chamberlain K.R., Minoshima S., et al. Brain activation in PTSD in response to trauma-related stimuli. Biological Psychiatry 45 (1999) 817-826
306. Lindauer R.J., Olff M., Meijel E.P., Carlier I.V., and Gersons B.P. Cortisol, learning, memory, and attention in relation to smaller hippocampal volume in police officers with posttraumatic stress disorder. Biological Psychiatry 59 (2006) 171-177
307. Lindauer R.J., Vlieger E.J., Jalink M., Olff M., Carlier I.V., Majoie C.B., et al. Smaller hippocampal volume in Dutch police officers with posttraumatic stress disorder. Biological Psychiatry 56 (2004) 356-363
308. Lindauer R.J., Vlieger E.J., Jalink M., Olff M., Carlier I.V., Majoie C.B., et al. Effects of psychotherapy on hippocampal volume in out-patients with post-traumatic stress disorder: A MRI investigation. Psychological Medicine 35 (2005) 1421-1431
309. Litz B.T., Schlenger W.E., Weathers F.W., Caddell J.M., Fairbank J.A., and LaVange L.M. Predictors of emotional numbing in posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Traumatic Stress 10 (1997) 607-618
310. Lorberbaum J.P., Kose S., Johnson M.R., Arana G.W., Sullivan L.K., Hamner M.B., et al. Neural correlates of speech anticipatory anxiety in generalized social phobia. NeuroReport 15 (2004) 2701-2705
311. Lorberbaum J.P., Newman J.D., Horwitz A.R., Dubno J.R., Lydiard R.B., Hamner M.B., et al. A potential role for thalamocingulate circuitry in human maternal behavior. Biological Psychiatry 51 (2002) 431-445
312. Luo J., and Niki K. Does hippocampus associate discontiguous events? Evidence from event-related fMRI. Hippocampus 15 (2005) 141-148
313. Lynn S.J., and Rhue J.W. The fantasy-prone person: Hypnosis, imagination, and creativity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 51 (1986) 404-408
314. Lyubomirsky S., and Nolen-Hoeksema S. Effects of self-focused rumination on negative thinking and interpersonal problem solving. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 69 (1995) 176-190
315. MacFarlane J.W., Allen L., and Honzik M.P. A developmental study of the behavior problems of normal children between twenty-one and fourteen years (1954), University of California Press, Berkeley
316. Mack J.E. Nightmares and human conflict (1970), Little, Brown, Boston
317. Madrid S., Marquez H., Nguyen T.T., and Hicks R.A. Nightmare distress and stress-related health problems. Perceptual and Motor Skills 89 (1999) 114-115
318. Mahmutyazicioglu K., Konuk N., Ozdemir H., Atasoy N., Atik L., and Gundogdu S. Evaluation of the hippocampus and the anterior cingulate gyrus by proton MR spectroscopy in patients with post-traumatic stress disorder. Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology 11 (2005) 125-129
319. Maquet P. Functional neuroimaging of normal human sleep by positron emission tomography. Journal of Sleep Research 9 (2000) 207-231
320. Maquet P., Degueldre C., Delfiore G., Aerts J., Péters J.-M., Luxen A., and Franck G. Functional neuroanatomy of human slow wave sleep. Journal of Neuroscience 17 (1997) 2807-2812
321. Maquet P., Laureys S., Peigneux P., Fuchs S., Petiau C., Phillips C., et al. Experience-dependent changes in cerebral activation during human REM sleep. Nature Neuroscience 3 (2000) 831-836
322. Maquet P., Péters J.-M., Aerts J., Delfiore G., Degueldre C., Luxen A., and Franck G. Functional neuroanatomy of human rapid-eye-movement sleep and dreaming. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 383 (1996) 163-166
323. Maren S. Building and burying fear memories in the brain. Neuroscientist 11 (2005) 89-99
324. Maren S., and Quirk G.J. Neuronal signalling of fear memory. Nature Reviews: Neuroscience 5 (2004) 844-852
325. Marquardt C.J.G., Bonato R.A., and Hoffmann R.F. An empirical investigation into the day-residue and dream-lag effects. Dreaming 6 (1996) 57-65
326. Matsuoka Y., Yamawaki S., Inagaki M., Akechi T., and Uchitomi Y. A volumetric study of amygdala in cancer survivors with intrusive recollections. Biological Psychiatry 54 (2003) 736-743
327. Matus-Amat P., Higgins E.A., Barrientos R.M., and Rudy J.W. The role of the dorsal hippocampus in the acquisition and retrieval of context memory representations. Journal of Neuroscience 24 (2004) 2431-2439
328. Maybruck P. Pregnancy & dreams: How to have a peaceful pregnancy by understanding your dreams, fantasies, daydreams and nightmares (1989), Tarcher, Los Angeles
329. McGaugh J.L. The amygdala modulates the consolidation of memories of emotionally arousing experiences. Annual Review of Neuroscience 27 (2004) 1-28
330. McNally R.J. Experimental approaches to cognitive abnormality in posttraumatic stress disorder. Clinical Psychology Review 18 (1998) 971-982
331. Medford N., Phillips M.L., Brierley B., Brammer M., Bullmore E.T., and David A.S. Emotional memory: Separating content and context. Psychiatry Research 138 (2005) 247-258
332. Mellman T.A., Bustamante V., Fins A.I., Pigeon W.R., and Nolan B. REM sleep and the early development of posttraumatic stress disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry 159 (2002) 1696-1701
333. Mellman T.A., David D., Bustamante V., Torres J., and Fins A. Dreams in the acute aftermath of trauma and their relationship to PTSD. Journal of Traumatic Stress 14 (2001) 241-247
334. Mellman T.A., David D., Kulick-Bell R., Hebding J., and Nolan B. Sleep disturbance and its relationship to psychiatric morbidity after hurricane Andrew. Amerian Journal of Psychiatry 152 (1995) 1659-1663
335. Mellman T.A., Knorr B.R., Pigeon W.R., Leiter J.C., and Akay M. Heart rate variability during sleep and the early development of posttraumatic stress disorder. Biological Psychiatry 55 (2004) 953-956
336. Mellman T.A., Kulick-Bell R., Ashlock L.E., and Nolan B. Sleep events among veterans with combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry 152 (1995) 110-115
337. Mellman T.A., Kumar A., Kulick-Bell R., Kumar M., and Nolan B. Nocturnal/daytime urine noradrenergic measures and sleep in combat-related PTSD. Biological Psychiatry 38 (1995) 174-179
338. Mellman T.A., and Pigeon W.R. Dreams and nightmares in posttraumatic stress disorder. In: Kryger M.H., Roth T., and Dement W.C. (Eds). Principles and practice of sleep medicine. 4th ed. (2005), Elsevier, Philadelphia 573-578
339. Mellman T.A., and Uhde T.W. Patients with frequent sleep panic: Clinical findings and response to medication treatment. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 51 (1990) 513-515
340. Merritt J.M., Stickgold R., Pace-Schott E., Williams J., and Hobson J.A. Emotion profiles in the dreams of men and women. Consciousness and Cognition 3 (1994) 46-60
341. Milad M.R., and Quirk G.J. Neurons in medial prefrontal cortex signal memory for fear extinction. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 420 (2002) 70-74
342. Miller M.W., and Litz B.T. Emotional-processing in posttraumatic stress disorder II: Startle reflex modulation during picture processing. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 113 (2004) 451-463
343. Mindell J.A., and Barrett K.M. Nightmares and anxiety in elementary-aged children: Is there a relationship?. Child: Care, Health and Development 28 (2002) 317-322
344. Mineka S., and Zimbarg R. A contemporary learning theory perspective on the etiology of anxiety disorders: It's not what you thought it was. American Psychologist 61 (2006) 10-26
345. Monroe S.M., Simons A.D., and Thase M.E. Social factors and the psychobiology of depression: Relations between life stress and rapid eye movement sleep latency. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 101 (1992) 528-537
346. Morgane P.J., Galler J.R., and Mokler D.J. A review of systems and networks of the limbic forebrain/limbic midbrain. Progress in Neurobiology 75 (2005) 143-160
347. Morris J.S., Ohman A., and Dolan R.J. Conscious and unconscious emotional learning in the human amygdala. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 393 (1998) 467-470
348. Morrison I., Lloyd D., di Pellegrino G., and Roberts N. Vicarious responses to pain in anterior cingulate cortex: Is empathy a multisensory issue?. Cognitive, Affective and Behavioral Neuroscience 4 (2004) 270-278
349. Muraoka M.Y., Carlson J.G., and Chemtob C.M. Twenty-four-hour ambulatory blood pressure and heart rate monitoring in combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Traumatic Stress 11 (1998) 473-484
350. Nadel L., and Moscovitch M. Hippocampal contributions to cortical plasticity. Neuropharmacology 37 (1998) 431-439
351. Najam N., and Malik I. Psychological problems and dream content of nightmare sufferers in Pakistan. Dreaming 13 (2003) 135-144
352. Najib A., Lorberbaum J.P., Kose S., Bohning D.E., and George M.S. Regional brain activity in women grieving a romantic relationship breakup. American Journal of Psychiatry 161 (2004) 2245-2256
353. Nakano T., Wenner M., Inagaki M., Kugaya A., Akechi T., Matsuoka Y., et al. Relationship between distressing cancer-related recollections and hippocampal volume in cancer survivors. American Journal of Psychiatry 159 (2002) 2087-2093
354. Nathan S.V., Griffith Q.K., McReynolds J.R., Hahn E.L., and Roozendaal B. Basolateral amygdala interacts with other brain regions in regulating glucocorticoid effects on different memory functions. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1032 (2004) 179-182
355. Nelson E.E., McClure E.B., Monk C.S., Zarahn E., Leibenluft E., Pine D.S., and Ernst M. Developmental differences in neuronal engagement during implicit encoding of emotional faces: An event-related fMRI study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 44 (2003) 1015-1024
356. Nemeroff C.B., Bremner J.D., Foa E.B., Mayberg H.S., North C.S., and Stein M.B. Posttraumatic stress disorder: A state-of-the-science review. Journal of Psychiatry Research 40 (2006) 1-21
357. Newell P.T., and Cartwright R.D. Affect and cognition in dreams: A critique of the cognitive role in adaptive dream functioning and support for associative models. Psychiatry 63 (2000) 34-44
358. Newman J., and Grace A.A. Binding across time: The selective gating of frontal and hippocampal systems modulating working memory and attentional states. Consciousness and Cognition 8 (1999) 196-212
359. Neylan T.C., Marmar C.R., Metzler T.J., Weiss D.A., Zatzick D.F., Delucchi K.L., et al. Sleep disturbances in the Vietnam generation: Findings from a nationally representative sample of male Vietnam veterans. Amerian Journal of Psychiatry 155 (1998) 929-933
360. Neylan T.C., Metzler T.J., Schoenfeld F.B., Weiss D.S., Lenoci M., Best S.R., et al. Fluvoxamine and sleep disturbances in posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Traumatic Stress 14 (2001) 461-467
361. Nguyen T.T. Type A-B behavior, nightmare frequency, and nightmare distress. Sleep 23 (2003) A326-A327
362. Nielsen T.A. Covert REM sleep effects on NREM mentation: Further methodological considerations and supporting evidence. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 23 (2000) 1040-1057
363. Nielsen T.A. Disturbed dreaming in medical conditions. In: Kryger M., Roth N., and Dement W.C. (Eds). Principles and practice of sleep medicine. 4th ed. (2005), Elsevier, Philadelphia 936-945
364. Nielsen T.A., Deslauriers D., and Baylor G.W. Emotions in dream and waking event reports. Dreaming 1 (1991) 287-300
365. Nielsen T.A., Kuiken D., Alain G., Stenstrom P., and Powell R. Immediate and delayed incorporations of events into dreams: Further replication and implications for dream function. Journal of Sleep Research 13 (2004) 327-336
366. Nielsen T.A., Kuiken D., Hoffmann R., and Moffitt A. REM and NREM sleep mentation differences: A question of story structure?. Sleep and Hypnosis 3 (2001) 9-17
367. Nielsen T.A., Laberge L., Tremblay R., Vitaro F., and Montplaisir J. Development of disturbing dreams during adolescence and their relationship to anxiety symptoms. Sleep 23 (2000) 727-736
368. Nielsen T.A., McGregor D.L., Zadra A., Ilnicki D., and Ouellet L. Pain in dreams. Sleep 16 (1993) 490-498
369. Nielsen, T. A., & Paquette, T. (2004, October). High prevalence of postpartum peril dreams and sleep behaviors. Paper presented at the 17th Congress of the European Sleep Research Society, Prague, Czech Republic.
370. Nielsen T.A., and Powell R.A. The "dream-lag" effect: A 6-day temporal delay in dream content incorporation. Psychiatric Journal of the University of Ottawa 14 (1989) 561-565
371. Nielsen T.A., and Powell R.A. The day-residue and dream-lag effects: A literature review and limited replication of two temporal effects in dream formation. Dreaming 2 (1992) 67-77
372. Nielsen, T. A., Powell, R. A., & Cervenka, T. (1994, May). Asleep in cyberspace? Investigation of the dreamlike nature of virtual reality. Paper presented at the the 4th International Conference on Cyberspace, Banff, Alberta, Canada.
373. Nielsen T.A., and Stenstrom P. What are the memory sources of dreaming?. Nature 437 (2005, October 27) 34-38
374. Nielsen T.A., Stenstrom P., and Levin R. Nightmare frequency as a function of age, gender and September 11, 2001: Findings from an Internet questionnaire. Dreaming 16 (2006) 145-158
375. Nielsen T.A., and Zadra A. Dreaming disorders. In: Kryger M., Roth N., and Dement W.C. (Eds). Principles and practice of sleep medicine. 3rd ed. (2000), Saunders, Philadelphia 753-772
376. Nielsen T.A., and Zadra A.L. Nightmares and other common dream disturbances. In: Kryger M., Roth N., and Dement W.C. (Eds). Principles and practice of sleep medicine. 4th ed. (2005), Elsevier, Philadelphia 926-935
377. Nielsen T.A., Zadra A.L., Simard V., Saucier S., Stenstrom P., Smith C., and Kuiken D. The typical dreams of Canadian university students. Dreaming 13 (2003) 211-235
378. Nishith P., Resick P.A., and Mueser K.T. Sleep difficulties and alcohol use motives in female rape victims with posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Traumatic Stress 14 (2001) 469-479
379. Nofzinger E.A. What can neuroimaging findings tell us about sleep disorders?. Sleep Medicine 5 Suppl. 1 (2004) S16-S22
380. Nofzinger E.A., Buysse D.J., Germain A., Carter C., Luna B., Price J.C., et al. Increased activation of anterior paralimbic and executive cortex from waking to rapid eye movement sleep in depression. Archives of General Psychiatry 61 (2004) 695-702
381. Nofzinger E., Mintun M.A., Wiseman M.B., Kupfer D.J., and Moore R.Y. Forebrain activation in REM sleep: An FDG PET study. Brain Research 770 (1997) 192-201
382. Nofzinger E.A., Schwartz R.M., Reynolds C.F.I., Thase M.E., Jennings J.R., Frank E., et al. Affect intensity and phasic REM sleep in depressed men before and after treatment with cognitive-behavioral therapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 62 (1994) 83-91
383. Nolen-Hoeksema S. Sex differences in depression (1990), Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA
384. Nolen-Hoeksema S., and Girgus J.S. The emergence of gender differences in depression during adolescence. Psychological Bulletin 115 (1994) 424-443
385. Nutt D.J., and Malizia A.L. Structural and functional brain changes in posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 65 Suppl. 1 (2004) 11-17
386. Nyberg L. Any novelty in hippocampal formation and memory?. Current Opinion in Neurology 18 (2005) 424-428
387. Ochsner K.N. Are affective events richly recollected or simply familiar? The experience and process of recognizing feelings past. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 129 (2000) 242-261
388. Ochsner K.N., Bunge S.A., Gross J.J., and Gabrieli J.D. Rethinking feelings: An fMRI study of the cognitive regulation of emotion. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 14 (2002) 1215-1229
389. Ochsner K.N., Ray R.D., Cooper J.C., Robertson E.R., Chopra S., Gabrieli J.D., and Gross J.J. For better or for worse: Neural systems supporting the cognitive down- and up-regulation of negative emotion. NeuroImage 23 (2004) 483-499
390. Ohayon M.M., Morselli P.L., and Guilleminault C. Prevalence of nightmares and their relationship to psychopathology and daytime functioning in insomnia subjects. Sleep 20 (1997) 340-348
391. Ohayon M.M., and Shapiro C.M. Sleep disturbances and psychiatric disorders associated with posttraumatic stress disorder in the general population. Comprehensive Psychiatry 41 (2000) 469-478
392. Ohman A., and Mineka S. Fears, phobias and preparedness: Toward an evolved module of fear and fear learning. Psychological Review 108 (2001) 483-522
393. Ohman A., Ohlund L.S., Alm T., Wieselgren I.M., Ost L.G., and Lindstrom L.H. Electrodermal nonresponding, premorbid adjustment, and symptomatology as predictors of long-term social functioning in schizophrenics. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 98 (1989) 426-435
394. Orr S.P., Metzger L.J., Lasko N.B., Macklin M.L., Peri T., and Pitman R.K. De novo conditioning in trauma-exposed individuals with and without posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 109 (2000) 290-298
395. Orr S.P., and Roth W.T. Psychophysiological assessment: Clinical applications for PTSD. Journal of Affective Disorders 61 (2000) 225-240
396. Pagel J.F., Blagrove M., Levin R., States B., Stickgold B., and White S. Definitions of dream: A paradigm for comparing field descriptive specific studies of dream. Dreaming 11 (2001) 195-202
397. Paller K.A., and Voss J.L. Memory reactivation and consolidation during sleep. Learning & Memory 11 (2004) 664-670
398. Panksepp J. Neuroscience. Feeling the pain of social loss. Science 302 (2003, October 10) 237-239
399. Panksepp J., Herman B.H., Vilberg T., Bishop P., and DeEskinazi F.G. Endogenous opioids and social behavior. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 4 (1980) 473-487
400. Parmar M.S., and Luque-Coqui A.F. Killer dreams. Canadian Journal of Cardiology 14 (1998) 1389-1391
401. Partinen M. Epidemiology of sleep disorders. In: Kryger M.H., Roth T., and Dement W.C. (Eds). Principles and practice of sleep medicine. 2nd ed. (1994), Saunders, Philadelphia 437-452
402. Paulsen V.M., and Shaver J.L. Stress, support, psychological states and sleep. Social Science and Medicine 32 (1991) 1237-1243
403. Paulus M.P., Feinstein J.S., Simmons A., and Stein M.B. Anterior cingulate activation in high trait anxious subjects is related to altered error processing during decision making. Biological Psychiatry 55 (2004) 1179-1187
404. Paus T., Koski L., Caramanos Z., and Westbury C. Regional differences in the effects of task difficulty and motor output on blood flow response in the human anterior cingulate cortex: A review of 107 PET activation studies. NeuroReport 9 (1998) R37-R47
405. Pavlov I.P. Conditioned reflexes (1927), Dover, New York
406. Paykel E., and Uhlenluth E. Rating the magnitude of life stress. Canadian Psychiatric Association Journal 17 (1972) 93-100
407. Payne J.D., and Nadel L. Sleep, dreams, and memory consolidation: The role of the stress hormone cortisol. Learning & Memory 11 (2004) 671-678
408. Pegna A.J., Khateb A., Lazeyras F., and Seghier M.L. Discriminating emotional faces without primary visual cortices involves the right amygdala. Nature Neuroscience 8 (2005) 24-25
409. Petrovic P., Dietrich T., Fransson P., Andersson J., Carlsson K., and Ingvar M. Placebo in emotional processing-induced expectations of anxiety relief activate a generalized modulatory network. Neuron 46 (2005) 957-969
410. Peyron R., Laurent B., and Garcia-Larrea L. Functional imaging of brain responses to pain: A review and meta-analysis. Neurophysiologie Clinique 30 (2000) 263-288
411. Phan K.L., Liberzon I., Welsh R.C., Britton J.C., and Taylor S.F. Habituation of rostral anterior cingulate cortex to repeated emotionally salient pictures. Neuropsychopharmacology 28 (2003) 1344-1350
412. Phan K.L., Wager T., Taylor S.F., and Liberzon I. Functional neuroanatomy of emotion: A meta-analysis of emotion activation studies in PET and fMRI. NeuroImage 16 (2002) 331-348
413. Phelps E.A. Human emotion and memory: Interactions of the amygdala and hippocampal complex. Current Opinion in Neurobiology 14 (2004) 198-202
414. Phelps E.A., and LeDoux J.E. Contributions of the amygdala to emotion processing: From animal models to human behavior. Neuron 48 (2005) 175-187
415. Phelps E.A., O'Connor K.J., Gatenby J.C., Gore J.C., Grillon C., and Davis M. Activation of the left amygdala to a cognitive representation of fear. Nature Neuroscience 4 (2001) 437-441
416. Phillips M.L., Williams L.M., Heining M., Herba C.M., Russell T., Andrew C., et al. Differential neural responses to overt and covert presentations of facial expressions of fear and disgust. NeuroImage 21 (2004) 1484-1496
417. Picchioni D., Goeltenleucher B., Green D.N., Convento M.J., Crittenden R., Hallgren M., and Hicks R.A. Nightmares as a coping mechanism for stress. Dreaming 12 (2002) 155-169
418. Pietrowsky R., and Köthe M. Personal boundaries and nightmare consequences. Dreaming 13 (2003) 245-254
419. Pillar G., Malhotra A., and Lavie P. Post-traumatic stress disorder and sleep-what a nightmare!. Sleep Medicine Reviews 4 (2000) 183-200
420. Pissiota A., Frans O., Fernandez M., von Knorring L., Fischer H., and Fredrikson M. Neurofunctional correlates of posttraumatic stress disorder: A PET symptom provocation study. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience 252 (2002) 68-75
421. Pissiota A., Frans O., Michelgard A., Appel L., Langstrom B., Flaten M.A., and Fredrikson M. Amygdala and anterior cingulate cortex activation during affective startle modulation: A PET study of fear. European Journal of Neuroscience 18 (2003) 1325-1331
422. Pitman R.K., and Orr S.P. Psychophysiology of emotional memory networks in posttraumatic stress disorder. In: McGaugh J.L., Weinberger N.M., and Lynch G. (Eds). Brain and memory: Modulation and mediation of neuroplasticity (1995), Oxford University Press, New York 75-83
423. Pitman R.K., Orr S.P., Shalev A.Y., Metzger L.J., and Mellman T.A. Psychophysiological alterations in post-traumatic stress disorder. Seminars in Clinical Neuropsychiatry 4 (1999) 234-241
424. Pitman R.K., Shin L.M., and Rauch S.L. Investigating the pathogenesis of posttraumatic stress disorder with neuroimaging. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 62 Suppl. 17 (2001) 47-54
425. Porro C.A., Baraldi P., Pagnoni G., Serafini M., Facchin P., Maieron M., and Nichelli P. Does anticipation of pain affect cortical nociceptive systems?. Journal of Neuroscience 22 (2002) 3206-3214
426. Posner M.I., and DiGirolamo G.J. Attention in cognitive neuroscience: Overview. In: Gazzangia M.S. (Ed). New cognitive neurosciences. 2nd ed. (2000), MIT Press, Cambridge, MA 623-631
427. Powell R.A., Nielsen T.A., Cheung J.S., and Cervenka T.M. Temporal delays in incorporation of events into dreams. Perceptual and Motor Skills 81 (1995) 95-104
428. Pujol J., Lopez A., Deus J., Cardoner N., Vallejo J., Capdevila A., and Paus T. Anatomical variability of the anterior cingulate gyrus and basic dimensions of human personality. NeuroImage 15 (2002) 847-855
429. Purcell S., Moffitt A., and Hoffmann R. Waking, dreaming and self-regulation. In: Moffitt A., Kramer M., and Hoffmann R. (Eds). The functions of dreaming (1993), State University of New York, Albany 197-260
430. Qiu Y., Noguchi Y., Honda M., Nakata H., Tamura Y., Tanaka S., et al. Brain processing of the signals ascending through unmyelinated C fibers in humans: An event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Cerebral Cortex 16 (2006) 1289-1295
431. Quirk G.J., and Gehlert D.R. Inhibition of the amygdala: Key to pathological states?. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 985 (2003) 263-272
432. Quirk G.J., Likhtik E., Pelletier J.G., and Pare D. Stimulation of medial prefrontal cortex decreases the responsiveness of central amygdala output neurons. Journal of Neuroscience 23 (2003) 8800-8807
433. Rainville P. Brain mechanisms of pain affect and pain modulation. Current Opinion in Neurobiology 12 (2002) 195-204
434. Rainville P., Duncan G.H., Price D.D., Carrier B., and Bushnell M.C. Pain affect encoded in human anterior cingulate but not somatosensory cortex. Science 277 (1997, August 15) 968-971
435. Rauch S.L., Shin L.M., Segal E., Pitman R.K., Carson M.A., McMullin K., et al. Selectively reduced regional cortical volumes in post-traumatic stress disorder. NeuroReport 14 (2003) 913-916
436. Rauch S.L., Shin L.M., and Wright C.I. Neuroimaging studies of amygdala function in anxiety disorders. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 985 (2003) 389-410
437. Rauch S.L., van der Kolk B., Fisler R., Alpert N.M., Orr S.P., Savage C.R., et al. A symptom provocation study of posttraumatic stress disorder using positron emission tomography and script-driven imagery. Archives of General Psychiatry 53 (1996) 380-387
438. Rauch S.L., Whalen P.J., Shin L.M., McInerney S.C., Macklin M.L., Lasko N.B., et al. Exaggerated amygdala response to masked facial stimuli in posttraumatic stress disorder: A functional MRI study. Biological Psychiatry 47 (2000) 769-776
439. Rauchs G., Bertran F., Guillery-Girard B., Desgranges B., Kerrouche N., Denise P., et al. Consolidation of strictly episodic memories mainly requires rapid eye movement sleep. Sleep 27 (2004) 395-401
440. Rauschenberger S.L., and Lynn S.J. Fantasy proneness, DSM-III-R axis I psychopathology, and dissociation. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 104 (1995) 373-380
441. Raymond I., Nielsen T.A., Lavigne G., and Choinière M. Incorporation of pain in dreams of hospitalized burn victims. Sleep 25 (2002) 41-46
442. Revonsuo A. The reinterpretation of dreams: An evolutionary hypothesis of the function of dreaming. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 23 (2000) 877-901
443. Revonsuo A., and Salmivalli C. A content analysis of bizarre elements in dreams. Dreaming 5 (1995) 169-187
444. Ribeiro S., Mello C.V., Velho T., Gardner T.J., Jarvis E.D., and Pavlides C. Induction of hippocampal long-term potentiation during waking leads to increased extrahippocampal zif-268 expression during ensuing rapid-eye-movement sleep. Journal of Neuroscience 22 (2002) 10914-10923
445. Richardson M.P., Strange B.A., and Dolan R.J. Encoding of emotional memories depends on amygdala and hippocampus and their interactions. Nature Neuroscience 7 (2004) 278-285
446. Roche S.M., and McConkey K.M. Absorption: Nature, assessment, and correlates. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 59 (1990) 91-101
447. Roozendaal B., McReynolds J.R., and McGaugh J.L. The basolateral amygdala interacts with the medial prefrontal cortex in regulating glucocorticoid effects on working memory impairment. Journal of Neuroscience 24 (2004) 1385-1392
448. Rosenkranz M.A., Busse W.W., Johnstone T., Swenson C.A., Crisafi G.M., Jackson M.M., et al. Neural circuitry underlying the interaction between emotion and asthma symptom exacerbation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102 (2005) 13319-13324
449. Ross R.J., Ball W.A., Dinges D.F., Kribbs N.B., Morrison A.R., Silver S.M., and Mulvaney F.D. Motor dysfunction during sleep in posttraumatic stress disorder. Sleep 17 (1994) 723-732
450. Ross R.J., Ball W.A., Dinges D.F., Kribbs N.B., Morrison A.R., Silver S.M., and Mulvaney F.D. Rapid eye movement sleep disturbance in posttraumatic stress disorder. Biological Psychiatry 35 (1994) 195-202
451. Ross R.J., Ball W.A., Sullivan K.A., and Caroff S.N. Sleep disturbance as the hallmark of posttraumatic stress disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry 146 (1989) 697-707
452. Rudy J.W., Huff N.C., and Matus-Amat P. Understanding contextual fear conditioning: Insights from a two-process model. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 28 (2004) 675-685
453. Rudy J.W., and Matus-Amat P. The ventral hippocampus supports a memory representation of context and contextual fear conditioning: Implications for a unitary function of the hippocampus. Behavioral Neuroscience 119 (2005) 154-163
454. Saarenpää-Hekkilä O.A., Rintahaka P.J., Laippala P.J., and Koivikko M.J. Sleep habits and disorders in Finnish school children. Journal of Sleep Research 4 (1995) 173-182
455. Salvio M.A., Wood J.M., Schwartz J., and Eichling P.S. Nightmare prevalence in the healthy elderly. Psychology and Aging 7 (1992) 324-325
456. Salzarulo P., and Chevalier A. Sleep problems in children and their relationship with early disturbances of the waking-sleeping rhythms. Sleep 6 (1983) 47-51
457. Sanders M.J., Wiltgen B.J., and Fanselow M.S. The place of the hippocampus in fear conditioning. European Journal of Pharmacology 463 (2003) 217-223
458. Santini E., Ge H., Ren K., Pena de O.S., and Quirk G.J. Consolidation of fear extinction requires protein synthesis in the medial prefrontal cortex. Journal of Neuroscience 24 (2004) 5704-5710
459. Saredi R., Baylor G.W., Meier B., and Strauch I. Current concerns and REM-dreams: A laboratory study of dream incubation. Dreaming 7 (1997) 195-208
460. Schacter D.L., and Tulving E. Memory systems 1994 (1994), MIT Press, Cambridge, MA
461. Schell T.L., Marshall G.N., and Jaycox L.H. All symptoms are not created equal: The prominent role of hyperarousal in the natural course of posttraumatic psychological distress. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 113 (2004) 189-197
462. Schredl M. Effects of state and trait factors on nightmare frequency. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience 253 (2003) 241-247
463. Schredl M., Kronenberg G., Nonnell P., and Heuser I. Dream recall, nightmare frequency, and nocturnal panic attacks in patients with panic disorder. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 189 (2001) 559-562
464. Schredl M., and Montasser A. Dream recall: State or trait variable? Part I: Model, theories, methodology, and trait factors. Imagination, Cognition and Personality 16 (1996) 181-210
465. Schredl M., and Montasser A. Dream recall: State or trait variable? Part II: State factors, investigations and final conclusions. Imagination, Cognition and Personality 16 (1997) 227-261
466. Schredl M., and Pallmer R. Geschlechtsspezifische Unterschiede in Angsttraumen von Schulerinnen und Schulern [Gender differences in anxiety dreams of school-aged children]. Praxis der Kinderpsychologie und Kinderpsychiatrie 47 (1998) 463-476
467. Schredl M., Schafer G., Hofmann F., and Jacob S. Dream content and personality: Thick vs. thin boundaries. Dreaming 9 (1999) 257-263
468. Schwartz S. Are life episodes replayed during dreaming?. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 7 (2003) 325-327
469. Seedat S., Warwick J., van Heerden B., Hugo C., Zungu-Dirwayi N., van Kradenburg J., and Stein D.J. Single photon emission computed tomography in posttraumatic stress disorder before and after treatment with a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor. Journal of Affective Disorders 80 (2004) 45-53
470. Shaver J.L., Lentz M., Landis C.A., Heitkemper M.M., Buchwald D.S., and Woods N.F. Sleep, psychological distress, and stress arousal in women with fibromyalgia. Research in Nursing and Health 20 (1997) 247-257
471. Shin L.M., Kosslyn S.M., McNally R.J., Alpert N.M., Thompson W.L., Rauch S.L., et al. Visual imagery and perception in posttraumatic stress disorder. A positron emission tomographic investigation. Archives of General Psychiatry 54 (1997) 233-241
472. Shin L.M., McNally R.J., Kosslyn S.M., Thompson W.L., Rauch S.L., Alpert N.M., et al. Regional cerebral blood flow during script-driven imagery in childhood sexual abuse-related PTSD: A PET investigation. American Journal of Psychiatry 156 (1999) 575-584
473. Shin L.M., Shin P.S., Heckers S., Krangel T.S., Macklin M.L., Orr S.P., et al. Hippocampal function in posttraumatic stress disorder. Hippocampus 14 (2004) 292-300
474. Shin L.M., Whalen P.J., Pitman R.K., Bush G., Macklin M.L., Lasko N.B., et al. An fMRI study of anterior cingulate function in posttraumatic stress disorder. Biological Psychiatry 50 (2001) 932-942
475. Simonds J.F., and Parraga H. Prevalence of sleep disorders and sleep behaviors in children and adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 21 (1982) 383-388
476. Singer T., Seymour B., O'Doherty J., Kaube H., Dolan R.J., and Frith C.D. Empathy for pain involves the affective but not sensory components of pain. Science 303 (2004, February 20) 1157-1162
477. Sinha R., Lacadie C., Skudlarski P., Fulbright R.K., Rounsaville B.J., Kosten T.R., and Wexler B.E. Neural activity associated with stress-induced cocaine craving: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Psychopharmacology 183 (2005) 171-180
478. Sinha R., Lacadie C., Skudlarski P., and Wexler B.E. Neural circuits underlying emotional distress in humans. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1032 (2004) 254-257
479. Smith M.E. Bilateral hippocampal volume reduction in adults with post-traumatic stress disorder: A meta-analysis of structural MRI studies. Hippocampus 15 (2005) 798-807
480. Solms M. The neuropsychology of dreams (1997), Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ
481. Somerville L.H., Kim H., Johnstone T., Alexander A.L., and Whalen P.J. Human amygdala responses during presentation of happy and neutral faces: Correlations with state anxiety. Biological Psychiatry 55 (2004) 897-903
482. Speilberger C.D., Gorsuch R.C., and Lushene R.E. Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (1983), Consulting Psychologists Press, Palo Alto, CA
483. Squire L.R. Memory systems of the brain: A brief history and current perspective. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory 82 (2004) 171-177
484. Starker S. Daydreaming styles and nocturnal dreaming. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 83 (1974) 52-55
485. Starker S. Daydreams, nightmares, and insomnia: The relation of waking fantasy to sleep disturbances. Imagination, Cognition and Personality 4 (1984) 237-248
486. Starker S., and Hasenfeld R. Daydream styles and sleep disturbance. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 163 (1976) 391-400
487. Stein M.B., Walker J.R., Hazen A.L., and Forde D.R. Full and partial posttraumatic stress disorder: Findings from a community survey. American Journal of Psychiatry 154 (1997) 1114-1119
488. Stepansky R., Holzinger B., Schmeiser-Rieder A., Saletu B., Kunze M., and Zeitlhofer J. Austrian dream behavior: Results of a representative population survey. Dreaming 8 (1998) 23-30
489. Stewart D.W., and Koulack D. The function of dreams in adaptation to stress over time. Dreaming 3 (1993) 259-268
490. Stickgold R. Memory, cognition, and dreams. In: Maquet P., Smith C., and Stickgold R. (Eds). Sleep and brain plasticity (2003), Oxford University Press, New York 17-39
491. Stickgold R. Why we dream. In: Kryger M.H., Roth T., and Dement W.C. (Eds). Principles and practice of sleep medicine. 4th ed. (2005), Saunders, Philadelphia 579-587
492. Stickgold R., Fosse R., and Walker M.P. Linking brain and behavior in sleep-dependent learning and memory consolidation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 99 (2002) 16519-16521
493. Stickgold R., Hobson J.A., Fosse R., and Fosse M. Sleep, learning, and dreams: Off-line memory reprocessing. Science 294 (2001, November 2) 1052-1057
494. Stickgold R., Scott L., Rittenhouse C., and Hobson J.A. Sleep-induced changes in associative memory. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 11 (1999) 182-193
495. Stone M.H. Dreams of fragmentation and of the death of the dreamer: A manifestation of vulnerability to psychosis. Psychopharmacology Bulletin 15 (1979) 12-14
496. Sullivan H.S. Schizophrenia as a human process (1962), Norton, New York
497. Talbot P.S. The molecular neuroimaging of anxiety disorders. Current Psychiatry Reports 6 (2004) 274-279
498. Tanskanen A., Tuomilehto J., Viinamaki H., Vartiainen E., Lehtonen J., and Puska P. Nightmares as predictors of suicide. Sleep 24 (2001) 845-848
499. Tashiro M., Itoh M., Kubota K., Kumano H., Masud M.M., Moser E., et al. Relationship between trait anxiety, brain activity and natural killer cell activity in cancer patients: A preliminary PET study. Psycho-Oncology 10 (2001) 541-546
500. Tashiro M., Juengling F.D., Moser E., Reinhardt M.J., Kubota K., Yanai K., et al. High social desirability and prefrontal cortical activity in cancer patients: A preliminary study. Medical Science Monitor 9 (2003) CR119-CR124
501. Taub J.M., Kramer M., Arand D., and Jacobs G.A. Nightmare dreams and nightmare confabulations. Comprehensive Psychiatry 19 (1978) 285-291
502. Tebartz van Elst L., Hesslinger B., Thiel T., Geiger E., Haegele K., Lemieux L., et al. Frontolimbic brain abnormalities in patients with borderline personality disorder: A volumetric magnetic resonance imaging study. Biological Psychiatry 54 (2003) 163-171
503. Teixeira M.A. Annihilation anxiety in schizophrenia: Metaphor or dynamic?. Psychotherapy 21 (1984) 377-381
504. Thase M.E., Reynolds C.F.I., Frank E., Jennings J.R., Nofzinger E., Fasiczka A.L., et al. Polysomnographic studies of unmedicated depressed men before and after cognitive behavioral therapy. Amerian Journal of Psychiatry 151 (1994) 1615-1622
505. Thoman E.B. Snoring, nightmares, and morning headaches in elderly women: A preliminary study. Biological Psychology 46 (1997) 275-284
506. Thompson D.F., and Pierce D.R. Drug-induced nightmares. Annals of Pharmacotherapy 33 (1999) 93-98
507. Todd M., Tennen H., Carney M.A., Armeli S., and Affleck G. Do we know how we cope? Relating daily coping reports to global and time-limited retrospective assessments. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 86 (2004) 310-319
508. Trivedi M.A., and Coover G.D. Lesions of the ventral hippocampus, but not the dorsal hippocampus, impair conditioned fear expression and inhibitory avoidance on the elevated T-maze. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory 81 (2004) 172-184
509. Udry R.J., Kovenock J., Morris N.M., and van den Berg B. Childhood precursors of age at first intercourse for females. Archives of Sexual Behavior 24 (1995) 329-337
510. Urponen H., Vuori I., Hasan J., and Partinen M. Self-evaluations of factors promoting and disturbing sleep: An epidemiological survey in Finland. Social Science and Medicine 26 (1988) 443-450
511. Ushida T., Ikemoto T., Taniguchi S., Ishida K., Murata Y., Ueda W., et al. Virtual pain stimulation of allodynia patients activates cortical representation of pain and emotions: A functional MRI study. Brain Topography 18 (2005) 27-35
512. Van P., Cage T., and Shannon M. Big dreams, little sleep: Dreams during pregnancy after prior pregnancy loss. Holistic Nursing Practice 18 (2004) 284-292
513. van der Kolk B., Blitz R., Burr W., Sherry S., and Hartmann E. Nightmares and trauma: A comparison of nightmares after combat with lifelong nightmares in veterans. American Journal of Psychiatry 141 (1984) 187-190
514. VanOyen Witvliet C. Traumatic intrusive imagery as an emotional memory phenomenon: A review of research and explanatory information processing theories. Clinical Psychology Review 17 (1997) 509-536
515. Vela-Bueno A., Bixler E.O., Dobladez-Blanco B., Rubio M.E., Mattison R.E., and Kales A. Prevalence of night terrors and nightmares in elementary school children: A pilot study. Research Communications in Psychology, Psychiatry and Behavior 10 (1985) 177-188
516. Vermetten E., Vythilingam M., Southwick S.M., Charney D.S., and Bremner J.D. Long-term treatment with paroxetine increases verbal declarative memory and hippocampal volume in posttraumatic stress disorder. Biological Psychiatry 54 (2003) 693-702
517. Vogt B.A., Finch D.M., and Olson C.R. Functional heterogeneity in cingulate cortex: The anterior executive and posterior evaluative regions. Cerebral Cortex 2 (1992) 435-443
518. Vollm B., Richardson P., Stirling J., Elliott R., Dolan M., Chaudhry I., et al. Neurobiological substrates of antisocial and borderline personality disorder: Preliminary results of a functional fMRI study. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health 14 (2004) 39-54
519. Vollm B.A., Taylor A.N., Richardson P., Corcoran R., Stirling J., McKie S., et al. Neuronal correlates of theory of mind and empathy: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study in a nonverbal task. NeuroImage 29 (2006) 90-98
520. Vrana S.R., Cuthbert B.N., and Lang P.J. Fear imagery and text processing. Psychophysiology 23 (1986) 247-253
521. Vythilingam M., Luckenbaugh D.A., Lam T., Morgan III C., Lipschitz D., Charney D.S., et al. Smaller head of the hippocampus in Gulf War-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging 139 (2005) 89-99
522. Wager T.D., Phan K.L., Liberzon I., and Taylor S.F. Valence, gender, and lateralization of functional brain anatomy in emotion: A meta-analysis of findings from neuroimaging. NeuroImage 19 (2003) 513-531
523. Waldo T.G., and Merritt R.D. Fantasy proneness, dissociation, and DSM-IV axis II symptomatology. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 109 (2000) 555-558
524. Wallenstein G.V., Eichenbaum H., and Hasselmo M.E. The hippocampus as an associator of discontiguous events. Trends in Neurosciences 21 (1998) 317-323
525. Watson D. Dissociations of the night: Individual differences in sleep-related experiences and their relation to dissociation and schizotypy. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 110 (2001) 526-535
526. Watson D., and Pennebaker J.W. Health complaints, stress, and distress: Exploring the central role of negative affectivity. Psychological Review 96 (1989) 234-254
527. Weems C.F., Saltzman K.M., Reiss A.L., and Carrion V.G. A prospective test of the association between hyperarousal and emotional numbing in youth with a history of traumatic stress. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology 32 (2003) 166-171
528. Weiss D., and Marmar C. Impact of Event Scale-Revised. In: Wilson J.P., and Keane T.M. (Eds). Assessing psychological trauma and PTSD (1997), Guilford, New York 399-428
529. Weissman D.H., Gopalakrishnan A., Hazlett C.J., and Woldorff M.G. Dorsal anterior cingulate cortex resolves conflict from distracting stimuli by boosting attention toward relevant events. Cerebral Cortex 15 (2005) 229-237
530. Wetter D.W., and Young T.B. The relation between cigarette smoking and sleep disturbance. Preventive Medicine 23 (1994) 328-334
531. Whalen P.J., Kagan J., Cook R.G., Davis F.C., Kim H., Polis S., et al. Human amygdala responsivity to masked fearful eye whites. Science 306 (2004, December 17) 2061
532. Wild T.C., Kuiken D., and Schopflocher D. The role of absorption in experiential involvement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 69 (1995) 569-579
533. Williams L.M., Kemp A.H., Felmingham K., Barton M., Olivieri G., Peduto A., et al. Trauma modulates amygdala and medial prefrontal responses to consciously attended fear. NeuroImage 29 (2006) 347-357
534. Williams M.A., and Mattingley J.B. Unconscious perception of non-threatening facial emotion in parietal extinction. Experimental Brain Research 154 (2004) 403-406
535. Williams Z.M., Bush G., Rauch S.L., Cosgrove G.R., and Eskandar E.N. Human anterior cingulate neurons and the integration of monetary reward with motor responses. Nature Neuroscience 7 (2004) 1370-1376
536. Wilson A., Brooks D.C., and Bouton M.E. The role of the rat hippocampal system in several effects of context in extinction. Behavioral Neuroscience 109 (1995) 828-836
537. Wilson S., and Barber T. Vivid fantasy and hallucinatory abilities in the life histories of excellent hypnotic subjects ("Somnabules"): Preliminary report with female subjects. In: Klinger E. (Ed). Imagery: Vol. 2. Concepts, results and application (1981), Plenum Press, New York 133-149
538. Wood J.M., and Bootzin R.R. The prevalence of nightmares and their independence from anxiety. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 99 (1990) 64-68
539. Wood J.M., Bootzin R.R., Rosenhan D., Nolen-Hoeksema S., and Jourden F. Effects of the 1989 San Francisco earthquake on frequency and content of nightmares. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 101 (1992) 219-224
540. Wood J.M., Bootzin R., Quan S.F., and Klink M.E. Prevalence of nightmares among patients with asthma and chronic obstructive airways disease. Dreaming 3 (1993) 231-241
541. Woodward S.H., Arsenault N.J., Murray C., and Bliwise D.L. Laboratory sleep correlates of nightmare complaint in PTSD inpatients. Biological Psychiatry 48 (2000) 1081-1087
542. Woodward S.H., Kaloupek D.G., Streeter C.C., Martinez C., Schaer M., and Eliez S. Decreased anterior cingulate volume in combat-related PTSD. Biological Psychiatry 59 (2006) 582-587
543. Woodward S.H., Leskin G.A., and Sheikh J.I. Movement during sleep: Associations with posttraumatic stress disorder, nightmares, and comorbid panic disorder. Sleep 25 (2002) 681-688
544. Woodward S.H., Leskin G.A., and Sheikh J.I. Sleep respiratory concomitants of comorbid panic and nightmare complaint in post-traumatic stress disorder. Depression and Anxiety 18 (2003) 198-204
545. Wu J.C., Buchsbaum M., and Bunney Jr. W.E. Clinical neurochemical implications of sleep deprivation's effects on the anterior cingulate of depressed responders. Neuropsychopharmacology 25 (2001) S74-S78
546. Yamasue H., Kasai K., Iwanami A., Ohtani T., Yamada H., Abe O., et al. Voxel-based analysis of MRI reveals anterior cingulate gray-matter volume reduction in posttraumatic stress disorder due to terrorism. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 100 (2003) 9039-9043
547. Zadra A., and Donderi D.C. Variety and intensity of emotions in bad dreams and nightmares. Canadian Psychology 34 (1993) 294
548. Zadra A., and Donderi D.C. Nightmares and bad dreams: Their prevalence and relationship to well-being. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 109 (2000) 273-281
549. Zadra A., Germain A., Fleury F., Raymond I., and Nielsen T.A. Nightmare frequency versus nightmare distress among people with frequent nightmares. Sleep 23 Suppl. 1 (1999) A170
550. Zald D.H., Mattson D.L., and Pardo J.V. Brain activity in ventromedial prefrontal cortex correlates with individual differences in negative affect. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 99 (2002) 2450-2454
551. Zhang L., Zhang Y., and Zhao Z.Q. Anterior cingulate cortex contributes to the descending facilitatory modulation of pain via dorsal reticular nucleus. European Journal of Neuroscience 22 (2005) 1141-1148