Erythroid Krüppel-like factor directly activates the basic Krüppel-like factor gene in erythroid cells

Molecular and Cellular Biology

Volumn 27, Issue 7, 2007, Pages 2777-2790

  Funnell, Alister P W ^a   Maloney, Christopher A ^a,c   Thompson, Lucinda J ^a,d   Keys, Janelle ^b   Tallack, Michael ^b   Perkins, Andrew C ^b   Crossley, Merlin ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY   (Australia)

^b UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND   (Australia)

^c ROWETT RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United Kingdom)

^d STANFORD UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ERYTHROID KRUPPEL LIKE FACTOR; KRUPPEL LIKE FACTOR; MESSENGER RNA; ZINC FINGER PROTEIN;

ANIMAL CELL; ANIMAL TISSUE; ARTICLE; BKLF GENE; CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION; CONTROLLED STUDY; EKLF GENE; EMBRYO; ERYTHROID CELL; FEEDBACK SYSTEM; FEMALE; FETUS; GC RICH SEQUENCE; GENE; GENE ACTIVATION; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION; GENETIC ANALYSIS; NONHUMAN; NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE; NULL ALLELE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROMOTER REGION; PROTEIN DNA BINDING; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN FAMILY; PROTEIN FUNCTION; PROTEIN INDUCTION; TRANSCRIPTION INITIATION;

ANIMALS; BASE SEQUENCE; ERYTHROID CELLS; FETUS; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION, DEVELOPMENTAL; KRUPPEL-LIKE TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS; LIVER; MICE; MICE, KNOCKOUT; MOLECULAR SEQUENCE DATA; PROMOTER REGIONS (GENETICS);

MURINAE;

EID: 34147200288     PISSN: 02707306     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1128/MCB.01658-06     Document Type: Article

References (96)

1. Adam, P. J., C. P. Regan, M. B. Hautmann, and G. K. Owens. 2000. Positive-and negative-acting Kruppel-like transcription factors bind a transforming growth factor beta control element required for expression of the smooth muscle cell differentiation marker SM22alpha in vivo. J. Biol. Chem. 275:37798-37806.
2. Aizencang, G., C. Solis, D. F. Bishop, C. Warner, and R. J. Desnick. 2000. Human uroporphyrinogen-III synthase: genomic organization, alternative promoters, and erythroid-specific expression. Genomics 70:223-231.
3. Aizencang, G. I., D. F. Bishop, D. Forrest, K. H. Astrin, and R. J. Desnick. 2000. Uroporphyrinogen III synthase. An alternative promoter controls erythroid-specific expression in the murine gene. J. Biol. Chem. 275:2295-2304.
4. Altschul, S. F., W. Gish, W. Miller, E. W. Myers, and D. J. Lipman. 1990. Basic local alignment search tool. J. Mol. Biol. 215:403-410.
5. Ausubel, F. M., R. Brent, R. E. Kingston, D. D. Moore, J. G. Seidman, J. A. Smith, and K. Struhl. 1987. Current protocols in molecular biology. John Wiley and Sons, New York, NY.
6. Ayoubi, T. A., and W. J. Van De Ven. 1996. Regulation of gene expression by alternative promoters. FASEB J. 10:453-460.
7. Banerjee, S. S., M. W. Feinberg, M. Watanabe, S. Gray, R. L. Haspel, D. J. Denkinger, R. Kawahara, H. Hauner, and M. K. Jain. 2003. The Kruppel-like factor KLF2 inhibits peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma expression and adipogenesis. J. Biol. Chem. 278:2581-2584.
8. Basu, P., P. E. Morris, J. L. Haar, M. A. Wani, J. B. Lingrel, K. M. Gaensler, and J. A. Lloyd. 2005. KLF2 is essential for primitive erythropoiesis and regulates the human and murine embryonic beta-like globin genes in vivo. Blood 106:2566-2571.
9. Bieker, J. J. 2001. Kruppel-like factors: three fingers in many pies. J. Biol. Chem. 276:34355-34358.
10. Black, A. R., J. D. Black, and J. Azizkhan-Clifford. 2001. Sp1 and kruppel-like factor family of transcription factors in cell growth regulation and cancer. J. Cell. Physiol. 188:143-160.
11. Blok, L. J., M. E. Grossmann, J. E. Perry, and D. J. Tindall. 1995. Characterization of an early growth response gene, which encodes a zinc finger transcription factor, potentially involved in cell cycle regulation. Mol. Endocrinol. 9:1610-1620.
12. Bouwman, P., H. Gollner, H. P. Elsasser, G. Eckhoff, A. Karis, F. Grosveld, S. Philipsen, and G. Suske. 2000. Transcription factor Sp3 is essential for post-natal survival and late tooth development. EMBO J. 19:655-661.
13. Butler, J. E., and J. T. Kadonaga. 2002. The RNA polymerase II core promoter: a key component in the regulation of gene expression. Genes Dev. 16:2583-2592.
14. Carninci, P., T. Kasukawa, S. Katayama, J. Gough, M. C. Frith, N. Maeda, R. Oyama, T. Ravasi, B. Lenhard, C. Wells, R. Kodzius, K. Shimokawa, V. B. Bajic, S. E. Brenner, S. Batalov, A. R. Forrest, M. Zavolan, M. J. Davis, L. G. Wilming, V. Aidinis, J. E. Allen, A. Ambesi-Impiombato, R. Apweiler, R. N. Aturaliya, T. L. Bailey, M. Bansal, L. Baxter, K. W. Beisel, T. Bersano, H. Bono, A. M. Chalk, K. P. Chiu, V. Choudhary, A. Christoffels, D. R. Clutterbuck, M. L. Crowe, E. Dalla, B. P. Dalrymple, B. de Bono, G. Della Gatta, D. di Bernardo, T. Down, P. Engstrom, M. Fagiolini, G. Faulkner, C. F. Fletcher, T. Fukushima, M. Furano, S. Futaki, M. Gariboldi, P. Georgii-Hemming, T. R. Gingeras, T. Gojobori, R. E. Green, S. Gustincich, M. Harbers, Y. Hayashi, T. K. Hensch, N. Hirokawa, D. Hill, L. Huminiecki, M. Iacono, K. Ikeo, A. Iwama, T. Ishikawa, M. Jakt, A. Kanapin, M. Katoh, Y. Kawasawa, J. Kelso, H. Kitamura, H. Kitano, G. Kollias, S. P. Krishnan, A. Kruger, S. K. Kummerfeld, I. V. Kurochkin, L. F. Lareau, D. Lazarevic, L. Lipovich, J. Liu, S. Liuni, S. McWilliam, M. Madan Babu, M. Madera, L. Marchionni, H. Matsuda, S. Matsuzawa, H. Miki, F. Mignone, S. Miyake, K. Morris, S. Mottagui-Tabar, N. Mulder, N. Nakano, H. Nakauchi, P. Ng, R. Nilsson, S. Nishiguchi, S. Nishikawa, et al. 2005. The transcriptional landscape of the mammalian genome. Science 309:1559-1563.
15. Carninci, P., A. Sandelin, B. Lenhard, S. Katayama, K. Shimokawa, J. Ponjavic, C. A. Semple, M. S. Taylor, P. G. Engstrom, M. C. Frith, A. R. Forrest, W. B. Alkema, S. L. Tan, C. Plessy, R. Kodzius, T. Ravasi, T. Kasukawa, S. Fukuda, M. Kanamori-Katayama, Y. Kitazume, H. Kawaji, C. Kai, M. Nakamura, H. Konno, K. Nakano, S. Mottagui-Tabar, P. Arner, A. Chesi, S. Gustincich, F. Persichetti, H. Suzuki, S. M. Grimmond, C. A. Wells, V. Orlando, C. Wahlestedt, E. T. Liu, M. Harbers, J. Kawai, V. B. Bajic, D. A. Hume, and Y. Hayashizaki. 2006. Genome-wide analysis of mammalian promoter architecture and evolution. Nat. Genet. 38:626-635.
16. Chretien, S., A. Dubart, D. Beaupain, N. Raich, B. Grandchamp, J. Rosa, M. Goossens, and P. H. Romeo. 1988. Alternative transcription and splicing of the human porphobilinogen deaminase gene result either in tissue-specific or in housekeeping expression. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:6-10.
17. Coghill, E., S. Eccleston, V. Fox, L. Cerruti, C. Brown, J. Cunningham, S. Jane, and A. Perkins. 2001. Erythroid Kruppel-like factor (EKLF) coordinates erythroid cell proliferation and hemoglobinization in cell lines derived from EKLF null mice. Blood 97:1861-1868.
18. Courey, A. J., and R. Tjian. 1988. Analysis of Sp1 in vivo reveals multiple transcriptional domains, including a novel glutamine-rich activation motif. Cell 55:887-898.
19. Crossley, M., and S. H. Orkin. 1993. Regulation of the beta-globin locus. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 3:232-237.
20. Crossley, M., E. Whitelaw, A. Perkins, G. Williams, Y. Fujiwara, and S. H. Orkin. 1996. Isolation and characterization of the cDNA encoding BKLF/TEF-2, a major CACCC-box-binding protein in erythroid cells and selected other cells. Mol. Cell. Biol. 16:1695-1705.
21. Dang, D. T., J. Pevsner, and V. W. Yang. 2000. The biology of the mammalian Kruppel-like family of transcription factors. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 32:1103-1121.
22. Dang, D. T., W. Zhao, C. S. Mahatan, D. E. German, and V. W. Yang. 2002. Opposing effects of Kruppel-like factor 4 (gut-enriched Kruppel-like factor) and Kruppel-like factor 5 (intestinal-enriched Kruppel-like factor) on the promoter of the Kruppel-like factor 4 gene. Nucleic Acids Res. 30:2736-2741.
23. Donze, D., T. M. Townes, and J. J. Bieker. 1995. Role of erythroid Kruppel-like factor in human gamma- to beta-globin gene switching. J. Biol. Chem. 270:1955-1959.
24. Drissen, R., M. von Lindern, A. Kolbus, S. Driegen, P. Steinlein, H. Beug, F. Grosveld, and S. Philipsen. 2005. The erythroid phenotype of EKLF-null mice: defects in hemoglobin metabolism and membrane stability. Mol. Cell. Biol. 25:5205-5214.
25. Evans, T., M. Reitman, and G. Felsenfeld. 1988. An erythrocyte-specific DNA-binding factor recognizes a regulatory sequence common to all chicken globin genes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:5976-5980.
26. Fautsch, M. P., A. Vrabel, M. Subramaniam, T. E. Hefferen, T. C. Spelsberg, and E. D. Wieben. 1998. TGFbeta-inducible early gene (TIEG) also codes for early growth response alpha (EGRalpha): evidence of multiple transcripts from alternate promoters. Genomics 51:408-416.
27. Feng, W. C., C. M. Southwood, and J. J. Bieker. 1994. Analyses of beta-thalassemia mutant DNA interactions with erythroid Kruppel-like factor (EKLF), an erythroid cell-specific transcription factor. J. Biol. Chem. 269:1493-1500.
28. Fruman, D. A., G. Z. Feri, S. S. An, A. C. Donahue, A. B. Satterthwaite, and O. N. Witte. 2002. Phosphoinositide 3-kinase and Bruton's tyrosine kinase regulate overlapping sets of genes in B lymphocytes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99:359-364.
29. Ghaleb, A. M., M. O. Nandan, S. Chanchevalap, W. B. Dalton, I. M. Hisamuddin, and V. W. Yang. 2005. Kruppel-like factors 4 and 5: the yin and yang regulators of cellular proliferation. Cell Res. 15:92-96.
30. Glynne, R., G. Ghandour, J. Rayner, D. H. Mack, and C. C. Goodnow. 2000. B-lymphocyte quiescence, tolerance and activation as viewed by global gene expression profiling on microarrays. Immunol. Rev. 176:216-246.
31. Hagen, G., S. Muller, M. Beato, and G. Suske. 1994. Sp1-mediated transcriptional activation is repressed by Sp3. EMBO J. 13:3843-3851.
32. Hartzog, G. A., and R. M. Myers. 1993. Discrimination among potential activators of the beta-globin CACCC element by correlation of binding and transcriptional properties. Mol. Cell. Biol. 13:44-56.
33. Hodge, D., E. Coghill, J. Keys, T. Maguire, B. Hartmann, A. McDowall, M. Weiss, S. Grimmond, and A. Perkins. 2006. A global role for EKLF in definitive and primitive erythropoiesis. Blood 107:3359-3370.
34. Im, H., J. A. Grass, H. M. Christensen, A. Perkins, and E. H. Bresnick. 2002. Histone deacetylase-dependent establishment and maintenance of broad low-level histone acetylation within a tissue-specific chromatin domain. Biochemistry 41:15152-15160.
35. Imataka, H., K. Sogawa, K. Yasumoto, Y. Kikuchi, K. Sasano, A. Kobayashi, M. Hayami, and Y. Fujii-Kuriyama. 1992. Two regulatory proteins that bind to the basic transcription element (BTE), a GC box sequence in the promoter region of the rat P-4501A1 gene. EMBO J. 11:3663-3671.
36. Imhof, A., M. Schuierer, O. Werner, M. Moser, C. Roth, R. Bauer, and R. Buettner. 1999. Transcriptional regulation of the AP-2α promoter by BTEB-1 and AP-2rep, a novel wt-1/egr-related zinc finger repressor. Mol. Cell. Biol. 19:194-204.
37. Johnsen, S. A., M. Subramaniam, R. Janknecht, and T. C. Spelsberg. 2002. TGFbeta inducible early gene enhances TGFbeta/Smad-dependent transcriptional responses. Oncogene 21:5783-5790.
38. Kaczynski, J., T. Cook, and R. Urrutia. 2003. Sp1- and Kruppel-like transcription factors. Genome Biol. 4:206.
39. Kaczynski, J., J. S. Zhang, V. Ellenrieder, A. Conley, T. Duenes, H. Kester, B. van Der Burg, and R. Urrutia. 2001. The Sp1-like protein BTEB3 inhibits transcription via the basic transcription element box by interacting with mSin3A and HDAC-1 co-repressors and competing with Sp1. J. Biol. Chem. 276:36749-36756.
40. Kaczynski, J. A., A. A. Conley, M. Fernandez Zapico, S. M. Delgado, J. S. Zhang, and R. Urrutia. 2002. Functional analysis of basic transcription element (BTE)-binding protein (BTEB) 3 and BTEB4, a novel Sp1-like protein, reveals a subfamily of transcriptional repressors for the BTE site of the cytochrome P4501A1 gene promoter. Biochem. J. 366:873-882.
41. Katayama, S., Y. Tomaru, T. Kasukawa, K. Waki, M. Nakanishi, M. Nakamura, H. Nishida, C. C. Yap, M. Suzuki, J. Kawai, H. Suzuki, P. Carninci, Y. Hayashizaki, C. Wells, M. Frith, T. Ravasi, K. C. Pang, J. Hallinan, J. Mattick, D. A. Hume, L. Lipovich, S. Batalov, P. G. Engstrom, Y. Mizuno, M. A. Faghihi, A. Sandelin, A. M. Chalk, S. Mottagui-Tabar, Z. Liang, B. Lenhard, and C. Wahlestedt. 2005. Antisense transcription in the mammalian transcriptome. Science 309:1564-1566.
42. Kawai, J., A. Shinagawa, K. Shibata, M. Yoshino, M. Itoh, Y. Ishii, T. Arakawa, A. Hara, Y. Fukunishi, H. Konno, J. Adachi, S. Fukuda, K. Aizawa, M. Izawa, K. Nishi, H. Kiyosawa, S. Kondo, I. Yamanaka, T. Saito, Y. Okazaki, T. Gojobori, H. Bono, T. Kasukawa, R. Saito, K. Kadota, H. Matsuda, M. Ashburner, S. Batalov, T. Casavant, W. Fleischmann, T. Gaasterland, C. Gissi, B. King, H. Kochiwa, P. Kuehl, S. Lewis, Y. Matsuo, I. Nikaido, G. Pesole, J. Quackenbush, L. M. Schriml, F. Staubli, R. Suzuki, M. Tomita, L. Wagner, T. Washio, K. Sakai, T. Okido, M. Furano, H. Aono, R. Baldarelli, G. Barsh, J. Blake, D. Boffelli, N. Bojunga, P. Carninci, M. F. de Bonaldo, M. J. Brownstein, C. Bult, C. Fletcher, M. Fujita, M. Gariboldi, S. Gustincich, D. Hill, M. Hofmann, D. A. Hume, M. Kamiya, N. H. Lee, P. Lyons, L. Marchionni, J. Mashima, J. Mazzarelli, P. Mombaerts, P. Nordone, B. Ring, M. Ringwald, I. Rodriguez, N. Sakamoto, H. Sasaki, K. Sato, C. Schonbach, T. Seya, Y. Shibata, K. F. Storch, H. Suzuki, K. Toyo-oka, K. H. Wang, C. Weitz, C. Whittaker, L. Wilming, A. Wynshaw-Boris, K. Yoshida, Y. Hasegawa, H. Kawaji, S. Kohtsuki, and Y. Hayashizaki. 2001. Functional annotation of a full-length mouse cDNA collection. Nature 409:685-690.
43. Kaya, A. H., M. Plewinska, D. M. Wong, R. J. Desnick, and J. G. Wetmur. 1994. Human delta-aminolevulinate dehydratase (ALAD) gene: structure and alternative splicing of the erythroid and housekeeping mRNAs. Genomics 19:242-248.
44. Kent, W. J., C. W. Sugnet, T. S. Furey, K. M. Roskin, T. H. Pringle, A. M. Zahler, and D. Haussler. 2002. The human genome browser at UCSC. Genome Res. 12:996-1006.
45. Kimura, K., A. Wakamatsu, Y. Suzuki, T. Ota, T. Nishikawa, R. Yamashita, J. Yamamoto, M. Sekine, K. Tsuritani, H. Wakaguri, S. Ishii, T. Sugiyama, K. Saito, Y. Isono, R. Irie, N. Kushida, T. Yoneyama, R. Otsuka, K. Kanda, T. Yokoi, H. Kondo, M. Wagatsuma, K. Murakawa, S. Ishida, T. Ishibashi, A. Takahashi-Fujii, T. Tanase, K. Nagai, H. Kikuchi, K. Nakai, T. Isogai, and S. Sugano. 2006. Diversification of transcriptional modulation: large-scale identification and characterization of putative alternative promoters of human genes. Genome Res. 16:55-65.
46. Klevit, R. E. 1991. Recognition of DNA by Cys2, His2 zinc fingers. Science 253:1367-1393.
47. Kutach, A. K., and J. T. Kadonaga. 2000. The downstream promoter element DPE appears to be as widely used as the TATA box in Drosophila core promoters. Mol. Cell. Biol. 20:4754-4764.
48. Laub, F., R. Aldabe, V. Friedrich, Jr., S. Ohnishi, T. Yoshida, and F. Ramirez. 2001. Developmental expression of mouse Kruppel-like transcription factor KLF7 suggests a potential role in neurogenesis. Dev. Biol. 233:305-318.
49. Letting, D. L., C. Rakowski, M. J. Weiss, and G. A. Blobel. 2003. Formation of a tissue-specific histone acetylation pattern by the hematopoietic transcription factor GATA-1. Mol. Cell. Biol. 23:1334-1340.
50. Littlewood, T. D., D. C. Hancock, P. S. Danielian, M. G. Parker, and G. I. Evan. 1995. A modified oestrogen receptor ligand-binding domain as an improved switch for the regulation of heterologous proteins. Nucleic Acids Res. 23:1686-1690.
51. Liu, Y., S. Sinha, and G. Owens. 2003. A transforming growth factor-beta control element required for SM alpha-actin expression in vivo also partially mediates GKLF-dependent transcriptional repression. J. Biol. Chem. 278:48004-48011.
52. Luo, Q., X. Ma, S. M. Wahl, J. J. Bieker, M. Crossley, and L. J. Montaner. 2004. Activation and repression of interleukin-12 p40 transcription by erythroid Kruppel-like factor in macrophages. J. Biol. Chem. 279:18451-18456.
53. Matsumoto, N., A. Kubo, H. Liu, K. Akita, F. Laub, F. Ramirez, G. Keller, and S. L. Friedman. 2006. Developmental regulation of yolk sac hematopoiesis by Kruppel-like factor 6. Blood 107:1357-1365.
54. Merika, M., and S. H. Orkin. 1993. DNA-binding specificity of GATA family transcription factors. Mol. Cell. Biol. 13:3999-4010.
55. Merika, M., and S. H. Orkin. 1995. Functional synergy and physical interactions of the erythroid transcription factor GATA-1 with the Kruppel family proteins Sp1 and EKLF. Mol. Cell. Biol. 15:2437-2447.
56. Miller, I. J., and J. J. Bieker. 1993. A novel, erythroid cell-specific murine transcription factor that binds to the CACCC element and is related to the Kruppel family of nuclear proteins. Mol. Cell. Biol. 13:2776-2786.
57. Minegishi, N., J. Ohta, N. Suwabe, H. Nakauchi, H. Ishihara, N. Hayashi, and M. Yamamoto. 1998. Alternative promoters regulate transcription of the mouse GATA-2 gene. J. Biol. Chem. 273:3625-3634.
58. Mori, T., H. Sakaue, H. Iguchi, H. Gomi, Y. Okada, Y. Takashima, K. Nakamura, T. Nakamura, T. Yamauchi, N. Kubota, T. Kadowaki, Y. Matsuki, W. Ogawa, R. Hiramatsu, and M. Kasuga. 2005. Role of Kruppel-like factor 15 (KLF15) in transcriptional regulation of adipogenesis. J. Biol. Chem. 280:12867-12875.
59. Moroni, E., T. Mastrangelo, R. Razzini, L. Cairns, P. Moi, S. Ottolenghi, and B. Giglioni. 2000. Regulation of mouse p45 NF-E2 transcription by an erythroid-specific GATA-dependent intronic alternative promoter. J. Biol. Chem. 275:10567-10576.
60. Nandan, M. O., H. S. Yoon, W. Zhao, L. A. Ouko, S. Chanchevalap, and V. W. Yang. 2004. Kruppel-like factor 5 mediates the transforming activity of oncogenic H-Ras. Oncogene 23:3404-3413.
61. Narla, G., K. E. Heath, H. L. Reeves, D. Li, L. E. Giono, A. C. Kimmelman, M. J. Glucksman, J. Narla, F. J. Eng, A. M. Chan, A. C. Ferrari, J. A. Martignetti, and S. L. Friedman. 2001. KLF6, a candidate tumor suppressor gene mutated in prostate cancer. Science 294:2563-2566.
62. Nikolcheva, T., S. Pyronnet, S. Y. Chou, N. Sonenberg, A. Song, C. Clayberger, and A. M. Krensky. 2002. A translational rheostat for RFLAT-1 regulates RANTES expression in T lymphocytes. J. Clin. Investig. 110:119-126.
63. Nuez, B., D. Michalovich, A. Bygrave, R. Ploemacher, and F. Grosveld. 1995. Defective haematopoiesis in fetal liver resulting from inactivation of the EKLF gene. Nature 375:316-318.
64. Oishi, Y., I. Manabe, K. Tobe, K. Tsushima, T. Shindo, K. Fujiu, G. Nishimura, K. Maemura, T. Yamauchi, N. Kubota, R. Suzuki, T. Kitamura, S. Akira, T. Kadowaki, and R. Nagai. 2005. Kruppel-like transcription factor KLF5 is a key regulator of adipocyte differentiation. Cell Metab. 1:27-39.
65. Pan, X., N. Minegishi, H. Harigae, H. Yamagiwa, M. Minegishi, Y. Akine, and M. Yamamoto. 2000. Identification of human GATA-2 gene distal IS exon and its expression in hematopoietic stem cell fractions. J. Biochem. (Tokyo) 127:105-112.
66. Perdomo, J., A. Verger, J. Turner, and M. Crossley. 2005. Role for SUMO modification in facilitating transcriptional repression by BKLF. Mol. Cell. Biol. 25:1549-1559.
67. Perkins, A. C., K. R. Peterson, G. Stamatoyannopoulos, H. E. Witkowska, and S. H. Orkin. 2000. Fetal expression of a human Agamma globin transgene rescues globin chain imbalance but not hemolysis in EKLF null mouse embryos. Blood 95:1827-1833.
68. Perkins, A. C., A. H. Sharpe, and S. H. Orkin. 1995. Lethal beta-thalassaemia in mice lacking the erythroid CACCC-transcription factor EKLF. Nature 375:318-322.
69. Piccinni, S. A., A. L. Bolcato-Bellemin, A. Klein, V. W. Yang, M. Kedinger, P. Simon-Assmann, and O. Lefebvre. 2004. Kruppel-like factors regulate the Lama1 gene encoding the laminin alpha1 chain. J. Biol. Chem. 279:9103-9114.
70. Pilon, A. M., D. G. Nilson, D. Zhou, J. Sangerman, T. M. Townes, D. M. Bodine, and P. G. Gallagher. 2006. Alterations in expression and chromatin configuration of the alpha hemoglobin-stabilizing protein gene in erythroid Kruppel-like factor-deficient mice. Mol. Cell. Biol. 26:4368-4377.
71. Raich, N., and P. H. Romeo. 1993. Erythroid regulatory elements. Stem Cells 11:95-104.
72. Sambrook, J., E. K. Fritsch, and T. Maniatis. 1989. Molecular cloning: a laboratory manual, 2nd ed. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY.
73. Schug, J., W. P. Schuller, C. Kappen, J. M. Salbaum, M. Bucan, and C. J. Stoeckert, Jr. 2005. Promoter features related to tissue specificity as measured by Shannon entropy. Genome Biol. 6:R33.
74. Shie, J. L., Z. Y. Chen, M. Fu, R. G. Pestell, and C. C. Tseng. 2000. Gut-enriched Kruppel-like factor represses cyclin D1 promoter activity through Sp1 motif. Nucleic Acids Res. 28:2969-2976.
75. Shields, J. M., and V. W. Yang. 1998. Identification of the DNA sequence that interacts with the gut-enriched Kruppel-like factor. Nucleic Acids Res. 26:796-802.
76. Song, A., Y. F. Chen, K. Thamatrakoln, T. A. Storm, and A. M. Krensky. 1999. RFLAT-1: a new zinc finger transcription factor that activates RANTES gene expression in T lymphocytes. Immunity 10:93-103.
77. Strausberg, R. L., E. A. Feingold, L. H. Grouse, J. G. Derge, R. D. Klausner, F. S. Collins, L. Wagner, C. M. Shenmen, G. D. Schuler, S. F. Altschul, B. Zeeberg, K. H. Buetow, C. F. Schaefer, N. K. Bhat, R. F. Hopkins, H. Jordan, T. Moore, S. I. Max, J. Wang, F. Hsieh, L. Diatchenko, K. Marusina, A. A. Farmer, G. M. Rubin, L. Hong, M. Stapleton, M. B. Soares, M. F. Bonaldo, T. L. Casavant, T. E. Scheetz, M. J. Brownstein, T. B. Usdin, S. Toshiyuki, P. Carninci, C. Prange, S. S. Raha, N. A. Loquellano, G. J. Peters, R. D. Abramson, S. J. Mullahy, S. A. Bosak, P. J. McEwan, K. J. McKernan, J. A. Malek, P. H. Gunaratne, S. Richards, K. C. Worley, S. Hale, A. M. Garcia, L. J. Gay, S. W. Hulyk, D. K. Villalon, D. M. Muzny, E. J. Sodergren, X. Lu, R. A. Gibbs, J. Fahey, E. Helton, M. Ketteman, A. Madan, S. Rodrigues, A. Sanchez, M. Whiting, A. Madan, A. C. Young, Y. Shevchenko, G. G. Bouffard, R. W. Blakesley, J. W. Touchman, E. D. Green, M. C. Dickson, A. C. Rodriguez, J. Grimwood, J. Schmutz, R. M. Myers, Y. S. Butterfield, M. I. Krzywinski, U. Skalska, D. E. Smailus, A. Schnerch, J. E. Schein, S. J. Jones, and M. A. Marra. 2002. Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99:16899-16903.
78. Suske, G., E. Braford, and S. Philipsen. 2005. Mammalian SP/KLF transcription factors: bring in the family. Genomics 85:551-556.
79. Suzuki, Y., H. Taira, T. Tsunoda, J. Mizushima-Sugano, J. Sese, H. Hata, T. Ota, T. Isogai, T. Tanaka, S. Morishita, K. Okubo, Y. Sakaki, Y. Nakamura, A. Suyama, and S. Sugano. 2001. Diverse transcriptional initiation revealed by fine, large-scale mapping of mRNA start sites. EMBO Rep. 2:388-393.
80. Suzuki, Y., R. Yamashita, S. Sugano, and K. Nakai. 2004. DBTSS, DataBase of Transcriptional Start Sites: progress report 2004. Nucleic Acids Res. 32:D78-D81.
81. Tan, J. S., N. Mohandas, and J. G. Conboy. 2006. High frequency of alternative first exons in erythroid genes suggests a critical role in regulating gene function. Blood 107:2557-2561.
82. Tau, K. R., T. E. Hefferan, K. M. Waters, J. A. Robinson, M. Subramaniam, B. L. Riggs, and T. C. Spelsberg. 1998. Estrogen regulation of a transforming growth factor-beta inducible early gene that inhibits deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis in human osteoblasts. Endocrinology 139:1346-1353.
83. Teague, T. K., D. Hildeman, R. M. Kedl, T. Mitchell, W. Rees, B. C. Schaefer, J. Bender, J. Kappler, and P. Marrack. 1999. Activation changes the spectrum but not the diversity of genes expressed by T cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96:12691-12696.
84. Turner, J., and M. Crossley. 1998. Cloning and characterization of mCtBP2, a co-repressor that associates with basic Kruppel-like factor and other mammalian transcriptional regulators. EMBO J. 17:5129-5140.
85. Turner, J., and M. Crossley. 1999. Mammalian Kruppel-like transcription factors: more than just a pretty finger. Trends Biochem. Sci. 24:236-240.
86. Turner, J., H. Nicholas, D. Bishop, J. M. Matthews, and M. Crossley. 2003. The LIM protein FHL3 binds basic Kruppel-like factor/Kruppel-like factor 3 and its co-repressor C-terminal-binding protein 2. J. Biol. Chem. 278:12786-12795.
87. Van Loo, P. F., P. Bouwman, K. W. Ling, S. Middendorp, G. Suske, F. Grosveld, E. Dzierzak, S. Philipsen, and R. W. Hendriks. 2003. Impaired hematopoiesis in mice lacking the transcription factor Sp3. Blood 102:858-866.
88. van Vliet, J., L. A. Crofts, K. G. Quinlan, R. Czoly, A. C. Perkins, and M. Crossley. 2006. Human KLF17 is a new member of the Sp/KLF family of transcription factors. Genomics 87:474-482.
89. Wall, L., E. deBoer, and F. Grosveld. 1988. The human beta-globin gene 3′ enhancer contains multiple binding sites for an erythroid-specific protein. Genes Dev. 2:1089-1100.
90. Wang, X., and J. Zhao. 2007. KLF8 transcription factor participates in oncogenic transformation. Oncogene 26:456-461.
91. Wani, M. A., R. T. Means, Jr., and J. B. Lingrel. 1998. Loss of LKLF function results in embryonic lethality in mice. Transgenic Res. 7:229-238.
92. Wei, H., X. Wang, B. Gan, A. M. Urvalek, Z. K. Melkoumian, J. L. Guan, and J. Zhao. 2006. Sumoylation delimits KLF8 transcriptional activity associated with the cell cycle regulation. J. Biol. Chem. 281:16664- 16671.
93. Yamashita, R., Y. Suzuki, S. Sugano, and K. Nakai. 2005. Genome-wide analysis reveals strong correlation between CpG islands with nearby transcription start sites of genes and their tissue specificity. Gene 350:129-136.
94. Yusuf, I., and D. A. Fruman. 2003. Regulation of quiescence in lymphocytes. Trends Immunol. 24:380-386.
95. Zhang, W., J. M. Shields, K. Sogawa, Y. Fujii-Kuriyama, and V. W. Yang. 1998. The gut-enriched Kruppel-like factor suppresses the activity of the CYP1A1 promoter in an Sp1-dependent fashion. J. Biol. Chem. 273:17917-17925.
96. Zhao, J., Z. C. Bian, K. Yee, B. P. Chen, S. Chien, and J. L. Guan. 2003. Identification of transcription factor KLF8 as a downstream target of focal adhesion kinase in its regulation of cyclin D1 and cell cycle progression. Mol Cell 11:1503-1515.