The potential of melatonin in reducing morbidity-mortality after craniocerebral trauma

Journal of Pineal Research

Volumn 42, Issue 1, 2007, Pages 1-11

  Maldonado, M D ^a,c   Murillo Cabezas, F ^b   Terron, M P ^a   Flores, L J ^a   Tan, D X ^a   Manchester, L C ^a   Reiter, R J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS HEALTH SCIENCE CENTER AT SAN ANTONIO   (United States)

^b HOSPITAL UNIVERSITARIO VIRGEN DEL ROCÍO   (Spain)

^c UNIVERSITY OF SEVILLE   (Spain)

Author keywords

Antioxidant; Brain oxidative stress; Craniocerebral trauma; Free radical; Lymphocytopenia; Melatonin

Indexed keywords

ANTIOXIDANT; ARACHIDONIC ACID DERIVATIVE; CATALASE; CELL ADHESION MOLECULE; CORTICOSTEROID; CYTOKINE; DNA; FREE RADICAL; GLUTATHIONE; GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE; GLUTATHIONE REDUCTASE; INDOLEAMINE; LIPID; MELATONIN; MONOAMINE; MORPHINE; NEUROPEPTIDE; NITROGEN DERIVATIVE; NONSTEROID ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; OMEPRAZOLE; OXYGEN RADICAL; PROTEIN; RANITIDINE; REACTIVE NITROGEN SPECIES; REACTIVE OXYGEN METABOLITE; RNA; SCAVENGER; STEROID; SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE; UNINDEXED DRUG;

APOPTOSIS; B LYMPHOCYTE; BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER; BONE MARROW; BRAIN CONTUSION; BRAIN INJURY; BRAIN PROTECTION; CELL MEMBRANE; CHRONOBIOLOGY; CIRCADIAN RHYTHM; DIARRHEA; DIGESTIVE SYSTEM INJURY; DIGESTIVE SYSTEM PERFORATION; DIGESTIVE SYSTEM ULCER; DIZZINESS; DRUG ACTIVITY; DRUG ANTAGONISM; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG POTENTIATION; ENDOTHELIUM CELL; GASTROINTESTINAL HEMORRHAGE; HEAD INJURY; HEADACHE; HORMONE ACTION; HUMAN; IMMUNE DEFICIENCY; INNATE IMMUNITY; LEUKOPENIA; LYMPHOCYTE ACTIVATION; LYMPHOCYTOPENIA; LYMPHOID TISSUE; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; NONHUMAN; OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTION; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PATHOGENESIS; PINEAL BODY; RASH; SCAVENGING SYSTEM; SHORT SURVEY; SIDE EFFECT; SLEEP; SLEEP WAKING CYCLE; STOMACH INJURY; STOMACH MUCOSA LESION; STRESS ULCER; SYMPTOM; T LYMPHOCYTE; TOXICITY; VASOSPASM; WAKEFULNESS;

CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; DRUG TOXICITY; FREE RADICAL SCAVENGERS; HUMANS; MELATONIN; SLEEP DISORDERS;

EID: 33845529120     PISSN: 07423098     EISSN: 1600079X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-079X.2006.00376.x     Document Type: Short Survey

References (112)

1. STAMATOVIC SM, DIMITRIJEVIC OB, KEEP RF, ANDJELKOVIC AV. Inflammation and brain edema: new insights into the role of chemokines and their receptors. Acta Neurochir Suppl 2006; 96:444-450.
2. LESCOT T, MARCHAND-VERRECCHIA C, PUYBASSET L. Antiinflammatory modulators in traumatic brain injury. Ann Fr Anesth Reanim 2006; 2:1-6.
3. UCAR T, OZKAYA G, DEMIR N et al. The effects of environmental light-dark changes on experimental mild traumatic brain injury. Acta Neurol Scand 2005; 112:163-172.
4. TAN DX, CHIEN LD, POEGGELER B et al. Melatonin: a potent, endogenous hydroxyl radical scavenger. Endocrine J 1993; 1:57-60.
5. REITER RJ, TAN DX, OSUNA C, GITTO E. Actions of melatonin in the reduction of oxidative stress: a review. J Biomed Res 2000; 7:444-458.
6. RODRIGUEZ C, MAYO JC, SAINZ RM et al. Regulation of antioxidant enzymes: a significant role for melatonin. J Pineal Res 2004; 36:1-9.
7. AKITANE M, ISAO Y, YASUKO N, JAMES W. Natural antioxidants may prevent posttraumatic epilepsy: a proposal based on experimental animal studies. Acta Medica Okayama 2004; 58:111-118.
8. KABUTO H, YOKOI I, OGAWA N. Melatonin inhibits iron-induced epileptic discharges in rats by suppressing peroxidation. Epilepsia 1998; 39:237-243.
9. PEI Z, PANG SF, CHEUNG RT. Pretreatment with melatonin reduces volume of cerebral infarction in a rat middle cerebral artery occlusion stroke model. J Pineal Res 2002; 32:168-172.
10. OZDEMIR D, TUGYAN K, UYSAL N et al. Protective effect of melatonin against head trauma-induced hippocampal damage and spatial memory deficits in immature rats. Neurosci Lett 2005; 385:234-239.
11. OLIVEIRA S, XIMENES VF, LIVRAMENTO JA et al. High concentrations of the melatonin metabolite, N-acetyl-N-formyl-5-methoxykynuramine, in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with meningitis: a possible immunomodulatory mechanism. J Pineal Res 2005; 39:302-306.
12. REITER RJ, TAN DX, SAINZ R et al. Melatonin reducing the toxicity and increasing the efficacy of drugs. J Pharm Pharmacol 2002; 54:1299-1321.
13. SAIJA A, TOMAINO A, TROMBETTA D et al. Interaction of melatonin with model membranes and possible implications in its photoprotective activity. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2002; 53:209-215.
14. SARRAFZADEH AS, THOMALE UW, KROPPENSTEDT SN, UNTERBERG AW. Neuroprotective effect of melatonin on cortical impact injury in the rat. Acta Neurochir 2002; 142:1293-1299.
15. REITER RJ, ACUÑA CASTROVIEJO D, ESCAMES G et al. Free radical mediated molecular damage. Mechanisms for the protective actions of melatonin in the central nervous system. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2001; 939:200-215.
16. ACUÑA-CASTROVIEJO D, ESCAMES G, CARAZO A et al. Melatonin, mitochondrial homeostasis and mitochondrialrelated diseases. Curr Top Med Chem 2002; 2:133-151.
17. ACUÑA-CASTROVIEJO D, ESCAMES G, LEON J et al. Mitochondrial regulation by melatonin and its metabolites. Adv Exp Med Biol 2003; 527:549-557.
18. MARTIN M, MACIAS M, LEÓN J et al. Melatonin increases the activity of the oxidative phosphorylation enzymes and the production of ATP in rat brain and liver mitochondria. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2002; 34:348-357.
19. LEÓN J, ACUÑA-CASTROVIEJO D, ESCAMES G et al. Melatonin mitigates mitochondrial malfunction. J Pineal Res 2005; 38: 1-9.
20. ZAITSEV AV, BEREZNIUK VV, ZAITSEV VS. Nosocomial sinusitis in patients with a severe craniocerebral trauma: etiology and pathogenesis. Vestn Otorinolaringol 2004; 3:11-16.
21. MALDONADO MD. Immune alterations in multiple injuries and burn patients. Publications of the University of Seville 1991; ISBN:84-7405-716-7.
22. QUATTROCCHI KB, FRANK EH, MILLER CH et al. Severe head injury: effect upon cellular immune function. Neurol Res 1991; 1:13-20.
23. MAESTRONI GJ. The immunotherapeutic potential of melatonin. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2001; 10:467-476.
24. BUBENIK GA, BLASK DE, BROWN GM et al. Prospects of the clinical utilization of melatonin. Biol Signals Recept 1998; 7:195-219.
25. CARRILLO-VICO A, LARDONE PJ, NAJI L et al. Beneficial pleiotropic actions of melatonin in an experimental model of septic shock in mice: regulation of pro-/anti-inflammatory cytokine network, protection against oxidative damage and antiapoptotic effects. J Pineal Res 2005; 39:400-408.
26. BULLOCK R. Pathophysiological alterations in the central nervous system due to trauma. Schweiz Med Wochenschr 1993; 123:449-458.
27. KERMAN M, CIRAK B, OZGUNER MF et al. Does melatonin protect or treat brain damage from traumatic oxidative stress? Exp Brain Res 2005; 163:406-410.
28. REITER RJ, TAN DX. Melatonin: reducing intracellular hostilities. Endocrinologist 2004; 14:222-228.
29. KALTSCHMIDT B, BAUERLE PA, KALTSCHMIDT C. Potential involvement of the transcription factor NF-jB in neurological disorders. Mol Aspects Med 1993; 14:171-190.
30. GENOVESE T, MAZZON E, MUIA C et al. Attenuation in the evolution of experimental spinal cord trauma by treatment with melatonin. J Pineal Res 2005; 38:198-208.
31. MAYO JC, SAINZ RM, TAN DX, REITER RJ et al. Antiinflammatory actions of melatonin and its metabolites, N1-Acetyl-N2-formyl-5-methoxykynumarine (AKKM) and N1-acetyl-5-methoxykynuramine (AMK), in macrophages. J Neuroimmunol 2005; 165:139-149.
32. BENI SM, KOHEN R, REITER JR et al. Melatonin-induced neuroprotection after closed head injury is associated with increased brain antioxidants and attenuated late-phase activation of NF-kappaB and AP-1. FASEB J 2004; 18:149-151.
33. BOWIE A, O'NEILL LA. Oxidative stress and nuclear factor jB activation: a reassessment of the evidence in the light of recent discoveries. Biochem Pharmacol 2000; 59:13-23.
34. REITER RJ, TAN DX, LEON J et al. When melatonin gets on your nerves: Its beneficial actions in experimental models of stroke. Exp Biol Med 2005; 230:104-117.
35. REITER RJ, TAN DX, MALDONADO MD. Melatonin as an antioxidant: physiology versus pharmacology. J Pineal Res 2005; 39:215-216.
36. MANEV H, UZ T, KHARLAMOV A, JOO JY. Increased brain damage after stroke or excitotoxic seizures in melatonin-deficient rats. FASEB J 1996; 10:1546-1551.
37. SKAPER SD, FLOREANI M, CECCON M. Excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, and neuroprotective potential of melatonin. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1999; 890:107-118.
38. REITER RJ, CABRERA J, SAINZ RM et al. Melatonin as a pharmacological agent against neuronal loss in experimental models of Huntington's disease, Alzheimer's disease and Parkinsonism. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1999; 890:471-485.
39. TAN DX, REITER RJ, MANCHESTER LC et al. Chemical and physical properties and potential mechanisms: melatonin as a broad spectrum antioxidant and free radical scavenger. Curr Topics Med Chem 2002; 2:181-199.
40. HARDELAND R. Antioxidative protection by melatonin: multiplicity of mechanisms from radical detoxification to radical avoidance. Endocrine 2005; 27:119-130.
41. SILVA SO, RODRIGUEZ MR, CARVALHO SRQ et al. Oxidation of melatonin and its catabolites, N1-acetyl-N2-formyl-5-methoxykynuramine and N1-acetyl-5-methoxykynuramine by activated leukocytes. J Pineal Res 2004; 37:171-175.
42. ONUKI J, ALMEIDA EA, MEDEIROS MHG, MASCIO PD. Inhibition of 5-aminolevulinie acid-induced DNA damage by melatonin, N1-acetyl-N2-formyl-5- methoxykynuramine, quercetin and resveratrol. J Pineal Res 2005; 38:107-115.
43. GUENTHER AL, SCHMIDT SI, LAATSH H et al. Reactions of the melatonin metabolite AMK (N1-acetyl-5-methoxykynuramine) with reactive nitrogen species: formation of compounds, 3-acetamidomethyl-6-methoxycinnolinone and 3-nitro-AMK. J Pineal Res 2005; 39:251-260.
44. CIRAK B, ROUSAN N, KOCAK A et al. Melatonin as a free radical scavenger in experimental head trauma. Pediatr Neurosurg 1999; 31:298-301.
45. PAGNI CA, ZENGA F. Posttraumatic epilepsy with special emphasis on prophylaxis and prevention. Acta Neurochir Suppl 2005; 93:27-34.
46. PAGNI CA. Posttraumatic epilepsy. Incidence and prophylaxis. Acta Neurochirg Suppl 1990; 50:38-47.
47. MAKAROV A, KISELEV VN, LOBODA EB. Cerebrospinal fluid melatonin in diseases of the nervous system. Zh Neuropatol Psikhiatr 1977; 77:1814-1816.
48. REITER RJ. Oxidative damage in the central nervous system: protection by melatonin. Prog Neurobiol 1998; 3:359-384.
49. SKINNER DC, MALPAUX B. High melatonin concentrations in third ventricular cerebrospinal fluid are not due to Galen vein blood recirculating through the choroids plexus. Endocrinology 1999; 140:4399-4405.
50. MILLER CH, QUATTROCCHI KB, FRANK EH et al. Humoral and cellular immunity following severe head injury: review and current investigations. Neurol Res 1991; 13:117-124.
51. WILSON NW,GOODING A, PETERSON B, BASTIAN JF. Anergy in pediatric head trauma patients.Am J Child 1991; 154:326-329.
52. STEPHAN RN, KUPPER TS, GEHA AS et al. Hemorrhage without tissue trauma produces immunosuppression and enhances susceptibility to sepsis. Arch Surg 1987; 122:62-68.
53. BODDIE DE, CURRIE DG, EREMIN O, HEYS SD. Immune suppression and isolate severe head injury: a significant clinical problem. Br J Neurosurg 2003; 17:405-417.
54. MALDONADO MD, GONZALEZ MF, SANCHEZ B, NUÑEZ-ROLDAN A. Adhesion molecules increase in the lymphocytes of critical patients. Immunology 1990; 9:40.
55. MALDONADO MD, VENTUROLI A, FRANCO A, NÚÑEZ-ROLDAN A. Specific changes in peripheral blood lymphocyte phenotype from burn patients. Probable origin of the thermal-injury-related lymphocytopenia. Burns 1991; 3:188-192.
56. GUERRERO JM, REITER RJ. Melatonin-immune system relationships. Curr Top Med Chem 2002; 2:167-179.
57. CARRILLO-VICO A, GARCIA-PERGAÑEDA A, NAJI L et al. Expresión of membrane and nuclear melatonin receptor mRNA and protein in the mouse immune system. Cell Mol Life Sci 2003; 60:2272-2278.
58. LIU F, NG TB, FUNG MC. Pineal indoles stimulate the gene expression of immunomodulating cytokines. J Neural Transm 2001; 108:397-405.
59. MATTHIAS W, WICHMANN MD, RENÉ MD et al. Melatonin administration attenuates depressed immune functions after trauma-hemorrhage. J Surg Res 1996; 63:256-262.
60. GARCIA-MAURINO S, GONZALEZ-HABA MG, CALVO JR et al. Melatonin enhances IL-2, IL-6 and IFN-gamma production by human circulating CD4+ cells: a possible nuclear receptor-mediated mechanism involving T helper type 1 lymphocytes and monocytes. J Immunol 1997; 159:574-581.
61. GARCIA-MAURINO S, POZO D, CALVO JR et al. Correlation between nuclear melatonin receptor expresión and enhanced cytokine production in human lymphocyte and monocyte cell lines. J Pineal Res 2000; 29:129-137.
62. GITTO E, REITER RJ, CORDARO SP et al. Oxidative and inflammatory parameters in respiratory distress síndrome of preterm newborns: beneficial effects of melatonin. Am J Perinatol 2004; 21:209-216.
63. GITTO E, REITER RJ, AMODIO A et al. Early indicators of chronic lung disease in preterm infants with respiratory distress syndrome and their inhibition by melatonin. J Pineal Res 2004; 36:250-255.
64. GITTO E, ROMERO C, REITER RJ et al. Melatonin reduces oxidative stress in surgical neonates. J Pediatr Surg 2004; 39:184-189.
65. GITTO E, REITER RJ, SABATINO G et al. Correlation among cytokines, bronchopulmonary dysplasia and modality of ventilation in preterm newborns: improvement with melatonin treatment. J Pineal Res 2005; 39:287-293.
66. CARRILLO-VICO A, LARDONE PJ, FERNÁNDEZ-SANTOS JM et al. Human lymphocyte-synthesized melatonin is involved in the regulation of the interleukin 2/interleukin 2 receptor system. J. Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005; 90:992-1000.
67. POZO D, GARCIA-MURINO S, GUERRERO JM et al. mRNA expresión of nuclear receptors RZR/ROR alpha, melatonin membrane receptor MT1 and hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase in different populations of human immune cells. J Pineal Res 2004; 37:48-54.
68. EKMEKCIOGLU C. Melatonin receptor in humans: biological role and clinical relevance. Biomed Pharmacother 2006; 60:97-108.
69. CARRILLO-VICO A, CALVO JR, ABREU P, LARDONE PJ. Evidence of melatonin synthesis by human lymphocytes and its physiological significance: possible role as intracrine, autocrine, and/or paracrine substance. FASEB J 2004; 18:537-539.
70. NAGTEGAAL JE, KERKHOF GA, SMITS MG et al. Traumatic brain injury-associated delayed sleep phase syndrome. Funct Neurol 1997; 12:345-348.
71. MOSKALA M, KRUPA M, GOSCINSKI I, TRACZEWSKI W. Circadian rhythms of melatonin of patients with severe traumatic brain injury. Neurol Neurochir Pol 2004; 38:401-404.
72. REITER RJ, GULTEKIN F, MANCHESTER LC, DUN X. Light pollution, melatonin suppression and cancer growth. J Pineal Res 2006; 40:357-358.
73. MAHMOUD F, SARHILL N, MAZURCZAK MA. The therapeutic application of melatonin in supportive care and palliative medicine. Am J Hosp Palliat Care 2005; 22:295-309.
74. KEMP S, BISWAS R, NEUMANN V, COUGHLAN A. The value of melatonin for sleep disorders occurring post-head injury: a pilot RCT. Brain Inj 2004; 18:911-919.
75. MESENGE C, MARGAILL I, VERRECCHIA C et al. Protective effect of melatonin in a model of traumatic brain injury in mice. J Pineal Res 1998; 25:41-46.
76. TUTUNCULER F, ESKIOCAK S, BASARAN UN et al. The protective role of melatonin in experimental hypoxic brain damage. Pediatr Int 2005; 47:434-439.
77. LEE SH, CHUN W, KONG PJ et al. Sustained activation of Akt by melatonin contributes to the protection against kainic acidinduced neuronal death in hippocampus. J Pineal Res 2006; 40:79-85.
78. LIPARTITI M, FRANCESCHINI D, ZANONI R et al. Neuroprotective effects of melatonin. Adv Exp Med Biol 1996; 398:315-21.
79. MAHMOUD T, SCOTT DC, BJARNASON I. A unifying hypothesis for the mechanism of NSAID related gastrointestinal toxicity. Ann Rheum Dis 1996; 55:211-213.
80. INAUEN W, WYSS PA, KAYSER S et al. Influence of prostaglandins, omeprazole and indomethacin on healing experimental gastric ulcers in the rat. Gastroenterology 1998; 95:636-641.
81. OTHMAN A, EL-MISSIRY MA, AMER MA. The protective action of melatonin on indomethacin-induced gastric and testicular oxidative stress in rats. Redox Rept 2001; 6:173-177.
82. SENER-MURATOGLU G, PASKOLOGLU K, ARBAK S et al. Protective effect of famotidine, omeprazole, and melatonin against acetylsalicylic acid induced gastric damage in rats. Dig Dis Sci 2001; 46:318-330.
83. BRZOZOWSKA I, KONTUREK PC, BRZOZOWSKI T et al. Role of prostaglandins, nitric oxide, sensory nerves and gastrin in acceleration of ulcer healing by melatonin and its precursor, L-tryptophan. J Pineal Res 2002; 32:149-162.
84. CAILY SR, KOCAK A, YILMAZ U et al. Effects of combined treatment with melatonin and methylprednisolone on neurological recovery after experimental spinal cord injury. Eur Spine J 2004; 13:724-732.
85. KAPTANOGLU E, TUNCEL M, PALAOGLU S et al. Comparison of the effects of melatonin and methylprednisolone in experimental spinal cord injury. J Neurosurg 2000; 93:77-84.
86. HALDAR C, RAI S, SINGH R. Melatonin blocks dexamethasone-induced immunosuppression in a seasonally breeding rodent Indian palm squirrel. Steroids 2004; 69:367-377.
87. ALDERSON P, ROBERTS I. Corticosteroids for acute traumatic brain injury. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000 2005; 2:CD000196.
88. RODRIGUEZ AB, TERRON MP, DURAN J. Physiological concentrations of melatonin and corticosterone affect phagocytosis and oxidative metabolism of ring dove heterophils. J Pineal Res 2001; 31:31-38.
89. ANWAR MM, MAHFOUZ HA, SAYED AS. Potential protective effects of melatonin on bone marrow of rats exposed to cytotoxic drugs. Comp Biochem Physiol 1998; 2:493-501.
90. ESTRUCH R, PEDROL E, CASTELLS A et al. Prophylaxis of gastrointestinal tract bleeding with magaldrate in patients admitted to a general hospital ward. Scand J Gastroenterol 1991; 26:819-826.
91. Goodman and Gilman's. The Pharmacology Basis of Therapeutics. Mc Graw Hill, online edition, Philadelphia, 2006.
92. WIGHTKIN WT. Stress ulcer: pathophysiology and prevention. Am J Hosp Pharm 1980; 37:1651-1655.
93. SPERANZA V, BASSO N. Progress in the treatment of acute gastroduodenal mucosal lesions (AGML). World J Surg 1997; 1:35-44.
94. BANDYOPADHYAY D, BISWAS K, BANDYOPADHYAY U et al. Melatonin protects against stress-induced gastric lesions by scavenging hydroxyl radicals. J Pineal Res 2000; 29:143-151.
95. BANDYOPADHYAY D, BISWAS K, BANDYOPADHYAY U et al. Gastric toxicity and mucosal ulceration induced by oxygen derived reactive species: protection by melatonin. Curr Mol Med 2001; 1:501-503.
96. BANDYOPADHYAY D, BANDYOPADHYAY A, DAS PK et al. Melatonin protects against gastric ulcerations and increases the efficacy of ranitidine and omeprazol in reducing gastric damage. J Pineal Res 2002; 33:1-7.
97. POST A, HOLSBOER F, BEHL C. Induction of NF- jB activity during haloperidol-induced oxidative toxicity in clonal hippocampal cells: suppression of NF- jB and neuroprotection by antioxidants. J Neurosci 1998; 18:727-736.
98. ANDREASSEN OA, FERRANTE RJ, AAMO TO et al. Oral dyskinesias and histopathological alterations in substantia nigra after long-term haloperidol treatment of old rats. Neuroscience 2003; 122:717-725.
99. SHAMIR E, BARAK Y, SHALMAN I et al. Melatonin treatment in tardive dyskinesia: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Arch Gen Psychiatr 2001; 58:1049-1052.
100. TURGUT M, UYANIKGIL Y, ATS U et al. Pinealectomy stimulates and exogenous melatonin inhibits harmful effects of epileptiform activity during pregnancy in the hippocampus of newborn rats: an immunohistochemical study. Childs Nerv Syst 2006; 22:481-488.
101. YAHYAVI-FIROUZ-ABADI N, TAHSILI-FAHADAN P, RIAZI K et al. Involvement of nitric oxide pathway in the acute anticonvulsant effect of melatonin in mice. Epilepsy Res 2006; 68:103-113.
102. MOLINA-CARBALLO A, MUÑOZ-HOYOS A, REITER RJ et al. Utility of high doses of melatonin as adjunctive anticonvulsant therapy in a child with severe myoclonic epilepsy: two years' experience. J Pineal Res 1997; 23:97-105.
103. CARDONA D. Pharmacological therapy of cancer anorexiacachexia. Nutr Hosp 2006; 3:17-26.
104. DE SIMONE R, MARANO E, RANIERI A, BONAVITA V. Hypnic headache: an update. Neurol Sci 2006; 2:144-148.
105. PANG CS, TSANG SF, YANG JC. Effects of melatonin, morphine and diazepam on formalin induced nociception in mice. Life Sci 2001; 68:943-951.
106. ZHAO J, LIU XJ. Antioxidative and immunomodulatory role of melatonin, sodium selenite, N-acetyl-L-cysteine and quercetin on human umbilical blood. Pharmazie 2005; 60:683-688.
107. CAJOCHEN C, KRAUCHI K, WIRZ-JUSTICE A. Role of melatonin in the regulation of human circadian rhythms and sleep. J Neuroendocrinol 2003; 15:432-437.
108. JAFFE SE, PATTERSON DR. Treating sleep problems in patients with burn injuries: practical considerations. J Burn Care Rehabil 2004; 25:249-305.
109. LEWY AJ, EMENS JS, LEFLER BJ et al. Melatonin entrains free-running blind people according to a physiological dose-response curve. Chronobiol Int 2005; 22:1093-1096.
110. AYDIN MV, CANER H, OZEN O et al. Effect of melatonin on cerebral vasospasm following experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurol Res 2005; 27:77-82.
111. MAESTRONI GJ. Melatonin as a therapeutic agent in experimental endotoxic shock. J Pineal Res 1996; 20:84-90.
112. SIU AW, MALDONADO MD, SÁNCHEZ-HIDALGO M et al. Protective effects of melatonin in experimental free radical-related ocular diseases. J Pineal Res 2006; 40:101-109.