Noise-enhanced detection of subthreshold signals with carbon nanotubes

IEEE Transactions on Nanotechnology

Volumn 5, Issue 6, 2006, Pages 613-627

  Lee, Ian ^b   Liu, Xiaolei ^b   Zhou, Chongwu ^b   Kosko, Bart ^a,b  

^a IEEE   (United States)

^b University of Southern California ^*  (United States)

Author keywords

Antenna arrays; Carbon nanotube field effect transistors (FETs); Communication systems; Correlation; Detectors; Infinite variance noise; Kolmogorov Smirnov statistics; Nanotechnology; Noise processing; Signal processing

Indexed keywords

FINITE VARIANCE; KOLMOGOROV-SMIRNOV STATISTICS; NOISE PROCESSING; RANDOM OUTPUT CURRENT; SHANNON'S MUTUAL INFORMATION; STOCHASTIC RESONANCE (SR); SUBTHRESHOLD SIGNALS;

COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS; ELECTRIC POTENTIAL; ELECTRIC SIGNAL SYSTEMS; GATES (TRANSISTOR); NANOTECHNOLOGY; SIGNAL PROCESSING; SPURIOUS SIGNAL NOISE; STOCHASTIC CONTROL SYSTEMS;

CARBON NANOTUBES;

EID: 33751546177     PISSN: 1536125X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1109/TNANO.2006.883476     Document Type: Article

References (135)

1. B. Kosko and S. Mitaim, "Stochastic resonance in noisy threshold neurons," Neural Netw., vol. 16, pp. 755-761, 2003.
2. _, "Adaptive stochastic resonance for noisy threshold neurons based on mutual information," in IEEE Proc. Int. Joint Conf. Neural Networks (IJCNN'02), vol. 2, pp. 1980-1985.
3. M. E. Inchiosa, J. W. C. Robinson, and A. R. Bulsara, "Information-theoretic stochastic resonance in noise-floor limited systems: The case for adding noise," Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 85, pp. 3369-3372, 2000.
4. L. Gammaitoni and A. R. Bulsara, "Noise activated nonlinear dynamic sensors," Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 88, pp. 230601-1-230601-4, 2002.
5. A. R. Bulsara and L. Gammaitoni, "Tuning in to noise," Phys. Today, pp. 39-45, Mar. 1996.
6. Z. Gingl, L. Kiss, and F. Moss, "Non-dynamical stochastic resonance: Theory and experiments with white and arbitrarily coloured noises," Europhys. Lett., vol. 29, pp. 191-196, 1995.
7. K. Wiesenfeld and F. Moss, "Stochastic resonance and the benefits of noise: From ice ages to crayfish and SQUID's," Nature, vol. 373, pp. 33-36, Jan. 1995.
8. F. Moss, D. Pierson, and D. O'Gorman, "Stochasticresonance: Tutorial and update," Int. J. Bifurc. Chaos, vol. 6, pp. 1383-1397, 1994.
9. B. Kosko and S. Mitaim, "Robust stochastic resonance: Signal detection and adaptation in impulsive noise," Phys. Rev. E, vol. 64, pp. 051 110-1-051 110-11, Nov. 2001.
10. X. Pei, L. Wilkens, and F. Moss, "Noise-mediated spike timing precision from aperiodic stimuli in an array of Hodgkin-Huxley type neurons," Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 77, no. 22, pp. 4679-4682, Nov. 1996.
11. X. Pei, K. Bachmann, and F. Moss, "The detection threshold, noise and stochastic resonance in the Fitzhugh-Nagumo neuron model," Phys. Lett. A, vol. 206, pp. 61-65, Oct. 1995.
12. S. J. Tans, R. M. Verschueren, and C. Dekker, "Room temperature transistor based on a single carbon nanotube," Nature, vol. 393, pp. 49-52, 1998.
13. C. Zhou, J. Kong, and H. Dai, "Transport measurements of individual semiconducting singled-walled carbon nanotubes of various diameters," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 76, p. 1597, 2000.
14. R. Martel, T. Schmidt, H. R. Shea, T. Hertel, and P. Avouris, "Single and multi-wall carbon nanotube field-effect transistors," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 73, pp. 2447-2449, 1998.
15. C. L. Cheung, A. Kurtz, H. Park, and C. M. Lieber, "Diameter controlled synthesis of carbon nanotubes," J. Phys. Chem. B, vol. 106, pp. 2429-2429, 2002.
16. J. L. Liu et al., "Fullerene pipes," Science, vol. 280, pp. 1253-1256, 1998.
17. R. Saito, M. Fujita, G. Dresselhaus, and M. S. Dresselhaus, "Electronic structure of chiral graphene tubules," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 60, pp. 2204-2206, 1992.
18. W. Kim et al., "Hysteresis caused by water molecules in carbon nanotube field-effect transistors," Nano Lett., vol. 3, pp. 193-198, 2003.
19. N. G. Stocks, "Information transmission in parallel threshold arrays: Suprathreshold stochastic resonance," Phys. Rev. E, vol. 63, pp. 041114-041 122, 2001.
20. J. J. Collins, C. C. Chow, A. C. Capela, and T. T. Imhoff, "Aperiodic stochastic resonance," Phys. Rev. E, vol. 54, pp. 5575-5584, 1996.
21. J. J. Collins, C. C. Chow, and T. T. Imhoff, "Aperiodic stochastic resonance in excitable systems," Phys. Rev. E, vol. 52, no. 4, pp. R3321-R3324, Oct. 1995.
22. T. M. Cover and J.A. Thomas, Elements of Information Theory. New York: Wiley, 1991.
23. R. O. Duda and P. E. Hart, Pattern Classification and Scene. Analysis. New York: Wiley, 1973.
24. S. Huang, X. Cai, and J. Liu, "Growth of millimeter-long and horizontally aligned single-walled carbon nanotubes on flat substrates," J. Amer. Chem. Soc., vol. 125, no. 19, pp. 5636-5637, 2003.
25. T. W. Ebbesen and P. M. Ajayan, "Large-scale synthesis of carbon nanotubes," Nature, vol. 358, p. 220, 1992.
26. J. Kong, H. Soh, A. Cassell, C. F. Quate, and H. Dai, "Synthesis of individual single-walled carbon nanotubes on patterned silicon wafers," Nature, vol. 395, pp. 878-881, 1998.
27. J. Hafner, M. Bronikowski, B. Azamian, P. Nikolaev, D. Colbert, and R. Smalley, "Catalytic growth of single wall carbon nanotubes from metal particles," Chem. Phys. Lett., vol. 296, pp. 195-202, 1998.
28. J. W. G. Wildoer, L. C. Venema, A. G. Rinzler, R. E. Smalley, and C. Dekker, "Electronic structure of atomically resolved carbon nanotubes," Nature, vol. 391, pp. 59-62, 1998.
29. R. D. Antonov and A. T. Johnson, "Subband population in a single-wall carbon nanotube diode," Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 83, pp. 3274-3276, 1999.
30. Z. Yao, H. W. C. Postma, L. Balents, and C. Dekker, "Carbon nanotube intramolecular junctions," Nature, vol. 402, pp. 273-276, 1999.
31. X. Duan, C. Niu, V. Sahi, J. Chen, J. W. Parce, S. Empedocles, and J. L. Goldman, "High-performance thin-film transistors using semiconductor nanowires and nanoribbons," Nature, vol. 425, no. 6955, pp. 274-278, Sep. 2003.
32. J. Goldberger, R. He, Y. Zhang, S. Lee, H. Yan, H.-J. Choi, and P. Yang, "Single-crystal gallium nitride nanotubes," Nature, vol. 422, pp. 599-602, Apr. 2003.
33. M. Radosavljevi, J. Appenzeller, V. Derycke, R. Martel, P. Avouris, A. Loiseau, J.-L. Cochon, and D. Pigache, "Electrical properties and transport in boron nitride nanotubes," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 82, pp. 4131-4133, Jun. 2003.
34. X. Duan, Y. Huang, Y. Cui, J. Wang, and C. M. Lieber, "Indium phosphide nanowires as building blocks for nanoscale electronic and optoelectronic devices," Nature, vol. 409, pp. 66-69, Jan. 2001.
35. L. Rotkina, J.-F. Lin, and J. P. Bird, "Nonlinear current-voltage characteristics of Pt nanowires and nanowire transistors fabricated by electron-beam deposition," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 83, pp. 4426-4428, Nov. 2003.
36. 3 nanowires by organic and biomolecules," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 83, pp. 4014-4016, Nov. 2003.
37. D. Wang, Q. Wang, A. Javey, R. Tu, H. Dai, H. Kim, P. C. McIntyre, T. Krishnamohan, and K. C. Saraswat, "Germanium nanowire field-effect transistors with SiO2 and high- HfO2 gate dielectrics," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 83, pp. 2432-2434, Sep. 2003.
38. J.-R. Kim, H. M. So, J. W. Park, J.-J. Kim, J. Kim, C. J. Lee, and S. C. Lyu, "Electrical transport properties of individual gallium nitride nanowires synthesized by chemical-vapor-deposition," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 80, pp. 3548-3550, May 2002.
39. N. J. Pinto, A. T. Johnson, Jr, A. G. MacDiarmid, C. H. Mueller, N. Theofylaktos, D. C. Robinson, and F. A. Miranda, "Electrospun polyaniline/polyethylene oxide nanofiber field-effect transistor," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 83, pp. 4244-4246, Nov. 2003.
40. 3 nanofibers," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 76, pp. 1875-1877, Apr. 2000.
41. C. Thelander, T. Mårtensson, M. T. Björk, B. J. Ohlsson, M. W. Larsson, L. R. Wallenberg, and L. Samuelson, "Single-electron transistors in heterostructure nanowires," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 83, pp. 2052-2054, Sep. 2003.
42. H. Namatsu, Y. Watanabe, K. Yamazaki, T. Yamaguchi, M. Nagase, Y. Ono, A. Fujiwara, and S. Horiguchi, "Fabrication of Si single-electron transistors with precise dimensions by electron-beam nanolithography," J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B, Microelectron. Nanometer Struct., vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 1-5, Jan. 2003.
43. R. Benzi, G. Parisi, A. Sutera, and A. Vulpiani, "Stochastic resonance in climatic change," Tellus, vol. 34, pp. 10-16, 1982.
44. _, "A theory of stochastic resonance in climatic change," SIAM J. Appl. Math., vol. 43, no. 3, pp. 565-578, Jun. 1983.
45. R. Benzi, A. Sutera, and A. Vulpiani, "The mechanism of stochastic resonance," J. Phys. A, Math. Gen., vol. 14, pp. L453-L457, 1981.
46. E. Pantazelou, C. Dames, F. Moss, J. Douglass, and L. Wilkens, "Temperature dependence and the role of internal noise in signal transduction efficiency of crayfish mechanoreceptors," Int. J. Bifurc. Chaos, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 101-108, 1995.
47. X. Pei, L. Wilkens, and F. Moss, "Light enhances hydrodynamic signaling in the multimodal caudal photoreceptor interneurons of the crayfish," J. Neurophysiol., vol. 76, no. 5, pp. 3002-3011, Nov. 1996.
48. J. K. Douglass, L. Wilkens, E. Pantazelou, and F. Moss, "Noise enhancement of information transfer in crayfish mechanoreceptors by stochastic resonance," Nature, vol. 365, pp. 337-340, 1993.
49. J. E. Levin and J. P. Miller, "Broadband neural encoding in the cricket cereal sensory system enhanced by stochastic resonance," Nature, vol. 380, pp. 165-168, 1996.
50. J. P. Miller, G. A. Jacobs, and F. E. Theunissen, "Representation of sensory information in the cricket cercal sensory system. I. Response properties of the primary interneurons," J. Neurophysiol, vol. 66, no. 5, pp. 1680-1689, Nov. 1991.
51. _, "Representation of sensory information in the cricket cereal sensory system. II. Information theoretic calculation of system accuracy and optimal tuning-curve widths of four primary interneurons," J. Neurophysiol, vol. 66, no. 5, pp. 1690-1703, Nov. 1991.
52. H. A. Braun, H. Wissing, K. Schäfer, and M. C. Hirsch, "Oscillation and noise determine signal transduction in shark multimodal sensory cells," Nature, vol. 367, pp. 270-273, Jan. 1994.
53. D. F. Russel, L. A. Wilkens, and F. Moss, "Use of behavioural stochastic resonance by paddleflsh for feeding," Nature, vol. 402, pp. 291-294, 1999.
54. B. J. Gluckman, T. I. Netoff, E. J. Neel, W. L. Ditto, M. L. Spano, and S. J. Schiff, "Stochastic resonance in a neuronal network from mammalian brain," Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 77, no. 19, pp. 4098-4101, Nov. 1996.
55. J. J. Collins, T. T. Imhoff, and P. Grigg, "Noise-enhanced information transmission in rat SA1 cutaneous mechanoreceptors via aperiodic stochastic resonance," J. Neurophysiol., vol. 76, pp. 642-645, 1996.
56. B. McNamara, K. Wiesenfeld, and R. Roy, "Observation of stochastic resonance in a ring laser," Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 60, pp. 2626-2629, 1988.
57. G. Vemuri and R. Roy, "Stochastic resonance in a bistable ring laser," Phys. Rev. A, vol. 39, no. 9, pp. 4668-4674, May 1989.
58. V. S. Anishchenko, M. A. Safonova, and L. O. Chua, "Stochastic resonance in Chua's circuit," Int. J. Bifurc. Chaos, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 397-401, 1992.
59. _, "Stochastic resonance in Chua's circuit driven by amplitude or frequency modulated signals," Int. J. Bifurc. Chaos, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 441-446, 1994.
60. X. Godivier and F. Chapeau-Blondeau, "Noise-assisted signal transmission in a nonlinear electronic comparator: Experiment and theory," Signal Process., vol. 56, pp. 293-303, 1997.
61. M. Löcher, G. A. Johnson, and E. R. Hunt, "Spatiotemporal stochastic resonance in a system of coupled diode resonators," Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 77, no. 23, pp. 4698-4701, Dec. 1996.
62. R. N. Mantegna and B. Spagnolo, "Stochastic resonance in a tunnel diode," Phys. Rev. E, vol. 49, no. 3, pp. R1792-R1795, Mar. 1994.
63. _, "Stochastic resonance in a tunnel diode in the presence of white or colored noise," Il Nuovo Cimento, Luglio-Agosto, vol. 17 D, no. 7-8, pp. 873-881, 1995.
64. V. I. Melnikov, "Schmitt trigger: A solvable model of stochastic resonance," Phys. Rev. E, vol. 48, no. 4, pp. 2481-2489, Oct. 1993.
65. Z. N'eda, "Stochastic resonance in Ising systems," Phys. Rev. E, vol. 51, no. 6, pp. 5315-5317, Jun. 1995.
66. S. W. Sides, R. A. Ramos, P. A. Rikvol, and M. A. Novotny, "Kinetic Ising system in an oscillating external field: Stochastic resonance and residence-time distributions," J. Appl. Phys., vol. 81, no. 8, pp. 5597-5599, Apr. 1997.
67. J. J. Brey and A. Prados, "Stochastic resonance in a one dimension Ising model," Phys. Lett. A, vol. 216, pp. 240-246, Jun. 1996.
68. L. Gammaitoni, M. Martinelli, L. Pardi, and S. Santucci, "Observation of stochastic resonance in bistable electro-paramagnetic- resonance systems," Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 67, no. 13, pp. 1799-1802, Sep. 1991.
69. A. N. Grigorenko and P. I. Nikitin, "Stochastic resonance in a bistable magnetic system," IEEE Trans. Magn., vol. 31, no. 5, pp. 2491-2493, Sep. 1995.
70. M. L. Spano, M. Wun-Fogle, and W. L. Ditto, "Experimental observation of stochastic resonance in a magnetoelastic ribbon," Phys. Rev. A, vol. 46, no. 8, pp. 5253-5256, Oct. 1992.
71. R. Rouse, S. Han, and J. E. Lukens, "Flux amplification using stochastic superconducting quantum interference devices," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 66, no. 1, pp. 108-110, Jan. 1995.
72. A. Hibbs, E. W. Jacobs, J. Bekkedahl, A. R. Bulsara, and F. Moss, "Signal enhancement in a r.f. SQUID using stochastic resonance," Il Nuovo Cimento, Luglio-Agosto, vol. 17 D, no. s. 7-8, pp. 811-817, 1995.
73. A. D. Hibbs, A. L. Singsaas, E. W. Jacobs, A. R. Bulsara, J. J. Bekkedahl, and F. Moss, "Stochastic resonance in a superconducting loop with Josephson junction," J. Appl. Phys., vol. 77, no. 6, pp. 2582-2590, Mar. 1995.
74. P. Bryant, K. Wiesenfeld, and B. McNamara, "The nonlinear effects of noise on parametric amplification: An analysis of noise rise in Josephson junctions and other systems," J. Appl. Phys., vol. 62, pp. 2898-2913, 1987.
75. R. Bartussek, P. Hänggi, and P. Jung, "Stochastic resonance in optical bistable systems," Phys. Rev. E, vol. 49, no. 5, pp. 3930-3939, May 1994.
76. M. I. Dykman, G. P. Golubev, I. K. Kaufman, D. G. Luchinsky, P. V. E. McClintock, and E. A. Zhukov, "Noise-enhanced optical heterodyning in an all-optical bistable system," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 67, no. 3, pp. 308-310, Jul. 1995.
77. M. I. Dykman, T. Horita, and J. Ross, "Statistical distribution and stochastic resonance in a periodically driven chemical system," J. Chem. Phys., vol. 103, no. 3, pp. 966-972, Jul. 1995.
78. H. A. Kramers, "Brownian motion in a field of force and the diffusion model of chemical reactions," Physica, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 284-304, Apr. 1940.
79. D. S. Leonard and L. E. Reichl, "Stochastic resonance in a chemical reaction," Phys. Rev. E, vol. 49, no. 2, pp. 1734-1737, Feb. 1994.
80. A. Förster, M. Merget, and F. W. Schneider, "Stochastic resonance in chemistry 2: The peroxidase-oxidase reaction," J. Phys. Chem., vol. 100, pp. 4442-4447, 1996.
81. A. Guderian, G. Dechert, K.-P. Zeyer, and F. W. Schneider, "Stochastic resonance in chemistry. 1. The Belousov-Zhabitinsku reaction," J. Phys. Chem., vol. 100, pp. 4437-4441, 1996.
82. R. Löfstedt and S. N. Coppersmith, "Quantum stochastic resonance," Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 72, no. 13, pp. 1947-1950, Mar. 1994.
83. D. E. Makarov and N. Makri, "Stochastic resonance and nonlinear response in double-quantum-well structures," Phys. Rev. B, vol. 52, no. 4, pp. R2257-R2260, Jul. 1995.
84. T. P. Pareek, M. C. Mahato, A. M. M. Thorwart, and P. Jung, "Dynamical hysteresis in bistable quantum systems," Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 78, no. 13, pp. 2503-2506, Mar. 1997.
85. Jayannavar, "Stochastic resonance and nonlinear response in a dissipative quantum two-state system," Phys. Rev. B, vol. 55, no. 15, pp. 9318-9321, Apr. 1997.
86. M. Grifoni and P. Hänggi, "Nonlinear quantum stochastic resonance," Phys. Rev. E, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 1390-1401, Aug. 1996.
87. M. I. Dykman and P. V. E. McClintock, "Power spectra of noise driven nonlinear systems and stochastic resonance," Physica D, vol. 58, no. 10, pp. 10-30, 1992.
88. A. R. Bulsara, R. D. Boss, and E. W. Jacobs, "Noise effects in an electronic model of a single neuron," Biol. Cybern., vol. 61, pp. 211-222, 1989.
89. M. I. Dykman, D. G. Luchinsky, R. Mannella, P. V. E. McClintock, S. M. Soskin, and N. D. Stein, "Resonant subharmonic absorption and second-harmonic generation by a fluctuating nonlinear oscillator," Phys. Rev. E, vol. 54, no. 3, pp. 2366-2377, Sep. 1996.
90. M. I. Dykman, D. G. Luchinsky, R. Mannella, P. V. E. McClintock, N. D. Stein, and N. G. Stocks, "Nonconventional stochastic resonance," J. Stat. Phys., vol. 70, no. 1/2, pp. 479-499, Jan. 1993.
91. _, "Supernarrow spectral peaks and high-frequency stochastic resonance in systems with coexisting periodic attractors," Phys. Rev. E, vol. 49, no. 2, pp. 1198-1215, Feb. 1994.
92. S. M. Soskin and P. V. E. McClintock, "Comment on 'Monostable array-enhanced stochastic resonance'," Phys. Rev. E, vol. 66, pp. 013 101-1-013 101-3, 2002.
93. J. F. Lindner, B. J. Breen, M. E. Wills, A. R. Bulsara, and W. L. Ditto, "Monostable array-enhanced stochastic resonance," Phys. Rev. E, vol. 63, pp. 051 107-1-051 107-6, 2001.
94. S. Matyjaskiewicz, A. Krawiecki, J. A. Holyst, K. Kacperski, and W. Ebeling, "Stochastic multiresonance in a chaotic map with fractal basins of attraction," Phys. Rev. E, vol. 63, pp. 026 215-1-026 215-10, 2001.
95. J. M. G. Vilar and J. M. Rubf, "Stochastic multiresonance," Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 78, pp. 2882-2885, 1997.
96. A. R. Bulsara, E. W. Jacobs, T. Zhou, F. Moss, and L. Kiss, "Stochastic resonance in a single neuron model: Theory and analog simulation," J. Theor. Biol., vol. 152, pp. 531-555, 1991.
97. A. Longtin, "Autonomous stochastic resonance in bursting neurons," Phys. Rev. E, vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 868-876, Jan. 1997.
98. R. Plonsey and R. C. Barr, Bioelecricity: A Quantitative Approach. New York: Plenum, 1988.
99. A. Longtin, "Synchronization of the stochastic FitzHugh-Nagumo equations to periodic forcing," IL Nuovo Cimento, Luglio- Agosto, vol. 17D, no. 7-8, pp. 835-846, 1995.
100. F. Moss, J. K. Douglass, L. Wilkens, D. Pierson, and E. Pantazelou, "Stochastic resonance in an electronic FitzHugh-Nagumo model," in Stochastic Processes in Astrophysics, J. R. Buchler and H. E. Krup, Eds. New York: Ann. NY Acad. Sci., 1993, vol. 706, pp. 26-41.
101. D. Pierson, J. K. Douglass, E. Pantazelou, and F. Moss, P. H. Hanel and A. L. Chung, Eds., "Using an electronic FitzHugh-Nagumo simulator to mimic noisy electrophysiological data from stimulated crayfish mechanoreceptor cells," in AIP Conf. Proc. 285 Noise in Physical Systems and 1/f Fluctuations, 1993, pp. 731-734.
102. A. R. Bulsara, T. C. Elston, C. R. Doering, S. B. Lowen, and K. Lindenberg, "Cooperative behavior in periodically driven noisy integrate-fire models of neuronal dynamics," Phys. Rev. E, vol. 53, no. 4, pp. 3958-3969, Apr. 1996.
103. F. Chapeau-Blondeau and X. Godivier, "Stochastic resonance in nonlinear transmission of spike signals: An exact model and an application to the neuron," Int. J. Bifurc. Chaos, vol. 6, no. 11, pp. 2069-2076, 1996.
104. H. E. Plesser and S. Tanaka, "Stochastic resonance in a model neuron with reset," Phys. Lett. A, vol. 225, pp. 228-234, Feb. 1997.
105. M. Stemmler, "A single spike suffices: The simplest form of stochastic resonance in model neurons," Netw. Comput. Neural Syst., vol. 7, pp. 687-716, 1996.
106. A. R. Bulsara and A. Zador, "Threshold detection of wideband signals: A noise-induced maximum in the mutual information," Phys. Rev. E, vol. 54, pp. R2185-R2185, 1996.
107. L. Gammaitoni, "Stochastic resonance in multi-threshold systems," Phys. Lett. A, vol. 208, pp. 315-322, Dec. 1995.
108. X. Godivier and F. Chapeau-Blondeau, "Stochastic resonance in the information capacity of a nonlinear dynamic system," Int. J. Bifurc. Chaos, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 581-589, 1998.
109. A. V. Oppenheim, R. W. Schafer, and J. R. Buck, Discrete-Time Signal Processing, 2nd ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1999.
110. V. K. Ingle, D. G. Manolakis, and S. Kogon, Statistical and Adaptive Signal Processing: Spectral Estimation, Signal Modeling, Adaptive Filtering and Array Processing. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1999.
111. M. S. Fuhrer, B. M. Kim, T. Durkop, and T. Bringlinger, "High-mobility nanotube transistor memory," Nano Lett., vol. 2, pp. 755-759, 2002.
112. M. Radosavljevic, M. Freitag, K. V. Thadani, and A. T. Johnson, "Non-volatile molecular memory elements based on ambipolar nanotube field effect transistors," Nano Lett., vol. 2, pp. 761-764, 2002.
113. K. G. Ong, K. Zeng, and C. A. Grimes, "A wireless, passive carbon nanotube-based gas sensor," IEEE Sensors J., vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 82-88, Apr. 2002.
114. P. G. Collins, K. Bradley, M. Ishigami, and A. Zettl, "Extreme oxygen sensitivity of electronic properties of carbon nanotubes," Science, vol. 287, pp. 1801-1804, 2000.
115. J. Kong et al., "Nanotube molecular wires as chemical sensors," Science, vol. 287, pp. 622-625, 2000.
116. M. Misono, T. Kohmoto, M. Kunitomo, and Y. Fukuda, "Information gain in an optical bistable system by stochastic resonance," Phys. Rev. E, vol. 67, pp. 061 102-061 105, Jun. 2003.
117. T. Dürkop, S. A. Getty, E. Cobas, and M. S. Fuhrer, "Extraordinary mobility in semiconducting carbon nanotubes," Nano Lett., vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 35-39, 2004.
118. D. Harris and M. A. Horowitz, "Skew-tolerant domino circuits," IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol. 32, no. 11, pp. 1702-1711, Nov. 1997.
119. Y.-C. Tseng, P. Xuan, A. Javey, R. Malloy, Q. Wang, J. Bokor, and H. Dai, "Monolithic integration of carbon nanotube devices with silicon MOS technology," Nano Lett., vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 123-127, 2004.
120. X. Liu, C. Lee, and C. Zhou, "Carbon nanotube field-effect inverters," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 79, no. 20, pp. 3329-3331, Nov. 2001.
121. A. Bachtold, P. Hadley, T. Nakanishi, and C. Dekker, "Logic circuits with carbon nanotube transistors," Science, vol. 294, pp. 1317-1317, 2001.
122. S. Barbay, G. Giacomelli, and F. Marin, "Noise-assisted transmission of binary information: Theory and experiment," Phys. Rev. E, vol. 63, pp. 051 110-051 118, 2000.
123. Y. C. Chen et al., "Ultrafast optical switching properties of single-wall carbon nanotube polymer composites at 1.55 μm," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 81, pp. 975-977, 2002.
124. M. Shim and G. P. Siddons, "Photoinduced conductivity changes in carbon nanotube transistors," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 83, no. 17, pp. 3564-3566, Oct. 2003.
125. J. A. Misewich, R. Martel, P. Avouris, J. C. Tsang, S. Heinze, and J. Tersoff, "Electrically induced optical emission from a carbon nanotube FET," Science, vol. 300, no. 5620, pp. 783-786, May 2003.
126. W. Liang, M. Bockrath, D. Bozovic, J. H. Hafner, M. Tinkham, and H. Park, "Fabry-Perot interference in a nanotube electron waveguide," Nature, vol. 411, pp. 665-669, 2001.
127. L. V. Blake, "Open-circuited and short-circuited lines can also behave like resonant circuits. This behavior occurs when the length of the line is an integral multiple of a quarter wavelength," in Antennas. Dedham, MA: Artech House, 1984, pp. 69-70.
128. R. Irmer and G. Fettweis, "Combined transmitter and receiver optimization for multiple-antenna frequency-selective channels," in Proc. Wireless Personal Multimedia Communications (WPMC'02), pp. 412-416.
129. M. K. Simon, J. K. Omura, R. A. Scholtz, and B. K. Levitt, Spread Spectrum Communications Handbook, rev. ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1994.
130. A. Rochefort, M. D. Ventra, and P. Avouris, "Switching behavior of semiconducting carbon nanotubes under an external electric field," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 78, pp. 2521-2523, 2001.
131. T. J. Webster, M. C. Waid, J. L. McKenzie, R. L. Price, and J. U. Ejiofor, "Nano-biotechnology: Carbon nanofibres as improved neural and orthopaedic implants," Nanotechnology, vol. 15, pp. 48-54, Jan. 2004.
132. F. Rieke, D. Warland, and R.d.R.v. Stevenick, Spikes. Exploring the Neural Code. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1999.
133. M. Kruger, M. R. Buitelaar, T. Nussbaumer, C. Schonenberger, and L. Forro, "Electrochemical carbon nanotube field-effect transistor," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 78, pp. 1291-1293, 2001.
134. P. L. McEuen, M. S. Fuhrer, and H. Park, "Single-walled carbon nanotube electronics," IEEE Trans. Nanotechnol., vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 78-85, Mar. 2002.
135. F. Jaramillo and K. Wiesenfeld, "Mechanoelectrical transduction assisted by Brownian motion: A role for noise in the auditory system," Nature Neurosci., vol. 1, pp. 384-3884, 1998.