Molecular genetics and epidemiology of prostate carcinoma

Endocrine Reviews

Volumn 20, Issue 1, 1999, Pages 22-45

  Ruijter, Emiel ^a   Van De Kaa, Christina ^a   Miller, Gary ^b   Ruiter, Dirk ^a   Debruyne, Frans ^a   Schalken, Jack ^a,c  

^a RADBOUD UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

^b UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO   (United States)

^c UTRECHT UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

PROTEIN P53; RETINOBLASTOMA PROTEIN; TELOMERASE; UVOMORULIN; VITAMIN D;

CANCER INCIDENCE; CANCER MORTALITY; CHROMOSOME 10Q; DNA METHYLATION; GENE CLUSTER; GROWTH INHIBITION; HETEROZYGOSITY LOSS; HUMAN; HUMAN CELL; HUMAN TISSUE; MALE; MOLECULAR GENETICS; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROSTATE CARCINOMA; REVIEW; TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENE;

EID: 0033030842     PISSN: 0163769X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1210/edrv.20.1.0356     Document Type: Review

References (312)

1. 1. Parker SL, Tong T, Bolden S, Winger PA 1997 Cancer statistics 1997. CA Cancer J Clin 47:5-27
2. 2. Whitmore Jr WF 1984 Natural history and staging of prostate carcinoma. Urol Clin North Am 11:205-220
3. 3. Carter HB, Coffey DS 1990 The prostate: an increasing medical problem. Prostate 16:39-48
4. 4. Boyle P, Maisonneuve P, Napalkov P 1996 Incidence of prostate cancer will double by the year 2030: the argument for. Eur Urol 29[Suppl 2]:3-9
5. 5. Scardino PT, Weaver R, Hudson MA 1992 Early detection of prostate cancer. Hum Pathol 23:211-222
6. 6. Bernstein L, Ross RK 1991 Cancer in the Los Angles County: A Portrait of Incidence and Mortality 1972-1987. University of Southern California Press, Los Angeles, CA
7. 7. Nomura AMY, Kolonel LN 1991 Prostate cancer: a current perspective. Am J Clin Epidemiol 13:200-227
8. 8. Kabalin JN, McNeal JE, Price HM, Freiha FS, Stamey TA 1989 Unsuspected adenocarcinoma of the prostate in patients undergoing cystoprostatectomy for other causes: incidence, histology and morphometric observations. J Urol 141:1091-1094
9. 9. Holund B 1980 Latent prostatic cancer in a consecutive autopsy series. Scand J Urol Nephrol 14:29-35
10. 10. Karube K 1961 Study of latent carcinoma of the prostate in the Japanese based on necropsy material. Tohoku J Exp Med 74:265-285
11. 11. Sakr WA, Grignon DJ, Haas GP, Heilbrun LK, Pontes JE, Crissman JD 1996 Age and racial distribution of prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia. Eur Urol 30:138-144
12. 12. Akazaki K, Stemmerman GN 1973 Comparitive study of latent carcinoma of the prostate among Japanese in Japan and Hawaii. J Natl Cancer Inst 50:1137-1144
13. 13. Brawn PN, Johnson EH, Kuhl DL, Riggs MW, Speights VO, Johnson CF, Pandya PP, Lind ML, Bell NF 1993 Stage at presentation and survival of white and black patients with prostate carcinoma. Cancer 71:2569-2573
14. 14. Billis A 1996 Age and race distribution of high grade intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN): an autopsy study in Brazil (South America). Mod Pathol 9:71 (Abstract)
15. 15. Woolf CM 1960 An investigation of the familial aspects of carcinoma of the prostate. Cancer 13:739-744
16. 16. Krain LS 1974 Some epidemiologic variables in prostatic carcinoma in California. Prev Med 3:154-159
17. 17. Cannon L, Bishop DT, Skolnick M, Hunt S, Lyon JL, Smart CR 1982 Genetic epidemiology of prostate carcinoma in the Utah Mormon genealogy. Cancer Surv 1:48-69
18. 18. Meikle AW, Smith JA, West DW 1985 Familial factors affecting prostatic cancer risk and plasma sex-steroid levels. Prostate 6:121-128
19. 19. Isaacs SD, Kiemeney LA, Baffoe Bonnie A, Beaty TH, Walsh PC 1995 Risk of cancer in relatives of prostate cancer probands. J Natl Cancer Inst 87:991-996
20. 20. Grànberg H, Damber L, Damber JE 1994 Studies of genetic factors in prostate carcinoma in a twin population. J Urol 152:1484-1489
21. 21. Braun MM, Partin AW, Caporaso NE, Page WF, Walsh PC 1995 Prostate carcinoma concordance rates among World War II veteran twins suggest hereditary influences. J Urol 153[Suppl]:504 (Abstract)
22. 22. Carter BS, Bova GS, Beaty TH, Steinberg GD, Childs B, Isaacs WB, Walsh PC 1993 Hereditary prostate carcinoma: epidemiologic and clinical features. J Urol 150:797-802
23. 23. Grànberg H, Isaacs SD, Smith JR, Carpten JD, Bova S, Freije D, Xu J, Meyers DA, Collins FS, Trent JM, Walsh PC, Isaacs WB 1997 Characteristics of prostate cancer in families potentially linked to the hereditary prostate carcinoma 1 (HPC1) locus. JAMA 278:1251-1255
24. 24. Schaid DJ, McDonnell SK, Blute ML, Thibodeau SN 1998 Evidence for autosomal dominant inheritance of prostate cancer. Am J Hum Genet 62:1425-1438
25. 25. Wiener JS, Walther PJ 1995 The association of oncogenic human papillomaviruses with urologic malignancy. The controversies and clinical implications. Surg Oncol Clin N Am 4:257-276
26. 26. Peehl DM 1993 Oncogenes in prostate cancer. Cancer 71:1159-1164
27. 27. McGrogan D, Bookstein R 1997 Tumor suppressor genes in prostate cancer. Cancer Biol 8:11-19
28. 28. Isaacs WB 1995 Molecular genetics of prostate carcinoma. Cancer Surv 25:357-379
29. 29. Koutsilieris M, Dimopoulos MA, Doillon C, Sourla A, Reyes Moreno C, Choki I 1996 The molecular concept of prostate carcinoma. Cancer J 9:89-94
30. 30. Bedford MT, van Helden PD 1987 Hypomethylation of DNA in pathological conditions of the human prostate. Cancer Res 47: 5274-5276
31. 31. Jarrard DF, Bova GS, Ewing CM, Pin SS, Nguyen SH, Baylin SB, Cairns P, Sidransky D, Herman JG, Isaacs WB 1997 Deletional, mutational, and methylation analysis of CDKN2 (p16/MTS1) in primary and metastatic prostate cancer. Genes Chromosom Cancer 19:90-96
32. 32. Serrano M, Hannon GJ, Beach D 1993 A new regulatory motif in cell-cycle control causing specific inhibition of cyclin D/CDK4. Nature 366:704-707
33. 33. Cairns P, Polascik TJ, Eby Y, Tokino K, Califano J, Merlo A, Mao L, Herath J, Jenkins R, Westra W, Rutter JL, Buckler A, Gabrielson E, Tockman M, Cho KR, Hedrik L, Bova GS, Isaacs W, Kock W, Schwab D, Sidransky D 1995 Frequency of homozygous deletion at p16/CDKN2 in primary human rumours. Nat Genet 11:210-212
34. 34. Taylor SM 1993 5-Aza-2́-deoxycytidine: cell differentiation and DNA methylation. Leukemia 7[Suppl 1]:3-8
35. 35. Gu K, Mes Masson AM, Gauthier J, Saad F 1998 Analysis of the p16 tumor suppressor gene in early-stage prostate cancer. Mol Carcinog 21:164-170
36. 36. Lee WH, Morton RA, Epstein JI, Brooks JD, Campbell PA, Bova GS, Hsieh WS, Isaacs WB, Nelson WG 1994 Cytidine methylation of regulatory sequences near the pi-class glutathione s-transferase gene accompanies human prostatic carcinogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91:11733-11737
37. 37. Morton Jr RA, Watkins JJ, Bova GS, Wales MM, Baylin SB, Isaacs WB 1996 Hypermethylation of chromosome 17p locus D17 s5 in human prostate tissue. J Urol 156:512-516
38. 38. Coffey DS 1993 In: Lepor H, Lawson RK (eds) The Molecular Biology of the Prostate. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 28-56
39. 39. Wilbert DM, Griffin JE, Wilson JD 1983 Characterization of the cytosol androgen receptor of the human prostate. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 56:113-120
40. 40. Veldscholte J, Berrevoets CA, Brinkmann AO, Grootegoed JA, Mulder E 1992 Antiandrogens and the mutated androgen receptor of LNCaP cells: differential effects on binding affinity, heat-shock protein interaction, and transcription activation. Biochemistry 31: 2393-2399
41. 41 . Clark JH, Schräder WT, O'Malley B 1992 Mechanisms of action of steroid hormones. In: Wilson JD, Foster DW (eds) Williams Textbook of Endocrinology. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 35-90
42. 42. Crawford ED 1992 Challenges in the management of prostate carcinoma. Br J Urol 70[Suppl 1]:33-38
43. 43. Taplin ME, Bubley GJ, Shuster TD, Frantz ME, Spooner AE, Ogata GK, Keer HN, Balk SP 1995 Mutation of the androgen-receptor gene in metastatic androgen-independent prostate cancer. N Engl J Med 332:1393-1398
44. 44. Labrie F, Belanger A, Dupont A, Luu The V, Simard J, Labrie C 1993 Science behind total androgen blockade: from gene to combination therapy. Clin Invest Med 16:475-492
45. 45. Culig Z, Klocker H, Eberle J, Kaspar F, Hobisch A, Cronauer MV, Bartsch G 1993 DNA sequence of the androgen receptor in prostatic tumor cell lines and tissue specimens assessed by means of the polymerase chain reaction. Prostate 22:11-22
46. 46. Hobisch A, Culig Z, Radmayr C, Bartsch G, Klocker H, Hittmair A 1995 Distant metastases from prostatic carcinoma express androgen receptor protein. Cancer Res 55:3068-3072
47. 47. Gottlieb B, Lehvaslaiho H, Beitel LH, Lumbroso R, Pinsky L, Trifiro M 1998 The androgen receptor gene mutations database. Nucleic Acids Res 26:234-238
48. 48. Castagnaro M, Yandell DW, Dockhorn Dworniczak B, Wolfe HJ, Poremba C 1993 Androgen receptor gene mutations and p53 gene analysis in advanced prostate cancer. Verh Dtsch Ges Pathol 77: 119-123
49. 49. Takahashi H, Furusato M, Allsbrook Jr WC, Nishii H, Wakui S, Barrett JC, Boyd J 1995 Prevalence of androgen receptor gene mutations in latent prostatic carcinomas from Japanese men. Cancer Res 55:1621-1624
50. 50. Hakimi JM, Rondinelli RH, Schoenberg MP, Barrack ER 1996 Androgen-receptor gene structure and function in prostate cancer. World J Urol 14:329-337
51. 51. Culig Z, Hobisch A, Cronauer MV, Cato AC, Hittmair A, Radmayr C, Eberle J, Bartsch G, Klocker H 1993 Mutant androgen receptor detected in an advanced-stage prostatic carcinoma is activated by adrenal androgens and progesterone. Mol Endocrinol 7:1541-1550
52. 52. Kemppainen JA, Wilson EM 1996 Agonist and antagonist activities of hydroxyflutamide and Casodex relate to androgen receptor stabilization. Urology 48:157-162
53. 53. Small EJ, Srinivas S 1995 The antiandrogen withdrawal syndrome. Cancer 76:1428-1434
54. 54. Suzuki H, Akakura K, Aida S, Akimoto S, Shimazaki J 1996 Codon 877 mutation in the androgen receptor gene in advanced prostate cancer: relation to antiandrogen withdrawal syndrome. Prostate 29:153-158
55. 55. Gaddipati JP, McLeod DG, Heidenberg HB, Sesterhenn IA, Finger MJ, Moul JW, Srivastava S 1994 Frequent detection of codon 877 mutation in the androgen receptor gene in advanced prostate cancers. Cancer Res 54:2861-2864
56. 56. Wang C, Uchida T 1997 Androgen receptor gene mutations in prostate cancer. Nippon Hinyokika Gakkai Zasshi 88:550-556
57. 57. Suzuki H, Sato N, Watabe Y, Masai M, Seino S, Shimazaki J 1993 Androgen receptor gene mutations in human prostate cancer. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 46:759-765
58. 58. Evans BA, Harper ME, Daniells CE, Watts CE, Matenhelia S, Green J, Griffiths K 1996 Low incidence of androgen receptor gene mutations in human prostatic tumors using single strand conformation polymorphism analysis. Prostate 28:162-171
59. 59. Paz A, Lindner A, Zisman A, Siegel Y 1997 A genetic sequence change in the 3́-noncoding region of the androgen receptor gene in prostate carcinoma. Eur Urol 31:209-215
60. 60. Tilley WD, Buchanan G, Hickey TE Bentel JM 1996 Mutations in the androgen receptor gene are associated with progression of human prostate carcinoma to androgen independence. Clin Cancer Res 2:277-285
61. 61. Mohler JL, Sharief Y, El-Awady M, Quigley CA, Schalken JA, Wilson EM, French FS, Do androgen receptor mutations have a role in androgen independent prostatic carcinoma? Proceedings of the 7th Annual Meeting of the Society for Basic Urological Research, San Antonio, TX, 1993 (Abstract)
62. 62. Ruizeveld de Winter JA, Janssen PJ, Sleddens HM, Verleun Mooijman MC, Trapman J, Brinkmann AO, Santerse AB, Schràder FH, van der Kwast TH 1994 Androgen receptor status in localized and locally progressive hormone refractory human prostate cancer. Am J Pathol 144:735-746
63. 63. Koivisto P, Kononen J, Palmberg C, Tammela T, Hyytinen E, Isola J, Trapman J, Cleutjens K, Noordzij A, Visakorpi T, Kallioniemi OP 1997 Androgen receptor gene amplification: a possible molecular mechanism for androgen deprivation therapy failure in prostate cancer. Cancer Res 57:314-319
64. 64. Visakorpi T, Hyytinen E, Koivisto P, Tanner M, Keinanen R, Palmberg C, Palotie A, Tammela T, Isola J, Kallioniemi OP 1995 In vivo amplification of the androgen receptor gene and progression of human prostate cancer. Nat Genet 9:401-406
65. 65. Stark GR 1993 Regulation and mechanisms of mammalian gene amplification. Adv Cancer Res 61:87-113
66. 66. Brison O 1993 Gene amplification and tumor progression. Biochim Biophys Acta 1155:25-41
67. 67. Ikonen T, Palvimo JJ, Kallio PJ, Reinikainen P, Janne OA 1994 Stimulation of androgen-regulated transactivation by modulation of protein phosphorylation. Endocrinology 135:1359-1366
68. 68. Culig Z, Hobisch A, Cronauer MV, Radmayer C, Trapman J Hittmair A, Bartsch G, Klocker H 1994 Androgen receptor activation in prostatic tumor cell lines by insulin-like growth factor-1, keratinocyte growth factor, and epidermal growth factor. Cancer Res 54:5474-5478
69. 69. Culig Z, Hobisch A, Cronauer MV, Radmayr C, Hittmair A, Zhang J, Thurnher M, Bartsch G, Klocker H 1996 Regulation of prostatic growth and function by peptide growth factors. Prostate 28:392-405
70. 70. Kelloff GJ, Fay JR, Steele VE, Lubet RA, Boone CW, Crowell JA, Sigman CC 1996 Epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors as potential cancer chemopreventives. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 5:657-666
71. 71. Zolfaghari A, Djakiew D 1996 Inhibition of chemomigration of a human prostatic carcinoma cell (TSU-pr1) line by inhibition of epidermal growth factor receptor function. Prostate 28:232-238
72. 72. Limonta P, Dondi D, Marelli MM, Moretti RM, Negri Cesi P, Motta M 1995 Growth of the androgen-dependent tumor of the prostate: role of androgens and of locally expressed growth modulatory factors. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 53:401-405
73. 73. Edwards A, Hammond HA, Jin L, Caskey CT, Chakraborty R 1992 Genetic variation at five trimeric and tetrameric tandem repeat loci in four human population groups. Genomics 12:241-253
74. 74. Platz EA, Giovannucci E, Dahl DM, Krithivas K, Hennekens CH, Brown M, Stampfer MJ, Kantoff PW 1998 The androgen receptor gene GGN microsatellite and prostate cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 7:379-384
75. 75. Faber PW, Kuiper GG, van Rooij HC, van der Korput JA, Brinkmann AO, Trapman J 1989 The N-terminal domain of the human androgen receptor is encoded by one, large exon. Mol Cell Endocrinol 61:257-262
76. 76. Sleddens HFBM, Oostra BA, Brinkmann AO, Trapman J 1993 Trinucleotide (GNN) repeat polymorphism in the androgen receptor gene. Hum Mol Genet 2:493
77. 77. Irvine RA, Yu MC, Ross RK, Coetzee GA 1995 The CAG and GGC microsatellites of the androgen receptor gene are in linkage disequilibrium in men with prostate cancer. Cancer Res 55:1937-1940
78. 78. Stanford JL, Just JJ, Gibbs M, Wicklund KG, Neal CL, Blumenstein BA, Ostrander EA 1997 Polymorphic repeats in the androgen receptor gene: molecular markers of prostate cancer risk. Cancer Res 57:1194-1198
79. 79. La Spada AR, Wilson EM, Lubahn DB, Harding AE, Fischbeck KH 1991 Androgen receptor gene mutations in X-linked spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy. Nature 352:77-79
80. 80. Giovannucci E, Stampfer MJ, Krithivas K, Brown M, Brufsky A, Talcott J, Hennekens CH, Kantoff PW 1997 The CAG repeat within the androgen receptor gene and its relationship to prostate cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94:3320-3323
81. 81. Ingles SA, Ross RK, Yu MC, Irvine RA, La Pera G, Haile RW, Coetzee GA 1997 Association of prostate cancer risk with genetic polymorphisms in vitamin D receptor and androgen receptor. J Natl Cancer Inst 89:166-170
82. 82. Hardy DO, Scher HI, Bogenreider T, Sabbatini P, Zhang ZF, Nanus DM, Catterall JF 1996 Androgen receptor CAG repeat lengths in prostate cancer: correlation with age of onset. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 81:4400-4405
83. 83. Danek A, Witt TN, Mann K, Schweikert HU, Romalo G, La Spada AR, Fischbeck KH 1994 Decrease in androgen binding and effect of androgen treatment in a case of X-linked bulbospinal neuropathy. Clin Invest 72:892-897
84. 84. MacLean HE, Choi WT, Rekaris G, Warne GL, Zajac JD 1995 Abnormal androgen binding affinity in subjects with Kennedy's disease (spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy). J Clin Endocrinol Metab 80:508-516
85. 85. Chamberlain NL, Driver ED, Miesfeld RL 1994 The length and location of CAG trinucleotide repeats in the androgen receptor N-terminal domain affect transactivation function. Nucleic Acids Res 22:3181-3186
86. 86. Mhatre AN, Trifiro MA, Kaufman M, Kazemi Esfarjani P, Figlewicz D, Rouleau G, Pinsky L 1993 Reduced transcriptional regulatory competence of the androgen receptor in X-linked spinal and bulbar atrophy. Nat Genet 5:184-188
87. 87. MacLean HE, Warne GL, Zajac JD 1996 Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy: androgen receptor dysfunction caused by a trinucleotide repeat expansion. J Neurol Sci 135:149-157
88. n-expanded neuropathies. Hum Mol Genet 4:523-527
89. 89. Simental JA, Sar M, Lane MV, French FS, Wilson EM 1991 Transcriptional activation and nuclear targeting signals of the human androgen receptor. J Biol Chem 266:510-518
90. 90. Trapman J, Brinkmann AO 1993 Mutations in the androgen receptor. Ann NY Acad Sci 684:85-93
91. 91 . Choong CS, Kemppainen JA, Zhou ZX, Wilson EM 1996 Reduced androgen receptor gene expression with first exon CAG repeat expansions. Mol Endocrinol 10:1527-1535
92. 92. Neuschmid Kaspar F, Gast A, Peterziel H, Schneikert J, Muigg A, Ransmayr G, Klocker H, Bartsch G, Cato ACB 1996 CAG-repeat expansions in androgen receptor in Kennedy's disease is not a loss of function mutation. Mol Cell Endocrinol 117:149-156
93. 93. Devgan SA, Henderson BE, Yu MC, Shi CY, Pike MC, Ross RK, Reichardt JK 1997 Genetic variation of 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type II in three racial/ethnic groups: implications for prostate cancer risk. Prostate 33:9-12
94. 94. Labrie F, Sugimoto Y, Luu The V, Simard J, Lachance Y, Bachvarov D, Leblanc G, Durocher F, Paquet N 1992 Structure of human type II 5α-reductase gene. Endocrinology 131:1571-1573
95. 95. Thigpen AE, Davis DL, Milatovich A, Mendonca BB, Imperato McGinley J, Griffin JE, Francke U, Wilson JD, Russell DW 1992 Molecular genetics of steroid 5α-reductase 2 deficiency. J Clin Invest 90:799-809
96. 96 Ross RK, Bernstein L, Lobo RA, Shimizu FZ, Stanczyk FZ, Pike MC, Henderson BE 1992 5α-Reductase activity and risk of prostate cancer among Japanese and US white and black males. Lancet 339:887-889
97. 97. Wu AH, Whittemore AS, Kolonel LN, John EM, Gallagher RP, West DW, Hankin J, Teh CZ, Dreon DM, Paffenbarger Jr RS 1995 Serum androgens and sex-hormone binding globulins in relation to lifestyle factors in older African-American, white, and Asian men in the United States and Canada. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 4:735-741
98. 98. Brawley OW, Ford LG, Tjompson I, Perlman JA, Kramer BS 1994 5α-Reductase inhibition and prostate cancer prevention. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 3:177-182
99. 99 Brufsky A, Fontaine-Rothe P, Berlane K, Rieker P, Jiroutek M, Kaplan I, Kaufman D, Kantoff P 1997 Finasteride and flutamide as potency-sparing androgen-ablative therapy for advanced adenocarcinoma of the prostate. Urology 49:913-920
100. 100. Davis DL, Russell DW 1993 Unusual length polymorphism in human steroid 5α-reductase type 2 gene (SRD5A2). Hum Mol Genet 2:820
101. 101. Kantoff PW, Febbo PG, Giovannucci E, Krithivas K, Dahl DM, Chang G, Hennekens CH, Brown M, Stampfer MJ 1997 A polymorphism of the 5α-reductase gene and its association with prostate cancer: a case-control analysis. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 6:189-192
102. 102. Reichardt JKV, Makridakis N, Henderson BE, Yu MC, Pike MC, Ross RK 1995 Genetic variability of the human SRD5A2 gene: implications for prostate cancer risk. Cancer Res 55:3973-3975
103. 103. Makridakis N, Ross RK, Pike MC, Chang PL, Stanczyk FZ, Kolonel LN, Shi CY, Yu MC, Henderson BE, Reichardt JKV 1997 A prevalent missense substitution that modulates activity of prostatic steroid 5α-reductase. Cancer Res 57:1020-1022
104. 104. Zubiaga AM, Belasco JG, Greenberg ME 1995 The nonamer UUAUUUAUU is the key AU-rich sequence motif that mediates mRNA degradation. Mol Cell Biol 15:2219-2230
105. 105 Ross RK, Bernstein L, Judd H, Hanisch R, Pike M, Henderson B 1986 Serum testosterone levels in healthy young black and white men. J Natl Cancer Inst 76:45-48
106. 106. Ellis L, Nyborg H 1992 Racial/ethnic variations in male testosterone levels: a probable contributor to group differences in health. Steroids 57:72-75
107. 107. Meikle AW, Smith JA, Stringham JD 1987 Production, clearance, and metabolism of testosterone in men with prostate cancer. Prostate 10:25-31
108. 3 receptors: gene regulation and genetic circuitry. FASEB J 2:3043-3053
109. 3 are mediated exclusively through the genomic signaling pathway. Endocrinology 137:1554-1561
110. 110. Strugnell SA, Deluca HF 1997 The vitamin D receptor-structure and transcriptional activation. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 215:223-228
111. 111. Schwartz GG, Hulka BS 1990 Is vitamin D deficiency a risk factor for prostate carcinoma? (hypothesis). Anticancer Res 10(5A):1307-1311
112. 3. Lancet 1:74-76
113. 113. Hanchette CL, Schwartz GG 1992 Geographical patterns of prostate cancer mortality. Evidence for a protective effect of ultraviolet radiation. Cancer 70:2861-2869
114. 114. Feldman D, Skowronski RJ, Peehl DM 1995 Vitamin D and prostate cancer. Adv Exp Med Biol 375:53-63
115. 115. Blutt SE, Allegretto EA, Pike JW, Weigel NL 1997 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and 9-cis-retinoic acid act synergistically to inhibit the growth of LNCaP prostate cells and cause accumulation of cells in G1. Endocrinology 138:1491-1497
116. 3 in the androgen-dependent LNCaP cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 223:141-146
117. 117. Zhuang SH, Schwartz GG, Cameron D, Burnstein KL 1997 Vitamin D receptor content and transcriptional activity do not fully predict antiproliferative effects of vitamin D in human prostate cancer cell lines. Mol Cell Endocrinol 126:83-90
118. 3 analogue EB-1089 on a human prostate cancer cell line (PC-3). Br J Urol 80:260-262
119. 119. Schwartz GG, Wang MH, Zang M, Singh RK 1997 1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D (calcitriol) inhibits the invasiveness of human prostate cancer cells. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 6:727-732
120. 120. Schwartz GG, Lokeshwar BL, Selzer M, Block N, Binderup L 1997 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D and EB1089 inhibit prostate cancer metastasis in vivo. In: Vitamin D: Chemistry, Biology and Clinical Applications of the Steroid Hormone. University of California, Riverside, CA, pp 489-490
121. 121. Zhuang SH, Burnstein KL 1998 Antiproliferative effect of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in human prostate cancer cell line LNCaP involves reduction of cyclin-dependent kinase 2 and persistent G1 accumulation. Endocrinology 139:1197-1207
122. 3 analogue involves the induction of p21waf1, p27 kipl and E-cadherin. J Mol Endocrinol 19:15-27
123. 3 (calcitrol). J Urol 159:2035-2040
124. 3. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 7:371-395
125. 125. Corder EH, Guess HA, Hulka BS, Friedman GD, Sadler M, Vollmer RT, Lobaugh B, Drezner MK, Vogelman JH, Orentreich N 1993 Vitamin D and prostate cancer: a prediagnostic study with stored sera. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2:467-472
126. 126. Gann PH, Ma J, Hennekens CH, Hollis BW, Haddad JG, Stampfer MJ 1996 Circulating vitamin D metabolites in relation to subsequent development of prostate cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 5:121-126
127. 127. Hustmyer FG, DeLuca HF, Peacock M 1993 ApaI, BsmI, EcoRV and TaqI polymorphisms at the human vitamin D receptor gene locus in Caucasians, blacks and Asians. Hum Mol Genet 2:487
128. 128. Morrison NA, Qi JC, Tokita A, Kelly PJ, Crofts L, Nguyen T, Sambrook PN, Eisman JA 1994 Prediction of bone density from vitamin D receptor alleles. Nature 367:284-287
129. 129. Ingles SA, Haile RW, Henderson BE, Kolonel LN, Nakaichi G, Shi CY, Yu MC, Ross RK, Coetzee GA 1997 Strength of linkage disequilibrium between two vitamin D receptor markers in five ethnic groups: implications for association studies. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 6:93-98
130. 130. Taylor JA, Hirvonen A, Watson M, Pittman G, Mohler JL, Bell DA 1996 Association of prostate cancer with vitamin D receptor gene polymorphism. Cancer Res 56:4108-4110
131. 131. Ma J, Stampfer MJ, Gann PH, Hough HL, Giovannucci E, Kelsey KT, Hennekens CH, Hunter DJ 1998 Vitamin D polymorphisms, circulating vitamin D metabolites, and risk of prostate cancer in United Stated physicians. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 7:385-390
132. 132. Baker AR, McDonnell DP, Hughes M, Crisp TM, Mangelsdorf DJ, Haussler MR, Pike JW, Shine J, O'Malley BW 1988 Cloning and expression of full-length cDNA encoding human vitamin D receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85:3294-3298
133. 133. Farrow S 1994 Allelic variation and the vitamin D receptor. Lancet 343:1242
134. 134. Verbeek W, Gombart AF, Shiohara M, Campbell M, Koeffler HP 1997 Vitamin D receptor: no evidence for allele-specific mRNA stability in cells which are heterozygous for the TaqI restriction enzyme polymorphism. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 238:77-80
135. 135. Saijo T, Ito M, Takeda E, Huq AH, Naito E, Yokota I, Sone T, Pike JW, Kuroda Y 1991 A unique mutation in the vitamin D receptor gene in three Japanese patients with vitamin D-dependent rickets type II: utility of single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis for heterozygous carrier detection. Am J Hum Genet 49:668-673
136. 136. Gross C, Eccleshall TR, Malloy PJ, Villa ML, Marcus R, Feldman D 1996 The presence of a polymorphism at the translation initiation site of the vitamin D receptor gene is associated with low bone mineral density in postmenopausal Mexican-American women. J Bone Miner Res 11:1850-1855
137. 137. Miyamoto K, Taketani Y, Arai E, Yamamoto H, Iemori Y, Chikamori M 1996 A novel polymorphism in the vitamin D receptor gene and bone mineral density: study of vitamin D receptor expression and function in COS-7 cells. J Bone Miner Res 11[Suppl 1]:S116
138. 138. Ingles SA, Coetzee GA, Ross RK, Henderson BE, Kolonel LN, Crocitto L, Wang W, Haile RW 1998 Association of prostate cancer with vitamin D receptor haplotypes in African-Americans. Cancer Res 58:1620-1623
139. 139. Prendergast NJ, Walther PJ 1995 Genetic alterations in prostate adenocarcinoma. Surg Oncol Clin N Am 4:241-255
140. 140. Carter BS, Epstein JI, Isaacs WB 1990 ras Gene mutations in human prostate carcinoma. Cancer Res 50:6830-6832
141. 141. Gumerlock PH, Poonamallee UR, Meyers FJ, deVere White RW 1991 Activated ras alleles in human carcinoma of the prostate are rare. Cancer Res 51:1632-1637
142. 142. Isaacs WB, Carter BS 1991 Genetic changes associated with prostate cancer in humans. Cancer Surv 11:15-24
143. 143. Moyret Lalle C, Marcais C, Jacquemier J, Moles JP, Daver A, Soret JY, Jeanteur P, Ozturk M, Theillet C 1995 Ras, p53 and HPV status in benign and malignant prostate tumors. Int J Cancer 64:124-129
144. 144. Moul JW, Friedrichs PA, Lance RS, Theune SM, Chang EH 1992 Infrequent RAS oncogene mutations in human prostate cancer. Prostate 20:327-338
145. 145. Anwar K, Nakakuki K, Shiraishi T, Naiki H, Yatani R, Inuzuka M 1992 Presence of ras oncogene mutations and human papillomavirus DNA in human prostate carcinomas. Cancer Res 52:5991-5996
146. 146. Konishi N, Hiasa Y, Tsuzuki T, Tao M, Enomoto T, Miller GJ 1997 Comparison of ras activation in prostate carcinoma in Japanese and American men. Prostate 30:53-57
147. 147. Kato GJ, Wechsler DS, Dang CV 1992 DNA binding by the Myc oncoprotein. Cancer Treat Res 63:313-325
148. 148. Fleming WH, Hamel A, MacDonald R, Ramsey E, Pettigrew NM, Johnston B, Dodd JG, Matusik RJ 1986 Expression of the c-myc protooncogene in human prostatic carcinoma and benign prostatic hyperplasia. Cancer Res 46:1535-1538
149. 149. Funa K, Nordgren H, Nilsson S 1991 In situ expression of mRNA for proto-oncogenes in benign prostatic hyperplasia and in prostatic carcinoma. Scand J Urol Nephrol 25:95-100
150. 150. Buttyan R, Sawczuk IS, Benson MC, Siegal JD, Olsson CA 1987 Enhanced expression of the c-myc protooncogene in high-grade human prostate cancers. Prostate 11:327-337
151. 151. Matusik RJ, Fleming WH, Hamel A, Westenbrink TG, Hrabarchuk B, MacDonald R, Ramsey E, Gartner JG, Pettigrew NM, Johnston B, Alam TG, Dodd JG 1987 Expression of the c-myc proto-oncogene in prostatic tissue. Prog Clin Biol Res 239:91-112
152. 152. Eaton CL, Davies P, Phillips ME 1988 Growth factor involvement and oncogene expression in prostatic tumours. J Steroid Biochem 30:341-345
153. 153. Phillips ME, Ferro MA, Smith PJ, Davies P 1987 Intranuclear androgen receptor deployment and protooncogene expression in human diseased prostate. Urol Int 42:115-119
154. 154. Thompson TC 1990 Growth factors and oncogenes in prostate cancer. Cancer Cells 2:345-354
155. 155. Pietras RJ, Fendly BM, Chazin VR, Pegram MD, Howell SB, Slamon DJ 1994 Antibody to HER-2/neu receptor blocks DNA repair after cisplatin in human breast and ovarian cancer cells. Oncogene 9:1829-1838
156. 156. Zhau HY, Zhou J, Symmans WF, Chen BQ, Chang SM, Sikes RA, Chung LW 1996 Transfected neu oncogene induces human prostate cancer metastasis. Prostate 28:73-83
157. 157. Natali PG, Nicotra MR, Bigotti A, Venturo I, Slamon DJ, Fendly BM, Ullrich A 1990 Expression of the p185 encoded by HER2 oncogene in normal and transformed human tissues. Int J Cancer 45:457-461
158. 158. Mellon K, Thompson S, Charlton RG, Marsh C, Robinson M, Lane DP, Harris AL, Horne CH, Neal DE 1992 p53, c-erbB-2 And the epidermal growth factor receptor in the benign and malignant prostate. J Urol 147:496-499
159. 159. Gu K, Mes Masson AM, Gauthier J, Saad F 1996 Overexpression of her-2/neu in human prostate cancer and benign hyperplasia. Cancer Lett 99:185-189
160. 160. Giri DK, Wadhwa SN, Upadhaya SN, Talwar GP 1993 Expression of NEU/HER-2 oncoprotein (p185neu) in prostate rumors: an immunohistochemical study. Prostate 23:329-336
161. 161. McCann A, Dervan PA, Johnston PA, Gullick WJ, Carney DN 1990 c-erbB-2 Oncoprotein expression in primary human tumors. Cancer 65:88-92
162. 162. Kuhn EJ, Kurnot RA, Sesterhenn IA, Chang EH, Moul JW 1993 Expression of the c-erbB-2 (HER-2/neu) oncoprotein in human prostatic carcinoma. J Urol 150:1427-1433
163. 163. Sadasivan R, Morgan R, Jennings S, Austenfeld M, van Veldhuizen P, Stephens R, Noble M 1993 Overexpression of Her-2/neu may be an indicator of poor prognosis in prostate cancer. J Urol 150:126-131
164. 164. Veltri RW, Partin AW, Epstein JE, Marley GM, Miller CM, Singer DS, Patton KP, Criley SR, Coffey DS 1994 Quantitative nuclear morphometry, Markovian texture descriptors, and DNA content captured on a CAS-200 Image analysis system, combined with PCNA and HER-2/neu immunohistochemistry for prediction of prostate cancer progression. J Cell Biochem 19 [Suppl]:249-258
165. 165. Ware JL, Maygarden SJ, Koontz Jr WW, Strom SC 1991 Immunohistochemical detection of c-erbB-2 protein in human benign and neoplastic prostate. Hum Pathol 22:254-258
166. 166. Press MF, Hung G, Godolphin W, Slamon DJ 1994 Sensitivity of HER-2/neu antibodies in archival tissue samples: potential source of error in immunohistochemical studies of oncogene expression. Cancer Res 54:2771-2777
167. 167. Chiu KY, Loke SL, Ho FC 1994 Immunohistochemical demonstration of c-erbB-2 oncoprotein in gastric adenocarcinoma: comparison of cryostat and paraffin wax sections and effect of fixation. J Clin Pathol 47:117-121
168. 168. Kay EW, Walsh CJ, Cassidy M, Curran B, Leader M 1994 C-erbB-2 immunostaining: problems with interpretation. J Clin Pathol 47: 816-822
169. 169. Ross JS, Sheehan C, Hayner Buchan AM, Ambros RA, Kallakury BV, Kaufman R, Fisher HA, Muraca PJ 1997 HER-2/neu gene amplification status in prostate cancer by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Hum Pathol 28:827-833
170. 170. Latil A, Baron JC, Cussenot O, Foumier G, Soussi T, Boccon Gibod L, Le-Duc A, Rouesse J, Lidereau R 1994 Genetic alterations in localized prostate cancer: identification of a common region of deletion on chromosome arm 18q. Genes Chromosom Cancer 11: 119-125
171. 171. Kunimi K, Bergerheim USR, Larsson IL, Ekman P, Collins VP 1991 Allelotyping of human prostatic adenocarcinoma. Genomics 11:530-536.
172. 172. Latil A, Cussenot O, Fournier G 1997 Infrequent allelic imbalance at the major susceptibility HPC1 locus in sporadic prostate tumors. Int J Cancer 71:1118
173. 173. Dahiya R, McCarville J, Hu W, Lee C, Chui RM, Kaur G, Deng G 1997 Chromosome 3p24-26 and 3p22-12 loss in human prostatic adenocarcinoma. Int J Cancer 71:20-25
174. 174. Cunningham JM, Shan A, Wick MJ, McDonnell SK, Schaid DJ, Tester DJ, Qian J, Takahashi S, Jenkins RB, Bostwick DG, Thibodeau SN 1996 Allelic imbalance and microsatellite instability in prostatic adenocarcinoma. Cancer Res 56:4475-4482
175. 175. Phillips SM, Morton DG, Lee SJ, Wallace DM, Neoptolemos JP 1994 Loss of heterozygosity of the retinoblastoma and adenomatous polyposis susceptibility gene loci and in chromosomes 10p, 10q and 16q in human prostate cancer. Br J Urol 73:390-395
176. 176. Cooney KA, Wetzel JC, Consolino CM, Wojno KJ 1996 Identification and characterization of proximal 6q deletions in prostate cancer. Cancer Res 56:4150-4153
177. 177. Takahashi S, Shan AL, Ritland SR, Delacey KA, Bostwick DG, Lieber MM, Thibodeau SN, Jenkins RB 1995 Frequent loss of heterozygosity at 7q31.1 in primary prostate cancer is associated with tumor aggressiveness and progression. Cancer Res 55:4114-4119
178. 178. Macoska J, Powell IJ, Sakr W, Lane MA 1992 Loss of the 17p chromosomal region in a metastatic carcinoma of the prostate. J Urol 147:1142-1146
179. 179 Vocke CD, Pozzatti RO, Bostwick DG, Florence CD, Jennings SB, Strap SE, Duray PH, Liotta LA, Emmert-Buck MR, Linehan WM 1996 Analysis of 99 microdissected prostate carcinomas reveals a high frequency of allelic loss on chromosome 8p12-21. Cancer Res 56:2411-2416
180. 180. Bova GS, Carter BS, Bussemakers MJG, Emi M, Fujiwara Y, Kyprianou N, Jacobs SC, Robinson JC, Epstein JI, Walsh PC, Isaacs WB 1993 Homozygous deletion and frequent allelic loss of chromosome 8p22 loci in human prostate cancer. Cancer Res 53: 3869-3873
181. 181. Bergerheim US, Kunimi K, Collins VP, Larsson IL, Ekman P 1991 Deletion mapping of chromosomes 8, 10, and 16 in human prostatic carcinoma. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 3:215-220
182. 182. Suzuki H, Emi M, Komiya A, Fujiwara Y, Yatani R, Nakamura Y, Shimazaki J 1995 Localization of a tumor suppressor gene associated with progression of human prostate cancer within a 1.2 Mb region of 8p22-p21.3. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 13:168-174
183. 183. Ittmann MM 1996 Loss of heterozygosity on chromosomes 10 and 17 in clinically locallized prostate carcinoma. Prostate 28:275-281
184. 184. Trapman J, Sleddens HF, van der Weiden MM, Dinjens WN, Konig JJ, Schràder FH, Faber PW, Bosman FT 1994 Loss of heterozygosity of chromosome 8 microsatellite loci implicates a candidate tumor suppressor gene between the loci D8S87 and D8S133 in human prostate cancer. Cancer Res 54:6061-6064
185. 185. Crundwell MC, Chughtai S, Knowles M, Takle L, Luscombe M, Neoptolemos JP, Morton DG, Phillips SMA 1996 Allelic loss on chromosomes 8p, 22q and 18q (DCC) in human prostate cancer. Int J Cancer 69:295-300
186. 186. Massenkeil G, Oberhuber H, Hailemariam S, Sulser T, Diener PA, Bannwart F, Schäfer R, Schwarte-Waldhoff I 1994 p53 mutations and loss of heterozygosity on chromosomes 8p, 16q, 17p, and 18q are confined to advanced prostate cancer. Anticancer Res 14:2785-2790
187. 187. Trybus TM, Burgess AC, Wojno KJ, Glover TW, Macoska JA 1996 Distinct areas of allelic loss on chromosomal regions 10p and 10q in human prostate cancer. Cancer Res 56:2263-2267
188. 188. Ittmann M 1996 Allelic loss on chromosome 10 in prostate adenocarcinomas. Cancer Res 56:2143-2147
189. 189. Gray IC, Phillips SMA, Lee SJ, Neoptolemos JP, Weissenbach J, Spurr NK 1995 Loss of the chromosomal region 10q23-25 in prostate cancer. Cancer Res 55:4800-4803
190. 190. Kawana Y, Komiya A, Ueda T, Nihei N, Kuramochi H, Suzuki H, Yatani R, Imai T, Dong JT, Imai T, Yoshie O, Barrett JC, Isaacs JT, Shimazaki J, Ito H, Ichikawa T 1997 Location of KAI1 on the short arm of human chromosome 11 and frequency of allelic loss in advanced human prostate cancer. Prostate 32:205-213
191. 191. Phillips SM, Barton CM, Lee SJ, Morton DG, Wallace DM, Lemoine NR, Neoptolemos JP 1994 Loss of the retinoblastoma susceptibility gene (RB1) is a frequent and early event in prostatic tumorigenesis. Br J Cancer 70:1252-1257
192. 192. Ittmann MM, Wieczorek R 1996 Alterations of the retinoblastoma gene in clinically localized, stage B prostate adenocarcinomas. Hum Pathol 27:28-34
193. 193. Cooney KA, Wetzel JC, Merajver SD, Macoska JA, Singleton TP, Wojno KJ 1996 Distinct regions of allelic loss on 13q in prostate cancer. Cancer Res 56:1142-1145
194. 194. Osman I, Scher H, Dalbagni G, Reuter V, Zhang ZF, Cordon-Cardo C 1997 Chromosome 16 in primary prostate cancer: a microsatellite analysis. Int J Cancer 71:580-584
195. 195. Suzuki H, Komiya A, Emi M, Kuramochi H, Shiraishi T, Yatani R, Shimazaki J 1996 Three distinct commonly deleted regions of chromosome arm 16q in human primary and metastatic prostate cancers. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 17:225-233
196. 196. Brooks JD, Bova GS, Ewing CM, Piantadosi S, Carter BS, Robinson JC, Epstein JI, Isaacs WB 1996 An uncertain role for p53 gene alterations in human prostate cancers. Cancer Res 56:3814-3822
197. 197. Gao X, Zacharek A, Salkowski A, Grignon DJ, Sakr W, Porter AT, Honn KV 1995 Loss of heterozygosity of the BRCA1 and other loci on chromosome 17q in human prostate cancer. Cancer Res 55: 1002-1005
198. 198. Sakr WA, Macosca JA, Benson P, Grignon DJ, Wolman SR, Pontes JE, Crissman JD 1994 Allelic loss in locally metastatic, multisampled prostate cancer. Cancer Res 54:3273-3277
199. 199. Komiya A, Suzuki H, Ueda T, Yatani R, Emi M, Ito H, Shimazaki J 1996 Allelic losses at loci on chromosome 10 are associated with metastasis and progression of human prostate cancer. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 17:245-253
200. 200. Goodrich DW, Wang NP, Qian YW, Lee EY, Lee WH 1991 The retinoblastoma gene product regulates progression through the G1 phase of the cell cycle. Cell 67:293-302
201. 201. Lee WH, Bookstein R, Lee E 1990 Molecular biology of the human retinoblastoma gene. In: Klein G (ed) Tumor Suppressor Genes. Dekker, New York, pp 169-200
202. 202. Bookstein R, Rio P, Madreperla SA, Hong F, Allred C, Grizzle WE, Lee WH 1990 Promoter deletion and loss of retinoblastoma gene expression in human prostate carcinoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87:7762-7766
203. 203. Bookstein R, Shew JY, Chen PL, Scully P, Lee WH 1990 Suppression of tumorigenicity of human prostate carcinoma cells by replacing a mutated RB gene. Science 247:712-715
204. 204. Sarkar FH, Sakr W, Li YW, Macoska J, Ball DE, Crissman JD 1992 Analysis of retinoblastoma (RB) gene deletion in human prostatic carcinomas. Prostate 21:145-152
205. 205. Tricoli JV, Gumerlock PH, Yao JL, Chi SG, D'Souza SA, Nestok BR, de Vere White RW 1996 Alterations of the retinoblastoma gene in human prostate adenocarcinoma. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 15:108-114
206. 206. Kubota Y, Fujinami K, Uemura H, Dobashi Y, Miyamoto H, Iwasaki Y, Kitamura H, Shuin T 1995 Retinoblastoma gene mutations in primary human prostate cancer. Prostate 27:314-320
207. 207. Brooks JD, Bova GS, Isaacs WB 1995 Allelic loss of the retinoblastoma gene in primary human prostatic adenocarcinomas. Prostate 26:35-39
208. 208. de Vere White R, Anderson KR, Meyers FJ, Deitch AD, Lee F, Siders DB, Chi SJ, Gummerlock PH 1992 Molecular abnormalities in benign prostatic hypertrophy. J Urol 147:205 (Abstract)
209. 209. Theodorescu D, Broder SR, Boyd JC, Mills SE, Frierson Jr HF 1997 p53, bcl-2 And retinoblastoma proteins as long-term prognostic markers in localized carcinoma of the prostate. J Urol 158:131-137
210. 210. Levine AJ, Momand J, Finlay CA 1991 The p53 tumor suppressor gene. Nature 351:453-456
211. 211. Hollstein M, Sidransky D, Vogelstein B, Harris CC 1991 p53 Mutations in human cancers. Science 253:49-53
212. 212. Finlay CA, Hinds PW, Tan TH, Eliyahu D, Oren M, Levine AJ 1988 Activating mutations for transformation by p53 produce a gene product that forms an hsc70-p53 complex with an altered half-life. Mol Cell Biol 8:531-539
213. 213. Wertz IE, Deitch AD, Gumerlock PH, Candour-Edwards R, Chi SG, de Vere White RW 1996 Correlation of genetic and immunodetection of TP53 mutations in malignant and benign prostate tissues. Hum Pathol 27:573-80
214. 214. Navone NM, Troncoso P, Pisters LL, Goodrow TL, Palmer JL, Nichols WW, von Eschenbach AC, Conti CJ 1993 p53 protein accumulation and gene mutation in the progression of human prostate carcinoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 85:1657-1669
215. 215. Konishi N, Hiasa Y, Matsuda H, Tao M, Tsuzuki T, Hayashi I, Kitahori Y, Shiraishi T, Yatani R, Shimazaki J, Lin JC 1995 Intratumor cellular heterogeneity and alterations in ras oncogene and p53 tumor suppressor gene in human prostate carcinoma. Am J Pathol 147:1112-1122
216. 216. Schlechte HH, Schnorr D, Loning T, Rudolph BD, Pohrt UM, Loening SA 1997 Mutation of the tumor suppressor gene p53 in human prostate and bladder cancers-investigation by temperature gradient gel electrophoresis (TGGE). J Urol 157:1049-1053
217. 217. Shi XB, Bodner SM, de Vere White RW, Gumerlock PH 1996 Identification of p53 mutations in archival prostate tumors. Sensitivity of an optimized single-strand conformational polymorphism (SSCP) assay. Diagn Mol Pathol 5:271-278
218. 218. Dahiya R, Deng G, Chen KM, Chui RM, Haughney PC, Narayan P 1996 P53 tumour-suppressor gene mutations are mainly localised on exon 7 in human primary and metastatic prostate cancer. Br J Cancer 74:264-268
219. 219. Voeller HJ, Sugars LY, Pretlow T, Gelmann EP 1994 p53 Oncogene mutations in human prostate cancer specimens. J Urol 151:492-495
220. 220. Dinjens WN, van der Weiden MM, Schràder FH, Bosman FT, Trapman J 1994 Frequency and characterization of p53 mutations in primary and metastatic human prostate cancer. Int J Cancer 56:630-633
221. 221. Effert PJ, McCoy RH, Walther PJ, Liu ET 1993 p53 gene alterations in human prostate carcinoma. J Urol 150:257-261
222. 222. Mirchandani D, Zheng J, Miller GJ, Ghosh AK, Shibata DK, Cote RJ, Roy-Burman P 1995 Heterogeneity in intratumor distribution of p53 mutations in human prostate cancer. Am J Pathol 147:92-101
223. 223. Hall MC, Navone NM, Troncoso P, Pollack A, Zagars GK, von Eschenbach AC, Conti CJ, Chung LW 1995 Frequency-and characterization of p53 mutations in clinically localized prostate cancer. Urology 45:470-475
224. 224. Moul JW 1995 p53 Nuclear protein expressionis an independent prognostic marker in clinically localized prostate cancer patients undergoing radical prostatectomy. Clin Cancer Res 1:1295-1300
225. 225. Aprikian AG, Sarkis AS, Fair WR, Zhang ZF, Fuks Z, CordonCardo C 1994 Immunohistochemical determination of p53 protein nuclear accumulation in prostatic adenocarcinoma. J Urol 151:1276-1280
226. 226. Ruijter E, van de Kaa CA, Aalders T, Ruiter D, Miller G, Debruyne F, Schalken JA 1998 Heterogeneous expression of E-cadherin and p53 in prostate cancer: clinical implications. The BIOMED-II MPC study group. Mod Pathol 11:276-281
227. 227. van Veldhuizen PJ, Sadasivan R, Garcia F, Austenfeld MS, Stephens RL 1993 Mutant p53 expression in prostate carcinoma. Prostate 22:23-30
228. 228. Suzuki H, Komiya A, Aida S, Ito H, Yatani R, Shimazaki J 1996 Detection of human papillomavirus DNA and p53 gene mutations in human prostate cancer. Prostate 28:318-324
229. 229. Stattin P 1997 Prognostic factors in prostate cancer. Scand J Urol Nephrol [Suppl]185:1-46
230. 230. Prendergast NJ, Atkins MR, Schatte EC, Paulson DF, Walther PJ 1996 p53 Immunohistochemical and genetic alterations are associated at high incidence with post-irradiated locally persistent prostate carcinoma. J Urol 155:1685-1692
231. 231. Lee JM, Bernstein A 1993 p53 Mutations increase resistance to ionizing radiation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90:5742-5746
232. 232. O'Connor PM, Jackman J, Jondle D, Bhatia K, Magrath I, Kohn KW 1993 Role of the p53 tumor suppressor gene in cell cycle arrest and radiosensitivity of Burkitt's lymphoma cell lines. Cancer Res 53:4776-4780
233. 233. Lowe SW, Schmitt EM, Smith SW, Osborne BA, Jacks T 1993 p53 is required for radiation-induced apoptosis in mouse thymocytes. Nature 362:847-849
234. 234. Huang A, Gandour-Edwards R, Rosenthal SA, Siders DB, Deitch AD, White RW 1998 p53 And bcl-2 immunohistochemical alterations in prostate cancer treated with radiation therapy. Urology 51:346-351
235. 235. Grignon DJ, Caplan R, Sarkar FH, Lawton CA, Hammond EH, Pilepich MV, Forman JD, Mesic J, Fu KK, Abrams RA, Pajak TF, Shipley WU, Cox JD 1997 p53 Status and prognosis of locally advanced prostatic adenocarcinoma: a study based on RTOG 8610. J Natl Cancer Inst 89:158-165
236. 236. Takeichi M 1991 Cadherin cell adhesion receptors as a morphogenetic regulator. Science 251:1451-1455
237. 237. Behrens J, Mareel MM, Van Roy FM, Birchmeier W 1989 Dissecting tumor cell invasion: epithelial cells acquire invasive properties after the loss of uvomorulin-mediated cell-cell adhesion. J Cell Biol 108:2435-2447
238. 238. Vleminckx K, Vakaet Jr L, Mareel M, Fiers W, van Roy F 1991 Genetic manipulation of E-cadherin expression by epithelial tumor cells reveals an invasion suppressor role. Cell 66:107-119
239. 239. Frixen UH, Behrens J, Sachs M, Eberle G, Voss B, Warda A, Lochner D, Birchmeier W 1991 E-cadherin-mediated cell-cell adhesion prevents invasiveness of human carcinoma cells. J Cell Biol 113:173-185
240. 240. Chen WC, Obrink B 1991 Cell-cell contacts mediated by E-cadherin (uvomorulin) restrict invasive behavior of L-cells. J Cell Biol 114:319-327
241. 241. Ruijter ET, Miller GJ, Aalders TW, van de Kaa CA, Schalken JA, Debruyne FMJ, Boon ME 1997 Rapid microwave-stimulated fixation of entire prostatectomy specimens. The BIOMED-II MPC study group. J Pathol 183:364-375
242. 242. Umbas R, Schalken JA, Aalders TW, Carter BS, Karthaus HF, Schaafsma HE, Debruyne FM, Isaacs WB 1992 Expression of the cellular adhesion molecule E-cadherin is reduced or absent in high-grade prostate cancer. Cancer Res 52:5104-5109
243. 243. Richmond PJ, Karayiannakis AJ, Nagafuchi A, Kaisary AV, Pignatelli M 1997 Aberrant E-cadherin and α-catenin expression in prostate cancer: correlation with patient survival. Cancer Res 57: 3189-3193
244. 244. Cheng L, Nagabhushan M, Pretlow TP, Amini SB, Pretlow TG 1996 Expression of E-cadherin in primary and metastatic prostate cancer. Am J Pathol 148:1375-1380
245. 245. Umbas R, Isaacs WB, Bringuier PP, Schaafsma HE, Karthaus HFM, Oosterhof GON, Debruyne FMJ, Schalken JA 1994 Decreased E-cadherin expression is associated with poor prognosis in patients with prostate carcinoma. Cancer Res 54:3929-3933
246. 246. Bussemakers MJG, van Moorselaar RJA, Giroldi LA, Ichikawa T, Isaacs JT, Takeichi M, Debruyne FMJ, Schalken JA 1992 Decreased expression of E-cadherin in the progression of rat prostatic cancer. Cancer Res 52:2916-2922
247. 247. Mareel MM, Behrens J, Birchmeier W, de Bruyne GK, Vleminckx K, Hoogewijs A, Fiers WC, van Roy FM 1991 Down-regulation of E-cadherin expression in Madin Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells inside tumors of nude mice. Int J Cancer 47:922-928
248. 248. Schalken JA, Smit F, Bringuier PP, van Bokhoven A, Witjes F, Debruyne FMJ, Bussemakers MJG 1995 The role of E-cadherin mutations in bladder and prostate cancer: is E-cadherin a classical tumor suppressor gene? Urol Res 23:P57 (Abstract)
249. 249. Ozawa M, Baribault H, Kemler R 1989 The cytoplasmic domain of the cell adhesion molecule uvomorulin associates with three independent proteins structurally related in different species. EMBO J 8:1711-1717
250. 250. Morton RA, Ewing CM, Nagafuchi A, Tsukita S, Isaacs WB 1993 Reduction of E-cadherin levels and deletion of the α-catenin gene in human prostate cancer cells. Cancer Res 53:3585-3590
251. 251. Giroldi LA, Bringuier PP, Schalken JA 1994 Defective E-cadherin function in urological cancers: clinical implications and molecular mechanisms. Invasion Metastasis 14:71-81
252. 252. McPherson JD, Morton RA, Ewing CM, Wasmuth JJ, Overhauser J, Nagafuchi A, Tsukita S, Isaacs WB 1994 Assignment of the human α-catenin gene (CTNNA1) to chromosome 5q21-q22. Genomics 19:188-190
253. 253. Umbas R, Isaacs WB, Bringuier PP, Xue Y, Debruyne FM, Schalken JA 1997 Relation between aberrant α-catenin expression and loss of E-cadherin function in prostate cancer. Int J Cancer 74:374-377
254. 254. Voeller HJ, Truica CI, Gelmann EP 1998 β-Catenin mutations in human prostate cancer. Cancer Res 58:2520-2523
255. 255. Rubinfeld B, Souza B, Albert I, Muller O, Chamberlain SH, Masiarz FR, Munemitsu S, Polakis P 1993 Association of the APC gene product with β-catenin. Science 262:1731-1734
256. 256. Graff JR, Herman JG, Lapidus RG, Chopra H, Xu R, Jarrard DF, Isaacs WB, Pitha PM, Davidson NE, Baylin SB 1995 E-cadherin expression is silenced by DNA hypermethylation in human breast and prostate carcinomas. Cancer Res 55:5195-5199
257. 257. Gao AC, Lou W, Dong JT, Isaacs JT 1997 CD44 is a metastasis suppressor gene for prostatic cancer located on human chromosome 11p13. Cancer Res 57:846-849
258. 258. Dong JT, Lamb PW, Rinker-Schaeffer CW, Vukanovic J, Ichikawa T, Isaacs JT, Barrett JC 1995 KAI1, a metastasis suppressor gene for prostate cancer on human chromosome 11p11.2. Science 268:884-886
259. 259. Matsumura Y, Tarin D 1992 Significance of CD44 gene products for cancer diagnosis and disease evaluation. Lancet 340:1053-1058
260. 260. Fox SB, Fawcett J, Jackson DC, Collins I, Gatter KC, Harris AL, Gearing A, Simmons DL 1994 Normal human tissues, in addition to some tumors, express multiple different CD44 isoforms. Cancer Res 54:4539-4546
261. 261. Dong JT, Suzuki H, Pin SS, Bova GS, Schalken JA, Isaacs WB, Barrett JC, Isaacs JT 1996 Down-regulation of the KAI1 metastasis suppressor gene during the progression of human prostatic cancer infrequently involves gene mutation or allelic loss. Cancer Res 56:4387-4390
262. 262 Nagabhushan M, Pretlow TG, Guo YJ, Amini SB, Pretlow TP, Sy MS 1996 Altered expression of CD44 in human prostate cancer during progression. Am J Clin Pathol 106:647-651
263. 263. Kallakury BV, Yang F, Figge J, Smith KE, Kausik SJ, Tacy NJ, Fisher HA, Kaufman R, Figge H, Ross JS 1996 Decreased levels of CD44 protein and mRNA in prostate carcinoma. Correlation with tumor grade and ploidy. Cancer 78:1461-1469
264. 264. Liaw D, Marsh DJ, Li J, Dahia PL, Wang SI, Zheng Z, Bose S, Call KM, Tsou HC, Peacocke M, Eng C, Parsons R 1997 Germline mutations of the PTEN gene in Cowden disease, an inherited breast and thyroid cancer syndrome. Nat Genet 16:64-67
265. 265. Li J, Yen C, Liaw D, Podsypanina K, Bose S, Wang SI, Puc J, Miliaresis C, Rodgers L, McCombie R, Bigner SH, Giovanella BC, Ittmann M, Tycko B, Hibshoosh H, Wigler MH, Parsons R 1997 PTEN, a putative protein tyrosine phosphatase gene mutated in human brain, breast, and prostate cancer. Science 275:1943-1947
266. 266. Suzuki H, Freije D, Nusskern DR, Okami K, Cairns P, Sidransky D, Isaacs WB, Bova GS 1998 Interfocal heterogeneity of PTEN/ MMAC1 gene alterations in multiple metastatic prostate cancer tissues. Cancer Res 58:204-209
267. 267. Wang SI, Parsons R, Ittmann M 1998 Homozygous deletions of the PTEN tumor suppressor gene in a subset of prostate adenocarcinomas. Clin Cancer Res 4:811-815
268. 268. Cairns P, Okami K, Halachmi S, Halachmi N, Esteller M, Herman JG, Jen J, Isaacs WB, Bova GS, Sidransky D 1997 Frequent inactivation of PTEN/MMAC1 in primary prostate cancer. Cancer Res 57:4997-5000
269. 269. Feilotter HE, Nagai MA, Boag AH, Eng C, Mulligan LM 1998 Analysis of PTEN and the 10q23 region in primary prostate carcinomas. Oncogene 16:1743-1748
270. 270. Kim NW, Piatyszek MA, Prowse KR, Harley CB, West MD, Ho PL, Coviello GM, Wright WE, Weinrich SL, Shay JW 1994 Specific association of human telomerase activity with immortalized cells and cancer. Science 266:2011-2015
271. 271. Harley CB, Futcher AB, Greider CW 1990 Telomeres shorten during aging of human fibroblasts. Nature 345:458-460
272. 272. Sommerfeld HJ, Meeker AK, Piatyszek MA, Bova GS, Shay JW, Coffey DS 1996 Telomerase activity: a prevalent marker of malignant human prostate tissue. Cancer Res 56:218-222
273. 273. Zakian VA 1989 Structure and function of telomeres. Annu Rev Genet 23:579-604
274. 274. Morin GB 1989 The human telomere transferase is a ribonucleoprotein that synthesizes TTAGGG repeats. Cell 59:521-529
275. 275. Scates DK, Muir GH, Venitt S, Carmichael PL 1997 Detection of telomerase activity in human prostate: a diagnostic marker for prostatic cancer? Br J Urol 80:263-268
276. 276. Lin Y, Uemura H, Fujinami K, Hosaka M, Harada M, Kubota Y 1997 Telomerase activity in primary prostate cancer. J Urol 157: 1161-1165
277. 277. Zhang W, Kapusta LR, Slingerland JM, Klotz LH 1998 Telomerase activity in prostate cancer, prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia, and benign prostatic epithelium. Cancer Res 58:619-621
278. 278. Takahashi C, Miyagawa I, Kumano S, Oshimura M 1997 Detection of telomerase activity in prostate cancer by needle biopsy. Eur Urol 32:494-498
279. 279. Kallakury BV, Brien TP, Lowry CV, Muraca PJ, Fisher HA, Kaufman Jr RP, Ross JS 1997 Telomerase activity in human benign prostate tissue and prostatic adenocarcinomas. Diagn Mol Pathol 6:192-198
280. 280. Cornelisse CJ, Cornells RS, Devilee P 1996 Genes responsible for familial breast cancer. Pathol Res Pract 192:684-693
281. 281. Arason A, Barkardottir RB, Egilsson V 1993 Linkage analysis of chromosome 17q markers and breast-ovarian cancer in Icelandic families, and possible relationship to prostatic cancer. Am J Hum Genet 52:711-717
282. 282. Ford D, Easton DF, Bishop DT, Narod SA, Goldgar DE 1994 Risks of cancer in BRCA1 mutation carriers. Breast Cancer Linkage Consortium. Lancet 343:692-695
283. 283. Langston AA, Stanford JL, Wicklund KG, Thompson JD, Blazej RG, Ostrander EA 1996 Germ-line BRCA1 mutations in selected men with prostate cancer (letter). Am J Hum Genet 58:881-884
284. 284. Carter BS, Beaty TH, Steinberg GD, Childs B, Isaacs WB 1992 Mendelian inheritance of familial prostate carcinoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89:3367-3371
285. 285. Smith JR, Freije D, Carpten JD, Grànberg H, Xu J, Isaacs SD, Brownstein MJ, Bova GS, Guo H, Bujnovszky P, Nusskern DR, Damber JE, Bergh A, Emanuelsson M, Kallioniemi OP, Walker-Daniels J, Bailey-Wilson JE, Beaty TH, Meyers DA, Walsh PC, Collins FS, Trent JM, Isaacs WB 1996 Major susceptibility locus for prostate carcinoma on chromosome 1 suggested by a genome-wide search. Science 274:1371-1374
286. 286. Grànberg H, Xu J, Smith JR, Carpten JD, Isaacs SD, Freije D, Bova GS, Danber JE, Bergh A, Walsh PC, Collins FS, Trent JM, Meyers DA, Isaacs WB 1997 Early age at diagnosis in families providing evidence of linkage to the hereditary prostate cancer locus (HPC1) on chromosome 1. Cancer Res 57:4707-4709
287. 287. Eeles R, Durocher F, Edwards S, Teare D, Easton D, Dearnaley D, Shearer R, Ardern-Jones A, Dowe A, Badzioch M, Amos C, Labrie F, Simard J, Narod S, Foulkes W 1997 Does the hereditary prostate cancer gene, HPC1 contribute to large proportion of familial prostate cancer? -results from the CRC/BPG UK, Texan & Canadian Consortium. Am J Hum Genet 61[Suppl]:A345 (Abstract)
288. 288. Isaacs WB, Xu J, Grànberg H, Smith JR, Carpten JD, Freije D, Isaacs SD, Bova GS, Browstein MJ, Kallioniemi OP, Bailey-Wilson JE, Suzuki H, Stephan D, Walsh PC, Collins FS, Meyers DA, Trent JM 1997 Characteristics of families providing evidence of linkage to the hereditary prostate cancer (HPC1) locus on chromosome 1. Am J Hum Genet 61[Suppl]:A70 (Abstract)
289. 289. Schleutker J, Matikainen M, Smith JR, Wyszynski DF, Pukkula E, Sankila R, Gillanders E, Freas-Lutz D, Pugh EW, Tilli E, Visakorpi T, Tammela TLJ, Brownstein MJ, Collins FC, Bailey-Wilson JE, Trent JM, Kallioniemi OP 1997 Search for founder effects: a genetic and epidemiologic study of hereditary prostate cancer in Finland. Am J Hum Genet 61[Suppl]:A1711 (Abstract)
290. 290. Cooney KA, McCarthy JD, Lange E, Huang L, Miesfeldt S, Montie JE, Oesterling JE, Sandler HM, Lange K 1997 Prostate cancer susceptibility locus on chromosome 1q: a confirmatory study. J Natl Cancer Inst 89:955-959
291. 291. McIndoe RA, Stanford JL, Gibbs M, Jarvik GP, Brandzel S, Neal CL, Li S, Gammack JT, Gay AA, Goode EL, Hood L, Ostrander EA 1997 Linkage analysis of 49 high-risk families does not support a common familial prostate cancer-susceptibility gene at 1q24-25. Am J Hum Genet 61:347-353
292. 292. Thibodeau SN, Wang Z, Tester DJ, French AJ, Schroeder JJ, Bissonet AS, Roberts SG, Blut ML, Schaid DJ, Smith JR, Trent JM 1997 Linkage analysis at the HPC1 locus in hereditary prostate cancer families. Am J Hum Genet 61[Suppl]:A1733
293. 293. zur Hausen H 1989 Papillomavirus in anogenital cancer as a model to understand the role of viruses in human cancers. Cancer Res 49:4677-4681
294. 294. Dyson N, Howley PM, Münger K, Harlow E 1989 The human papillomavirus-16 E7 oncoprotein is able to bind the retinoblastoma gene product. Science 243:934-937
295. 295. Werness BA, Levine AJ, Howley PM 1990 Association of human papillomavirus types 16 and 18 E6 proteins with p53. Science 248: 76-79
296. 296. McNicol PJ, Dodd JG 1991 High prevalence of human papillomavirus in prostate tissues. J Urol 145:850-853
297. 297. Ibrahim GK, Gravitt PE, Dittrich KL, Ibrahim SN, Melhus O, Anderson SM, Robertson CN 1992 Detection of human papillomavirus in the prostate by polymerase chain reaction and in situ hybridization. J Urol 148:1822-1826
298. 298. Rotola A, Monini P, Di Luca D, Savioli A, Simone R, Secchiero P, Reggiani A, Cassai E 1992 Presence and physical state of HPV DNA in prostate and urinary-tract tissues. Int J Cancer 52:359-365
299. 299. Cuzick J 1995 Human papillomavirus infection of the prostate. Cancer Surv 23:91-95
300. 300. Anderson M, Handley J, Hopwood L, Murant S, Stower M, Maitland NJ 1997 Analysis of prostate tissue DNA for the presence of human papillomavirus by polymerase chain reaction, cloning, and automated sequencing. J Med Virol 52:8-13
301. 301. Sinclair AL, Nouri AM, Oliver RT, Sexton C, Dalgleish AG 1993 Bladder and prostate cancer screening for human papillomavirus by polymerase chain reaction: conflicting results using different annealing temperatures. Br J Biomed Sci 50:350-354
302. 302. Gherdovich S, Barbacci P, Mitrione MP, Farina U, Muraro GB, Anichini M 1997 Detection of the human papillomavirus in hyperplastic and cancerous prostatic tissue with PCR. Minerva Urol Nefrol 49:73-77
303. 303. Terris MK, Peehl DM 1997 Human papillomavirus detection by polymerase chain reaction in benign and malignant prostate tissue is dependent on the primer set utilized. Urology 50:150-156
304. 304. Wideroff L, Schottenfeld D, Carey TE, Beals T, Fu G, Sakr W, Sarkar F, Schork A, Grossman HB, Shaw MW 1996 Human papillomavirus DNA in malignant and hyperplastic prostate tissue of black and white males. Prostate 28:117-123
305. 305. Sarkar FH, Sakr WA, Li YW, Sreepathi P, Crissman JD 1993 Detection of human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA in human prostatic tissues by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Prostate 22:171-180
306. 306. Tu H, Jacobs SC, Mergner WJ, Kyprianou N 1994 Rare incidence of human papillomavirus types 16 and 18 in primary and metastatic human prostate cancer. Urology 44:726-731
307. 307. Dodd JG, Paraskevas M, McNicol PJ 1993 Detection of human papillomavirus 16 transcription in human prostate tissue. J Urol 149:400-402
308. 308. Ruijter ET, van de Kaa CA, Schalken JA, Debruyne FMJ, Ruiter DJ 1996 Histological grade heterogeneity in multifocal prostate cancer. Biological and clinical implications. J Pathol 180:295-299
309. 309. Kallioniemi OP, Visakorpi T 1996 Genetic basis and clonal evolution of human prostate cancer. Adv Cancer Res 68:225-255
310. 310. Gleason DF1977 Histologie grading and clinical staging of prostate carcinoma. In: Tannenbaum M (ed) Urologic Pathology: The Prostate. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia, pp 171-198
311. 311. Greene DR, Taylor SR, Wheeler TM, Scardino PT 1991 DNA ploidy by image analysis of individual foci of prostate cancer: a preliminary report. Cancer Res 51:4084-4089
312. 312. Hodge KK, McNeal JE, Terris MD, Stamey TA 1989 Random systematic vs. directed ultrasound guided transrectal core biopsies of the prostate. J Urol 142:71-75