The biology and treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia

Annals of Oncology

Volumn 17, Issue SUPPL. 10, 2006, Pages

  Palma, M ^a   Kokhaei, P ^a   Lundin, J ^a   Choudhury, A ^a   Mellstedt, H ^a   Osterborg A ^a  

^a KAROLINSKA UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Sweden)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALEMTUZUMAB; ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; ANTIVIRUS AGENT; APOLIZUMAB; CD38 ANTIGEN; CHLORAMBUCIL; CISPLATIN; CLADRIBINE; CLOFARABINE; CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE; DENILEUKIN DIFTITOX; DEXAMETHASONE; DOXORUBICIN; EPRATUZUMAB; FLAVOPIRIDOL; FLUDARABINE; GANCICLOVIR; IMMUNOGLOBULIN HEAVY CHAIN; LENALIDOMIDE; LUMILIXIMAB; MITOXANTRONE; MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY; OBLIMERSEN; PENTOSTATIN; PREDNISONE; PROTEIN KINASE ZAP 70; RITUXIMAB; UNINDEXED DRUG; VINCRISTINE;

ALLOGENEIC HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION; ALLOGENIC BONE MARROW TRANSPLANTATION; ARTICLE; AUTOIMMUNE HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA; AUTOLOGOUS HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION; B CELL LEUKEMIA; CANCER STAGING; CHROMOSOME ABERRATION; CHRONIC LYMPHATIC LEUKEMIA; CLINICAL TRIAL; CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTION; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG POTENTIATION; HERPES ZOSTER; HUMAN; HYPOGAMMAGLOBULINEMIA; IMMUNE DEFICIENCY; IMMUNOGLOBULIN VARIABLE REGION; MALIGNANT TRANSFORMATION; META ANALYSIS; MUTATIONAL ANALYSIS; PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; SALVAGE THERAPY; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; T LYMPHOCYTE; TELOMERE; TREATMENT RESPONSE; VIRUS REACTIVATION;

HUMANS; LEUKEMIA, LYMPHOCYTIC, CHRONIC; LEUKEMIA, LYMPHOCYTIC, CHRONIC, B-CELL;

EID: 33749587919     PISSN: 09237534     EISSN: 15698041     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdl252     Document Type: Article

References (140)

1. Alfarano A, Indraccolo S, Circosta P et al. An alternatively spliced form of CD79b gene may account for altered B-cell receptor expression in B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 1999; 93: 2327-2335.
2. Messmer BT, Messmer D, Allen SL et al. In vivo measurements document the dynamic cellular kinetics of chronic lymphocytic leukemia B cells. J Clin Invest 2006; 115: 755-764.
3. Herishanu Y, Polliack A. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia: A review of some new aspects of the biology, factors influencing, prognosis and therapeutic options. Transfus Apher Sci 2005; 32: 85-97.
4. Binet JL, Auquier A, Dighiero G et al. A new prognostic classification of chronic lymphocytic leukemia derived from a multivariate survival analysis. Cancer 1981; 48: 198-206.
5. Rai KR, Sawitsky A, Cronkite EP et al. Clinical staging of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 1975; 46: 219-234.
6. Montillo M, Hamblin T, Hallek M et al. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia: novel prognostic factors and their relevance for risk-adapted therapeutic strategies. Haematologica 2005; 90: 391-399.
7. Schroeder HW, Jr., Dighiero G. The pathogenesis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia: Analysis of the antibody repertoire. Immunol Today 1994; 15: 288-294.
8. Klein U, Tu Y, Stolovitzky GA et al. Gene expression profiling of B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia reveals a homogeneous phenotype related to memory B cells. J Exp Med 2001; 194: 1625-1638.
9. Damle RN, Wasil T, Fais F et al. Ig V gene mutation status and CD38 expression as novel prognostic indicators in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 1999; 94: 1840-1847.
10. Hamblin TJ, Davis Z, Gardiner A et al. Unmutated Ig V(H) genes are associated with a more aggressive form of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 1999; 94: 1848-1854.
11. Oscier DG, Thompsett A, Zhu D, Stevenson FK. Differential rates of somatic hypermutation in V(H) genes among subsets of chronic lymphocytic leukemia defined by chromosomal abnormalities. Blood 1997; 89: 4153-4160.
12. Tobin G, Rosenquist R. Prognostic usage of V(H) gene mutation status and its surrogate markers and the role of antigen selection in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Med Oncol 2005; 22: 217-228.
13. Tobin G, Thunberg U, Johnson A et al. Chronic lymphocytic leukemias utilizing the VH3-21 gene display highly restricted Vlambda2-14 gene use and homologous CDR3s: Implicating recognition of a common antigen epitope. Blood 2003; 101: 4952-4957.
14. Fals F, Ghiotto F, Hashimoto S et al. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia B cells express restricted sets of mutated and unmutated antigen receptors. J Clin Invest 1998; 102: 1515-1525.
15. Ghia P, Stamatopoulos K, Belessi C et al. Geographic patterns and pathogenetic implications of IGHV gene usage in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: The lesson of the IGHV3-21 gene. Blood 2005; 105: 1678-1685.
16. Tobin G, Thunberg U, Johnson A et al. Somatically mutated Ig V(H)3-21 genes characterize a new subset of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 2002; 99: 2262-2264.
17. Falt S, Merup M, Tobin G et al. Distinctive gene expression pattern in VH3-21 utilizing B-Gell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 2005; 106: 681-689.
18. Rosenwald A, Alizadeh AA, Widhopf G et al. Relation of gene expression phenotype to immunoglobulin mutation genotype in B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. J Exp Med 2001; 194: 1639-1647.
19. Sup SJ, Domiati-Saad R, Kelley TW et al. ZAP-70 expression in B-cell hematologic malignancy is not limited to CLL/SLL. Am J Clin Pathol 2004; 122: 582-587.
20. Durig J, Nuckel H, Cremer M et al. ZAP-70 expression is a prognostic factor in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leukemia 2003; 17: 2426-2434.
21. Crespo M, Bosch F, Villamor N et al. ZAP-70 expression as a surrogate for immunoglobulin-variable-region mutations in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. N Engl J Med 2003; 348: 1764-1775.
22. Orchard JA, Ibbotson RE, Davis Z et al. ZAP-70 expression and prognosis in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Lancet 2004; 363: 105-111.
23. Rassentl LZ, Huynh L, Toy TL et al. ZAP-70 compared with immunoglobulin heavy-chain gene mutation status as a predictor of disease progression in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. N Engl J Med 2004; 351: 893-901.
24. Ibrahim S, Keating M, Do KA et al. CD38 expression as an important prognostic factor in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 2001; 98: 181-186.
25. Stilgenbauer S, Bullinger L, Lichter P, Dohner H. Genetics of chronic lymphocytic leukemia: Genomic aberrations and V(H) gene mutation status in pathogenesis and clinical course. Leukemia 2002; 16: 993-1007.
26. Dohner H, Stilgenbauer S, Benner A et al. Genomic aberrations and survival in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. N Engl J Med 2000; 343: 1910-1916.
27. Byrd JC, Stilgenbauer S, Flinn NV. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Hematology (Am Soc Hematol Educ Program) 2004: 163-183.
28. Sturm I, Bosanquet AG, Hermann S et al. Mutation of p53 and consecutive selective drug resistance in B-CLL occurs as a consequence of prior DNA-damaging chemotherapy. Cell Death Differ 2003; 10: 477-484.
29. Stilgenbauer S, Kröber A, Busch R et al. 17p Deletion Predicts for Inferior Overall Survival after Fludarabine - Based First Line Therapy in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: First Analysis of Genetics in the CLL4 Trial of the GCLLSG. Blood (ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts) 2005; 106: abstr.715.
30. Lozanski G, Heerema NA, Flinn IW et al. Alemtuzumab is an effective therapy for chronic lymphocytic leukemia with p53 mutations and deletions. Blood 2004; 103: 3278-3281.
31. Damle RN, Batliwalla FM, Ghiotto F et al. Telomere length and telomerase activity delineate distinctive replicative features of the B-CLL subgroups defined by immunoglobulin V gene mutations. Blood 2004; 103: 375-382.
32. Hultdin M, Rosenquist R, Thunberg U et al. Association between telomere length and V(H) gene mutation status in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: clinical and biological Implications. Br J Cancer 2003; 88: 593-698.
33. Bechter OE, Elsterer W, Pall G et al. Telomere length and telomerase activity predict survival in patients with B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Cancer Res 1998; 58: 4918-4922.
34. Verstovsek S, Giles FJ, O'Brien S et al. Telomerase activity is not a prognostic factor in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leuk Res 2004; 28: 707-711.
35. Grabowski P, Hultdin M, Karlsson K et al. Telomere length as a prognostic parameter in chronic lymphocytic leukemia with special reference to VH gene mutation status. Blood 2005; 105: 4807-4812.
36. Tchirkov A, Chaleteix C, Magnac C et al. hTERT expression and prognosis in B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Ann Oncol 2004; 15: 1476-1480.
37. Mellstedt H, Choudhury A. T and B cells in B-chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: Faust, Mephistopheles and the pact with the Devil. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2006; 55: 210-220.
38. Ghia P, Strola G, Granziero L et al. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia B cells are endowed with the capacity to attract CD4+, CD40L+ T cells by producing CCL22. Eur J Immunol 2002; 32: 1403-1413.
39. Dancescu M, Rubio-Trujillo M, Biron G et al. Interleukin 4 protects chronic lymphocytic leukemic B cells from death by apoptosis and upregulates Bcl-2 expression. J Exp Med 1992; 176: 1319-1326.
40. Tangye SG, Raison RL. Human cytokine suppress apoptosis of leukaemic CD5+ B cells and preserve expression of bcl-2. Immunol Cell Biol 1997; 75: 127-135.
41. Lundin J, Kimby E, Bergmann L et al. Interleukin 4 therapy for patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: A phase I/II study. Br J Haematol 2001; 112: 155-160.
42. Caligaris-Cappio F. Role of the microenvironment in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Br J Haematol 2003; 123: 380-388.
43. Granziero L, Ghia P, Circosta P et al. Survivin is expressed on CD40 stimulation and interfaces proliferation and apoptosis in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 2001; 97: 2777-2783.
44. Pangalis GA, Vassilakopoulos TP, Dimopoulou MN et al. B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia: Practical aspects. Hematol Oncol 2002; 20: 103-146.
45. Molica S. Infections in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: Risk factors, and impact on survival, and treatment. Leuk Lymphoma 1994; 13: 203-214.
46. Rozman C, Montserrat E, Vinolas N. Serum immunoglobulins in B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Natural history and prognostic significance. Cancer 1988; 61: 279-283.
47. Engelfriet CP, Overbeeke MA, von dem Borne AE. Autoimmune hemolytic anemia. Semin Hematol 1992; 29: 3-12.
48. Hamblin TJ, Oscier DG, Young BJ. Autoimmunity in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. J Clin Pathol 1986; 39: 713-716.
49. Efremov DG, Ivanovski M, Siljanovski N et al. Restricted immunoglobulin VH region repertoire in chronic lymphocytic leukemia petients with autoimmune hemolytic anemia. Blood 1996; 87: 3869-3876.
50. Pritsch O, Maloum K, Dighiero G. Basic biology of autoimmune phenomena in chronic "lymphocytic leukemia..Semin Oncol 1998; 25: 34-41.
51. Lundin J, Gelsing F, Karlsson C, Osterborg A. Treatment of Refractory Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia in B-CLL with Alemtuzumab (Humanized CD52 MAb). Blood 2005; 106: Abstr, 2967.
52. Rodon P, Breton P, Courouble G. Treatment of pure red cell aplasia and autoimmune haemolytic anaemia in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia with Campath-1H. Eur J Haematol 2003; 70: 319-321.
53. Tsimberidou AM, Keating MJ. Richter syndrome: Biology, incidence and therapeutic strategies. Cancer 2005; 103: 216-228.
54. Karlsson C, Norin S, Lundin J et al. Alemtuzumab as first-line therapy in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL): Long-term follow-up of clinical effects, infectious complications and risk of richter transformation (RT). European Haematology Association Annual Meeting 2004: Abstr. 083.
55. Bosch F, Ferrer A, Lopez-Guillermo A et al. Fludarabine, cyclophosphamide and mitoxantrone in the treatment of resistant or relapsed chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, Br J Haematol 2002; 119: 976-984.
56. Rawstron AC, Kennedy B, Evans PA et al. Quantitation at minimal disease levels in chronic lymphocytic leukemia using a sensitive flow cytometric assay improves the prediction of outcome and can be used to optimize therapy. Blood 2001; 98: 29-35.
57. Moreton P, Kennedy B, Lucas G et al. Eradication of minimal residual disease in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia after alemtuzumab therapy is associated with prolonged survival J Clin Oncol 2005; 23: 2971-2979.
58. Dighiero G, Maloum K, Desablens B et al. Chlorambucil in indolent chronic lymphocytic leukemia. French Cooperative Group on Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. N Engl J Med 1998; 338: 1506-1514.
59. Cheson BD, Bennett A Grever M et al. National Cancer Institute-sponsored Working Group guidelines for chronic lymphocyte leukemia: Revised guidelines for diagnosis and treatment. Blood 1996; 87: 4990-4997.
60. Flinn IW, Grever MR. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Cancer Treat Rev 1996; 22: 1-13.
61. Grever MR, Kopecky KJ, Coltman CA et al. Fludarabine monophosphate: A potentially useful agent in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Nouv Rev Fr Hematol 1988; 30: 457-459.
62. Rai KR, Peterson BL, Appelbaum FR et al. Fludarabine compared with chlorambucil as primary therapy for chronic lymphocytic leukemia. N Engl J Med 2000; 343: 1750-1757.
63. Leporrier M, Chevret S, Cazin B et al. Randomized comparison of fludarabine, CAP, and ChOP in 938 previously untreated stage B and C chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients. Blood 2001; 98: 2319-2325.
64. Johnson S, Smith AG, Loffler H et al. Multicentre prospective randomised trial of fludarabine versus cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and prednisone (CAP) for treatment of advanced-stage chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. The French Cooperative Group on CLL. Lancet 1996; 347: 1432-1438.
65. Yamauchi T, Nowak BJ, Keating MJ, Plunkett W. DNA repair initiated in chronic lymphocytic leukemia lymphocytes by 4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide is inhibited by fludarabine and clofarabine. Clin Cancer Res 2001; 7: 3580-3589.
66. Bellosillo B, Villamor N, Colomer D et al. In vitro evaluation of fludarabine in combination with cyclophosphamide and/or mitoxantrone in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 1999; 94: 2836-2843.
67. Flinn IWJ, Bennett, JM et al. Fludarabine and cyclophosphamide achieves high response rate in patients with previously untreated chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 2001; 98: 633a.
68. Hallek M, Schmitt B, Wilhelm M et al. Fludarabine plus cyclophosphamide is an efficient treatment for advanced chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL): Results of a phase II study of the German CLL Study Group. Br J Haematol 2001; 114: 342-348.
69. Flinn IW, Byrd JC, Morrison C et al. Fludarabine and cyclophosphamide with filgrastim support in patients with previously untreated indolent lymphoid malignancies. Blood 2000; 96: 71-75.
70. O'Brien SM, Kantarjian HM, Cortes J et al. Result of the fludardbine and cyclophosphamide combination regimen in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. J Clin Oncol 2001; 19: 1414-1420.
71. Cazin B, Lepetre S, Travade P. et al. Oral fludarabine and cyclophosphamide in previously untreated chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL): Preliminary data on 75 patients. BlooA 2002; 100: abstr. 773.
72. Eichhorst BF, Busch R, Hopfinger G et al. Fludarabine plus cyclophosphamide versus fludarabine alone in first line therapy of younger patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 2005.
73. Flinn IW, Grever MR, Neuberg D et al. Fludarabine and cyclophosphamide produces a significant higher complete response rate and more durable remissions than fludarabine in patients with previously untreated CLL: Intergroup Trial E2997. Blood 2004; 104: Abstr.475.
74. Catovsky D, Richards S, Phil D, Hillmen P. Early Results from LRF CLL4: A UK Multicenter Randomized Trial. Blood (ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts) 2005 2005; 106: Abs 716.
75. Villamor N, Montserrat E, Colomer D. Mechanism of action and resistance to monoclonal antibody therapy. Semin Oncol 2003; 30: 424-433.
76. Osterborg A, Fassas AS, Anagnostopoulos A et al. Humanized CD52 monoclonal antibody Campath-1H as first-line treatment in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Br J Haematol 1996; 93: 151-153.
77. Lundin J, Kimby E, Bjorkholm M et al. Phase II trial of subcutaneous anti-CD52 monoclonal antibody alemtuzumab,(Campath-1H) as first-line treatment for patients with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL). Blood 2002; 100: 768-773.
78. Hillmen P, Skotnicki AB, Robak T et al. Preliminary Safety and Efficacy Report of a Randomized Trial of Alemtuzumab versus Chlorambucil as Front-Line Therapy in 297 Patients with Progressive B-Cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. Blood (ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts) 2004; 104: abstr. 2505.
79. Wendtner CM, Ritgen M, Schweighofer CD et al. Consolidation with alemtuzumab in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) in first remission - experience on safety and efficacy within a randomized multicenter phase III trial of the German CLL Study Group (GCLLSG). Leukemia 2004; 18: 1093-1101.
80. Rai K, Byrd J, Peterson B, Larson RA. A phase II trial of fludarabine followed by alemtuzumab (Campath-1H) in previously untreated chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL patients with active disease: Cancer and Leukemia Group B (CALGB) study 19901. Blood 2002; 100: 205a-206a.
81. O'Brien SM, Kantarjian HM, Thomas DA et al. Alemtuzumab as treatment for residual disease after chemotherapy in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Cancer 2003; 98: 2657-2663.
82. Montillo MM, Tedeschi A, Rossi V et al. Sequential treatment with fludarabine and subcutaneous alemtuzumab is able to purge residual disease in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. European Haematology Association Annual Meeting 2004: Abstr. 594.
83. Maloney DG, Smith B, Rose A. Rituximab: Mechanism of action and resistance. Semin Oncol 2002; 29: 2-9.
84. Hainsworth JD, Litchy S, Barton JH et al. Single-agent rituximab as first-line and maintenance treatment for patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia or small lymphocytic lymphoma: A phase II trial of the Minnie Pearl Cancer Research Network. J Clin Oncol 2003; 21: 1746-1751.
85. Alas S, Bonavida B, Emmanouilides C. Potentiation of fludarabine cytotoxicity on non-Hodgkin's lymphoma by pentoxifylline and rituximab. Anticancer Res 2000; 20: 2961-2966.
86. Demidem A, Lam T, Alas S et al. Chimeric anti-CD20 (IDEC-C2B8) monocional antibody sensitizes a B cell lymphoma cell line to cell killing by cytotoxic drugs. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 1997; 12: 177-186.
87. Di Gaetano N, Xiao Y, Erba E et al. Synergism between fludarabine and rituximab revealed in a follicular lymphoma cell line resistant to the cytotoxic activity of either drug alone. Br J Haematol 2001; 114: 800-809.
88. Golay J, Zaffaroni L, Vaccari T et al. Biologic response of B lymphoma cells to anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody rituximab in vitra. CD55 and CD59 regulate complement-mediated cell lysis. Blood 2000; 95: 3900-3908.
89. Byrd JC, Peterson BL, Morrison VA et al. Randomized phase 2 study of fludarabine with concurrent versus sequential treatment with rituximab in symptomatic, untreated patients with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia: Results from Cancer and Leukemia Group B 9712 (CALGB 9712). Blood 2003; 101: 6-14.
90. Byrd JC, Rai K, Peterson BL et al. Addition of rituximab to fludarabine: may prolong progression-free survival and overall survival in patents with previously untreated chronic lymphocytic leukemia: An updated retrospective comparative analysis of CALGB 9712 and CALGB 9011. Blood 2005; 105: 49-53.
91. Keating MJ, O'Brien S, Albitar M et al. Early results of a chemoimmunotherapy regimen of fludarabine, cyclophosphamide, and rituximab as initial therapy for chronic lymphocytic leukemia. J Clin Oncol 2005; 23: 4079-4088.
92. Keating MJ, Kantarjian H, Talpaz M et al. Fludarabine: A new agent with major activity against chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 1989; 74: 19-25.
93. Sorensen JM, Vena DA, Fallavollita A et al. Treatment of refractory chronic lmphocylic leukemia with fludarabine phosphate via the group C protocol mechanism of the National Cancer Institute: Five-year follow-up report. J Clin Oncol 1997; 15: 458-465.
94. O'Brien S, Kantarjian H, Beran M et al. Results of fludarabine and prednisone therapy in 264 patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia with multivariate analysis-derived prognostic model for response to treatment. Blood 1993; 82: 1695-1700.
95. Montserrat E, Lopez-Lorenzo JL, Manso F et al. Fludarabine in resistant or relapsing B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia: The Spanish Group experience. Leuk Lymphoma 1996; 21: 467-472.
96. Robak T, Blonski JZ, Kasznicki M et al. Cladribine with or without prednisone in the treatment of previously treated and untreated B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia - updated results of the multicentre study of 378 patients. Br J Haematol 2000; 108: 357-368.
97. Juliusson G, Liliemark J. Long-term survival following cladribine (2-chlorodeoxyadenosine) therapy in previously treated patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Ann Oncol 1996; 7: 373-379.
98. Nguyen DT, Amess JA, Doughty H et al. IDEC-C2B8 anti-CD20 (rituximab) immunotherapy in patients with low-grade non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and lymphoproliferative disorders: Evaluation of response on 48 patients. Eur J Haematol 1999; 62: 76-82.
99. Itala M, Geisler CH, Kimby E et al. Standard-dose anti-CD20 antibody rituximab has efficacy in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: Results from a Nordic multicentre study. Eur J Haematol 2002; 69: 129-134.
100. Huhn D, von Schilling C, Wilhelm M et al. Rituximab therapy of patients with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 2001; 98: 1326-1331.
101. O'Brien SM, Kantarjian H, Thomas DA et al. Rituximab dose-escalation trial in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. J Clin Oncol 2001; 19: 2165-2170.
102. Byrd JC, Murphy T, Howard RS et al. Rituximab using a thrice weekly dosing schedule in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia and small lymphocytic lymphoma demonstrates clinical activity and acceptable toxicity. J Clin Oncol 2001; 19: 2153-2164.
103. Weirda W, O'Brien S, Wen S et al. Chemoimmunotherapy with fludarabine, cyclophosphamide, and rituximab for relapsed and refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia. J Clin Oncol 2005; 23: 4070-4078.
104. Wierda W, O'Brien S. Ferrajoli A et al. Salvage therapy with combined cyclophosphamide (C), fludarabine (F), alemtuzumab (A) and rituximab (R) (CFAR) for heavily pre-treated patients with CLL. Blood 2005; 106: abstr. 719.
105. Keating MJ, Flinn I, Jain V et al. Therapeutic role of alemtuzumab (Campath-1H) in patients who have failed fludarabine: Results of a large international study. Blood 2002; 99: 3554-3561.
106. Elter T, Borchmann P, Schulz H et al. Fludarabine in combination with alemtuzumab is effective and feasible in patients with relapsed or refractory B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia: Results of a phase II trial. J Clin Oncol 2005; 23: 7024-7031.
107. Faderl S, Thomas DA, O'Brien S et al. Experience with alemtuzumab plus rituximab in patients with relapsed and refractory lymphoid malignancies. Blood 2003; 101: 3413-3415.
108. Esteve J, Montserrat E, Dreger P et al. Stem cell transplantation (SCT) for chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL): Outcome and prognostic factors after autologous and allogenic transplants. Blood 2001; 98: 482a.
109. Dreger P, van Biezen A, Brand R et al. Prognostic factors for survival after autologous stem cell transplantation for chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL): The EMBT experience. Blood 2000; 96: 482a.
110. Dreger P, von Neuhoff N, Sonnen R et al. Feasibility and efficacy of autologous stem call transplantation for poor risk CLL. Blood 2000; 96: 483a.
111. Gribben JG, Neuberg D, Soiffer RJ et al. Autologous versus allogenic bone marrow transplantation for patients with poor prognosis CLL. Blood 1998; 92 (Suppl): 322a.
112. Milligan DW, Fernandes S, Dasgupta R et al. Results of the MRC pilot study show autografting for younger patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia is safe and achieves a high percentage of molecular responses. Blood 2005; 105: 397-404.
113. Michallet M, Archimbaud E, Bandini G et al. HLA-identical sibling bone marrow transplantation in younger patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation and the International Bone Marrow Transplant Registry. Ann Intern Med 1996; 124: 311-315.
114. Horowitz MM, Montserrat E, Sobocinski K et al. Heamopoietic stem cell transplantation for chronic lymhocytic leukemia. Blood 2000; 96: 522a (abstr).
115. Dreger P, Montserrat E. Autologous and allogeneic stem cell transplantation for chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Leukemia 2002; 16: 985-992.
116. Khouri IF, Keating MJ, Saliba RM, Champlin RE. Long-term follow-up of patients with CLL treated with allogeneic hematopoietic transplantation. Cytotherapy 2002; 4: 217-221.
117. Gribben JG, Zahrieh D, Stephans K et al. Autologous and allogeneic stem cell transplantations for poor-risk chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 2005; 106: 4389-4396.
118. Khouri IF, Lee MS, Saliba RM et al. Nonablative allogeneic stem cell transplantation for chronic lymphocytic leukemia: Impact of rituximab on immunomodulation and survival. Exp Hematol 2004; 32: 28-35.
119. Schetelig J, Thiede C, Bornhauser M et al. Evidenoe of a graft-versus-leukemia effect in chronic lymphocytic leukemia after reduced-intensity conditioning and allogeneic stem-cell transplantation: the Cooperative German Transplant Study Group. J Clin Oncol 2003; 21: 2747-2753.
120. Sorror ML, Maris MB, Sandmaier BM et al. Hematopoietic cell transplantation after nonmyeloablative conditioning for advanced chronic lymphocytic leukemia. J Clin Oncol 2005; 23: 3819-3829.
121. Delgado J, Thomson K, Russell N et al. Results of alemtuzumab-based reduced-intensity allogeneic transplantation for chronic lymphocytic leukemia: A british society of blood and marrow transplantation study. Blood 2005 Oct 20; (Epub ahead of print)
122. Dreger P, Brand R, Hansz J et al. Treatment-related mortality and graft-versus-leukemia activity after allogeneic stem cell transplantation for chronic lymphocytic leukemia using intensity-reduced conditioning. Leukemia 2003; 17: 841-848.
123. O'Brien SM, Cunningham CC, Golenkov AK et al. Phase I to II multicenter study of oblimersen sodium, a Bcl-2 antisense oligonucleotide, in patients with advanced chronic lymphocytic leukemia. J Clin Oncol 2005; 23: 7697-7702.
124. Chanan-Khan AA, Miller KC, DiMiceli L et al. Results of Phase II Study of Lenalidomide (L) {Revlimid®} in Patients with Relapsed or Refractory Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL). Blood (ASH Annual Meeting Absracts) 2005; 106: Abstr. 447.
125. Coiffier B, Tilly H, Pedersen ML et al. HuMax CD20 Fully Human Monoclonal Antibody in Chronic Lymphocytic Leuchemia. Early Results from an Ongoing Phase I/II Clinical Trial. Blood (ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts) 2005; 106: Abstr.448.
126. Spaner DE, Hammond C, Mena J et al. A phase I/II trial of oxidized autologous tumor vaccines during the 'watch and wait' phase of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2005; 54: 635-646.
127. Wierda WG, Cantwell MJ, Woods SJ et al. CD40-ligand (CD154) gene therapy for chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 2000; 96: 2917-2924.
128. Biagi E, Popat U, Raphael R et al. Immunotherapy of chronic lymphocytic leukemia using CD40L and IL-2 expressing autologous tumor cells. Blood 2004; 104: 220a (abs 768).
129. Hus I, Rolinski J, Tabarkiewicz J et al. Allogeneic dendritic cells pulsed with tumor lysates or apoptotic bodies as immunotherapy for patients with early-stage B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leukemia 2005; 19: 1621-1627.
130. Kokhaei P, Choudhury A, Mahdian R et al. Apoptotic tumor cells are superior to tumor cell lysate, and tumor cell RNA in induction of autologous T cell response in B-CLL. Leukemia 2004; 18: 1810-1815.
131. Muller MR, Tsakou G, Grunebach F et al. Induction of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)-specific CD4- and CD8-mediated T-cell responses using RNA-transfected dendritic cells. Blood 2004; 103: 1763-1769.
132. Kokhaei P, Rezvany MR, Virving L et al. Dendritic cells loaded with apoptotic tumour cells induce a stronger T-cell response than dendritic cell-tumour hybrids in B-CLL. Leukemia 2003; 17: 894-899.
133. Robak T, Blonski JZ, Kasznicki M et al. Cladribine with prednisone versus chlorambucil with prednisone as first-line therapy in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: Report of a prospective, randomized, multicenter trial. Blood 2000; 96: 2723-2729.
134. Robak T, Blonski JZ, Gora-Tybor J et al. Randomized comparison of cladribine with cyclophosphamide and fludarabine with cyclophosphamide in previously untreated progressive and symptomatic chronic lymphocytic leukemia: The interim analysis of PALG CLL3 Trial. BAood 2005; 106: abs 2121.
135. Osterborg A, Dyer MJ, Bunjes D et al. Phase II multicenter study of human CD52 antibody in previously treated chronic lymphocytic leukemia. European Study Group of CAMPATH-1H Treatment in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. J Clin Oncol 1997; 15: 1567-1574.
136. Rai K, Coutre S, Rizzeri D et al. Efficacy and safety of alemtuzumab (Campath-1H) in refractory B-CLL patients treated on a compassionate basis. Blood 2001; 98: 365a.
137. Stilgenbauer S, Winkler D, Kröber A et al. Subcutaneous Campath-1H (Alemtuzumab) in Fludarabine-Refractory CII: Interim Analysis of the CLL2h Study of the German CII Study Group (GCLLSG). Blood (ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts) 2004; 104: Abstr, 478.
138. Kay NE, Geyer SM, Lin T et al. Combination chemotherapy with pentostatin, cyclophosphamide and rituximab induces high rate of remissions including complete responses and achievement of minimal residual disease in previously untreated B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 2004; 104: 100a (abs 339).
139. McLaughlin P, Grillo-Lopez AJ, Link BK et al. Rituximab chimeric anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody therapy for relapsed indolent lymphoma: half of patients respond to a four-dose treatment program. J Clin Oncol 1998; 16: 2825-2833.
140. Winkler U, Jensen M, Manzke O et al. Cytokine-release syndrome in patients with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia and high lymphocyte counts after treatment with an anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody (rituximab, IDEC-C2B8), Blood 1999; 94: 2217-2224.