The protein secretion systems in Listeria: Inside out bacterial virulence

FEMS Microbiology Reviews

Volumn 30, Issue 5, 2006, Pages 774-805

  Desvaux, Mickaël ^a   Hébraud, Michel ^a  

^a CEMAGREF   (France)

Author keywords

Biofilm formation; Genomic survey; Gram positive bacteria; Listeria; Protein secretion system; Secretome; Virulence factor

Indexed keywords

ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATASE; ARGININE; AUTOLYSIN; BACTERIAL PROTEIN; CARRIER PROTEIN; CYTOPLASM PROTEIN; FIMBRIA PROTEIN; FIMBRILLIN PROTEIN EXPORTER; FLAGELLA EXPORT PROTEIN; HOLIN; LIPOPROTEIN; PROTEIN SEC; PROTEIN SECA; PROTEIN SECA2; PROTEIN WSS; SECY PROTEIN; SIGNAL PEPTIDASE I; SIGNAL PEPTIDASE II; SORTASE; TWIN ARGININE TRANSLOCATOR PROTEIN; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

AMINO ACID TRANSPORT; APPARATUS; BACTERIAL CELL; BACTERIAL FLAGELLUM; BACTERIAL GENOME; BACTERIAL VIRULENCE; BIOFILM; CELL SURFACE; GENE SEQUENCE; HUMAN; LISTERIA; LISTERIA INNOCUA; LISTERIOSIS; MORTALITY; NONHUMAN; PATHOGENESIS; PROTEIN SECRETION; REVIEW; SEQUENCE ANALYSIS;

BACTERIAL PROTEINS; COMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGY; GENOME, BACTERIAL; LISTERIA; LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES; MEMBRANE TRANSPORT PROTEINS; PROTEIN TRANSPORT;

BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS); LISTERIA; LISTERIA INNOCUA CLIP11262; LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES;

EID: 33746903479     PISSN: 01686445     EISSN: 15746976     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2006.00035.x     Document Type: Review

References (283)

1. Aizawa SI (2001) Bacterial flagella and Type III secretion systems. FEMS Microbiol Lett 202: 157-164.
2. Ajouz B, Berrier A, Garrigues A, Besnard M & Ghazi A (1998) Release of thioredoxin via the mechanosensitive channel MscL during osmotic downshock of Escherichia coli cells. J Biol Chem 273: 26670-26674.
3. Alami M, Luke I, Deitermann S, Eisner G, Koch HG, Brunner J & Muller M (2003) Differential interactions between a twin-arginine signal peptide and its translocase in Escherichia coli. Mol Cell 12: 937-946.
4. Albers SV & Driessen AJ (2002) Signal peptides of secreted proteins of the archaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus: a genomic survey. Arch Microbiol 177: 209-216.
5. Aldridge P & Hughes KT (2001) How and when are substrates selected for Type III secretion? Trends Microbiol 9: 209-214.
6. Aldridge P & Hughes KT (2002) Regulation of flagellar assembly. Curr Opin Microbiol 5: 160-165.
7. Alouf JE (2000) Cholesterol-binding cytolytic protein toxins. Int J Med Microbiol 290: 351-356.
8. Altschul SF, Gish W, Miller W, Myers EW & Lipman DJ (1990) Basic local alignment search tool. J Mol Biol 215: 403-410.
9. Altschul SF, Madden TL, Schaffer AA, Zhang J, Zhang Z, Miller W & Lipman DJ (1997) Gapped BLAST and PSI-BLAST: a new generation of protein database search programs. Nucleic Acids Res 25: 3389-3402.
10. Antelmann H, Tjalsma H, Voigt B, Ohlmeier S, Bron S, van Dijl JM & Hecker M (2001) A proteomic view on genome-based signal peptide predictions. Genome Res 11: 1484-1502.
11. Arendt EK, Daly C, Fitzgerald GF & van de Guchte M (1994) Molecular characterization of lactococcal bacteriophage Tuc2009 and identification and analysis of genes encoding lysin, a putative holin, and two structural proteins. Appl Environ Microbiol 60: 1875-1883.
12. Averhoff B & Friedrich A (2003) Type 4 pili-related natural transformation systems: DNA transport in mesophilic and thermophilic bacteria. Arch Microbiol 180: 385-393.
13. Bardy SL, Sandy YM & Jarrell KF (2003) Prokaryotic motility structures. Microbiology 149: 295-304.
14. Bayles KW (2003) Are the molecular strategies that control apoptosis conserved in bacteria? Trends Microbiol 11: 306-311.
15. Bayley DP & Jarrell KF (1998) Further evidence to suggest that archaeal flagella are related to bacterial Type 4 pili. J Mol Evol 46: 370-373.
16. Beck K, Eisner G, Trescher D, Dalbey RE, Brunner J & Muller M (2001) YidC, an assembly site for polytopic Escherichia coli membrane proteins located in immediate proximity to the SecYE translocon and lipids. EMBO Rep 2: 709-714.
17. Beha D, Deitermann S, Muller M & Koch HG (2003) Export of β-lactamase is independent of the signal recognition particle. J Biol Chem 278: 22161-22167.
18. Bendtsen JD, Nielsen H, von Heijne G & Brunak S (2004) Improved prediction of signal peptides: SignalP 3.0. J Mol Biol 340: 783-795.
19. Bendtsen JD, Binnewies TT, Hallin PF, Sicheritz-Pontén T & Usseryun DW (2005) Genome update: prediction of secreted proteins in 225 bacterial proteomes. Microbiology 151: 1725-1727.
20. Bensing BA & Sullam PM (2002) An accessory sec locus of Streptococcus gordonii is required for export of the surface protein GspB and for normal levels of binding to human platelets. Mol Microbiol 44: 1081-1094.
21. Berge M, Moscoso M, Prudhomme M, Martin B & Claverys JP (2002) Uptake of transforming DNA in Gram-positive bacteria: a view from Streptococcus pneumoniae. Mol Microbiol 45: 411-421.
22. Bergmann S, Rohde M, Chhatwal GS & Hammerschmidt S (2001) α-Enolase of Streptococcus pneumoniae is a plasmin(ogen)-binding protein displayed on the bacterial cell surface. Mol Microbiol 40: 1273-1287.
23. Bergmann S, Wild D, Diekmann O, Frank R, Bracht D, Chhatwal GS & Hammerschmidt S (2003) Identification of a novel plasmin(ogen)-binding motif in surface displayed alpha-enolase of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Mol Microbiol 49: 411-423.
24. Bergmann S, Rohde M & Hammerschmidt S (2004) Glyceraldehyde-3- phosphate dehydrogenase of Streptococcus pneumoniae is a surface-displayed plasminogen-binding protein. Infect Immun 72: 2416-2419.
25. Berks BC, Sargent F & Palmer T (2000) The Tat protein export pathway. Mol Microbiol 35: 260-274.
26. Berks BC, Palmer T & Sargent F (2003) The Tat protein translocation pathway and its role in microbial physiology. Adv Microb Physiol 2003: 187-254.
27. Berks BC, Palmer T & Sargent F (2005) Protein targeting by the bacterial twin-arginine translocation (Tat) pathway. Curr Opin Microbiol 8: 174-181.
28. Bierne H, Mazmanian SK, Trost M, Pucciarelli MG, Liu G, Dehoux P, Jansch L, Garcia-del Portillo F, Schneewind O & Cossart P (2002) Inactivation of the srtA gene in Listeria monocytogenes inhibits anchoring of surface proteins and affects virulence. Mol Microbiol 43: 869-881.
29. Bierne H, Garandeau C, Pucciarelli MG, Sabet C, Newton S, Garcia-del Portillo F, Cossart P & Charbit A (2004) Sortase B, a new class of sortase in Listeria monocytogenes. J Bacteriol 186: 1972-1982.
30. Bigot A, Pagniez H, Botton E, Fréhel C, Dubail I, Jacquet C, Charbit A & Raynaud C (2005) Role of FliF and FliI of Listeria monocytogenes in flagellar assembly and pathogenicity. Infect Immun 73: 5530-5539.
31. Bläsi U & Young R (1996) Two beginnings for a single purpose: the dual-start holins in the regulation of phage lysis. Mol Microbiol 21: 675-682.
32. Blocker A, Komoriya K & Aizawa S (2003) Type III secretion systems and bacterial flagella: insights into their function from structural similarities. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100: 3027-3030.
33. Bogsch EG, Sargent F, Stanley NR, Berks BC, Robinson C & Palmer T (1998) An essential component of a novel bacterial protein export system with homologues in plastids and mitochondria. J Biol Chem 273: 18003-18006.
34. Bolhuis A, Broekhuizen CP, Sorokin A, van Roosmalen ML, Venema G, Bron S, Quax WJ & van Dijl JM (1998) SecDF of Bacillus subtilis, a molecular Siamese twin required for the efficient secretion of proteins. J Biol Chem 273: 21217-21224.
35. Bolhuis A, Mathers JE, Thomas JD, Barrett CML & Robinson C (2001) TatB and TatC form a functional and structural unit of the twin-arginine translocase from Escherichia coli. J Biol Chem 276: 20213-20219.
36. Bonnemain C, Raynaud C, Reglier-Poupet H, Dubail I, Frehel C, Lety MA, Berche P & Charbit A (2004) Differential roles of multiple signal peptidases in the virulence of Listeria monocytogenes. Mol Microbiol 51: 1251-1266.
37. Borezee E, Pellegrini E, Beretti JL & Berche P (2001) SvpA, a novel surface virulence-associated protein required for intracellular survival of Listeria monocytogenes. Microbiology 147: 2913-2923.
38. Borriello SP (1998) Pathogenesis of Clostridium difficile infection. J Antimicrob Chemother 41: 13-19.
39. Braunstein M, Brown AM, Kurtz S & Jacobs WR Jr (2001) Two nonredundant SecA homologues function in Mycobacteria. J Bacteriol 183: 6979-6990.
40. Braunstein M, Espinosa BJ, Chan J, Belisle JT & Jacobs WR Jr (2003) SecA2 functions in the secretion of superoxide dismutase A and in the virulence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Mol Microbiol 48: 453-464.
41. Brinton CC Jr (1965) The structure, function, synthesis and genetic control of bacterial pili and a molecular model for DNA and RNA transport in Gram negative bacteria. Trans N Y Acad Sci 27: 1003-1054.
42. Brockstedt DG, Giedlin MA, Leong ML, Bahjat KS, Gao Y, Luckett W, Liu W, Cook DN, Portnoy DA & Dubensky TW Jr (2004) Listeria-based cancer vaccines that segregate immunogenicity from toxicity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101: 13832-13837.
43. Brodin P, Rosenkrands I, Andersen P, Cole ST & Brosch R (2004) ESAT-6 proteins: protective antigens and virulence factors? Trends Microbiol 12: 500-508.
44. Bruser T & Sanders C (2003) An alternative model of the twin arginine translocation system. Microbiol Res 158: 7-17.
45. Buchrieser C, Rusniok C, Consortium TL, Kunst F, Cossart P & Glaser P (2003) Comparison of the genome sequences of Listeria monocytogenes and Listeria innocua: clues for evolution and pathogenicity. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 35: 207-213.
46. Burts ML, Williams WA, DeBord K & Missiakas DM (2005) EsxA and EsxB are secreted by an ESAT-6-like system that is required for the pathogenesis of Staphylococcus aureus infections. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102: 1169-1174.
47. Busch W & Saier MH Jr (2002) The transporter classification (TC) system. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 37: 287-337.
48. Bussard AE (2005) A scientific revolution? EMBO Rep 6: 691-694.
49. Buttner D & Bonas U (2002) Port of entry - the Type III secretion translocon. Trends Microbiol 10: 186-192.
50. Cabanes D, Dehoux P, Dussurget O, Frangeul L & Cossart P (2002) Surface proteins and the pathogenic potential of Listeria monocytogenes. Trends Microbiol 10: 238-245.
51. Calmette A, Guérin C, Nègre L & Boquet A (1927) Sur la vaccination préventive des enfants nouveaux-nés contre la tuberculose par le B.C.G. Ann Inst Pasteur 41: 201-232.
52. Calvo E, Pucciarelli MG, Bierne H, Cossart P, Albar JP & Garcia-Del Portillo F (2005) Analysis of the Listeria cell wall proteome by two-dimensional nanoliquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Proteomics 5: 433-443.
53. Campo N, Tjalsma H, Buist G et al. (2004) Subcellular sites for bacterial protein export. Mol Microbiol 53: 1583-1599.
54. Cao TB & Saier MH Jr (2003) The general protein secretory pathway: phylogenetic analyses leading to evolutionary conclusions. Biochim Biophys Acta-Biomembr 1609: 115-125.
55. Chakraborty T (1999) Molecular and cell biological aspects of infection by Listeria monocytogenes. Immunobiology 201: 155-163.
56. Chakraborty T, Hain T & Domann E (1997) Genome organization and the evolution of the virulence gene locus in Listeria species. Int J Med Microbiol 290: 167-174.
57. Chavant P, Martinie B, Meylheuc T, Bellon-Fontaine MN & Hebraud M (2002) Listeria monocytogenes LO28: surface physicochemical properties and ability to form biofilms at different temperatures and growth phases. Appl Environ Microbiol 68: 728-737.
58. Chavant P, Gaillard-Martinie B & Hebraud M (2004) Antimicrobial effects of sanitizers against planktonic and sessile Listeria monocytogenes cells according to the growth phase. FEMS Microbiol Lett 236: 241-248.
59. Chen I & Dubnau D (2003) DNA transport during transformation. Front Biosci 8: s544-s556.
60. Chen I & Dubnau D (2004) DNA uptake during bacterial transformation. Nat Rev Microbiol 2: 241-249.
61. Chen Q, Wu H & Fives-Taylor PM (2004) Investigating the role of secA2 in secretion and glycosylation of a fimbrial adhesin in Streptococcus parasanguis FW213. Mol Microbiol 53: 843-856.
62. Christie PJ (2001) Type IV secretion: intercellular transfer of macromolecules by systems ancestrally related to conjugation machines. Mol Microbiol 40: 294-305.
63. Claverys JP & Martin B (2003) Bacterial "competence" genes: signatures of active transformation, or only remnants? Trends Microbiol 11: 161-165.
64. Comfort D & Clubb RT (2004) A comparative genome analysis indentifies disctinct sorting pathways in Gram-positive bacteria. Infect Immun 72: 2710-2722.
65. Converse SE & Cox JS (2005) A protein secretion pathway critical for Mycobacterium tuberculosis virulence is conserved and functional in Mycobacterium smegmatis. J Bacteriol 187: 1238-1245.
66. Cossart P (2002) Molecular and cellular basis of the infection by Listeria monocytogenes: an overview. Int J Med Microbiol 291: 401-409.
67. Cossart P & Bierne H (2001) The use of host cell machinery in the pathogenesis of Listeria monocytogenes. Curr Opin Immunol 13: 96-103.
68. Cossart P & Sansonetti PJ (2004) Bacterial invasion: the paradigms of enteroinvasive pathogens. Science 304: 242-248.
69. Costerton JW, Irvin RT & Cheng KJ (1981) The role of bacterial surface structures in pathogenesis. Crit Rev Microbiol 8: 303-338.
70. Dassa E & Bouige P (2001) The ABC of ABCs: a phylogenetic and functional classification of ABC systems in living organisms. Res Microbiol 152: 211-229.
71. de Cock H & Tommassen J (1991) Conservation of components of the Escherichia coli export machinery in prokaryotes. FEMS Microbiol Lett 64: 195-199.
72. de Gier JW & Luirink J (2001) Biogenesis of inner membrane proteins in Escherichia coli. Mol Microbiol 40: 314-322.
73. DeLisa MP, Tullman D & Georgiou G (2003) Folding quality control in the export of proteins by the bacterial twin-arginine translocation pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100: 6115-6120.
74. de Keyzer J, van der Does C & Driessen AJ (2003) The bacterial translocase: a dynamic protein channel complex. Cell Mol Life Sci 60: 2034-2052.
75. de Ruyter PG, Kuipers OP, Meijer WC & de Vos WM (1997) Food-grade controlled lysis of Lactococcus lactis for accelerated cheese ripening. Nat Biotechnol 15: 976-979.
76. Delepelaire P (2004) Type I secretion in Gram-negative bacteria. Biochim Biophys Acta-Mol Cell Res 1694: 149-161.
77. Desvaux M, Parham NJ & Henderson IR (2003) Le système de sécrétion de Type V chez les bactéries Gram- négatives. Biofutur 237: 34-37.
78. Desvaux M, Parham NJ, Scott-Tucker A & Henderson IR (2004) The general secretory pathway: a general misnomer? Trends Microbiol 12: 306-309.
79. Desvaux M, Khan A, Scott-Tucker A, Chaudhuri RR, Pallen MJ & Henderson IR (2005) Genomic analysis of the protein secretion systems in Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC824. Biochim Biophys Acta-Mol Cell Res 1745: 223-253.
80. Desvaux M, Dumas E, Chafsey I & Hébraud M (2006a) Protein cell surface display in Gram-positive bacteria: from single protein to macromolecular protein structure. FEMS Microbiol Lett 256: 1-15.
81. Desvaux M, Hébraud M, Henderson IR & Pallen MJ (2006b) Type III secretion: what's in a name? Trends Microbiol 14: 157-160.
82. Dietrich G, Bubert A, Gentschev I, Sokolovic Z, Simm A, Catic A, Kaufmann SH, Hess J, Szalay AA & Goebel W (1998) Delivery of antigen-encoding plasmid DNA into the cytosol of macrophages by attenuated suicide Listeria monocytogenes. Nat Biotechnol 16: 181-185.
83. Dietrich G, Gentschev I, Hess J, Ulmer JB, Kaufmann SH & Goebel W (1999) Delivery of DNA vaccines by attenuated intracellular bacteria. Immunol Today 20: 251-253.
84. Dilks K, Rose RW, Hartmann E & Pohlschröder M (2003) Prokaryotic utilization of the twin-arginine translocation pathway: a genomic survey. J Bacteriol 185: 1478-1483.
85. Dobrindt U, Hochhut B, Hentschel U & Hacker J (2004) Genomic islands in pathogenic and environmental microorganisms. Nat Rev Microbiol 2: 414-424.
86. Dons L, Eriksson E, Jin Y, Rottenberg ME, Kristensson K, Larsen CN, Bresciani J & Olsen JE (2004) Role of flagellin and the two-component CheA/CheY system of Listeria monocytogenes in host cell invasion and virulence. Infect Immun 72: 3237-4324.
87. Dramsi S, Bourdichon F, Cabanes D, Lecuit M, Fsihi H & Cossart P (2004) FbpA, a novel multifunctional Listeria monocytogenes virulence factor. Mol Microbiol 53: 639-649.
88. Dramsi S, Trieu-Cuot P & Bierne H (2005) Sorting sortases: a nomenclature proposal for the various sortases of Gram-positive bacteria. Res Microbiol 156: 289-297.
89. Driessen AJ, Manting EH & van der Does C (2001) The strucutural basis of protein targeting and translocation in bacteria. Nature 8: 492-498.
90. Dubnau D (1997) Binding and transport of transforming DNA by Bacillus subtilis: the role of Type-4 pilin-like proteins - a review. Gene 192: 191-198.
91. Dubnau D (1999) DNA uptake in bacteria. Annu Rev Microbiol 53: 217-244.
92. Dubnau D & Provvedi R (2000) Internalizing DNA. Res Microbiol 151: 475-480.
93. Dussurget O, Pizarro-Cerda J & Cossart P (2004) Molecular determinants of Listeria monocytogenes virulence. Annu Rev Microbiol 58: 587-610.
94. Economou A, Pogliano JA, Beckwith J, Oliver DB & Wickner W (1995) SecA membrane cycling at SecYEG is driven by distinct ATP binding and hydrolysis events and is regulated by SecD and SecF. Cell 83: 1171-1181.
95. Errington J, Appleby L, Daniel RA, Goodfellow H, Partridge SR & Yudkin MD (1992) Structure and function of the spoIIIJ gene of Bacillus subtilis: a vegetatively expressed gene that is essential for sigma G activity at an intermediate stage of sporulation. J Gen Microbiol 138: 2609-2618.
96. Facey SJ & Kuhn A (2004) Membrane integration of E. coli model membrane proteins. Biochim Biophys Acta-Mol Cell Res 1694: 55-66.
97. Farber JM & Peterkin PI (1991) Listeria monocytogenes, a foodborne pathogen. Microbiol Rev 55: 476-511.
98. Fekkes P & Driessen AJ (1999) Protein targeting to the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 63: 161-173.
99. Finlay BB & Falkow S (1997) Common themes in microbial pathogenicity revisited. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 61: 136-169.
100. Froderberg L, Houben E, Samuelson JC, Chen M, Park SK, Phillips GJ, Dalbey R, Luirink J & De Gier JW (2003) Versatility of inner membrane protein biogenesis in Escherichia coli. Mol Microbiol 47: 1015-1027.
101. Fujita K, Yokota T, Oguri T, Fujime M & Kitagawa R (1992) In vitro adherence of Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, and Staphylococcus aureus to human ureter. Urol Res 20: 399-402.
102. Fussenegger M, Rudel T, Barten R, Ryll R & Meyer TF (1997) Transformation competence and Type 4 pilus biogenesis in Neisseria gonorrhoeae - a review. Gene 192: 125-134.
103. Galsworthy SB, Girdler S & Koval SF (1990) Chemotaxis in Listeria monocytogenes. Acta Microbiol Hung 37: 81-85.
104. Garandeau C, Reglier-Poupet H, Dubail I, Beretti JL, Berche P & Charbit A (2002) The sortase SrtA of Listeria monocytogenes is involved in processing of internalin and in virulence. Infect Immun 70: 1382-1390.
105. Gardy JL, Laird MR, Chen F, Rey S, Walsh CJ, Ester M & Brinkman FSL (2005) PSORTb v.2.0: expanded prediction of bacterial protein subcellular localization and insights gained from comparative proteome analysis. Bioinformatics 21: 617-623.
106. Garrity GM (2001) Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. 2nd edn. Springer, Berlin.
107. Gey Van Pittius NC, Gamieldien J, Hide W, Brown GD, Siezen RJ & Beyers AD (2001) The ESAT-6 gene cluster of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and other high G+C Gram-positive bacteria. Genome Biol 2: 1-18.
108. Ghelardi E, Celandroni F, Salvetti S, Beecher DJ, Gominet M, Lereclus D, Wong AC & Senesi S (2002) Requirement of flhA for swarming differentiation, flagellin export, and secretion of virulence-associated proteins in Bacillus thuringiensis. J Bacteriol 184: 6424-6433.
109. Gilmore MS & Haas W (2005) The selective advantage of microbial fratricide. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102: 8401-8402.
110. Glaser P, Frangeul L, Buchrieser C et al. (2001) Comparative genomics of Listeria species. Science 294: 849-852.
111. Gohlke U, Pullan L, McDevitt CA, Porcelli I, de Leeuw E, Palmer T, Saibil HR & Berks BC (2005) The TatA component of the twin-arginine protein transport system forms channel complexes of variable diameter. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102: 10482-10486.
112. Gorski L, Palumbo JD & Mandrell RE (2003) Attachment of Listeria monocytogenes to radish tissue is dependent upon temperature and flagellar motility. Appl Environ Microbiol 69: 258-266.
113. Gründling A, Manson MD & Young R (2001) Holins kill without warning. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98: 9348-9352.
114. Gründling A, Burrack LS, Bouwer HG & Higgins DE (2004) Listeria monocytogenes regulates flagellar motility gene expression throughMogR, a transcriptional repressor required for virulence. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101: 12318-12323.
115. Guinn KM, Hickey MJ, Mathur SK, Zakel KL, Grotzke JE, Lewinsohn DM, Smith S & Sherman DR (2004) Individual RD1-region genes are required for export of ESAT-6/CFP-10 and for virulence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Mol Microbiol 51: 359-370.
116. Guiral S, Mitchell TJ, Martin B & Claverys JP (2005) Competence-programmed predation of noncompetent cells in the human pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae: genetic requirements. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102: 8710-8715.
117. Hacker J & Kaper JB (2000) Pathogenicity islands and the evolution of microbes. Annu Rev Microbiol 54: 641-679.
118. Hall TA (1999) BioEdit: a user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95/98/NT. Nucl Acids Symp Ser 41: 95-98.
119. Hamoen LW, Venema G & Kuipers OP (2003) Controlling competence in Bacillus subtilis: shared use of regulators. Microbiology 149: 9-17.
120. Haro A, Velez M, Goormaghtigh E, Lago S, Vazquez J, Andreu D & Gasset M (2003) Reconstitution of holin activity with a synthetic peptide containing the 1-32 sequence region of EJh, the EJ-1 phage holin. J Biol Chem 278: 3929-3936.
121. Hayashi A, Yanagawa R & Kida H (1985) Adhesion of Corynebacterium pilosum by pili to epithelial cells of bovine vulva. Am J Vet Res 46: 412-415.
122. He SY, Nomura K & Whittam TS (2004) Type III protein secretion mechanism in mammalian and plant pathogens. Biochim Biophys Acta-Mol Cell Res 1694: 181-206.
123. Heckels JE (1989) Structure and function of pili of pathogenic Neisseria species. Clin Microbiol Rev 2: S66-S73.
124. Heidrich C, Templin MF, Ursinus A, Merdanovic M, Berger J, Schwarz H, de Pedro MA & Holtje JV (2001) Involvement of N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanine amidases in cell separation and antibiotic-induced autolysis of Escherichia coli. Mol Microbiol 41: 167-178.
125. Henderson IR & Desvaux M (2004) Type V secretion pathwa: a premium source source of virulence factors? Drug Discov Today 9: 241.
126. Henderson IR, Nataro JP, Kaper JB, Meyer TF, Farrand SK, Burns DL, Finlay BB & St Geme JW III (2000) Renaming protein secretion in the Gram-negative bacteria. Trends Microbiol 8: 352.
127. Henderson IR, Navarro-Garcia F, Desvaux M, Fernandez RC & Ala'Aldeen D (2004) Type V protein secretion pathway: the autotransporter story. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 68: 692-744.
128. Higgins D, Thompson J, Gibson T, Thompson JD, Higgins DG & Gibson TJ (1994) CLUSTAL W: improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting, position-specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice. Nucl Acids Res 22: 4673-4680.
129. Holden M, Crossman L, Cerdeno-Tarraga A & Parkhill J (2004) Pathogenomics of non-pathogens. Nat Rev Microbiol 2: 91.
130. Hudson JA, Billington C, Carey-Smith G & Greening G (2005) Bacteriophages as biocontrol agents in food. J Food Prot 68: 426-437.
131. Hultgren SJ, Normark S & Abraham SN (1991) Chaperone-assisted assembly and molecular architecture of adhesive pili. Annu Rev Microbiol 45: 383-415.
132. Ignatova Z, Hornle C, Nurk A & Kasche V (2002) Unusual signal peptide directs penicillin amidase from Escherichia coli to the Tat translocation machinery. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 291: 146-149.
133. Iino T, Komeda Y, Kutsukake K, Macnab RM & Matsumura P (1988) New unified nomenclature for the flagellar genes of Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium. Microbiol Rev 52: 533-535.
134. Inoue T, Tanimoto I, Ohta H, Kato K, Murayama Y & Fukui K (1998) Molecular characterization of low-molecular-weight component protein, Flp, in Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans fimbriae. Microbiol Immunol 42: 253-258.
135. Ize B, Gerard F & Wu LF (2002) In vivo assessment of the Tat signal peptide specificity in Escherichia coli. Arch Microbiol 178: 548-553.
136. Jeffery CJ (1999) Moonlighting proteins. Trends Biochem Sci 24: 8-11.
137. Jin Q & He SY (2001) Role of the Hrp pilus in Type III protein secretion in Pseudomonas syringae. Science 294: 2556-2558.
138. Johnson P (1999) The difference between science and dogma. Nature 400: 697.
139. Jones GW & Isaacson RE (1983) Proteinaceous bacterial adhesins and their receptors. Crit Rev Microbiol 10: 229-260.
140. Jongbloed JD, Martin U, Antelmann H, Hecker M, Tjalsma H, Venema G, Bron S, van Dijl JM & Muller J (2000) TatC is a specificity determinant for protein secretion via the twin-arginine translocation pathway. J Biol Chem 275: 41350-41357.
141. Jongbloed JD, Antelmann H, Hecker M, Nijland R, Bron S, Airaksinen U, Pries F, Quax WJ, van Dijl JM & Braun PG (2002) Selective contribution of the Twin-arginine translocation pathway to protein secretion in Bacillus subtilis. J Biol Chem 277: 44068-44078.
142. Jongbloed JD, Grieger U, Antelmann H, Hecker M, Nijland R, Bron S & van Dijl JM (2004) Two minimal Tat translocases in Bacillus. Mol Microbiol 54: 1319-1325.
143. Josenhans C & Suerbaum S (2002) The role of motility as a virulence factor in bacteria. Int J Med Microbiol 291: 605-614.
144. Kachlany SC, Planet PJ, Bhattacharjee MK, Kollia E, DeSalle R, Fine DH & Figurski DH (2000) Nonspecific adherence by Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans requires genes widespread in Bacteria and Archaea. J Bacteriol 182: 6169-6176.
145. Kanehisa M, Goto S, Kawashima S, Okuno Y & Hattori M (2004) The KEGG resource for deciphering the genome. Nucleic Acids Res 32: D277-D280.
146. Kathariou S (2002) Listeria monocytogenes virulence and pathogenicity, a food safety perspective. J Food Prot 65: 1811-1829.
147. Knudsen GM, Olsen JE & Dons L (2004) Characterization of DegU, a response regulator in Listeria monocytogenes, involved in regulation of motility and contributes to virulence. FEMS Microbiol Lett 240: 171-179.
148. Kocks C, Gouin E, Tabouret M, Berche P, Ohayon H & Cossart P (1992) L. monocytogenes-induced actin assembly requires the actA gene product, a surface protein. Cell 68: 521-531.
149. Kolsto AB, Lereclus D & Mock M (2002) Genome structure and evolution of the Bacillus cereus group. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 264: 95-108.
150. Kontinen VP & Sarvas M (1993) The PrsA lipoprotein is essential for protein secretion in Bacillus subtilis and sets a limit for high-level secretion. Mol Microbiol 8: 727-737.
151. Koomey M (1998) Competence for natural transformation in Neisseria gonorrhoeae: a model system for studies of horizontal gene transfer. APMIS 84(Suppl): 56-61.
152. Koraimann G (2003) Lytic transglycosylases in macromolecular transport systems of Gram-negative bacteria. Cell Mol Life Sci 60: 2371-2388.
153. Krawczyk-Balska A & Bielecki J (2004) Molecular aspects of Listeria monocytogenes infection. Pol J Microbiol 53: 17-22.
154. Kunst F, Vassarotti A & Danchin A (1995) Organization of the European Bacillus subtilis genome sequencing project. Microbiology 141: 249-255.
155. Lauer P, Chow MY, Loessner MJ, Portnoy DA & Calendar R (2002) Construction, characterization, and use of two Listeria monocytogenes site-specific phage integration vectors. J Bacteriol 184: 4177-4186.
156. Lee SG, Pancholi V & Fischetti VA (2002) Characterization of unique glycosylated anchor endopeptidase that cleaves the LPXTG sequence motif of cell surface proteins of Gram-positive bacteria. J Biol Chem 277: 46912-46922.
157. Lenz LL & Portnoy DA (2002) Identification of a second Listeria secA gene associated with protein secretion and the rough phenotype. Mol Microbiol 45: 1043-1056.
158. Lenz LL, Mohammadi S, Geissler A & Portnoy DA (2003) SecA2-dependent secretion of autolytic enzymes promotes Listeria monocytogenes pathogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100: 12432-12437.
159. Linde D, Volkmer-Engert R, Schreiber S & Muller JP (2003) Interaction of the Bacillus subtilis chaperone CsaA with the secretory protein YvaY. FEMS Microbiol Lett 226: 93-100.
160. Loessner MJ, Wendlinger G & Scherer S (1995) Heterogeneous endolysins in Listeria monocytogenes bacteriophages: a new class of enzymes and evidence for conserved holin genes within the siphoviral lysis cassettes. Mol Microbiol 16: 1231-1241.
161. Loessner MJ, Inman RB, Lauer P & Calendar R (2000) Complete nucleotide sequence, molecular analysis and genome structure of bacteriophage A118 of Listeria monocytogenes: implications for phage evolution. Mol Microbiol 35: 324-340.
162. Lorenz MG & Wackernagel W (1994) Bacterial gene transfer by natural genetic transformation in the environment. Microbiol Rev 58: 563-602.
163. Lupas A, Van Dyke M & Stock J (1991) Predicting coiled-coils from protein sequences. Science 252: 1162-1164.
164. Macnab RM (2003) How bacteria assemble flagella. Annu Rev Microbiol 57: 77-100.
165. Macnab RM (2004) Type III flagellar protein export and flagellar assembly. Biochim Biophys Acta-Mol Cell Res 1694: 207-217.
166. Madden JC, Ruiz N & Caparon M (2001) Cytolysin-mediated translocation (CMT): a functional equivalent of Type III secretion in Gram-positive bacteria. Cell 104: 143-152.
167. Mahairas GG, Sabo PJ, Hickey MJ, Singh DC & Stover CK (1996) Molecular analysis of genetic differences between Mycobacterium bovis BCG and virulent M. bovis. J Bacteriol 178: 1274-1282.
168. Marchler-Bauer A, Anderson JB, DeWeese-Scott C et al. (2003) CDD: a curated Entrez database of conserved domain alignments. Nucleic Acids Res 31: 383-387.
169. Mattick JS (2002) Type 4 pili and twitching motility. Annu Rev Microbiol 56: 289-314.
170. Meehl MA & Caparon MG (2004) Specificity of streptolysin O in cytolysin-mediated translocation. Mol Microbiol 52: 1665-1676.
171. Michel E, Mengaud J, Galsworthy S & Cossart P (1998) Characterization of a large motility gene cluster containing the cheR, motAB genes of Listeria monocytogenes and evidence that PrfA downregulates motility genes. FEMS Microbiol Lett 169: 341-347.
172. Milohanic E, Glaser P, Coppee JY, Frangeul L, Vega Y, Vazquez-Boland JA, Kunst F, Cossart P & Buchrieser C (2003) Transcriptome analysis of Listeria monocytogenes identifies three groups of genes differently regulated by PrfA. Mol Microbiol 47: 1613-1625.
173. Mori H & Cline K (2001) Post-translational protein translocation into thylakoids by the Sec and ΔpH-dependent pathways. Biochim Biophys Acta-Mol Cell Res 1541: 80-90.
174. Mori H & Cline K (2002) A twin arginine signal peptide and the pH gradient trigger reversible assembly of the thylakoid. J Cell Biol 157: 205-210.
175. Mukherjee K, Karlsson S, Burman LG & Akerlund T (2002) Proteins released during high toxin production in Clostridium difficile. Microbiology 148: 2245-2253.
176. Muller J, Walter F, van Dijl JM & Behnke D (1992) Suppression of the growth and export defects of an Escherichia coli secA(Ts) mutant by a gene cloned from Bacillus subtilis. Mol Gen Genet 235: 89-96.
177. Müller M (2005) Twin-arginine-specific protein export in Escherichia coli. Res Microbiol 156: 131-136.
178. Muller JP, Bron S, Venema G & van Dijl JM (2000) Chaperone-like activities of the CsaA protein of Bacillus subtilis. Microbiology 146: 77-88.
179. Murakami T, Haga K, Takeuchi M & Sato T (2002) Analysis of the Bacillus subtilis spoIIIJ gene and its Paralogue gene, yqjG. J Bacteriol 184: 1998-2004.
180. Musser SM & Theg SM (2000) Characterization of the early steps of OE17 precursor transport by the thylakoid ΔpH/Tat machinery. Eur J Biochem 267: 2588-2598.
181. Navarre WW & Schneewind O (1999) Surface proteins of Gram-positive bacteria and mechanisms of their targeting to the cell wall enveloppe. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 63: 174-229.
182. Nelson KE, Fouts DE, Mongodin EF et al. (2004) Whole genome comparisons of serotype 4b and 1/2a strains of the food-borne pathogen Listeria monocytogenes reveal new insights into the core genome components of this species. Nucleic Acids Res 32: 2386-2395.
183. Nölling J, Breton G, Omelchenko MV et al. (2001) Genome sequence and comparative analysis of the solvent-producing bacterium Clostridium acetobutylicum. J Bacteriol 183: 4823-4838.
184. Nudleman E & Kaiser D (2004) Pulling together with Type 4 pili. J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol 7: 52-62.
185. Okkels LM & Andersen P (2004) Protein-protein interactions of proteins from the ESAT-6 family of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Bacteriol 186: 2487-2491.
186. Orndorff PE & Bloch CA (1990) The role of Type 1 pili in the pathogenesis of Escherichia coli infections: a short review and some new ideas. Microb Pathogen 9: 75-79.
187. Pallen MJ (2002) The ESAT-6/WXG100 superfamily - and a new Gram-positive secretion system? Trends Microbiol 10: 209-212.
188. Pallen MJ, Lam AC, Antonio M & Dunbar K (2001) An embarrassment of sortase - a richness of substrates? Trends Microbiol 9: 97-101.
189. Pallen MJ, Chaudhuri RR & Henderson IR (2003) Genomic analysis of secretion systems. Curr Opin Microbiol 6: 519-527.
190. Pallen MJ, Beatson SA & Bailey CM (2005a) Bioinformatics, genomics and evolution of non-flagellar Type-III secretion systems: a Darwinian perspective. FEMS Microbiol Rev 29: 201-229.
191. Pallen MJ, Penn CW & Chaudhuri RR (2005b) Bacterial flagellar diversity in the post-genomic era. Trends Microbiol 13: 143-149.
192. Palmer T, Sargent F & Berks BC (2005) Export of complex cofactor-containing proteins by the bacterial Tat pathway. Trends Microbiol 13: 175-180.
193. Paterson Y & Johnson RS (2004) Progress towards the use of Listeria monocytogenes as a live bacterial vaccine vector for the delivery of HIV antigens. Expert Rev Vaccines 3: S119-S134.
194. Peabody CR, Chung YJ, Yen MR, Vidal-Ingigliardi D, Pugsley AP & Saier MH Jr (2003) Type II protein secretion and its relationship to bacterial Type 4 pili and archaeal flagella. Microbiology 149: 3051-3072.
195. Peel M, Donachie W & Shaw A (1988) Temperature-dependent expression of flagella of Listeria monocytogenes studied by electron microscopy, SDS-PAGE and western blotting. J Gen Microbiol 134: 2171-2178.
196. Pegden RS, Larson MA, Grant RJ & Morrison M (1998) Adherence of the Gram-positive bacterium Ruminococcus albus to cellulose and identification of a novel form of cellulose-binding protein which belongs to the Pil family of proteins. J Bacteriol 180: 5921-5927.
197. Philipp WJ, Nair S, Guglielmi G, Lagranderie M, Gicquel B & Cole ST (1996) Physical mapping of Mycobacterium bovis BCG pasteur reveals differences from the genome map of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv and from M. bovis. Microbiology 142: 3135-3145.
198. Pivetti CD, Yen MR, Miller S, Busch W, Tseng YH, Booth IR & Saier MHJr (2003) Two families of mechanosensitive channel proteins. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 67: 66-85.
199. Planet PJ, Kachlany SC, Fine DH, DeSalle R & Figurski DH (2003) The widespread colonization island of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans. Nat Genet 34: 193-198.
200. Popowska M (2004) Analysis of the peptidoglycan hydrolases of Listeria monocytogenes: multiple enzymes with multiple functions. Pol J Microbiol 53: 29-34.
201. Popowska M & Markiewicz Z (2004a) Classes and functions of Listeria monocytogenes surface proteins. Pol J Microbiol 53: 75-88.
202. Popowska M & Markiewicz Z (2004b) Murein-hydrolyzing activity of flagellin FlaA of Listeria monocytogenes. Pol J Microbiol 53: 237-241.
203. Portnoy DA, Auerbuch V & Glomski IJ (2002) The cell biology of Listeria monocytogenes infection: the intersection of bacterial pathogenesis and cell-mediated immunity. J Cell Biol 158: 409-414.
204. Pradel N, Santini CL, Ye CY, Fevat L, Gerard F, Alami M & Wu LF (2003) Influence of Tat mutations on the ribose-binding protein translocation in Escherichia coli. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 306: 786-791.
205. Preston GM, Studholme DJ & Caldelari I (2005) Profiling the secretomes of plant pathogenic Proteobacteria. FEMS Microbiol Rev 29: 331-360.
206. Pucciarelli MG, Calvo E, Sabet C, Bierne H, Cossart P & Garcia-Del Portillo F (2005) Identification of substrates of the Listeria monocytogenes sortases A and B by a non-gel proteomic analysis. Proteomics 5: 4808-4817.
207. Pym AS, Brodin P, Brosch R, Huerre M & Cole ST (2002) Loss of RD1 contributed to the attenuation of the live tuberculosis vaccines Mycobacterium bovis BCG and Mycobacterium microti. Mol Microbiol 46: 709-717.
208. Pym AS, Brodin P, Majlessi L, Brosch R, Demangel C, Williams A, Griffiths KE, Marchal G, Leclerc C & Cole ST (2003) Recombinant BCG exporting ESAT-6 confers enhanced protection against tuberculosis. Nat Med 9: 533-539.
209. Quentin Y & Fichant G (2000) ABCdb: an ABC transporter database. J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol 2: 501-504.
210. Rakotoarivonina H, Jubelin G, Hébraud M, Gaillard-Martinie B, Forano E & Mosoni P (2002) Adhesion to cellulose of the Gram-positive bacterium Ruminococcus albus involves Type 4 pili. Microbiology 148: 1871-1880.
211. Rakotoarivonina H, Larson MA, Morrison M, Girardeau JP, Gaillard-Martinie B, Forano E & Mosoni P (2005) The Ruminococcus albus pilA1-pilA2 locus: expression and putative role of two adjacent pil genes in pilus formation and bacterial adhesion to cellulose. Microbiology 151: 1291-1299.
212. Ramos HC, Rumbo M & Sirard JC (2004) Bacterial flagellins: mediators of pathogenicity and host immune responses in mucosa. Trends Microbiol 12: 509-517.
213. Randall LL & Hardy SJ (2002) SecB, one small chaperone in the complex milieu of the cell. Cell Mol Life Sci 59: 1617-1623.
214. Ray C (1991) Breaking free from dogma: philosophical prejudice in science education. Sci Educ 75: 87-93.
215. Raynaud C & Charbit A (2005) Regulation of expression of type I signal peptidases in Listeria monocytogenes. Microbiology 151: 3769-3776.
216. Reglier-Poupet H, Frehel C, Dubail I, Beretti JL, Berche P, Charbit A & Raynaud C (2003a) Maturation of lipoproteins by type II signal peptidase is required for phagosomal escape of Listeria monocytogenes. J Biol Chem 278: 49469-49477.
217. Reglier-Poupet H, Pellegrini E, Charbit A & Berche P (2003b) Identification of LpeA, a PsaA-like membrane protein that promotes cell entry by Listeria monocytogenes. Infect Immun 71: 474-482.
218. Ren Q, Kang KH & Paulsen IT (2004) TransportDB: a relational database of cellular membrane transport systems. Nucleic Acids Res 32: D284-D288.
219. Renshaw PS, Panagiotidou P, Whelan A, Gordon SV, Hewinson RG, Williamson RA & Carr MD (2002) Conclusive evidence that the major T-cell antigens of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex ESAT-6 and CFP-10 form a tight, 1:1 complex and characterization of the structural properties of ESAT-6, CFP-10, and the ESAT-6*CFP-10 complex. Implications for pathogenesis and virulence. J Biol Chem 277: 21598-21603.
220. Rice KC, Firek BA, Nelson JB, Yang SJ, Patton TG & Bayles KW (2003) The Staphylococcus aureus cidAB operon: evaluation of its role in regulation of murein hydrolase activity and penicillin tolerance. J Bacteriol 185: 2635-2643.
221. Roberts AJ & Wiedmann M (2003) Pathogen, host and environmental factors contributing to the pathogenesis of listeriosis. Cell Mol Life Sci 60: 904-918.
222. Robinson C & Bolhuis A (2001) Protein targeting by the twin-arginine translocation pathway. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2: 350-356.
223. Robinson C & Bolhuis A (2004) Tat-dependent protein targeting in prokaryotes and chloroplasts. Biochim Biophys Acta-Mol Cell Res 1694: 135-147.
224. Roffey RA & Theg SM (1996) Analysis of the import of carboxyl-terminal truncations of the 23-kilodalton subunit of the oxygen-evolving complex suggests that its structure is an important determinant for thylakoid transport. Plant Physiol 111: 1329-1338.
225. Rosch J & Caparon M (2004) A microdomain for protein secretion in Gram-positive bacteria. Science 304: 1513-1515.
226. Rosch JW & Caparon MG (2005) The exportal: an organelle dedicated to the biogenesis of secreted proteins in Streptococcus pyogenes. Mol Microbiol 58: 959-968.
227. Russmann H (2004) Inverted pathogenicity: the use of pathogen-specific molecular mechanisms for prevention or therapy of disease. Int J Med Microbiol 293: 565-569.
228. Saiz JL, Lopez-Zumel C, Monterroso B, Varea J, Arrondo JL, Iloro I, Garcia JL, Laynez J & Menendez M (2002) Characterization of EJl, the cell-wall amidase coded by the pneumococcal bacteriophage EJ1. Protein Sci 11: 1788-1799.
229. Salmond G & Reeves PJ (1993a) The general secretory pathway in bacteria: response. Trends Microbiol 1: 250-251.
230. Salmond GP & Reeves PJ (1993b) Membrane traffic wardens and protein secretion in Gram-negative bacteria. Trends Biochem Sci 18: 7-12.
231. Samuelson JC, Chen M, Jiang M, Moller I, Wiedmann M, Kuhn A, Phillips GJ & Dalbey RE (2000) YidC mediates membrane protein insertion in bacteria. Nature 406: 637-641.
232. Sanchez-Campillo M, Dramsi S, Gomez-Gomez JM, Michel E, Dehoux P, Cossart P, Baquero F & Perez-Diaz JC (1995) Modulation of DNA topology by flaR, a new gene from Listeria monocytogenes. Mol Microbiol 18: 801-811.
233. Sandkvist M (2001) Biology of Type II secretion. Mol Microbiol 40: 271-283.
234. Santini CL, Ize B, Chanal A, Muller M, Giordano G & Wu LF (1998) A novel Sec-independent periplasmic protein translocation pathway in Escherichia coli. EMBO J 17: 101-112.
235. Sargent F, Stanley NR, Berks BC & Palmer T (1999) Sec-independent protein translocation in Escherichia coli. A distinct and pivotal role for the TatB protein. J Biol Chem 274: 36073-36082.
236. Sarvas M, Harwood CR, Bron S & van Dijl JM (2004) Post-translocational folding of secretory proteins in Gram-positive bacteria. Biochim Biophys Acta-Mol Cell Res 1694: 311-327.
237. Schaumburg J, Diekmann O, Hagendorff P, Bergmann S, Rohde M, Hammerschmidt S, Jansch L, Wehland J & Karst U (2004) The cell wall subproteome of Listeria monocytogenes. Proteomics 4: 2991-3006.
238. Schoen C, Stritzker J, Goebel W & Pilgrim S (2004) Bacteria as DNA vaccine carriers for genetic immunization. Int J Med Microbiol 294: 319-335.
239. Schoen C, Kolb-Maurer A, Geginat G, Loffler D, Bergmann B, Stritzker J, Szalay AA, Pilgrim S & Goebel W (2005) Bacterial delivery of functional messenger RNA to mammalian cells. Cell Microbiol 7: 709-724.
240. Schreiner HC, Sinatra K, Kaplan JB, Furgang D, Kachlany SC, Planet PJ, Perez BA, Figurski DH & Fine DH (2003) Tight-adherence genes of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans are required for virulence in a rat model. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100: 7295-7300.
241. Scotti PA, Urbanus ML, Brunner J, de Gier JW, von Heijne G, van der Does C, Driessen AJ, Oudega B & Luirink J (2000) YidC, the Escherichia coli homologue of mitochondrial Oxa1p, is a component of the Sec translocase. EMBO J 19: 542-549.
242. Sexton JA & Vogel JP (2002) Type IVb secretion by intracellular pathogens. Traffic 3: 178-185.
243. Sharipova MR (2002) Late stages of protein secretion in bacilli. Biochemistry (Moscow) 67: 1207-1216.
244. Simonen M & Palva I (1993) Protein secretion in Bacillus species. Microbiol Rev 57: 109-137.
245. Slutsker L & Schuchat A (1999) Listeriosis in humans. Listeria, Listeriosis and Food Safety (Ryser ET & Harth EH, eds), pp. 75-95. Marcel Dekker, New York.
246. Sørensen AL, Nagai S, Houen G, Andersen P & Andersen AB (1995) Purification and characterization of a low-molecular-mass T-cell antigen secreted by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Infect Immun 63: 1710-1717.
247. Stanley SA, Raghavan S, Hwang WW & Cox JS (2003) Acute infection and macrophage subversion by Mycobacterium tuberculosis require a specialized secretion system. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100: 13001-13006.
248. Stathopoulos C, Hendrixson DR, Thanassi DG, Hultgren SJ, St Geme JW III & Curtiss R (2000) Secretion of virulence determinants by the general secretory pathway in Gram-negative pathogens: an evolving story. Microb Infect 2: 1061-1072.
249. Stenfors LE, Fredriksen F, Raisanen S & Myklebust R (1997) Identification of Streptococcus pyogenes on tonsillar epithelium during infection. Acta Otolaryngol 529(Suppl): 212-214.
250. Tan KS, Wee BY & Song KP (2001) Evidence for holin function of tcdE gene in the pathogenicity of Clostridium difficile. J Med Microbiol 50: 613-619.
251. Tasteyre A, Barc MC, Collignon A, Boureau H & Karjalainen T (2001) Role of FliC and FliD flagellar proteins of Clostridium difficile in adherence and gut colonization. Infect Immun 69: 7937-7940.
252. Tatusova TA & Madden TL (1999) Blast 2 sequences - a new tool for comparing protein and nucleotide sequences. FEMS Microbiol Lett 174: 247-250.
253. Thanassi DG (2002) Ushers and secretins: channels for the secretion of folded proteins across the bacterial outer membrane. J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol 4: 11-20.
254. Thanassi DG & Hultgren SJ (2000) Multiple pathways allow protein secretion across the bacterial outer membrane. Curr Opin Cell Biol 12: 420-430.
255. Tjalsma H, Bolhuis A, Jongbloed JD, Bron S & van Dijl JM (2000) Signal peptide-dependent protein transport in Bacillus subtilis: a genome-based survey of the secretome. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 64: 515-547.
256. Tjalsma H, Bron S & van Dijl JM (2003) Complementary impact of paralogous Oxa1-like proteins of Bacillus subtilis on post-translocational stages in protein secretion. J Biol Chem 278: 15622-15632.
257. Tjalsma H, Antelmann H, Jongbloed JD et al. (2004) Proteomics of protein secretion by Bacillus subtilis: separating the "secrets" of the secretome. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 68: 207-233.
258. Ton-That H & Schneewind O (2003) Assembly of pili on the surface of Corynebacterium diphtheriae. Mol Microbiol 50: 1429-1438.
259. Ton-That H & Schneewind O (2004) Assembly of pili in Gram-positive bacteria. Trends Microbiol 12: 228-234.
260. Ton-That H, Marraffini LA & Schneewind O (2004) Protein sorting to the cell wall envelope of Gram-positive bacteria. Biochim Biophys Acta-Mol Cell Res 1694: 269-278.
261. Trost M, Wehmhoner D, Karst U, Dieterich G, Wehland J & Jansch L (2005) Comparative proteome analysis of secretory proteins from pathogenic and nonpathogenic Listeria species. Proteomics 5: 1544-1557.
262. Ullers RS, Luirink J, Harms N, Schwager F, Georgopoulos C & Genevaux P (2004) SecB is a bona fide generalized chaperone in Escherichia coli. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101: 7583-7588.
263. Valent QA, Scotti PA, High S, de Gier JW, von Heijne G, Lentzen G, Wintermeyer W, Oudega B & Luirink J (1998) The Escherichia coli SRP and SecB targeting pathways converge at the translocon. EMBO J 17: 2504-2512.
264. Van Dijl JM, Braun PG, Robinson C, Quax WJ, Antelmann H, Hecker M, Muller J, Tjalsma H, Bron S & Jongbloed JD (2002) Functional genomic analysis of the Bacillus subtilis Tat pathway for protein secretion. J Biotechnol 98: 243-254.
265. Van Wely KHM, Swaving J, Freudl R & Driessen AJM (2001) Translocation of proteins across the cell envelope of Gram-positive bacteria. FEMS Microbiol Rev 25: 437-454.
266. Vatanyoopaisarn S, Nazli A, Dodd CE, Rees CE & Waites WM (2000) Effect of flagella on initial attachment of Listeria monocytogenes to stainless steel. Appl Environ Microbiol 66: 860-863.
267. Vazquez-Boland JA, Kuhn A, Berche P, Chakraborty T, Dominguez-Bernal G, Goebel W, Gonzalez-Zorn B, Wehland J & Kreft J (2001) Listeria pathogenesis and molecular virulence determinants. Clin Microbiol Rev 14: 584-640.
268. Veenendaal AK, van der Does C & Driessen AJ (2004) The protein-conducting channel SecYEG. Biochim Biophys Acta-Mol Cell Res 1694: 81-95.
269. Verch T, Pan ZK & Paterson Y (2004) Listeria monocytogenes-based antibiotic resistance gene-free antigen delivery system applicable to other bacterial vectors and DNA vaccines. Infect Immun 72: 6418-6425.
270. Voth DE & Ballard JD (2005) Clostridium difficile toxins: mechanism of action and role in disease. Clin Microbiol Rev 18: 247-263.
271. Vukov N, Moll I, Blasi U, Scherer S & Loessner MJ (2003) Functional regulation of the Listeria monocytogenes bacteriophage A118 holin by an intragenic inhibitor lacking the first transmembrane domain. Mol Microbiol 48: 173-186.
272. Wall D & Kaiser D (1999) Type 4 pili and cell motility. Mol Microbiol 32: 1-10.
273. Wandersman C (1993) The general secretory pathway in bacteria. Trends Microbiol 1: 249-250.
274. Wang IN, Smith DL & Young R (2000) Holins: the protein clocks of bacteriophage infections. Annu Rev Microbiol 54: 799-825.
275. Way SS & Wilson CB (2005) The Mycobacterium tuberculosis ESAT-6 homologue in Listeria monocytogenes is dispensable for growth in vitro and in vivo. Infect Immun 73: 6151-6153.
276. Way SS, Thompson LJ, Lopes JE, Hajjar AM, Kollmann TR, Freitag NE & Wilson CB (2004) Characterization of flagellin expression and its role in Listeria monocytogenes infection and immunity. Cell Microbiol 6: 235-242.
277. Williams A, Hatch GJ, Clark SO et al. (2005) Evaluation of vaccines in the EU TB Vaccine Cluster using a guinea pig aerosol infection model of tuberculosis. Tuberculosis 85: 29-38.
278. Wong AC (1998) Biofilms in food processing environments. J Dairy Sci 81: 2765-2770.
279. Wright GD, Molinas C, Arthur M, Courvalin P & Walsh CT (1992) Characterization of VanY, a DD-carboxypeptidase from vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium BM4147. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 36: 1514-1518.
280. Yamane K, Bunai K & Kakeshita H (2004) Protein traffic for secretion and related machinery of Bacillus subtilis. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 68: 2007-2023.
281. Yen MR, Peabody CR, Partovi SM, Zhai Y, Tseng YH & Saier MH (2002a) Protein-translocating outer membrane porins of Gram-negative bacteria. Biochim Biophys Acta-Biomembr 1562: 6-31.
282. Yen MR, Tseng YH, Nguyen EH, Wu LF & Saier MH Jr (2002b) Sequence and phylogenetic analyses of the Twin-arginine targeting (Tat) protein export system. Arch Microbiol 177: 441-450.
283. Young GM, Schmiel DH & Miller VL (1999) A new pathway for the secretion of virulence factors by bacteria, the flagellar export apparatus functions as a protein-secretion system. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96: 6456-6461.