Cancer gene therapy and tumor suppressor genes

Minerva Biotecnologica

Volumn 17, Issue 2, 2005, Pages 93-103

  Ramesh, R ^a   Chada, S ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS   (United States)

^b Introgen Therapeutics Inc   (United States)

Author keywords

Gene therapy; Neoplasms; Tumor suppressor genes

Indexed keywords

1,2 DIOLEOYL 3 TRIMETHYLAMMONIOPROPANE; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; CISPLATIN; FAS ANTIGEN; FRAGILE HISTIDINE TRIAD PROTEIN; MELANOMA DIFFERENTIATION ASSOCIATED 7 PROTEIN; NONSTEROID ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL 3,4,5 TRISPHOSPHATE 3 PHOSPHATASE; PROTEIN BAX; PROTEIN BCL 2; PROTEIN BCL XL; PROTEIN NOXA; PROTEIN P16; PROTEIN P21; PROTEIN P27; PROTEIN P53; RAS ASSOCIATION DOMAIN FAMILY PROTEIN 1A; RECOMBINANT TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR; RETINOBLASTOMA PROTEIN; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR E2F1; TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PROTEIN; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ANTIANGIOGENIC ACTIVITY; ANTINEOPLASTIC ACTIVITY; APOPTOSIS; BREAST TUMOR; CANCER; CANCER INHIBITION; CLINICAL EFFECTIVENESS; CLINICAL TRIAL; CYSTIC FIBROSIS; DRUG EFFICACY; FEASIBILITY STUDY; FIBROSARCOMA; GENE EXPRESSION; GENE FUNCTION; GENE MUTATION; GENE TARGETING; GENE THERAPY; HUMAN; LUNG NON SMALL CELL CANCER; METASTASIS INHIBITION; NONHUMAN; NONVIRAL GENE DELIVERY SYSTEM; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PROSTATE TUMOR; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN FUNCTION; PROTEIN TARGETING; REVIEW; TREATMENT RESPONSE; TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENE; VIRAL GENE DELIVERY SYSTEM;

EID: 33646200794     PISSN: 11204826     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (101)

1. Vogelstein B, Kinzler KW. Cancer genes and the pathways they control. Nat Med 2004;8:789-99.
2. Campisis J. Senescent cells, tumor suppression, and organismal aging: Good citizens, bad neighbors. Cell 2005;120:513-22.
3. Shachaf CM, Kopelman AM, Aranitis C, Karisson CA, Beer S, Mandi S et al. MYC inactivation uncovers pluripotent differentiation and tumour dormancy in hepatocellular cancer. Nature 2004;431:1112-7.
4. Kenny PA, Bissell MJ. Tumor reversion: correction of malignant behavior by microenvironmental cues. Int J Cancer 2003;107: 688-95.
5. Haber D, Harlow E. Tumour-suppressor genes: evolving definitions in the genomic age. Nat Genet 1997;16:320-2.
6. Bertelsen AH, Beaudry GA, Stoller TJ, Trotta PP, Sherman MI. Tumor suppressor genes: prospects for cancer therapies. Biotechnology 1995;13:127-31.
7. McCormick F. Cancer gene therapy: Fringe or Cutting edge? Nat Rev Cancer 2001;1:130-41.
8. Friedberg EC. DNA damage and repair. Nature 2003;412:436-40.
9. Bellon G, Michel-Calemard L, Thouvenot D, Jagneaux V, Poitvein F, Malcus C et al. Aerosol administration of a recombinant adenovirus expressing CFTR to cystic fibrosis patients: a phase I clinical trial. Hum Gene Ther 1997;8:15-25.
10. Greenlee R, Murray T, Bolden S, Wingo PA. Cancer Statistics. CA Cancer J Clin 2000;50:7-33.
11. Mhashilkar AM, Chada S, Roth JA, Ramesh R. Gene therapy: therapeutic approaches and implications. Biotech Adv 2001;19:279-97.
12. Khan J, Wei JS, Ringner M, Saal LH, Ladanyi M, Westermann F et al. Classification and diagnostic prediction of cancers using gene expression profiling and artificial neural networks. Nat Med 2001;7:673-9.
13. Esteller M. Aberrant DNA methylation as a cancer-inducing mechanism. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2005;45:629-56.
14. Greenblatt MS, Bennett WP, Hollstein M, Harris CC. Mutations in the p53 tumor suppressor gene: Clues to cancer etiology and molecular pathogenesis. Cancer Res 1994;54:4855-978.
15. Hartwell LH, Kastan MB. Cell cycle control and cancer. Science 1994;266:1821-8.
16. Harper JW, Adami GR, Wei N, Keyomarsi K, Elledge SJ. The p21 Cdk-interacting protein Cip1 is a potent inhibitor of G1 cyclin-dependent kinases. Cell 1993;75:805-16.
17. Weinberg RA. The retinoblastoma protein and cell cycle control. Cell 1995;81:603-8.
18. Levine AJ. p53, the cellular gatekeepers for growth and division. Cell 1997;88:323-31.
19. Cai DW, Mukhopadhyay T, Liu YJ, Fujiwara T, Roth JA. Stable expression of the wild-type p53 gene in human lung cancer cells after retrovirus-mediated gene transfer. Hum Gene Ther 1993;4: 617-24.
20. Fujiwara T, Cai DW, Georges RN, Mukhopadhyay T, Grimm EA, Roth JA. Therapeutic effect of a retroviral wild-type p53 expression vector in an orthotopic lung cancer model. J Natl Cancer Inst 1994;86:1458-62.
21. Fujiwara T, Grimm EA, Mukhopadhyay T, Cai DW, Owen-Schaub LB, Roth JA. A retroviral wild-type p53 expression vector penetrates human lung cancer spheroids and inhibits growth by inducing apoptosis. Cancer Res 1993;53:4129-33.
22. Nakase M, Inui M, Okumura K, Kamei T, Nakamura S, Tagawa T. p53 gene therapy of human osteosarcoma using a transferrin-modified cationic liposome. Mol Cancer Ther 2005;4:625-31.
23. Lane D. Curing cancer with p53. N Engl J Med 2004;350:2711-2.
24. Ahn WS, Bae SM, Lee KH, Lee JM, Namkoong SE, Chun HJ et al. Recombinant adenovirus-p53 gene transfer and cell-specific growth suppression of human cervical cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Gynecol Oncol 2004;92:611-21.
25. Gautam A, Densmore CL, Waldrep, JC. Inhibition of experimental lung metastasis by aerosol delivery of PEI-p53 complexes. Mol Ther 2000,2:318-23.
26. Sweeney P, Karashima T, Ishikura H, Wiehle S, Yamashita M, Benedict WF et al. Efficient therapeutic gene delivery after systemic administration of a novel polyethylenimine/DNA vector in an orthotopic bladder cancer model. Cancer Res 2003;63:4017-20.
27. Xu M, Kumar D, Srinivas S, Detolla LJ, Yu SF, Stass SA et al. Parenteral gene therapy with p53 inhibits human breast tumors in vivo through a bystander mechanism without evidence of toxicity. Hum Gene Ther 1997;8:177-85.
28. Tse V, Yung Y, Santarelli JG, Juan D, Hsiao M, Haas M et al. Effects of tumor suppressor gene (p53) on brain tumor angiogenesis and expression of angiogenic modulators. Anticancer Res 2004;24:1-10.
29. Bouvet M, Ellis LM, Nishizaki M, Fujiwara T, Liu W, Bucana CD et al. Adenovirus-mediated wild-type p53 gene transfer down-regulates vascular endothelial growth factor expression and inhibits angiogenesis in human colon cancer. Cancer Res 1998;58:2288-92.
30. Ravi R, Mookerjee B, Bhujwalla ZM, Sutter CH, Artemov D, Zeng Q et al. Regulation of tumor angiogenesis by p53-induced degradation of hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha. Genes Dev 2000;14:34-44.
31. Dameron KM, Volpert OV, Tainsky MA, Bouck N. The p53 tumor suppressor gene inhibits angiogenesis by stimulating the production of thrombospondin. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 1994;59:483-9.
32. Spitz FR, Nguyen D, Skibber JM, Meyn RE, Cristiano RJ, Roth JA. Adenoviral-mediated wild-type p53 gene expression sensitizes colorectal cancer cells to ionizing radiation. Clin Cancer Res 1996;2:1665-71.
33. Colletier PJ, Ashoori F, Cowen D, Meyn RE, Tofilon P, Meistrich ME et al. Adenoviral-mediated p53 transgene expression sensitizes both wild-type and null p53 prostate cancer cells in vitro to radiation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2000;48:1507-12.
34. Quist SR, Wang-Gohrke S, Kohler T, Kreienberg R, Runnebaum IB. Cooperative effect of adenoviral p53 gene therapy and standard chemotherapy in ovarian cancer cells independent of the endogenous p53 status. Cancer Gene Ther 2004;11:547-54.
35. Nishizaki M, Meyn RE, Levy LB, Atkinson EN, White RA, Roth JA et al. Synergistic inhibition of human lung cancer cell growth by adenovirus-mediated wild-type p53 gene transfer in combination with docetaxel and radiation therapeutics in vitro and in vivo. Clin Cancer Res 2001;7:2887-97.
36. Chen B, Timiryasova TM, Andres ML, Kajioka EH, Dutta-Roy R, Gridley DS et al. Evaluation of combined vaccinia virus-mediated antitumor gene therapy with p53, IL-2, and IL-12 in a glioma model. Cancer Gene Ther 2000;7:1437-47.
37. Putzer BM, Bramson JL, Addison CL, Hitt M, Siegel PM, Muller WJ et al. Combination therapy with interleukin-2 and wild-type p53 expressed by adenoviral vectors potentiates tumor regression in a murine model of breast cancer. Hum Gene Ther 1998;9:707-18.
38. Nishizaki M, Sasaki J, Fang B, Atkinson EN, Minna JD, Roth JA et al. Synergistic tumor suppression by coexpression of FHIT and p53 coincides with FHIT-mediated MDM2 inactivation and p53 stabilization in human non-small cell lung cancer cells. Cancer Res 2004;64:5745-52.
39. Roth JA, Nguyen D, Lawrence DD, Kemp BL, Carrasco CH, Ferson DZ et al. Retrovirus-mediated wild type p53 gene transfer to tumors of patients with lung cancer. Nat Med 1996;2:974-5.
40. Swisher S, Roth JA, Nemunaitis J, Lawrencc DD, Kemp BL, Carrasco CH et al. Adenovirus-mediated p53 gene transfer in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 1999;91:763-71.
41. Buller RE, Runnebaum IB, Karlan BY, Horowitz JA, Shahin M, Buckers T et al. A phase I/II trial of rAd/p53 (SCH 58500) gene replacement in recurrent ovarian cancer. Cancer Gene Ther 2002;9:553-66.
42. Kuball J, Wen SF, Leissner J, Atkins D, Meinhardt P, Quijano E et al. Successful adenovirus-mediated wild-type p53 gene transfer in patients with bladder cancer by intravesical vector instillation. J Clin Oncol 2002;20:957-65.
43. Lang FF, Bruner JM, Fuller GN, Aldape K, Prados MD, Chang S et al. Phase I trial of adenovirus-mediated p53 gene therapy for recurrent glioma: biological and clinical results. J Clin Oncol 2003;21:2508-18.
44. Schuler M, Herrmann R, De Greve JL, Stewart AK, Gatzemeier U, Stewart DJ et al. Adenovirus-mediated wild-type p53 gene transfer in patients receiving chemotherapy for advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: results of a multicenter phase II study. J Clin Oncol 2001;19:1750-8.
45. Clayman GL, el-Naggar AK, Lippman SM, Henderson YC, Frederick M, Merritt JA et al, Adenovirus-mediated p53 gene transfer in patients with advanced recurrent head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 1998;16:2221-32.
46. Nemunaitis J, Swisher SG, Timmons T, Connors D, Mack M, Doerksen L et al. Adenovirus-mediated p53 gene transfer in sequence with cisplatin to tumors of patients with non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 2000;18:609-22.
47. Swisher SG, Roth JA, Komaki R, Gu J, Lee JJ, Hicks M et al. Induction of p53-regulated genes and tumor regression in lung cancer patients after intratumoral delivery of adenoviral p53 (INGN 201) and radiation therapy. Clin Cancer Res 2003;9:93-101.
48. Wolf JK, Bodurka DC, Gano JB, Deavers M, Ramondetta L, Ramirez PT et al. A phase I study of Adp53 (INGN 201; ADVEXIN) for patients with platinum- and paclitaxel-resistant epithelial ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol 2004;94:442-8.
49. Yang Y, Li Q, Ertl HCJ, Wilson JM. Cellular and humoral immune responses to viral antigens create barriers to lung-directed gene therapy with recombinant adenoviruses. J Virol 1995;69:2004-15.
50. Ramesh R, Saeki T, Templeton NS, Ji L, Stephens LC, Ito I et al. Successful treatment of primary and disseminated human lung cancers by systemic delivery of tumor suppressor genes using an improved liposome vector. Mol Ther 2001;3:1-14.
51. Li D, Day KV, Yu S, Shi G, Liu S, Guo M et al. The role of adenovirus-mediated retinoblastoma 94 in the treatment of head and neck cancer. Cancer Res 2002;62:4637-44.
52. Abriss B, Hollweg G, Gressner AM, Weiskirchen R. Adenoviral-mediated transfer of p53 or retinoblastoma protein blocks cell proliferation and induces apoptosis in culture-activated hepatic stellate cells. J Hepatol 2003;38:169-78.
53. Zhou Y, Li J, Xu K, Hu SX, Benedict WF, Xu HJ. Further characterization of retinoblastoma gene-mediated cell growth and tumor suppression in human cancer cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1994;91:4165-9.
54. Simeone DM, Cascarelli A, Logsdon CD. Adenoviral-mediated gene transfer of a constitutively active retinoblastoma gene inhibits human pancreatic tumor cell proliferation. Surgery 1997;122: 428-33.
55. Lee AW, Li JH, Shi W, Li A, Ng E, Liu TJ et al. p16 gene therapy: a potentially efficacious modality for nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Mol Cancer Ther 2003;2:961-9.
56. Kim SK, Wang KC, Cho BK, Lim SY, Kim YY, Oh CW et al. Adenoviral p16/ CDKN2 gene transfer to malignant glioma: role of p16 in growth, invasion, and senescence. Oncol Rep 2003;10: 1121-6.
57. Kawakami Y, Hama S, Hiura M, Nogawa T, Chiba T, Yokoyama T et al. Adenovirus-mediated p16 gene transfer changes the sensitivity to taxanes and Vinca alkaloids of human ovarian cancer cells. Anticancer Res 2001;21:2537-45.
58. Yang ZY, Perkins ND, Ohno T, Nabel EG, Nabel GJ. The p21 cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor suppresses tumorigenicity in vivo. Nat Med 1995;1:1395-403.
59. Sasaki T, Katayose Y, Suzuki M, Yamamoto K, Shiraso S, Mizuma M et al. Adenovirus expressing mutant p27kip1 enhanced apoptosis against cholangiocarcinoma than adenovirus-p27kip1 wild type. Hepatogastroenterology 2004;5:68-75.
60. Saito Y, Gopalan B, Mhashilkar AM, Roth JA, Chada S, Zumstein L et al. Adenovirus-mediated PTEN treatment combined with caffeine produces a synergistic therapeutic effect in colorectal cancer cells. Cancer Gene Ther 2003;10:803-13.
61. Saito Y, Swanson X, Mhashilkar AM, Oida Y, Schrock R, Branch CD et al. Adenovirus-mediated transfer of the PTEN gene inhibits human colorectal cancer growth in vitro and in vivo. Gene Ther 2003;10:1961-9.
62. Davies MA, Lu Y, Sano T, Fang X, Tang P, LaPushin R et al. Adenoviral transgene expression of MMAC/PTEN in human glioma cells inhibits Akt activation and induces anoikis. Cancer Res 1998; 58:5285-90.
63. Seki M, Iwakawa J, Cheng H, Cheng PW. p53 and PTEN/MMAC1/TEP1 gene therapy of human prostate PC-3 carcinoma xenograft, using transferrin-facilitated lipofection gene delivery strategy. Hum Gene Ther 2002;13:761-73.
64. Tait DL, Obermiller PS, Holt JT. Preclinical studies of a new generation retroviral vector for ovarian cancer BRCA1 gene therapy. Gynecol Oncol 2000;79:471-6.
65. Tait DL, Obermiller PS, Hatmaker AR, Redlin-Frazier S, Holt JT. Ovarian cancer BRCA1 gene therapy: Phase I and II trial differences in immune response and vector stability. Clin Cancer Res 1999;5:1708-14.
66. Das S, Nama S, Antony S, Somasundaram K. p73 beta-expressing recombinant adenovirus: a potential anticancer agent. Cancer Gene Ther 2005;12:417-26.
67. Das S, El-Deiry WS, Somasundaram K. Efficient growth inhibition of HPV 16 E6-expressing cells by an adenovirus-expressing p53 homologue p73beta. Oncogene 2003;22:8394-402.
68. Lee J, Hargest R, Wasan H, Phillips RK. Liposome-mediated adenomatous polyposis coli gene therapy: a novel anti-adenoma strategy in multiple intestinal neoplasia mouse model. Dis Colon Rectum 2004;47:2105-13.
69. Lew JI, Guo Y, Kim RK, Vargish L, Michelassi F, Arenas RB. Reduction of intestinal neoplasia with adenomatous polyposis coli gene replacement and COX-2 inhibition is additive. J Gastrointest Surg 2002;6:563-8.
70. Sun X, Kanwar JR, Leung E, Vale M, Krissansen GW. Regression of solid tumors by engineered overexpression of von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor protein and antisense hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha. Gene Ther 2003;10:2081-9.
71. Akiyama H, Tanaka T, Itakura H, Kanai H, Maeno T, Doi H et al. Inhibition of ocular angiogenesis by an adenovirus carrying the human von Hippel-Lindau tumor-suppressor gene in vivo. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2004;45:1289-96.
72. Madhusudan S, Tamir A, Bates N, Flanagan E, Gore ME, Barton DP et al. A multicenter Phase I gene therapy clinical trial involving intraperitoneal administration of E1A-lipid complex in patients with recurrent epithelial ovarian cancer overexpressing, HER-2/neu oncogene. Clin Cancer Res 2004;10:2986-96.
73. Ueno NT, Bartholomeusz C, Herrmann JL, Estrov Z, Shao R, Andreeff M et al. E1A-mediated paclitaxel sensitization in HER-2/neu-overexpressing ovarian cancer SKOV3.ip1 through apoptosis involving the caspase-3 pathway. Clin Cancer Res 2000;6:250-9.
74. Sarti M, Sevignani C, Calin GA, Aqeilan R, Shimizu M, Pentimalli F et al. Adenoviral transduction of TESTIN gene into breast and uterine cancer cell lines promotes apoptosis and tumor reduction in vivo. Clin Cancer Res 2005;11:806-13.
75. Jiang GL, Huang S. Adenovirus expressing RIZ1 in tumor suppressor gene therapy of microsatellite-unstable colorectal cancers. Cancer Res 2001;61:1796-8.
76. Jiang G, Liu L, Buyse IM, Simon D, Huang S. Decreased RIZ1 expression but not RIZ2 in hepatoma and suppression of hepatoma tumorigenicity by RIZ1. Int J Cancer 1999;83:541-6.
77. Ishii H, Zanesi N, Vecchione A, Trapasso F, Yendamuri S, Sarti M et al. Regression of upper gastric cancer in mice by FHIT gene delivery. FASEB J 2003;17:1768-70.
78. Dumon KR, Ishii H, Fong LY, Zanesi N, Fidanza V, Mancini R et al. FHIT gene therapy prevents tumor development in Fhit-deficient mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001;98:3346-51.
79. Ji L, Nishizaki M, Gao B, Burbee D, Kondo M, Kamibayashi C et al. Expression of several genes in the human chromosome 3p21.3 homozygous deletion region by an adenovirus vector results in tumor suppressor activities in vitro and in vivo. Cancer Res 2002;62:2715-20.
80. Ito I, Ji L, Tanaka F, Saito Y, Gopalan B, Branch CD et al. Liposomal vector mediated delivery of the 3p FUS1 gene demonstrates potent antitumor activity against human lung cancer in vivo. Cancer Gene Ther 2004;11:733-9.
81. Gopalan B, Ito I, Branch CD, Stephens C, Roth JA, Ramesh R. Nanoparticle based systemic gene therapy for lung cancer: molecular mechanisms and strategies to suppress nanoparticle-mediated inflammatory response. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2004;3:647-57.
82. Chada S, Sutton RB, Ekmekcioglu S, Ellerhorst J, Mumm JB, Leitner WW et al. MDA-7/IL-24 is a unique cytokine-tumor suppressor in the IL-10 family. Int Immunopharmacol 2004;4:649-67.
83. Fisher PB, Gopalkrishnan RV, Chada S, Ramesh R, Grimm EA, Rosenfeld MR et al. mda-7/IL-24, a novel cancer selective apoptosis inducing cytokine gene: from the laboratory into the clinic. Cancer Biol Ther 2003;2:S23-37.
84. Saeki T, Mhashilkar A, Chada S, Branch C, Roth JA, Ramesh R. Tumor-suppressive effects by adenovirus-mediated mda-7 gene transfer in non-small cell lung cancer cell in vitro. Gene Ther 2000;7:2051-7.
85. Mhashilkar AM, Schrock RD, Hindi M, Liao J, Sieger K, Kourouma F et al. Melanoma differentiation associated gene-7 (mda-7): a novel anti-tumor gene for cancer gene therapy. Mol Med 2001;7:271-82.
86. Yacoub A, Mitchell C, Brannon J, Rosenberg E, Qiao L, McKinstry R et al. MDA-7 (interleukin-24) inhibits the proliferation of renal carcinoma cells and interacts with free radicals to promote cell death and loss of reproductive capacity. Mol Cancer Ther 2003;2:623-32.
87. Saeki T, Mhashilkar A, Swanson X, Zou-Yang XH, Sieger K, Kawabe S et al. Inhibition of human lung cancer growth following adenovirus-mediated mda-7 gene expression in vivo. Oncogene 2002;21:4558-66.
88. Ramesh R, Ito I, Gopalan B, Saito Y, Mhashilkar AM, Chada S. Ectopic production of MDA-7/IL-24 inhibits invasion and migration of human lung cancer cells. Mol Ther 2004;9:510-8.
89. Caudell EG, Mumm JB, Poindexter N, Ekmekcioglu S, Mhashilkar AM, Yang XH et al. The protein product of the tumor suppressor gene, melanoma differentiation-associated gene 7, exhibits immunostimulatory activity and is designated IL-24. J Immunol 2002;168:6041-6.
90. Chada S, Mhashilkar AM, Ramesh R, Mumm JB, Sutton RB, Bocangel D et al. Bystander activity of Ad-mda7: human MDA-7 protein kills melanoma cells via an IL-20 receptor-dependent but STAT3-independent mechanism. Mol Ther 2004;10:1085-95.
91. Ramesh R, Mhashilkar AM, Tanaka F, Saito Y, Branch CD, Sieger K et al. Melanoma differentiation-associated gene 7/interleukin (IL)-24 is a novel ligand that regulates angiogenesis via the IL-22 receptor. Cancer Res 2003;63:5105-13.
92. Nishikawa T, Ramesh R, Munshi A, Chada S, Meyn RE. Adenovirus-mediated mda-7 (IL24) gene therapy suppresses angiogenesis and sensitizes NSCLC xenograft tumors to radiation. Mol Ther 2004;9:818-28.
93. Oida Y, Gopalan B, Miyahara R, Inoue S, Branch CD, Mhashilkar AM et al. Sulindac enhances adenoviral vector expressing mda-7/IL-24-mediated apoptosis in human lung cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2005;4:291-304.
94. McKenzie T, Liu Y, Fanale M, Swisher SG, Chada S, Hunt KK. Combination therapy of Ad-mda7 and trastuzumab increases cell death in Her-2/ neu-overexpressing breast cancer cells. Surgery 2004;136:437-42.
95. Ramesh R, Ito I, Saito Y, Wu Z, Mhashikar AM, Wilson DR et al. Local and systemic inhibition of lung tumor growth after nanoparticle-mediated mda-7/IL-24 gene delivery. DNA Cell Biol 2004;23:850-7.
96. Tong AW, Nemunaitis J, Su D, Zhang Y, Cunningham C, Senzer N et al. Intratumoral injection of INGN 241, a nonreplicating adenovector expressing the melanoma-differentiation associated gene-7 (mda-7/IL24): biologic outcome in advanced cancer patients. Mol Ther 2005;11:160-72.
97. Cunningham CC, Chada S, Merritt JA, Tong A, Senzer N, Zhang Y et al. Clinical and local biological effects of an intratumoral injection of mda-7 (IL24; INGN 241) in patients with advanced carcinoma: a phase I study. Mol Ther 2005;11:149-59.
98. Edelstein ML, Abedi MR, Wixon J, Edelstein RM. Gene therapy clinical trials worldwide 1989-2004- an overview. J Gene Med 2004;6:597-602.
99. Raper SE, Chirmule N, Lee FS, Wivel NA, Bagg A, Gao GP et al. Fatal systemic inflammatory response syndrome in a ornithine transcarbamylase deficient patient following adenoviral gene transfer. Mol Genet Metab 2003;80:148-58.
100. Hacien-Bey-Abina S, von Kalle C, Schmidt M, Le Deist F, Wulffraat N, McIntyre E et al. A serious adverse event after successful gene therapy for X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency. N Engl J Med 2003;348:255-6.
101. Kubik T, Bogunia-Kubik K, Sugaisaka M. Nanotechnology on duty in medical applications. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2005;6: 17-33.