메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 13, Issue 2, 2006, Pages 162-170

Different actions of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors: Molecular mechanisms and clinical importance

Author keywords

Insulin resistance; Lipid metabolism; Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor; Type 2 diabetes

Indexed keywords

2,4 THIAZOLIDINEDIONE DERIVATIVE; BEZAFIBRATE; CYTOKINE; EZETIMIBE; FENOFIBRATE; FIBRIC ACID DERIVATIVE; GEMFIBROZIL; HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; METALLOPROTEINASE; METFORMIN; MURGLITAZAR; ORAL ANTIDIABETIC AGENT; PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR ACTIVATED RECEPTOR; PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR ACTIVATED RECEPTOR AGONIST; PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR ACTIVATED RECEPTOR ALPHA; PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR ACTIVATED RECEPTOR DELTA; PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR ACTIVATED RECEPTOR GAMMA; PIOGLITAZONE; POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACID; RECEPTOR SUBTYPE; ROSIGLITAZONE; STATINE DERIVATIVE; TRIACYLGLYCEROL; TROGLITAZONE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

EID: 33646053531     PISSN: 10683097     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/01.med.0000216965.36504.be     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (7)

References (76)
  • 1
    • 0030794057 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, orphans with ligands and functions
    • Schoonjans K, Martin G, Staels B, Auwerx J. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, orphans with ligands and functions. Curr Opin Lipidol 1997; 8:159-166.
    • (1997) Curr Opin Lipidol , vol.8 , pp. 159-166
    • Schoonjans, K.1    Martin, G.2    Staels, B.3    Auwerx, J.4
  • 2
    • 0035976638 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nuclear receptors and lipid physiology: Opening the x-files
    • Chawala A, Repa JJ, Evans RM, Mangelsdorf DJ. Nuclear receptors and lipid physiology: opening the x-files. Science 2001; 294:1866-1870.
    • (2001) Science , vol.294 , pp. 1866-1870
    • Chawala, A.1    Repa, J.J.2    Evans, R.M.3    Mangelsdorf, D.J.4
  • 3
    • 0033927667 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cellular mechanisms of insulin resistance
    • Shulman GI. Cellular mechanisms of insulin resistance. J Clin Invest 2000; 106:171-176.
    • (2000) J Clin Invest , vol.106 , pp. 171-176
    • Shulman, G.I.1
  • 4
    • 0031851293 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Definition, diagnosis, and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications. Part 1: Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Provisional report of a WHO Consultation
    • Alberti KGMM, Zimmet PZ, for the WHO Consultation. Definition, diagnosis, and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications. Part 1: diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Provisional report of a WHO Consultation. Diab Med 1998; 15:539-553.
    • (1998) Diab Med , vol.15 , pp. 539-553
    • Alberti, K.G.M.M.1    Zimmet, P.Z.2
  • 5
    • 0035897696 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Executive summary of the Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III)
    • Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults. Executive summary of the Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA 2001; 285:2486-2497.
    • (2001) JAMA , vol.285 , pp. 2486-2497
  • 7
    • 4344582057 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ACE Position Statement on the Insulin Resistance Syndrome
    • ACE Position Statement on the Insulin Resistance Syndrome. Endocr Pract 2003; 9:240-252.
    • (2003) Endocr Pract , vol.9 , pp. 240-252
  • 8
    • 33646023642 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diagnosis of insulin resistance and associated syndromes: The spectrum from the metabolic syndrome to type 2 diabetes mellitus
    • Simonson GS, Kendall DM. Diagnosis of insulin resistance and associated syndromes: the spectrum from the metabolic syndrome to type 2 diabetes mellitus. Coron Artery Dis 2005; 16:465-472.
    • (2005) Coron Artery Dis , vol.16 , pp. 465-472
    • Simonson, G.S.1    Kendall, D.M.2
  • 9
    • 0024160877 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Banting lecture 1988: Role of insulin resistance in human disease
    • Reaven GM. Banting lecture 1988: Role of insulin resistance in human disease. Diabetes 1998; 37:1595-1606.
    • (1998) Diabetes , vol.37 , pp. 1595-1606
    • Reaven, G.M.1
  • 10
    • 0036918943 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome: Understanding the role of insulin resistance
    • Kendall DM, Peters Harmel AL. Type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome: understanding the role of insulin resistance. Am J Manag Care 2002; 8:S635-S653.
    • (2002) Am J Manag Care , vol.8
    • Kendall, D.M.1    Peters Harmel, A.L.2
  • 11
    • 0037315294 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prediction of type 2 diabetes using simple measures of insulin resistance
    • Hanley AJG, Williams K, Gonzalez C, et al. Prediction of type 2 diabetes using simple measures of insulin resistance. Diabetes 2003; 52:463-469.
    • (2003) Diabetes , vol.52 , pp. 463-469
    • Hanley, A.J.G.1    Williams, K.2    Gonzalez, C.3
  • 12
    • 0033547443 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regulation of gene expression by activation of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma with rosiglitazone (BRL 49653) in human adipocytes
    • Riesset J, Auwerx J, Vidal H. Regulation of gene expression by activation of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma with rosiglitazone (BRL 49653) in human adipocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1999; 265:265-271.
    • (1999) Biochem Biophys Res Commun , vol.265 , pp. 265-271
    • Riesset, J.1    Auwerx, J.2    Vidal, H.3
  • 13
    • 19244365650 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thiazolidinediones
    • Yki-Jarvinen H. Thiazolidinediones. N Engl J Med 2004; 351:1106-1118. Outstanding comprehensive review of the TDZ class of PPARγ agonists. Excellent artwork shows the numerous effects of the TDZs on liver, adipose tissue and vasculature.
    • (2004) N Engl J Med , vol.351 , pp. 1106-1118
    • Yki-Jarvinen, H.1
  • 14
    • 15044339157 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role of the PPAR family of nuclear receptors in the regulation of metabolic and cardiovascular homeostasis: New approaches to therapy
    • Chinetti-Gbaguidi G, Fruchart J-C, Staels B. Role of the PPAR family of nuclear receptors in the regulation of metabolic and cardiovascular homeostasis: new approaches to therapy. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2005; 5:177-183. This review highlights the role of all PPARs and describes the concept of selective PPAR modulators (SPPARMs) being responsible for the selective activation of specific genes.
    • (2005) Curr Opin Pharmacol , vol.5 , pp. 177-183
    • Chinetti-Gbaguidi, G.1    Fruchart, J.-C.2    Staels, B.3
  • 15
    • 0033594810 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • PPARα activators inhibit cytokine-induced vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 expression in human endothelial cells
    • Marx N, Sukhova G, Collins T, et al. PPARα activators inhibit cytokine-induced vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 expression in human endothelial cells. Circulation 1999; 99:3125-3131.
    • (1999) Circulation , vol.99 , pp. 3125-3131
    • Marx, N.1    Sukhova, G.2    Collins, T.3
  • 16
    • 0032565868 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Activation of human aortic smooth muscle cells is inhibited by PPARα but not by PPARγ activators
    • Staels B, Koenig W, Habib A, et al. Activation of human aortic smooth muscle cells is inhibited by PPARα but not by PPARγ activators. Nature 1998; 393:790-793.
    • (1998) Nature , vol.393 , pp. 790-793
    • Staels, B.1    Koenig, W.2    Habib, A.3
  • 17
  • 18
    • 0033527030 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gemfibrozil for the secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in men with low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol
    • Veterans Affairs High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Intervention Trial Study Group
    • Rubins HB, Robins SJ, Collins D, et al. Gemfibrozil for the secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in men with low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; Veterans Affairs High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Intervention Trial Study Group. N Engl J Med 1999; 341:410-418.
    • (1999) N Engl J Med , vol.341 , pp. 410-418
    • Rubins, H.B.1    Robins, S.J.2    Collins, D.3
  • 19
    • 0024602034 scopus 로고
    • Fenofibrate for the treatment of type IV and V hyperlipoproteinemias: A double-blind, placebo-controlled multicenter US study
    • Goldberg AC, Schonfeld G, Feldman EB, et al. Fenofibrate for the treatment of type IV and V hyperlipoproteinemias: a double-blind, placebo-controlled multicenter US study. Clin Ther 1989; 11:69-83.
    • (1989) Clin Ther , vol.11 , pp. 69-83
    • Goldberg, A.C.1    Schonfeld, G.2    Feldman, E.B.3
  • 20
    • 0036203666 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of pioglitazone and rosiglitazone on blood lipid levels and glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A retrospective review of randomly selected medical records
    • Boyle PJ, King AB, Olansky L, et al. Effects of pioglitazone and rosiglitazone on blood lipid levels and glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a retrospective review of randomly selected medical records. Clin Ther 2002; 24:378-396.
    • (2002) Clin Ther , vol.24 , pp. 378-396
    • Boyle, P.J.1    King, A.B.2    Olansky, L.3
  • 21
    • 1042268097 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of adjunctive thiazolidinedione therapy on blood lipid levels and glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes
    • Peters Harmel AL, Kendall DM, Buse JB, et al. Impact of adjunctive thiazolidinedione therapy on blood lipid levels and glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes. Curr Med Res Opin 2004; 20:215-223. This study describes the effect of adding either pioglitazone or rosiglitazone to metformin or sulfonylurea on lipid and glycemic measures.
    • (2004) Curr Med Res Opin , vol.20 , pp. 215-223
    • Peters Harmel, A.L.1    Kendall, D.M.2    Buse, J.B.3
  • 22
    • 21544466158 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparison of lipid and glycemic effects of pioglitazone and rosiglitazone in patients with type 2 diabetes and dyslipidemia
    • Goldberg RB, Kendall DM, Deeg MA, et al. A comparison of lipid and glycemic effects of pioglitazone and rosiglitazone in patients with type 2 diabetes and dyslipidemia. Diabetes Care 2005; 28:1547-1554. This study presents data from a 'head-to-head' randomized study comparing the effects of pioglitazone and rosiglitazone on lipid metabolism, and demonstrates that members of the TZD class modify lipid panels quite differently.
    • (2005) Diabetes Care , vol.28 , pp. 1547-1554
    • Goldberg, R.B.1    Kendall, D.M.2    Deeg, M.A.3
  • 23
    • 14744297214 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The dyslipidemia of diabetes mellitus: Giving triglycerides and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol a higher priority?
    • Kendall DM. The dyslipidemia of diabetes mellitus: giving triglycerides and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol a higher priority? Endocrinol Metab Clin N Am 2005; 34:27-48. This review provides clinical evidence supporting the benefits of treating-to-target on triglycerides and HDL-C, and contains a practical treatment algorithm for treating this common dyslipidemia.
    • (2005) Endocrinol Metab Clin N Am , vol.34 , pp. 27-48
    • Kendall, D.M.1
  • 24
    • 0034604225 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Secondary prevention by raising HDL cholesterol and reducing triglycerides in patients with coronary artery disease: The Benzafibrate Infarction Prevention (BIP) study
    • The BIP Study Group. Secondary prevention by raising HDL cholesterol and reducing triglycerides in patients with coronary artery disease: the Benzafibrate Infarction Prevention (BIP) study. Circulation 2000; 102:21-27.
    • (2000) Circulation , vol.102 , pp. 21-27
  • 25
    • 0023232216 scopus 로고
    • Helsinki Heart Study: Primary prevention trial with gemfibrozil in middle-aged men with dyslipidemia: Safety of treatment, changes in risk factors and incidence of coronary heart disease
    • Frick MH, Elo O, Haapa K, et al. Helsinki Heart Study: primary prevention trial with gemfibrozil in middle-aged men with dyslipidemia: safety of treatment, changes in risk factors and incidence of coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med 1987; 317:1237-1245.
    • (1987) N Engl J Med , vol.317 , pp. 1237-1245
    • Frick, M.H.1    Elo, O.2    Haapa, K.3
  • 26
    • 24644483364 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Insulin resistance and the endothelium
    • Quinones MJ, Nicholas SB, Lyon CJ. Insulin resistance and the endothelium. Curr Diab Rep 2005; 5:246-253. This review explains the potential impact of insulin resistance on the endothelium and vascular wall.
    • (2005) Curr Diab Rep , vol.5 , pp. 246-253
    • Quinones, M.J.1    Nicholas, S.B.2    Lyon, C.J.3
  • 27
    • 0033594810 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • PPARα activators inhibit cytokine-induced vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 expression in human endothelial cells
    • Marx N, Sukhova G, Collins T, et al. PPARα activators inhibit cytokine-induced vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 expression in human endothelial cells. Circulation 1999; 99:3125-3131.
    • (1999) Circulation , vol.99 , pp. 3125-3131
    • Marx, N.1    Sukhova, G.2    Collins, T.3
  • 28
    • 11144355198 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor α agonists increase nitric oxide synthase expression in vascular endothelial cells
    • Goya K, Sumitani S, Xu X, et al. Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor α agonists increase nitric oxide synthase expression in vascular endothelial cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2004; 24:658-663.
    • (2004) Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol , vol.24 , pp. 658-663
    • Goya, K.1    Sumitani, S.2    Xu, X.3
  • 29
    • 0034965596 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors in inflammation control
    • Delerive P, Fruchart C, Staels B. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors in inflammation control. J Endocrinol 2001; 169:453-459.
    • (2001) J Endocrinol , vol.169 , pp. 453-459
    • Delerive, P.1    Fruchart, C.2    Staels, B.3
  • 30
    • 33644664433 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)α activation increases adiponectin receptors and reduces obesity-related inflammation in adipose tissue
    • Tsuchida A, Yamauchi T, Takekawa S, et al. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)α activation increases adiponectin receptors and reduces obesity-related inflammation in adipose tissue. Diabetes 2005; 54:3358-3370. This study describes the impact of activation of PPARα, PPARγ, and both cell signaling pathways in combination on white adipose tissue, and presents an elegant model to explain their insulin sensitizing capability though enhancement of adiponectin action.
    • (2005) Diabetes , vol.54 , pp. 3358-3370
    • Tsuchida, A.1    Yamauchi, T.2    Takekawa, S.3
  • 31
    • 20444440328 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inhibition of NF-kappaB signaling by fenofibrate, a peroxisome-activator receptor-alpha ligand, present a therapeutic strategy for rheumatoid arthritis
    • Okamoto H, Iwamoto T, Kotake S, et al. Inhibition of NF-kappaB signaling by fenofibrate, a peroxisome-activator receptor-alpha ligand, present a therapeutic strategy for rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2005; 23:323-330.
    • (2005) Clin Exp Rheumatol , vol.23 , pp. 323-330
    • Okamoto, H.1    Iwamoto, T.2    Kotake, S.3
  • 32
    • 2342485967 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of fenofibrate on lipoproteins, vasomotor function and serological markers of inflammation, plaque stabilization, and hemostasis
    • Koh KK, Ahn JY, Han SH, et al. Effects of fenofibrate on lipoproteins, vasomotor function and serological markers of inflammation, plaque stabilization, and hemostasis. Atherosclerosis 2004; 174:379-383.
    • (2004) Atherosclerosis , vol.174 , pp. 379-383
    • Koh, K.K.1    Ahn, J.Y.2    Han, S.H.3
  • 33
    • 3142729178 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Implications of recent clinical trials for the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III Guidelines
    • Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Merz CNB, et al. Implications of recent clinical trials for the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III Guidelines. Circulation 2004; 110:227-239. This update to the NCEP ATP III guidelines provides an excellent review of current clinical trials with cardiovascular endpoints and the most recent lipid targets based on cardiovascular risk.
    • (2004) Circulation , vol.110 , pp. 227-239
    • Grundy, S.M.1    Cleeman, J.I.2    Merz, C.N.B.3
  • 34
    • 28044452217 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of long-term fenofibrate therapy on cardiovascular events in 9795 people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (the FIELD study): Randomised controlled trial
    • The FIELD Study Investigators
    • Keech A, Simes RG, Barter P, et al. The FIELD Study Investigators. Effects of long-term fenofibrate therapy on cardiovascular events in 9795 people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (the FIELD study): randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2005; 366:1960-1963. This large multinational randomized controlled trial showed that PPARα activation with fenofibrate did not significantly reduce primary outcome of reducing coronary events, but did reduce non-fatal myocardial infarctions and need for revascularization. The study results may have been partially masked by the large number of participants starting statin therapy.
    • (2005) Lancet , vol.366 , pp. 1960-1963
    • Keech, A.1    Simes, R.G.2    Barter, P.3
  • 35
    • 0036072223 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of pioglitazone on abdominal fat distribution and insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetic patients
    • Miyazaki Y, Mahankali A, Matsuda M, et al. Effect of pioglitazone on abdominal fat distribution and insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetic patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002; 87:2784-2791.
    • (2002) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.87 , pp. 2784-2791
    • Miyazaki, Y.1    Mahankali, A.2    Matsuda, M.3
  • 36
    • 0036300538 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lipid-induced insulin resistance in human muscle is associated with changes in diacylglycerol, protein kinase C and IκB-α
    • Itani SI, Ruderman NB, Schmieder F, Boden G. Lipid-induced insulin resistance in human muscle is associated with changes in diacylglycerol, protein kinase C and IκB-α. Diabetes 2002; 51:2005-2011.
    • (2002) Diabetes , vol.51 , pp. 2005-2011
    • Itani, S.I.1    Ruderman, N.B.2    Schmieder, F.3    Boden, G.4
  • 37
    • 1442355447 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A pilot study of pioglitazone treatment for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
    • Promrat K, Lutchman G, Uwaifo GI, et al. A pilot study of pioglitazone treatment for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Hepatology 2004; 39:188-196.
    • (2004) Hepatology , vol.39 , pp. 188-196
    • Promrat, K.1    Lutchman, G.2    Uwaifo, G.I.3
  • 38
    • 27744552694 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Combination therapy using metformin or thiazolidinediones and insulin in the treatment of diabetes mellitus
    • Strowig SM, Raskin P. Combination therapy using metformin or thiazolidinediones and insulin in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Obes Metab 2005; 7:633-641. This review article compares and contrasts the metabolic and clinical benefits of PPARγ activation with TZDs compared with metformin when combined with insulin therapy.
    • (2005) Diabetes Obes Metab , vol.7 , pp. 633-641
    • Strowig, S.M.1    Raskin, P.2
  • 39
    • 0034750654 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thiazolidinedione derivative improves fat distribution and multiple risk factors in subjects with visceral fat accumulation: Double-blind placebo-controlled trial
    • Nakamura T, Funahashi T, Yamashita S, et al. Thiazolidinedione derivative improves fat distribution and multiple risk factors in subjects with visceral fat accumulation: double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2001; 54:181-190.
    • (2001) Diabetes Res Clin Pract , vol.54 , pp. 181-190
    • Nakamura, T.1    Funahashi, T.2    Yamashita, S.3
  • 40
    • 0035172839 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thiazolidinediones (PPARgamma agonists) but not PPARalpha agonists increase IRS-2 gene expression in 3T3-L1 and human adipocytes
    • Smith U, Gogg S, Johansson A, et al. Thiazolidinediones (PPARgamma agonists) but not PPARalpha agonists increase IRS-2 gene expression in 3T3-L1 and human adipocytes. FASEB J 2001; 15:215-220.
    • (2001) FASEB J , vol.15 , pp. 215-220
    • Smith, U.1    Gogg, S.2    Johansson, A.3
  • 41
    • 0035489939 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Troglitazone not only increases GLUT4 but also induces its translocation in rat adipocytes
    • Shintani M, Nishimura H, Yonemitsu S, et al. Troglitazone not only increases GLUT4 but also induces its translocation in rat adipocytes. Diabetes 2001; 50:2296-2300.
    • (2001) Diabetes , vol.50 , pp. 2296-2300
    • Shintani, M.1    Nishimura, H.2    Yonemitsu, S.3
  • 42
    • 12944325312 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Improved insulin sensitivity and adipose tissue dysregulation after short-term treatment with pioglitazone in non-diabetic, insulin-resistant subjects
    • Hammarstedt A, Sopasakis VR, Gogg S, et al. Improved insulin sensitivity and adipose tissue dysregulation after short-term treatment with pioglitazone in non-diabetic, insulin-resistant subjects. Diabetologia 2005; 48:96-104. This study demonstrates that PPARγ activation with piogltiazone increases insulin sensitivity before any significant changes in plasma lipid (free fatty acid) levels could be detected.
    • (2005) Diabetologia , vol.48 , pp. 96-104
    • Hammarstedt, A.1    Sopasakis, V.R.2    Gogg, S.3
  • 43
    • 0030977450 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gene expression in human tissues: Effects of obesity, weight loss, and regulation by insulin and glucocorticoids
    • Vidal-Puig AJ, Considine RV, Jimenez-Linan M, et al. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gene expression in human tissues: effects of obesity, weight loss, and regulation by insulin and glucocorticoids. J Clin Invest 1997; 99:2416-2422.
    • (1997) J Clin Invest , vol.99 , pp. 2416-2422
    • Vidal-Puig, A.J.1    Considine, R.V.2    Jimenez-Linan, M.3
  • 44
    • 20944436591 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of metformin and rosiglitazone treatment on insulin signaling and glucose uptake in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes: A randomized controlled study
    • Karlsson HKR, Hallsten K, Bjornholm M, et al. Effects of metformin and rosiglitazone treatment on insulin signaling and glucose uptake in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled study. Diabetes 2005; 54:1459-1467. This study shows that PPARγ activation with rosiglitazone, but not metformin or placebo, results in insulin-mediated whole-body and leg muscle glucose disposal.
    • (2005) Diabetes , vol.54 , pp. 1459-1467
    • Karlsson, H.K.R.1    Hallsten, K.2    Bjornholm, M.3
  • 45
    • 0037883037 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rosiglitazone improves downstream insulin receptor signaling in type 2 diabetic patients
    • Miyazaki Y, He H, Manarino U, DeFronzo RA. Rosiglitazone improves downstream insulin receptor signaling in type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes 2003; 52:1943-1950.
    • (2003) Diabetes , vol.52 , pp. 1943-1950
    • Miyazaki, Y.1    He, H.2    Manarino, U.3    DeFronzo, R.A.4
  • 46
    • 24344456645 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Free fatty acid-induced insulin resistance in the obese is not prevented by rosiglitazone treatment
    • Dhindsa S, Tripathy D, Sanalkumar N, et al. Free fatty acid-induced insulin resistance in the obese is not prevented by rosiglitazone treatment. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005; 90:5058-5063. This study shows that PPARγ activation with rosiglitazone decreases free fatty acid and triglyceride levels in an experimental model of acute hypertriglyceridemia, but is unable to prevent free fatty acid-induced insulin resistance.
    • (2005) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.90 , pp. 5058-5063
    • Dhindsa, S.1    Tripathy, D.2    Sanalkumar, N.3
  • 47
    • 2442711384 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors and atherogenesis
    • Marx N, Duez H, Fruchart JC, Staels B. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors and atherogenesis. Circ Res 2004; 94:1168-1178.
    • (2004) Circ Res , vol.94 , pp. 1168-1178
    • Marx, N.1    Duez, H.2    Fruchart, J.C.3    Staels, B.4
  • 48
    • 3042695171 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thiazolidinediones: Comparison of long-term effects on glycemic control and cardiovascular risk factors
    • Gegick CG, Altheimer MD. Thiazolidinediones: comparison of long-term effects on glycemic control and cardiovascular risk factors. Curr Med Res Opin 2004; 20:919-930.
    • (2004) Curr Med Res Opin , vol.20 , pp. 919-930
    • Gegick, C.G.1    Altheimer, M.D.2
  • 49
    • 13944283346 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors and cardiovascular remodeling
    • Schiffrin EL. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors and cardiovascular remodeling. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2005; 288:H1037-H1043. This review explores the ability of activation of PPARα and PPARγ to modify the cardiovascular system.
    • (2005) Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol , vol.288
    • Schiffrin, E.L.1
  • 50
    • 0035146287 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Control of vascular cell proliferation and migration by PPARγ: A new approach to the macrovascular complications of diabetes
    • Hsueh WA, Jackson S, Law RE. Control of vascular cell proliferation and migration by PPARγ: a new approach to the macrovascular complications of diabetes. Diabetes Care 2001; 24:392-397.
    • (2001) Diabetes Care , vol.24 , pp. 392-397
    • Hsueh, W.A.1    Jackson, S.2    Law, R.E.3
  • 51
    • 33644875072 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A randomized comparison of pioglitazone to inhibit restenosis after coronary stenting in patients with type 2 diabetes
    • Nishio K, Sakurai M, Kusuyama T, et al. A randomized comparison of pioglitazone to inhibit restenosis after coronary stenting in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2006; 29:101-106. This study provides evidence supporting the mechanism of action of how pioglitazone prevents in-stent restenosis.
    • (2006) Diabetes Care , vol.29 , pp. 101-106
    • Nishio, K.1    Sakurai, M.2    Kusuyama, T.3
  • 52
    • 0037674923 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inhibitory activity of clinical thiazolidinedione peroxisome proliferator activating receptor-γ ligands toward internal mammary artery, radial artery and saphenous vein smooth muscle cell proliferation
    • de-Dios ST, Bruemmer D, Dilley RJ, et al. Inhibitory activity of clinical thiazolidinedione peroxisome proliferator activating receptor-γ ligands toward internal mammary artery, radial artery and saphenous vein smooth muscle cell proliferation. Circulation 2003; 107:2548-2550.
    • (2003) Circulation , vol.107 , pp. 2548-2550
    • De-Dios, S.T.1    Bruemmer, D.2    Dilley, R.J.3
  • 53
    • 0031888958 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • PPAR-γ agonists inhibit production of monocyte inflammatory cytokines
    • Jiang C, Ting AT, Seed B. PPAR-γ agonists inhibit production of monocyte inflammatory cytokines. Nature 1998; 391:82-86.
    • (1998) Nature , vol.391 , pp. 82-86
    • Jiang, C.1    Ting, A.T.2    Seed, B.3
  • 54
    • 0037231474 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ ligands increase release of nitric oxide from endothelial cells
    • Calnek DS, Mazzella L, Roser S, et al. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ ligands increase release of nitric oxide from endothelial cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2003; 23:52-57.
    • (2003) Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol , vol.23 , pp. 52-57
    • Calnek, D.S.1    Mazzella, L.2    Roser, S.3
  • 55
    • 18644382785 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The clinical significance of PPAR gamma agonism
    • Campbell IW. The clinical significance of PPAR gamma agonism. Curr Mol Med 2005; 5:349-363. This practical review describes the potential metabolic and clinical impact of PPARγ activation using TZDs and places special emphasis on movement from visceral fat to subcutaneous fat stores.
    • (2005) Curr Mol Med , vol.5 , pp. 349-363
    • Campbell, I.W.1
  • 56
    • 0036551421 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A prospective, randomized comparison of the metabolic effects of pioglitazone or rosiglitazone in patients with type 2 diabetes who were previously treated with troglitazone
    • Khan MA, St. Peter JV, Xue JL. A prospective, randomized comparison of the metabolic effects of pioglitazone or rosiglitazone in patients with type 2 diabetes who were previously treated with troglitazone. Diabetes Care 2002; 25:708-711.
    • (2002) Diabetes Care , vol.25 , pp. 708-711
    • Khan, M.A.1    St Peter, J.V.2    Xue, J.L.3
  • 58
    • 1242273636 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of oral anti-hyperglycaemic medications on serum lipid profiles in patients with type 2 diabetes
    • Buse JB, Tan MH, Prince MJ, Erickson PP. The effects of oral anti-hyperglycaemic medications on serum lipid profiles in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab 2004; 6:133-156.
    • (2004) Diabetes Obes Metab , vol.6 , pp. 133-156
    • Buse, J.B.1    Tan, M.H.2    Prince, M.J.3    Erickson, P.P.4
  • 59
    • 0034735992 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Activation of human peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) subtypes by pioglitazone
    • Sakamoto J, Kimura H, Moriyama S, et al. Activation of human peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) subtypes by pioglitazone. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000; 278:704-711.
    • (2000) Biochem Biophys Res Commun , vol.278 , pp. 704-711
    • Sakamoto, J.1    Kimura, H.2    Moriyama, S.3
  • 60
    • 20944439286 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of the PPARγ agonist pioglitazone on lipoprotein metabolism in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
    • Nagashima K, Lopez C, Donovan D, et al. Effects of the PPARγ agonist pioglitazone on lipoprotein metabolism in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Clin Invest 2005; 115:1323-1332. This study demonstrates the ability of the TZD pioglitazone to increase the clearance of very low-density lipoprotein particles through increased lipolysis.
    • (2005) J Clin Invest , vol.115 , pp. 1323-1332
    • Nagashima, K.1    Lopez, C.2    Donovan, D.3
  • 61
    • 27744479601 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of pioglitazone in combination with stable statin therapy on lipid levels in subjects with type 2 diabetes and dyslipidemia after conversion from rosiglitazone: Results from an open-label study
    • poster 553
    • Khan M, Berhanu B, Perez A, et al. Effects of pioglitazone in combination with stable statin therapy on lipid levels in subjects with type 2 diabetes and dyslipidemia after conversion from rosiglitazone: results from an open-label study. Diabetes 2005; 54 (Suppl 1):poster 553.
    • (2005) Diabetes , vol.54 , Issue.1 SUPPL.
    • Khan, M.1    Berhanu, B.2    Perez, A.3
  • 62
    • 1842555259 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of simvastatin on the lipid profile and attainment of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol goals when added to a thiazolidinedione therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes: A multicenter, randomized double blind placebo controlled trial
    • Lewin AJ, Kipnes MS, Meneghini LF, et al. Effects of simvastatin on the lipid profile and attainment of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol goals when added to a thiazolidinedione therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes: a multicenter, randomized double blind placebo controlled trial. Clin Ther 2004; 36:379-389.
    • (2004) Clin Ther , vol.36 , pp. 379-389
    • Lewin, A.J.1    Kipnes, M.S.2    Meneghini, L.F.3
  • 63
    • 12744274866 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy and safety of ezetimibe coadministered with simvastatin in thiazolidinedione treated type 2 diabetic patients
    • Gaudiani LM, Lewin A, Meneghini L, et al. Efficacy and safety of ezetimibe coadministered with simvastatin in thiazolidinedione treated type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Obes Metab 2005; 7:88-97.
    • (2005) Diabetes Obes Metab , vol.7 , pp. 88-97
    • Gaudiani, L.M.1    Lewin, A.2    Meneghini, L.3
  • 64
    • 26244453309 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Secondary prevention of macrovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes in the PROactive study (PROspective pioglitAzone Clinical Trial in macroVascular Events): A randomised controlled trial
    • Dormandy JA, Charbonnel B, Eckland DJA, et al. Secondary prevention of macrovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes in the PROactive study (PROspective pioglitAzone Clinical Trial in macroVascular Events): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2005; 366:1279-1289. This important study was the first prospective randomized controlled clinical trial to be published showing that PPARγ activation with pioglitazone reduced all-cause mortality, non-fatal myocardial infarction and stroke in patients with type 2 diabetes. It also showed that this potential benefit must be weighed against the increased risk of congestive heart failure found in the pioglitazone-treated study participants.
    • (2005) Lancet , vol.366 , pp. 1279-1289
    • Dormandy, J.A.1    Charbonnel, B.2    Eckland, D.J.A.3
  • 65
    • 0344304678 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thiazolidindione use, fluid retention, and congestive heart failure. A Consensus Statement from the American Heart Association and American Diabetes Association
    • Nesto RW, Bell D, Bonow R, et al. Thiazolidindione use, fluid retention, and congestive heart failure. A Consensus Statement from the American Heart Association and American Diabetes Association. Circulation 2003; 108:2941-2948.
    • (2003) Circulation , vol.108 , pp. 2941-2948
    • Nesto, R.W.1    Bell, D.2    Bonow, R.3
  • 66
    • 13444272949 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thiazolidinediones, metformin, and outcomes in older patients with diabetes and heart failure: An observational study
    • Masoudi FA, Inzucchi SE, Wang Y, et al. Thiazolidinediones, metformin, and outcomes in older patients with diabetes and heart failure: an observational study. Circulation 2005; 111:583-590.
    • (2005) Circulation , vol.111 , pp. 583-590
    • Masoudi, F.A.1    Inzucchi, S.E.2    Wang, Y.3
  • 67
    • 0037376448 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dual PPARα/γ activation provides enhanced improvement of insulin sensitivity and glycemic control in ZDF rats
    • Brand CL, Sturis J, Gotfredsen, et al. Dual PPARα/γ activation provides enhanced improvement of insulin sensitivity and glycemic control in ZDF rats. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2003; 284:E841-E854.
    • (2003) Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab , vol.284
    • Brand, C.L.1    Sturis, J.2    Gotfredsen3
  • 68
    • 25844436624 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Muraglitazar, a dual PPARα/γ activator: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 24-week monotherapy trial in adult patients with type 2 diabetes
    • Buse JB, Rubin CJ, Frederich R, et al. Muraglitazar, a dual PPARα/γ activator: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 24-week monotherapy trial in adult patients with type 2 diabetes. Clin Ther 2005; 27:1181-1195. This study describes improvement in glucose and lipid parameters using a novel compound in the 'glitizar' class of dual PPARα/γ agonists.
    • (2005) Clin Ther , vol.27 , pp. 1181-1195
    • Buse, J.B.1    Rubin, C.J.2    Frederich, R.3
  • 69
    • 24944505598 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tesaglitazar, a novel dual peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha/gamma agonist, dose-dependently improves the metabolic abnormalities associated with insulin resistance in a non-diabetic population
    • Fagerberg B, Edwards S, Halmos T, et al. Tesaglitazar, a novel dual peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha/gamma agonist, dose-dependently improves the metabolic abnormalities associated with insulin resistance in a non-diabetic population. Diabetologia 2005; 48:1716-1725. This study showed that tesaglitazar - a dual PPAR activator - improved lipid parameters and significantly reduced fasting glucose and insulin levels.
    • (2005) Diabetologia , vol.48 , pp. 1716-1725
    • Fagerberg, B.1    Edwards, S.2    Halmos, T.3
  • 70
    • 20444424173 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Roles of PPAR delta in lipid absorption and metabolism: A new target of the treatment of type 2 diabetes
    • Luquet S, Gaudel C, Holst D, et al. Roles of PPAR delta in lipid absorption and metabolism: a new target of the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Biochim Biophys Acta 2005; 1740:313-317. This excellent comprehensive review describes the role of PPARδ in lipid metabolism and provides evidence to support the role of this cell-signaling pathway as a critical lipid sensor in muscle and adipose tissue. It describes the potential of PPARδ agonists to treat metabolic syndrome.
    • (2005) Biochim Biophys Acta , vol.1740 , pp. 313-317
    • Luquet, S.1    Gaudel, C.2    Holst, D.3
  • 71
    • 0037459358 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) α and PPARβ/δ, but not PPARγ, modulate the expression of genes involved in cardiac lipid metabolism
    • Gilde AJ, van der Lee KAJM, Willemsen PHM, et al. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) α and PPARβ/δ, but not PPARγ, modulate the expression of genes involved in cardiac lipid metabolism. Circ Res 2003; 92:518-524.
    • (2003) Circ Res , vol.92 , pp. 518-524
    • Gilde, A.J.1    Van Der Lee, K.A.J.M.2    Willemsen, P.H.M.3
  • 72
    • 9144271149 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta induces fatty acid beta-oxidation in skeletal muscle and attenuates metabolic syndrome
    • U S A
    • Tanaka T, Yammamoto J, Iwasaki S, et al. Activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta induces fatty acid beta-oxidation in skeletal muscle and attenuates metabolic syndrome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100:15924-15929.
    • (2003) Proc Natl Acad Sci , vol.100 , pp. 15924-15929
    • Tanaka, T.1    Yammamoto, J.2    Iwasaki, S.3
  • 73
    • 24644518561 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cardiovascular disease and PPARδ: Targeting the risk factors
    • Muscat GEO, Dressel U. Cardiovascular disease and PPARδ: targeting the risk factors. Curr Opin Investig Drugs 2005; 6:887-894. This review details the current PPARδ undergoing clinical studies and provides a detailed description of how activation of this cell-signaling pathway may reduce traditional and non-traditional cardiovascular risk factors.
    • (2005) Curr Opin Investig Drugs , vol.6 , pp. 887-894
    • Muscat, G.E.O.1    Dressel, U.2
  • 74
    • 20144387426 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Direct activation of glucose transport in primary human myotubes after activation of peroxisom proliferator-activated receptor δ
    • Kitz Kramer D, Al-Khalili L, Perrini S, et al. Direct activation of glucose transport in primary human myotubes after activation of peroxisom proliferator-activated receptor δ. Diabetes 2005; 54:1157-1163. This study clearly demonstrates the glucose-lowering effect of PPARγ in primary cultures of skeletal muscle and in adipocyte cell lines, and establishes activation of this cell signaling pathway as a potential therapy to treat type 2 diabetes.
    • (2005) Diabetes , vol.54 , pp. 1157-1163
    • Kitz Kramer, D.1    Al-Khalili, L.2    Perrini, S.3
  • 75
    • 33646069892 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The PPARδ activator GW505516 has no acute effect on glucose transport in skeletal muscle
    • Nov 8. [Epub ahead of print]
    • Terada S, Wicke S, Holloszy JO, Han DH. The PPARδ activator GW505516 has no acute effect on glucose transport in skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2005; Nov 8. [Epub ahead of print]
    • (2005) Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab
    • Terada, S.1    Wicke, S.2    Holloszy, J.O.3    Han, D.H.4
  • 76
    • 0142116239 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Transcriptional repression of atherogenic inflammation: Modulation by PPARδ
    • Lee CH, Chawla A, Urbiztondo N, et al. Transcriptional repression of atherogenic inflammation: modulation by PPARδ. Science 2003; 302:453-457.
    • (2003) Science , vol.302 , pp. 453-457
    • Lee, C.H.1    Chawla, A.2    Urbiztondo, N.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.